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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bRskrSzsbSMz8w9Hnx6hyQK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001400008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes hipertensos, antes e depois do tratamento com inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina II</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto Graner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Daher</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Francisco de Assis</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>165</fpage>
      <lpage>168</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar a variabilidade de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e hipertensos e observar o comportamento do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo ap&#243;s terapia com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina II. M&#201;TODO: Estudados 286 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial, pela 1&#170; vez, e divididos em 4 grupos, conforme a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD): grupo A - PAD&lt;90 mmHg; grupo B - PAD 90-99 mmHg; grupo C - PAD 100-109 mmHg; grupo D - PAD&gt;110 mmHg. Os pacientes do grupo A (normais) e do grupo C (HA moderada), somando 110 e 79 pacientes, respectivamente, submeteram-se ao Holter-ECG 24h com an&#225;lise de variabilidade de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no dom&#237;nio do tempo (DT) e no dom&#237;nio da freq&#252;&#234;ncia (DF). O grupo C foi tratado com inibidores da ECA durante 3 meses, e ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo novamente avaliado com Holter-ECG 24h e variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e os valores comparados com os normotensos. RESULTADOS: Os par&#226;metros SDNN, PNN50 (DT) e o espectro LF (DF) foram significativamente diferentes para os dois grupos, com valores notadamente diminu&#237;dos em hipertensos (p&lt;0,05). Pacientes do grupo C, ap&#243;s tratamento com IECA, mostraram-se recuperados em todas as vari&#225;veis da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, apresentando valores pr&#243;ximos aos dos normotensos. CONCLUS&#195;O: A variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mostrou-se reduzida em hipertensos quando comparados aos normotensos, apontando para uma queda no reflexo baroceptor. Observou-se ainda a presen&#231;a de um ajuste auton&#244;mico funcional ap&#243;s terapia anti-hipertensiva com IECA, indicando recupera&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>inibidores da ECA</kwd>
        <kwd>sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes hipertensos, antes e depois do tratamento com inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina II</p>
    <p>Ant&#244;nio da Silva Menezes J&#250;nior; Humberto Graner Moreira; Murilo Tavares Daher </p>
    <p> Goi&#226;nia, GO</p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s e Hospital S&#227;o Francisco de Assis </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Comparar a variabilidade de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e hipertensos e observar o comportamento do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo ap&#243;s terapia com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina II. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODO: </bold>Estudados 286 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial, pela 1&#170; vez, e divididos em 4 grupos, conforme a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD): grupo A - PAD&lt;90 mmHg; grupo B - PAD 90-99 mmHg; grupo C - PAD 100-109 mmHg; grupo D - PAD&gt;110 mmHg. Os pacientes do grupo A (normais) e do grupo C (HA moderada), somando 110 e 79 pacientes, respectivamente, submeteram-se ao Holter-ECG 24h com an&#225;lise de variabilidade de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no dom&#237;nio do tempo (DT) e no dom&#237;nio da freq&#252;&#234;ncia (DF). O grupo C foi tratado com inibidores da ECA durante 3 meses, e ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo novamente avaliado com Holter-ECG 24h e variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e os valores comparados com os normotensos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Os par&#226;metros SDNN, PNN50 (DT) e o espectro LF (DF) foram significativamente diferentes para os dois grupos, com valores notadamente diminu&#237;dos em hipertensos (p&lt;0,05). Pacientes do grupo C, ap&#243;s tratamento com IECA, mostraram-se recuperados em todas as vari&#225;veis da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, apresentando valores pr&#243;ximos aos dos normotensos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mostrou-se reduzida em hipertensos quando comparados aos normotensos, apontando para uma queda no reflexo baroceptor. Observou-se ainda a presen&#231;a de um ajuste auton&#244;mico funcional ap&#243;s terapia anti-hipertensiva com IECA, indicando recupera&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>hipertens&#227;o arterial, inibidores da ECA, sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>O sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA) desempenha um papel fundamental no controle da press&#227;o arterial e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, podendo, portanto, ser relacionado como um importante fator fisiopatol&#243;gico no desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>1</sup>. Atualmente, &#233; poss&#237;vel conhecer o estado de a&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em que se encontra o cora&#231;&#227;o, estudando a variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca varia