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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dKnCMjrsmV9twZBrmsdXD4R</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001400009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Edema generalizado e circula&#231;&#227;o hiperdin&#226;mica: um poss&#237;vel caso de berib&#233;ri</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsue</surname>
            <given-names>Mirna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Inoue</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto M. T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campana</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>173</fpage>
      <lpage>175</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Edema generalizado e circula&#231;&#227;o hiperdin&#226;mica &#150; Um poss&#237;vel caso de berib&#233;ri</p>
    <p>Marcos F. Minicucci; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff; Mirna Matsue; Roberto M. T. Inoue; Luiz S. Matsubara; Marina P. Okoshi; Katashi Okoshi; &#193;lvaro O. Campana; Sergio A. R. Paiva </p>
    <p> Botucatu, SP</p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <italic>Paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca causada pelo berib&#233;ri, apresentando regress&#227;o dos sinais e sintomas adquiridos ap&#243;s medica&#231;&#227;o com tiamina. </italic>
    </p>
    <p>O berib&#233;ri, doen&#231;a decorrente da defici&#234;ncia de tiamina, tem duas apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas principais, o berib&#233;ri &#250;mido e o seco. O berib&#233;ri &#250;mido &#233; caracterizado por sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de alto d&#233;bito, decorrentes da reten&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e &#225;gua, vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica e fal&#234;ncia biventricular. Apesar de ser causa incomum de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a defici&#234;ncia de tiamina pode estar presente em pacientes em uso de altas doses de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a, etilistas, em pacientes com diarr&#233;ia, em di&#225;lise peritoneal ou hemodi&#225;lise, em pacientes com nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral e naqueles com tireotoxicose. Neste artigo relatamos um caso de paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que apresentou regress&#227;o dos sinais e sintomas ap&#243;s medica&#231;&#227;o com tiamina. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato de Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Homem de 20 anos, pardo, trabalhador rural bra&#231;al, apresentando parestesia e edema de membros inferiores h&#225; 10 meses e h&#225; um m&#234;s edema generalizado e dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os. Sem antecedentes de tabagismo e, na hist&#243;ria alimentar, relatada ingest&#227;o de uma a duas garrafas de cerveja nos finais de semana. Apresentava ao exame f&#237;sico: freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 100 bpm, freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 16 movimentos/minuto e press&#227;o arterial de 140 x 70 mmHg, edema de membros inferiores (3+/4+), edema sacral, pulsos amplos e tremor de extremidades. O exame f&#237;sico mostrou: estase jugular ausente, &#237;ctus n&#227;o vis&#237;vel, palp&#225;vel em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo no 5&#176; espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo, 2cm para fora da linha hemiclavicular, na extens&#227;o de 2-3 polpas e impulsivo. A ausculta evidenciou presen&#231;a de 2 bulhas r&#237;tmicas normofon&#233;ticas, com sopro holossist&#243;lico (2+/6+) rude em foco mitral e tric&#250;spide. Enquanto a semiologia respirat&#243;ria n&#227;o mostrou anormalidades, o exame do abdome evidenciou f&#237;gado palp&#225;vel a 2cm do rebordo costal, ascite ausente, sem outras altera&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram aus&#234;ncia de protein&#250;ria em urina de 24h; n&#237;veis de ur&#233;ia, creatinina, albumina e bilirrubinas normais no soro; coagulograma, hemograma e exames da tire&#243;ide sem altera&#231;&#245;es. Verificou-se, no exame radiol&#243;gico do t&#243;rax (PA), &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico &gt; 0,5, com abaulamento do arco m&#233;dio e acentua&#231;&#227;o da trama vascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>). Ao eletrocardiograma, verificaram-se taquicardia sinusal e bloqueio incompleto de ramo direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). O ecogradiograma da interna&#231;&#227;o revelou aumento das c&#226;maras esquerdas, al&#233;m de altos valores no porcentual de encurtamento e