batimento a batimento como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia das adapta&#231;&#245;es constantes promovidas pelo SNA para manter o equil&#237;brio do sistema cardiovascular podendo estas altera&#231;&#245;es ser avaliadas atrav&#233;s das varia&#231;&#245;es nos intervalos RR, constituindo assim a variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>2</sup>. &#201; a integra&#231;&#227;o entre a modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica que determina a variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>3</sup>. Como ferramenta de pesquisa, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tem permitido um melhor entendimento da participa&#231;&#227;o do SNA em diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e patol&#243;gicas do sistema cardiovascular, entre outras. Seu uso tem estimulado grande n&#250;mero de observa&#231;&#245;es, indicando o valor potencial desta abordagem na expans&#227;o dos conhecimentos sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es dos mecanismos de controle da press&#227;o arterial envolvidos na hipertens&#227;o<sup>4-6</sup>. </p>
    <p>A exist&#234;ncia de uma hiperatividade simp&#225;tica tem sido freq&#252;entemente associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>7,8</sup>. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias ainda de que a sensibilidade do controle baroceptor, prejudicada em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos<sup>9-11</sup>, envolve principalmente mecanismos parassimp&#225;ticos<sup>12-14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar de v&#225;rios estudos indicarem que as altera&#231;&#245;es simp&#225;ticas e parassimp&#225;ticas est&#227;o simultaneamente envolvidas na patog&#234;nese e desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial, os resultados obtidos utilizando-se variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o conflitantes. Estudos de base populacional t&#234;m mostrado uma variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca reduzida em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial de longo tempo, apesar do tratamento com anti-hipertensivos<sup>15</sup>. Contudo, ainda n&#227;o se sabe se a regula&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular auton&#244;mica anormal &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica prim&#225;ria e que precede a instala&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o, ou se pode ser revertido com terapia anti-hipertensiva. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o &#233; conhecido se a melhora da regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica &#233; relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial ou efeito imediato da droga<sup>16</sup>. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo tem por objetivos analisar e comparar a variabilidade de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em normotensos e hipertensos, e observar o comportamento do SNA ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina-II nestes pacientes hipertensos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram admitidos para o estudo, 286 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, maiores de 18 anos, com diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio de hipertens&#227;o arterial essencial e, portanto, sem uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. Os pacientes selecionados foram informados do estudo e assinaram termo de consentimento. Foi levantada toda hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e realizados exame cl&#237;nico e exames complementares para avalia&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial e poss&#237;veis les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo. </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes que j&#225; possu&#237;am o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial, com ou sem o uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo, assim como pacientes com suspeita de hipertens&#227;o arterial secund&#225;ria, insufici&#234;ncia renal, card&#237;aca ou hep&#225;tica, ou sofrido qualquer evento cardiovascular recente. Presen&#231;a de neuropatias, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a autoimune, doen&#231;a de Parkinson, arritmias card&#237;acas, e outras condi&#231;&#245;es afetando a fun&#231;&#227;o neuroauton&#244;mica tamb&#233;m foram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, bem como uso de antidepressivos, neurol&#233;pticos, antiarr&#237;tmicos e l&#237;tio. </p>
    <p>Cada paciente teve a sua press&#227;o arterial aferida ambulatorialmente, pelo menos em tr&#234;s momentos distintos, com esfigmoman&#244;metros aner&#243;ides devidamente calibrados, segundo instru&#231;&#245;es contidas nas IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial<sup>17</sup> e no <italic>Joint National Committee</italic><sup>18</sup>. Para fins de classifica&#231;&#227;o dos valores da press&#227;o arterial, foi considerada a m&#233;dia dos dois &#250;ltimos registros. </p>
    <p>Baseados na medida da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o recomendada nas IV Diretrizes de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Brasileira em quatro grupos<sup> 17</sup>: grupo A - PAD&lt;90 mmHg; grupo B - PAD 90-99 mmHg; grupo C - PAD 100-109 mmHg; grupo D - PAD&gt;110 mmHg. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes dos grupos A e C, com press&#227;o arterial normal e hipertens&#227;o arterial moderada, respectivamente, foram escolhidos para seguimento de an&#225;lise da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e submetidos ao Holter-ECG 24h, com aparelhos Hill-Med&#153; modelo 3.0 e gravadores com fita magn&#233;tica modelo Hill-10&#153;, seguindo as normas internacionais <sup>2</sup>. Tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas (V1, V5 e aVF) foram registradas durante o exame. As grava&#231;&#245;es foram divididas em seguimentos de 5min. Todos os batimentos ect&#243;picos foram classificados e utilizados apenas seguimentos com ectopia menor que 2%. Cada intervalo R-R anormal foi substitu&#237;do pelo intervalo R-R seguinte. A seq&#252;&#234;ncia dos intervalos R-R normais foi analisada nos dom&#237;nios de tempo e freq&#252;&#234;ncia, usando os &#237;ndices descritos no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="q1">quadro I</xref>. Os dados obtidos da an&#225;lise de variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dos grupos A e C foram, em seguida, comparados.</p>
    <fig id="q1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0165-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise de variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, os pacientes do grupo C foram tratados com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina II por um per&#237;odo de 3 meses, sem adi&#231;&#227;o de uma 2&#170; droga. Para tanto, foram utilizados preferencialmente enalapril e ramipril, pela maior viabilidade e maior quantidade de estudos relacionados com o seu uso na literatura m&#233;dica. A dosagem administrada foi vari&#225;vel e dependente das caracter&#237;sticas de cada paciente. Se houvesse algum paciente com efeito adverso, decorrente do uso de inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina II, o medicamento seria trocado e o paciente descontinuado do estudo. Ap&#243;s 3 meses, esses pacientes foram novamente submetidos ao Holter-ECG 24h e &#224; an&#225;lise da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e comparados novamente com o grupo normotenso, independentemente do n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em que se encontravam, a fim de verificar poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas decorrentes do tratamento. </p>
    <p>Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o software estat&#237;stico Epi Info 6.2. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos e valida&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica foi utilizada correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r) e teste T de Student (p) bicaudal, com alfa de 5% e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos pacientes avaliados 38,4% (n=110) foram classificados em grupo A; 24,1% (n=69) grupo B; 27,6% (n=79) grupo C, e 9,7% (n=28) grupo D. Os grupos A e C foram submetidos ao seguimento para an&#225;lise da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas de base dos pacientes de ambos os grupos encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref>. Apesar de pacientes hipertensos classificados no grupo C serem ligeiramente mais jovens, mais obesos e com maior preval&#234;ncia do h&#225;bito de fumar, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa para o grupo normotenso. Apenas os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa, j&#225; esperada, entre os dois grupos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0165-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Todos os pacientes tiveram o Holter-ECG 24h gravado regularmente, n&#227;o ocorrendo nenhum epis&#243;dio de falha de registro que comprometesse os dados do exame. Todos apresentaram pelo menos 21h de registro dispon&#237;veis para a an&#225;lise de variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. SDNN (desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos R-R) (p=0,03), PNN50 (porcentagem das diferen&#231;as sucessivas entre os intervalos RR &gt; 50 ms) (p&lt;0,001) e LF (espectro de baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia entre 0,04 e 0,15 Hz) (p&lt;0,001) foram significativamente menores no grupo hipertenso quando comparado ao grupo normotenso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">2</xref>). Uma tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o significativa de aumento na rela&#231;&#227;o LF (espectro de baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia)/HF (espectro de alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia) (p=0,06) tamb&#233;m p&#244;de ser observada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos demais &#237;ndices avaliados.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0165-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0165-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em todos os pacientes do grupo C foram administrados inibidores de enzima conversora de angiotensina II por um per&#237;odo de 3 meses. Nenhum deles apresentou, ao longo desse per&#237;odo, tosse seca persistente ou outro efeito adverso que pudesse ser atribu&#237;do ao medicamento. Ap&#243;s 3 meses, esses pacientes foram novamente examinados. Nem todos os pacientes obtiveram controle satisfat&#243;rio da press&#227;o arterial com a monoterapia com inibidores de enzima conversora de angiotensina II. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia, aferida ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, foi de 135&#177;12mmHg, e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia de 88&#177;4mmHg. Novo Holter-ECG 24h foi aplicado a esses pacientes e os resultados comparados ao grupo normotenso.  </p>