na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0173-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0173-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0173-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os resultados dos exames subsidi&#225;rios, somados ao quadro cl&#237;nico, eram compat&#237;veis com estado hiperdin&#226;mico da circula&#231;&#227;o. Como o paciente n&#227;o apresentava anemia, hipertireoidismo, ou evid&#234;ncia de f&#237;stula art&#233;rio-venosa, foi feita a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de berib&#233;ri. Tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s introdu&#231;&#227;o de tiamina, o paciente apresentou melhora do edema, desaparecimento do sopro card&#237;aco e redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea card&#237;aca &#224; radiologia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>). O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, realizado sete dias ap&#243;s introdu&#231;&#227;o da tiamina, foi compat&#237;vel com a normalidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>). O paciente vem sendo acompanhado em ambulat&#243;rio e encontra-se assintom&#225;tico.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0173-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na hist&#243;ria deste paciente, o sinal mais relevante &#233; a exist&#234;ncia de edema de membros inferiores e sacral, acompanhado de dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os. O quadro cl&#237;nico e os exames laboratoriais apontaram para exist&#234;ncia de uma condi&#231;&#227;o hiperdin&#226;mica da circula&#231;&#227;o. Assim, pode-se pensar em queda da resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica e, numa situa&#231;&#227;o de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco alto. As seguintes doen&#231;as podem ser lembradas: anemia, hipertireoidismo, f&#237;stula art&#233;rio-venosa, doen&#231;a de Paget e berib&#233;ri (car&#234;ncia de tiamina)<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>A anemia foi descartada pelo hemat&#243;crito e hemoglobina normais. Quanto ao hipertireoidismo, n&#227;o foram encontrados os sinais e sintomas mais freq&#252;entes, e os resultados de T4 livre e TSH estavam dentro dos limites da normalidade. A falta de antecedentes que pudessem explicar a f&#237;stula arteriovenosa, como traumatismos e interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas pr&#233;vias, tornou esse diagn&#243;stico improv&#225;vel. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; doen&#231;a de Paget, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram encontrados aumento s&#233;rico da fosfatase alcalina ou altera&#231;&#245;es radiol&#243;gicas compat&#237;veis com a afec&#231;&#227;o. Assim, restou considerar o berib&#233;ri. </p>
    <p>Berib&#233;ri &#233; o nome dado &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas provocadas pela defici&#234;ncia de tiamina, isto &#233;, de vitamina B1. A tiamina &#233; vitamina hidrossol&#250;vel, essencial na forma&#231;&#227;o da tiamina pirofosfato, coenzima do metabolismo dos carbohidratos. </p>
    <p>Clinicamente, podemos diferenciar quatro formas fundamentais de defici&#234;ncia de tiamina: a encefalopatia de Wernicke, o berib&#233;ri seco (em que predomina o quadro de polineuropatia perif&#233;rica), o berib&#233;ri &#250;mido, no qual est&#227;o presentes os sintomas e os sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de alto d&#233;bito e o <italic>shoshin</italic> berib&#233;ri (sho=dano agudo, shin=cora&#231;&#227;o) associado ao choque<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Uma das conseq&#252;&#234;ncias da defici&#234;ncia da tiamina &#233; a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica, com aumento dos <italic>shunts</italic> arteriovenosos e altera&#231;&#227;o importante da circula&#231;&#227;o em pequenos vasos, com diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo cerebral e renal e aumento do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular<sup>3</sup>. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es, por sua vez, t&#234;m, como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o venosa perif&#233;rica e a reten&#231;&#227;o renal de s&#243;dio e &#225;gua<sup>4</sup>, podendo estabelecer-se o edema, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncias claras de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>As causas de aparecimento do berib&#233;ri s&#227;o: ingest&#227;o alimentar deficiente; alcoolismo e uso de subst&#226;ncias com propriedades antitiamina. Em pacientes hospitalizados, devemos lembrar, como causas, a nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral, hemodi&#225;lise, di&#225;lise peritoneal e o uso de diur&#233;ticos<sup>5-7</sup>. Os estados de defici&#234;ncia podem ser agravados por situa&#231;&#245;es que, agudamente, aumentam as necessidades da tiamina, como o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, febre e infec&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Considerando a ingest&#227;o alimentar deficiente, os seguintes alimentos s&#227;o as principais fontes de tiamina: gr&#227;os integrais, cereais, carnes (especialmente a carne de porco), aves, peixes, vegetais e produtos derivados do leite. Arroz polido, a&#231;&#250;car, gordura e v&#225;rios alimentos refinados s&#227;o pobres em vitamina B<sub>1</sub><sup>5,8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Um dado relevante refere-se ao fato que dietas com alto teor energ&#233;tico (principalmente com alto teor de carbohidratos) aumentam as necessidades de tiamina. O h&#225;bito de ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool &#233; freq&#252;entemente associado ao berib&#233;ri. No alcoolismo, a defici&#234;ncia de tiamina parece estar associada a menor ingest&#227;o alimentar, menor absor&#231;&#227;o de tiamina e altera&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo intermedi&#225;rio da vitamina<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outro aspecto a ser considerado &#233; a exist&#234;ncia de subst&#226;ncias que possuem atividade antitiamina e que podem estar presentes em ch&#225;s (folhas fermentadas de ch&#225;s, extratos de folhas de ch&#225;), em nozes de certos tipos de palmeira, em peixes crus, frutos do mar e no caf&#233;<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na tentativa de identificar o agente causal, no presente caso, foi utilizado, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o alimentar, o question&#225;rio de freq&#252;&#234;ncia de alimentos. Este m&#233;todo semiquantitativo, permite a detec&#231;&#227;o de desvios alimentares e a ingest&#227;o de alimentos como caf&#233;, ch&#225;, &#225;lcool e nozes, que podem ter a&#231;&#227;o antitiamina<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>O inqu&#233;rito mostrou alta ingest&#227;o energ&#233;tica pelo paciente, que chegou a 2,42 vezes maior que o gasto energ&#233;tico basal. A ingest&#227;o de tiamina, descontando-se a perda existente no processo de prepara&#231;&#227;o alimentar, aproximou-se da recomendada<sup>11</sup>. No entanto, a ingest&#227;o de caf&#233; e bebidas alco&#243;licas, somadas ao aumento de necessidade de tiamina frente ao consumo energ&#233;tico aumentado, contribui para a defici&#234;ncia dessa vitamina. </p>
    <p>Existem crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico da manifesta&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular do berib&#233;ri, a saber<sup>12</sup>: 1) aus&#234;ncia de outro fator etiol&#243;gico; 2) hist&#243;ria de ingest&#227;o alimentar deficiente em tiamina por no m&#237;nimo tr&#234;s meses; 3) associa&#231;&#227;o com polineurite perif&#233;rica; 4) aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca, taquicardia sinusal e edema perif&#233;rico; 5) r&#225;pida resposta &#224; tiamina. </p>
    <p>Como n&#227;o se conseguiu identificar outro fator etiol&#243;gico que explicasse o quadro cl&#237;nico exibido e este apresentava caracter&#237;sticas que correspondiam aos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para defici&#234;ncia de tiamina, esta hip&#243;tese foi considerada aceit&#225;vel. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, o paciente queixou-se de dores musculares e o exame neurol&#243;gico mostrou a exist&#234;ncia de quadro compat&#237;vel com polineuropatia perif&#233;rica. Assim, poder&#237;amos adicionar este novo elemento para refor&#231;ar a possibilidade da car&#234;ncia de vitamina B1. Na interna&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de repouso e diur&#233;tico, foi acrescentada na prescri&#231;&#227;o a vitamina B1, com <italic>bolus</italic> de 100mg endovenoso e 25mg via oral por dia por duas semanas. Notou-se que o paciente apresentou melhora do quadro cl&#237;nico e houve desaparecimento do edema e do sopro card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p>Em adi&#231;&#227;o, &#233; interessante comparar a radiografia antes do tratamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>) com a realizada oito dias ap&#243;s tratamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>), quando o paciente estava sem edema. Verifica-se que a &#225;rea card&#237;aca diminuiu, sendo o &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico de 0,41. Al&#233;m disso, o arco m&#233;dio do cora&#231;&#227;o (posi&#231;&#227;o PA), abaulado na primeira radiografia, apresenta