    <p>Observou-se corre&#231;&#227;o em todos os par&#226;metros de variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no grupo hipertenso ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de inibidores de enzima conversora de angiotensina II, n&#227;o tendo sido encontrada nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa entre ambos os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">2</xref>). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo evidenciou distor&#231;&#245;es significativas na variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o moderada, quando comparados aos normotensos (grupo controle), demonstrando altera&#231;&#245;es substanciais na fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, em pacientes hipertensos, refletindo-se, principalmente, na redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada do SDNN, PNN50 e LF. </p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as na variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre hipertensos e normotensos demonstrados no presente estudo est&#227;o de acordo com relatos pr&#233;vios, no que diz respeito a altera&#231;&#245;es da SDNN<sup>19</sup>, PNN50<sup>20</sup> e LF<sup>15,20,21</sup>. Tamb&#233;m encontramos aumento, por&#233;m n&#227;o significativo, na rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, semelhante aos achados de Pikkujamsa e cols.<sup>9</sup> e Sevre e cols<sup>22</sup>.  </p>
    <p>Estudos anteriormente publicados apresentam resultados conflitantes na variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em hipertensos. De maneira geral, afirma-se que o espectro LF &#233; modulado em conjunto pelo simp&#225;tico e pela atividade parassimp&#225;tica. Nossos achados relativos ao LF podem ser uma conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da redu&#231;&#227;o observada na atividade parassimp&#225;tica em hipertensos. Alguns relatos indicaram que quando a variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi realizada sob circunst&#226;ncias estritamente controladas, o espectro LF era principalmente influenciado pela atividade simp&#225;tica. Por&#233;m, outros dados sugeriram que quando a variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era calculada pelos registros do Holter-ECG 24h sob condi&#231;&#245;es irrestritas, o espectro LF refletia principalmente a atividade parassimp&#225;tica<sup>21</sup>, mais de acordo com nossos achados. </p>
    <p>A queda na atividade parassimp&#225;tica est&#225; tamb&#233;m implicada nos baixos valores do PNN50 em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o moderada, uma vez que o valor deste &#237;ndice do dom&#237;nio do tempo reflete principalmente o t&#244;nus vagal. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de tratamento com anti-hipertensivos do tipo inibidores de enzima conversora de angiotensina II, observamos uma recupera&#231;&#227;o not&#225;vel de todas as vari&#225;veis de variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca inicialmente avaliadas. </p>
    <p>A recupera&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico, antes diminu&#237;do nos pacientes do grupo C, decorrente do uso de inibidores de enzima conversora de angiotensina II foi consistente com investiga&#231;&#245;es anteriores, mostrando que a angiotensina II &#233; um potente inibidor da atividade barorreflexa arterial<sup>16,23</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, Wollert e Drexler<sup>24</sup> demonstraram que a menor sensibilidade do reflexo baroceptor promovido pela angiotensina II contribui de forma significativa para a fisiopatologia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e, tamb&#233;m, da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios outros estudos demostraram que a infus&#227;o de angiotensina II resultou num aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica central<sup>25-31</sup>. Assim, era de se esperar, conforme nossos resultados, que uma redu&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de angiotensina II, decorrente de uma inibi&#231;&#227;o promovida por um inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina II, seria acompanhada de um aumento no t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico e um aumento na atividade do reflexo baroceptor arterial sist&#234;mico. </p>
    <p>A a&#231;&#227;o dos baroceptores arteriais envolve principalmente redu&#231;&#227;o reflexa da atividade simp&#225;tica e aumento da atividade vagal<sup>32</sup>. Nosso estudo n&#227;o incluiu uma pesquisa espec&#237;fica da sensibilidade do reflexo baroceptor, mas uma atividade vagal prejudicada em pacientes hipertensos, que se recuperam mediante uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina II, permitindo-nos inferir sobre a influ&#234;ncia desses medicamentos sobre os baroceptores. Algumas quest&#245;es ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem elucidadas, se a altera&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade do baroceptor precede ou participa do desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o, ou se o preju&#237;zo no controle barorreflexo da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca depende de altera&#231;&#227;o da atividade vagal. Uma vez que o componente vagal predomina nas respostas reflexas de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>32</sup>, fica mais evidente, diante dos nossos resultados, que este certamente se encontra afetado nos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos; e ainda, que os inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina II recuperam substancialmente a atividade desse reflexo. </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, deve se considerar outros efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos decorrentes do uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina II, uma vez que a inibi&#231;&#227;o dessa enzima &#233; capaz de alterar a concentra&#231;&#227;o de outras subst&#226;ncias, como a bradicinina que, por si pr&#243;pria, tamb&#233;m influencia o equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico. A bradicinina possui uma fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica complexa, uma vez que &#233; capaz de sensibilizar tanto est&#237;mulos vagais quanto fibras aferentes simp&#225;ticas mediando mecanoceptores e arcos reflexos quimiossensitivos<sup>33-37</sup>. Tais mecanismos tamb&#233;m podem contribuir para o curso das mudan&#231;as auton&#244;micas, observadas neste estudo, a partir da administra&#231;&#227;o dos inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina II.  </p>
    <p>Assim, nossos achados v&#234;m ratificar outros estudos na literatura m&#233;dica ao afirmar que a variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, quer seja no dom&#237;nio do tempo, quer seja no dom&#237;nio da freq&#252;&#234;ncia, encontra-se difusamente diminu&#237;da em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial moderada, quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos normotensos. Esta diminui&#231;&#227;o retrata o grau de atividade auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca determinado pelos reflexos de baroceptores, que se encontram prejudicados na hipertens&#227;o arterial. Nossos dados permitem afirmar, ainda, que a terapia anti-hipertensiva com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina II permite uma recupera&#231;&#227;o significativa das vari&#225;veis da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para valores pr&#243;ximos ao de indiv&#237;duos normais, o que implica, seguramente, em melhoria da atividade de modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e um progn&#243;stico cardiovascular mais satisfat&#243;rio no manejo da hipertens&#227;o arterial, quando tratada com inibidores de enzima conversora de angiotensina II.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para Correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Rua C-25A - Qd 14 - Lote 16 </p>
        <p> Jd. Am&#233;rica - Cep 74265-155 - Goi&#226;nia - GO </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="humbertograner@uol.com.br">humbertograner@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 4/4/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 17/11/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of heart rate variability in hypertensive patients before and after treatment with angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare heart rate variability in normotensive and hypertensive individuals and to observe the behavior of the autonomic nervous system after treatment with angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors. METHOD: The study comprised 286 patients diagnosed with arterial hypertension (AH) for the first time and divided into 4 groups according to diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels: group A - DBP&lt;90 mmHg; group B - DBP 90-99 mmHg; group C - DBP 100-109 mmHg; group D - DBP&gt;110 mmHg. Group A (110 healthy individuals) and group C (79 patients with moderate AH) underwent 24-hour Holter-ECG with analysis of heart rate variability in time domain (TD) and frequency domain (FD). The group C patients were treated with ACE inhibitors for 3 months, and, after this period, they underwent a new 24-hour Holter-ECG study for assessing heart rate variability, the values being compared with those of normotensive individuals. RESULTS: The SDNN and PNN50 parameters (TD), and the LF spectrum (FD) were significantly different in the 2 groups, with clearly reduced values in hypertensive individuals (P&lt;0.05). Group C patients, after treatment with ACE inhibitors, showed a recovery in all variables of heart rate variability, achieving values close to those of normotensive individuals. CONCLUSION: Heart rate variability was reduced in hypertensive patients when compared with that in normotensive individuals, indicating a decrease in the baroreceptor reflex. A functional autonomic adjustment after the antihypertensive treatment with ACEI was observed, indicating recovery of parasympathetic tonus.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>arterial hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>ACE inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>autonomic nervous system</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate variability</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of heart rate variability in hypertensive patients before and after treatment with angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ant&#244;nio da Silva Menezes J&#250;nior; Humberto Graner Moreira; Murilo Tavares Daher</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s and Hospital S&#227;o Francisco de Assis</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To compare heart rate variability in normotensive and hypertensive individuals and to observe the behavior of the autonomic nervous system after treatment with angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors.</p>