contorno normal na segunda. Comparando-se o ecocardiograma realizado ap&#243;s a melhora cl&#237;nica (14 dias ap&#243;s o inicial) com o primeiro, observamos melhora da condi&#231;&#227;o hiperdin&#226;mica da circula&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>). A r&#225;pida resposta cl&#237;nica &#224; tiamina nos pacientes jovens &#233; descrita na literatura e usada, tamb&#233;m, como crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico<sup>12,13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico laboratorial, o teste recomendado para a confirma&#231;&#227;o dessa car&#234;ncia vitam&#237;nica &#233; a estimula&#231;&#227;o com o difosfato de tiamina da atividade da transcetolase eritrocit&#225;ria.<sup>10</sup> Em nosso hospital, atualmente, n&#227;o dispomos desta metodologia. </p>
    <p>Acreditamos que o caso cl&#237;nico apresentado seja relevante. Em primeiro lugar, a defici&#234;ncia de tiamina, apesar de facilmente trat&#225;vel, pode levar ao &#243;bito. Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento habitual da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com diur&#233;ticos pode agravar o quadro. Outro aspecto a ser considerado &#233; a import&#226;ncia do ecocardiograma como exame essencial ao seu diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico, j&#225; que foi este exame que identificou o quadro hiperdin&#226;mico da circula&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente, ressaltamos a import&#226;ncia da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e do inqu&#233;rito alimentar no diagn&#243;stico e seguimento dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias </bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Cicogna AC. Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de alto d&#233;bito. Doen&#231;as do cora&#231;&#227;o Preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento (1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 1998. </p>
    <p>2. Pereira VG, Masuda Z, Katz A, Tronchini VJ. Emerg&#234;ncia de shoshin berib&#233;ri no Brasil: aspectos cl&#237;nicos, hemodin&#226;micos e terap&#234;uticos. Rev Ass M&#233;d Brasil 1985; 31: 17-9. </p>
    <p>3. Seligmann H, Halkin H, Rauchfleisch S et al. Thiamine deficiency in patients with congestive heart failure receiving long-term furosemide therapy: a pilot study. Am J Med 1991; 91: 151-5. </p>
    <p>4. Blacket RB, Palmer AJ. Haemodynamic studies in high output beriberi. Br Heart J 1960; 22: 483-501. </p>
    <p>5. Tanphaichitr V. Thiamin. In Shils ME et al. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease (9&#170;ed). Baltimore: Williams &amp; Wilkins, 1998, p. 381-9. </p>
    <p>6. Shimon I, Seligmann H, Vered Z et al. Thiamine supplements improve left ventricular function in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 366A. </p>
    <p>7. da Cunha S, Albanesi Filho FM, da Cunha Bastos VL, Antelo DS, Souza MM. Thiamin, selenium, and copper levels in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy taking diuretics. Arq Bras Cardiol 2002; 79: 454-65. </p>
    <p>8. Haas RH. Thiamin and the brain. Annu Rev Nutr 1988; 8: 483-515. </p>
    <p>9. Anderson SH, Charles TJ, Nicol AD. Thiamine-deficiency at a District General-Hospital - report of 5 cases. QJ Med 1985; 55: 15-32. </p>
    <p>10. Willet W. Nutritional Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. p514. </p>
    <p>11. IOM. Thiamin. In: Dietary Reference Intake for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin and choline, edited by Institute of Medicine. Washington: National Academic Press, 1999, p. 58-86. </p>
    <p>12. Blacher C, Barbisan J. Relato de um caso da forma fulminante (shoshin) e revis&#227;o da literatura. R AMRIGS 1985; 29: 136-41. </p>
    <p>13. Kawai C, Wakabayashi A, Matsumura T, Yui Y. Reappearance of beriberi heart disease in Japan. A study of 23 cases. Am J Med 1980; 69: 383-6. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcos F. Minicucci </p>
        <p> Depto. de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP </p>
        <p> Cep 18618-000 - Botucatu, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mminicucci@uol.com.br">mminicucci@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 8/4/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 16/6/03 </p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Generalized edema and hyperdynamic circulation: a possible case of beriberi</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Generalized edema and hyperdynamic circulation. A possible case of beriberi </p>
      <p>Marcos F. Minicucci; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff; Mirna Matsue; Roberto M. T. Inoue; Luiz S. Matsubara; Marina P. Okoshi; Katashi Okoshi; &#193;lvaro O. Campana; Sergio A. R. Paiva</p>