      <p><bold>METHOD: </bold>The study comprised 286 patients diagnosed with arterial hypertension (AH) for the first time and divided into 4 groups according to diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels: group A - DBP&lt;90 mmHg; group B - DBP 90-99 mmHg; group C - DBP 100-109 mmHg; group D - DBP&gt;110 mmHg. Group A (110 healthy individuals) and group C (79 patients with moderate AH) underwent 24-hour Holter-ECG with analysis of heart rate variability in time domain (TD) and frequency domain (FD). The group C patients were treated with ACE inhibitors for 3 months, and, after this period, they underwent a new 24-hour Holter-ECG study for assessing heart rate variability, the values being compared with those of normotensive individuals.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The SDNN and PNN50 parameters (TD), and the LF spectrum (FD) were significantly different in the 2 groups, with clearly reduced values in hypertensive individuals (P&lt;0.05). Group C patients, after treatment with ACE inhibitors, showed a recovery in all variables of heart rate variability, achieving values close to those of normotensive individuals.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Heart rate variability was reduced in hypertensive patients when compared with that in normotensive individuals, indicating a decrease in the baroreceptor reflex. A functional autonomic adjustment after the antihypertensive treatment with ACEI was observed, indicating recovery of parasympathetic tonus. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> arterial hypertension, ACE inhibitors, autonomic nervous system, heart rate variability </p>
      <p>The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a fundamental role in the control of arterial blood pressure and heart rate, and, therefore, may be considered an important pathophysiologic factor in the development of arterial hypertension<sup>1</sup>. Currently, the status of autonomic action of the heart may be known through the study of heart rate variability. Heart rate varies per beat as a consequence of the constant adaptations promoted by the ANS to maintain cardiovascular system balance. These alterations may be assessed through the variations in R-R intervals, therefore, constituting the heart rate variability<sup>2</sup>. The integration between the sympathetic and parasympathetic modulations determines heart rate variability<sup>3</sup>. As a research tool, assessment of heart rate variability has provided a better understanding of the participation of the ANS in different physiological and pathological situations of the cardiovascular system. The assessment of heart rate variability has stimulated a large number of observations, indicating the potential value of that approach in the diffusion of knowledge about the alterations in the mechanisms of blood pressure control involved in hypertension<sup>4-6</sup>. </p>
      <p>The existence of sympathetic hyperactivity has been frequently associated with arterial hypertension<sup>7,8</sup>. Evidence exists indicating that the sensitivity of baroreceptor control, impaired in some hypertensive individuals<sup>9-11</sup>, involves mainly parasympathetic mechanisms<sup>12-14</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although several studies indicate that sympathetic and parasympathetic alterations are simultaneously involved in the pathogenesis and development of arterial hypertension, the results obtained using heart rate variability are controversial. Population-based studies have reported reduced heart rate variability in patients with long-term arterial hypertension, despite treatment with antihypertensive drugs<sup>15</sup>. However, one does not know whether abnormal autonomic cardiovascular regulation is a primary characteristic preceding the onset of hypertension, or whether it may be reversed with antihypertensive therapy. In addition, it is not known whether the improvement in autonomic regulation is related to a reduction in blood pressure or whether it is an immediate effect of the drug<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>The present study aimed at analyzing and comparing heart rate variability in normotensive and hypertensive individuals and at observing the behavior of the ANS after administration of ACE inhibitors to these hypertensive patients. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study comprised 286 patients of both sexes, older than 18 years, with the primary diagnosis of essential hypertension, and, therefore, not using antihypertensive medications. The patients selected were informed about the study and signed a written informed consent. A clinical history was obtained and clinical and complementary examinations were performed for assessing arterial hypertension and possible lesions in target organs. </p>
      <p>The following patients were excluded from the study: patients with a previous diagnosis of arterial hypertension, whether users or nonusers of antihypertensive medication; patients suspected of having secondary arterial hypertension, or renal, heart or hepatic failure; those who had experienced any recent cardiovascular event; those with neuropathies, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune disease, Parkinson's disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and other conditions affecting neuroautonomic function; and those using antidepressants, neuroleptics, antiarrhythmic drugs, and lithium. </p>
      <p>Patients had their blood pressure measured on an outpatient basis, at least 3 distinct times with aneroid sphygmomanometers properly calibrated according to the instructions of the IV Brazilian Guidelines on High Blood Pressure (IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial)<sup>17</sup> and the Joint National Committee<sup>18</sup>. The mean of the last 2 measurements was used for classification of blood pressure values. </p>
      <p>Based on the measurement of diastolic blood pressure, the patients were divided into the following 4 groups according to the classification recommended by the IV Brazilian Guidelines on High Blood Pressure<sup>17</sup>: group A &#150; DBP&lt;90 mmHg; group B - DBP 90-99 mmHg; group C - DBP 100-109 mmHg; group D &#150; DBP&gt;110 mmHg. </p>