      <p> Botucatu, SP - Brazil  </p>
      <p>Medical School of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <italic>We report the case of a patient with heart failure caused by beriberi, with involution of the acquired signs and symptoms after receiving thiamine.</italic>
      </p>
      <p>Beriberi, a disease caused by thiamine deficiency, has 2 major clinical presentations, the wet and the dry form. Wet beriberi is characterized by signs and symptoms of high output heart failure, due to retention of sodium and water, peripheral vasodilation, and biventricular failure. Although it is an uncommon cause of heart failure, thiamine deficiency may be present in the following individuals: patients using high doses of loop diuretics; patients with diarrhea; patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis; patients with parenteral nutrition; patients with thyrotoxicosis; and alcoholics. We report the case of a patient with heart failure, whose signs and symptoms subsided after being medicated with thiamine. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was a 20-year-old man of mixed heritage, farm worker, who complained of paresthesia and lower limb edema for 10 months, and generalized edema and dyspnea on exertion for 1 month. The patient denied smoking, and reported ingesting 1 to 2 bottles of beer on weekends. On physical examination, his heart rate was 100 bpm, his respiratory frequency was 16 breaths/minute, and his blood pressure was 140/70 mmHg. Lower limb edema (3+/4+), sacral edema, wide pulses, and tremor of the extremities were present. The patient had no jugular stasis, the ictus was not visible, but impulsive and palpable on the fifth left intercostal space in the left lateral decubitus, 2 cm beyond the midclavicular line, occupying 2-3 digital pulps. Heart auscultation showed 2 rhythmic heart sounds of normal intensity, with a rough holosystolic murmur (2+/6+) on the mitral and tricuspid foci. Although the respiratory examination showed no abnormalities, the examination of the abdomen showed liver 2 cm away from the costal margin, no ascites, and no other alterations. </p>
      <p>The laboratory tests revealed no proteinuria in the 24-hour urine; normal serum levels of urea, creatinine, albumin and bilirubins; and no alterations in the coagulogram, hemogram, and thyroid tests. The chest X-ray (PA) showed a cardiothoracic index &gt; 0.5, with bulging of the medium arch and accentuation of the vascular web (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>). The electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia and incomplete right bundle-branch block (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>). The echocardiogram on hospital admission showed enlargement of the left chambers, in addition to high values of shortening fraction and ejection fraction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. I</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0173-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0173-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0173-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The results of the complementary tests in addition to the clinical findings were compatible with a hyperdynamic status of circulation. Because the patient had no anemia, hyperthyroidism, or evidence of arteriovenous fistula, the diagnostic hypothesis of beriberi was established. Three days after the introduction of thiamine, the patient's edema improved, the cardiac murmur disappeared, and, on chest X-rays, the cardiac area decreased (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>). The echocardiography performed 7 days after the introduction of thiamine was normal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. I</xref>). The patient has been followed up on an outpatient basis, currently being asymptomatic.</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0173-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this patient's history, the presence of lower limb and sacral edema accompanied by dyspnea is the most relevant sign. The clinical findings and laboratory tests point towards the existence of a hyperdynamic condition of the circulation. Therefore, a drop in peripheral resistance and high cardiac output should be considered. The following diseases should be remembered: anemia, hyperthyroidism, arteriovenous fistula, Paget's disease, and beriberi (thiamine deficiency) <sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Anemia was ruled out with the normal hematocrit and hemoglobin values. In regard to hyperthyroidism, the most frequent signs and symptoms were lacking, and the values of free T4 and TSH were within the normal range. The lack of antecedents that could explain the arteriovenous fistula, such as trauma and previous surgical interventions, made that diagnosis improbable. In regard to Paget's disease, no serum increase in alkaline phosphatase or radiological changes compatible with the disease were found. Therefore, all diagnostic hypotheses were ruled out, except that of beriberi. </p>