      <p>The patients in groups A and C, with normal blood pressure values and moderate arterial hypertension, respectively, were chosen for follow-up of the analysis of heart rate variability. They underwent 24-hour Holter-ECG monitoring with Hill-Med&#153; devices, model 3.0, and Hill-10&#153; tape recorders with magnetic tapes, according to international regulations<sup>2</sup>. Three electrocardiographic leads (V1, V5, and aVF) were recorded during the examination. The recordings were divided into 5-minute segments. All ectopic beats were classified, and only the segments with ectopia smaller than 2% were used. Each abnormal R-R interval was replaced by the next R-R interval. The sequence of normal R-R intervals was analyzed in the time and frequency domains, using the indices described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="c1-body2">chart I</xref>. The data obtained in the analysis of heart rate variability in groups A and C were then compared.</p>
      <fig id="c1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0165-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After analyzing heart rate variability, group C patients were treated with angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors for 3 month, without adding a second drug. Enalapril and ramipril were preferably used due to their greater availability and greater number of studies reported in the medical literature related to their use. The dosage administered varied and depended on the characteristics of each patient. If 1 patient had an adverse effect due to the use of the angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors, the medication was changed and the patient was excluded from the study. After 3 months, these patients underwent a new 24-hour Holter-ECG study and analysis of heart rate variability and were compared again with the normotensive group, independent of their blood pressure levels, to assess possible autonomic alterations resulting from the treatment. </p>
      <p> The data were analyzed using Epi Info 6.2 statistical software. For comparison between the 2 groups and statistical validation, the Pearson correlation (r) and the 2-tailed Student <italic>t</italic> test (p) were used with an alpha of 5% and 95% confidence interval. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Group A comprised 110 (38.4%) patients; group B 69 (24.1%) patients; group C 79 (27.6%) patients; and group D 28 (9.7%) patients. Groups A and C were followed up for analyzing heart rate variability. </p>
      <p>The base characteristics of the patients in both groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>. Although the hypertensive patients in group C were slightly younger and more obese, and had a greater prevalence of smoking, no significant difference was observed as compared with the findings in the normotensive group. Only the blood pressure levels were significantly different between the 2 groups, but this was already expected.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0165-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The 24-hour Holter-ECG was regularly recorded in all patients, and no episode of recording error, which could jeopardize the results of the examination, occurred. All patients had at least 21 hours of recording available for the analysis of heart rate variability. The SDNN (standard deviation of all R-R intervals) (P=0.03), PNN50 (percentage of successive differences between the R-R intervals &gt; 50 ms) (P&lt;0.001), and LF (low frequency spectrum between 0.04 and 0.15 Hz) (P&lt;0.001) were significantly smaller in the hypertensive group when compared with those in the normotensive group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">2</xref>). A nonsignificant tendency towards an increase in the LF (low frequency spectrum)/HF (high frequency spectrum) ratio (P=0.06) could also be observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>). No significant difference was observed in the other indices evaluated.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0165-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0165-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>All group C patients received angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors for 3 months, during which time none of them had persistent dry cough or any other adverse effect that could be attributed to the medication. After 3 months, those patients were reassessed. Not all patients achieved satisfactory control of blood pressure with monotherapy with angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors. The mean systolic blood pressure measured after that period was 135&#177;12 mmHg, and the mean diastolic blood pressure was 88&#177;4 mmHg. Those patients underwent a new 24-hour Holter-ECG, and the results were compared with those in the normotensive group. </p>
      <p>After administration of the angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors, correction was observed in all parameters of heart rate variability in the hypertensive group, no significant difference being observed between both groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">2</xref>). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our study found significant distortions in heart rate variability in patients with moderate hypertension when compared with that in a control group of normotensive patients, showing substantial changes in the autonomic function of hypertensive patients, reflected mainly by an accentuated reduction in SDNN, PNN50, and LF. </p>
      <p>The differences in heart rate variability between hypertensive and normotensive individuals found in the present study are in accordance with previous reports in regard to changes in SDNN<sup>19</sup>, PNN50<sup>20</sup>, and LF<sup>15,20,21</sup>. A nonsignificant increase in the LF/HF ratio was also found in hypertensive individuals, similarly to the findings reported by Pikkujamsa et al<sup>9</sup> and Sevre et al<sup>22</sup>. </p>