      <p>Beriberi is the name given to the clinical alterations caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. Thiamine is a water-soluble vitamin, essential for the formation of thiamine pyrophosphate, a coenzyme for the metabolism of carbohydrates. </p>
      <p>Clinically, 4 fundamental forms of thiamine deficiency can be identified: Wernicke encephalopathy; dry beriberi, in which peripheral polyneuropathy predominates; wet beriberi, in which the signs and symptoms of high output heart failure are present; and Shoshin beriberi (sho = acute damage, shin = heart) associated with shock <sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>One consequence of thiamine deficiency is peripheral vasodilation, with an increase in arteriovenous shunts and a significant change in the small vessel circulation, with a decrease in cerebral and renal blood flows, and an increase in muscle blood flow <sup>3</sup>. On the other hand, these alterations have consequences, such as an increase in peripheral venous pressure and renal retention of sodium and water <sup>4</sup>, during which edema may be established, even in the absence of clear evidence of heart failure. </p>
      <p>The causes of beriberi are as follows: deficient dietary ingestion; alcoholism; and the use of substances with antithiamine properties. In hospitalized patients, the following causes should be considered: parenteral nutrition; hemodialysis; peritoneal dialysis; and the use of diuretics <sup>5-7</sup>. The deficiency states may be aggravated by situations that acutely increase thiamine requirements, such as physical exercise, fever, and infections. </p>
      <p>Considering the deficient food ingestion, the following are the major sources of thiamine: whole grains, cereals, meat (especially pork), poultry, fish, vegetables, and dairy products. Refined rice, sugar, fat, and several processed foods low in vitamin B<sub>1 </sub><sup>5,8</sup>. </p>
      <p>A relevant fact is that high-energy diets (mainly those rich in carbohydrates) increase the need for thiamine. The habit of alcohol ingestion is frequently associated with beriberi. In alcoholism, thiamine deficiency seems to be associated with lower ingestion of food, lower thiamine absorption, and an alteration in the intermediate metabolism of that vitamin <sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Another aspect to be considered is the existence of substances with antithiamine activity, which may be present in teas (fermented tea leaves, extracts of tea leaves), in the nuts of certain types of palm trees, in raw fish, seafood, and coffee <sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>In an attempt to identify the causative agent in the present case, a food frequency questionnaire was used to assess food ingestion. It is a semiquantitative method that allows for the detection of dietary deviations and the assessment of the ingestion of food, such as coffee, tea, alcohol, and nuts, which can have an antithiamine action <sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>The inquiry showed that the patient had high-energy ingestion, which was 2.42 times greater than his basal energy expenditure. Thiamine ingestion, minus the loss occurring during the process of food preparation, was close to that recommended <sup>11</sup>. However, the ingestion of coffee and alcoholic beverages, in addition to the increased need for thiamine due to the increased energy expenditure, contributed to that vitamin deficiency. </p>
      <p>The following criteria are used for diagnosing the cardiovascular manifestation of beriberi <sup>12</sup>: 1) absence of another etiological factor; 2) history of thiamine-deficient food ingestion for at least 3 months; 3) association with peripheral polyneuritis; 4) enlargement of the cardiac area, sinus tachycardia, and peripheral edema; 5) rapid response to thiamine administration. </p>
      <p>Due to the lack of identification of another etiological factor that could explain the clinical findings, which had characteristics corresponding to the diagnostic criteria of thiamine deficiency, that was considered an acceptable hypothesis. During hospitalization, the patient complained of muscle aches, and the neurological examination was compatible with that of peripheral polyneuropathy. This could be a new element to reinforce the possibility of vitamin B1 deficiency. During hospitalization, in addition to rest and diuretics, vitamin B1 was added to the prescription, at the dosage of 100 mg in an intravenous bolus and 25 mg by the oral route per day for 2 weeks. The clinical findings improved, with the edema and cardiac murmur disappearing. </p>
      <p>In addition, the chest radiography prior to treatment <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">(fig. 1</xref>) was compared with that performed 8 days after treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>), when the patient had no edema. The cardiac area decreased, the cardiothoracic index being 0.41. In addition, the heart medium arch (PA view), which bulged on the first radiography, had a normal contour on the second. Comparing the first echocardiogram with that performed after clinical improvement (14 days after the initial one), the hyperdynamic condition of the circulation showed improvement (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. I</xref>). The rapid clinical response to thiamine in young patients has been reported in the literature and has been used as a diagnostic criterion <sup>12,13</sup>. </p>
      <p>In regard to laboratory diagnosis, stimulation of the erythrocytic transketolase activity with thiamine diphosphate is the test recommended for confirming that vitamin deficiency <sup>10</sup>. Currently, this methodology is not available at our hospital. </p>
      <p>We believe that this clinical case is relevant. In the first place, thiamine deficiency, although easily treatable, may lead to death. In addition, the usual treatment of heart failure with diuretics may worsen the case. Another aspect to be considered is the importance of echocardiography as an essential examination for the etiological diagnosis, because it identified the hyperdynamic state of the circulation in our patient. Finally, it is worth noting the importance of the clinical history and dietary inquiry for patient diagnosis and follow-up. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Cicogna AC. Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de alto d&#233;bito. Doen&#231;as do cora&#231;&#227;o Preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento (1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 1998.</p>
      <p>2. Pereira VG, Masuda Z, Katz A, Tronchini VJ. Emerg&#234;ncia de shoshin berib&#233;ri no Brasil: aspectos cl&#237;nicos, hemodin&#226;micos e terap&#234;uticos. Rev Ass M&#233;d Brasil 1985; 31: 17-9. </p>
      <p>3. Seligmann H, Halkin H, Rauchfleisch S et al. Thiamine deficiency in patients with congestive heart failure receiving long-term furosemide therapy: a pilot study. Am J Med 1991; 91: 151-5. </p>
      <p>4. Blacket RB, Palmer AJ. Haemodynamic studies in high output beriberi. Br Heart J 1960; 22: 483-501. </p>
      <p>5. Tanphaichitr V. Thiamin. In Shils ME et al. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease (9&#170;ed). Baltimore: Williams &amp; Wilkins, 1998, p. 381-9. </p>
      <p>6. Shimon I, Seligmann H, Vered Z et al. Thiamine supplements improve left ventricular function in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 366A. </p>
      <p>7. da Cunha S, Albanesi Filho FM, da Cunha Bastos VL, Antelo DS, Souza MM. Thiamin, selenium, and copper levels in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy taking diuretics. Arq Bras Cardiol 2002; 79: 454-65. </p>
      <p>8. Haas RH. Thiamin and the brain. Annu Rev Nutr 1988; 8: 483-515. </p>
      <p>9. Anderson SH, Charles TJ, Nicol AD. Thiamine-deficiency at a District General-Hospital - report of 5 cases. QJ Med 1985; 55: 15-32. </p>
      <p>10. Willet W. Nutritional Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. p514. </p>
      <p>11. IOM. Thiamin. In: Dietary Reference Intake for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin and choline, edited by Institute of Medicine. Washington: National Academic Press, 1999, p. 58-86. </p>
      <p>12. Blacher C, Barbisan J. Relato de um caso da forma fulminante (shoshin) e revis&#227;o da literatura. R AMRIGS 1985; 29: 136-41. </p>
      <p>13. Kawai C, Wakabayashi A, Matsumura T, Yui Y. Reappearance of beriberi heart disease in Japan. A study of 23 cases. Am J Med 1980; 69: 383-6. </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marcos F. Minicucci</p>
          <p> Depto. de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP </p>
          <p> Cep 18618-000 - Botucatu, SP</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mminicucci@uol.com.br">mminicucci@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 8/4/03</p>
      <p> Aceito em 16/6/03 </p>
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