      <p>Previous studies reported controversial results in heart rate variability in hypertensive individuals. Usually, the LF spectrum is said to be modulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. Our findings regarding LF may be consequent to the reduction observed in the parasympathetic activity in hypertensive individuals. Some studies reported that when heart rate varied under strictly controlled circumstances, the LF spectrum was mainly influenced by sympathetic activity. However, other data suggest that when heart rate variability is calculated using 24-hour Holter-ECG recordings under unrestricted conditions, the LF spectrum reflects mainly the parasympathetic activity<sup>21</sup>, in accordance with our findings. </p>
      <p>The decrease in the parasympathetic activity is also implicated in the low PNN50 values in patients with moderate hypertension, because the value of this index of time domain mainly reflects the vagal tonus. </p>
      <p>After 3 months of antihypertensive treatment with angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors, a notable recovery was observed in the variables of heart rate variability initially assessed. </p>
      <p>The recovery of the parasympathetic tonus, previously reduced in group C patients due to the use of angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors, was consistent with previous investigations showing that angiotensin II is a potent inhibitor of arterial baroreflex activity<sup>16,23</sup>. In addition, Wollert and Drexler<sup>24</sup> reported that the lower sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex caused by angiotensin II significantly contributes to the pathophysiology of arterial hypertension and also of heart failure. </p>
      <p>Several other studies<sup>25-31 </sup>reported that the infusion of angiotensin II resulted in an increase in central sympathetic activity. Therefore, it was expected from our results, that a reduction in the concentration of angiotensin II, due to an angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitor, would be accompanied by an increase in the parasympathetic tonus and an increase in the activity of the systemic arterial baroreceptor reflex. </p>
      <p>The action of the arterial baroreceptors involves mainly a reflex reduction in sympathetic activity and an increase in vagal activity<sup>32</sup>. Our study did not include specific research on the sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex, but an impaired vagal activity in hypertensive patients, who recover by using angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors, which allows for the inference about the influence of these medications on baroreceptors. Some questions still need clarification, such as whether the alteration in baroreceptor sensitivity precedes or is part of the development of hypertension, or whether the deficiency in the baroreflex control of heart rate depends on the alteration in vagal activity. Because the vagal component predominates in the reflex responses of heart rate<sup>32</sup>, and considering our results, it is more evident that is certainly impaired in hypertensive individuals, and, in addition, that the angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors substantially recover the activity of that reflex. </p>
      <p>In addition, other physiological effects resulting from the use of angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors should be considered, because the inhibition of this enzyme can alter the concentration of other substances, such as bradykinin, which alone also influences the autonomic balance. Bradykinin has a complex autonomic function, because it can sensitize both vagal stimuli and sympathetic afferent fibers, mediating mechanoreceptors and chemosensitive reflex arches<sup>33-37</sup>. Such mechanisms may also contribute to the course of the autonomic changes observed in this study through the administration of angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors. </p>
      <p>Therefore, our findings support those of other studies in the medical literature by demonstrating that heart rate variability, both in time and frequency domains, is diffusely decreased in patients with moderate arterial hypertension as compared with that in normotensive individuals. This reduction reflects the degree of cardiac autonomic activity determined by the baroreceptor reflexes, which are impaired in arterial hypertension. Our data also allow for the statement that antihypertensive therapy with angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors allows for a significant recovery of the variables of heart rate variability to values close to those in healthy individuals. The antihypertensive therapy with angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors certainly causes an improvement in the autonomic modulation activity and a more satisfactory cardiovascular prognosis in managing hypertensive patients. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Rua C-25A - Qd 14 - Lote 16 - Jd. Am&#233;rica</p>
          <p> Cep 74265-155 - Goi&#226;nia, GO, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="humbertograner@uol.com.br">humbertograner@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 4/4/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 11/17/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga  </p>
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  </sub-article>
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