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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CGvG4GrCqwBkBP6pRhKhHDP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001400007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001400007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valida&#231;&#227;o do teste de exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Bezerra de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ricardo</surname>
            <given-names>Djalma Rabelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Gama Filho</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>155</fpage>
      <lpage>159</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Testar a viabilidade operacional e validar um protocolo do teste de exerc&#237;cio de 4s (T4s) realizado em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (ORTO). M&#201;TODOS: O ORTO, similar ao protocolo convencional (CICLO), ou seja, exerc&#237;cio s&#250;bito do 4&#186; ao 8&#186; segundo de uma apn&#233;ia inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima de 12s, ao inv&#233;s da pedalada r&#225;pida (sem carga), em caminhada estacion&#225;ria acelerada (flex&#227;o alternada dos quadris). &#205;ndice vagal card&#237;aco (IVC), adimensional, calculado pela raz&#227;o entre as dura&#231;&#245;es dos intervalo RRs imediatamente antes do exerc&#237;cio (RRB) e o mais curto durante o exerc&#237;cio (RRC), medido em tra&#231;ado de eletrocardiograma a uma resolu&#231;&#227;o de 10ms. Avaliados 47 indiv&#237;duos (40&#177;17 anos, 169&#177;9 cm, 72&#177;14 kg) de ambos os sexos, saud&#225;veis ou n&#227;o, que realizaram randomicamente tr&#234;s repeti&#231;&#245;es consecutivas nos dois protocolos, sendo a primeira utilizada apenas para familiariza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos. RESULTADOS: Embora tenha havido diferen&#231;as no IVC para os dois protocolos (1,48&#177;0,04 vs 1,42&#177;0,04; p&lt;0,001), n&#227;o houve relev&#226;ncia fisiol&#243;gica. Em 5 (11%) casos observou-se diferen&#231;a clinicamente relevante entre ORTO e CICLO para o IVC. Os resultados de RRB, RRC e IVC nos dois protocolos foram fortemente correlacionados, respectivamente, 0,84; 0,85 e 0,93, (p&lt;0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: O T4s realizado em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica demonstrou ser uma op&#231;&#227;o v&#225;lida para avalia&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vagal card&#237;aco nos laborat&#243;rios que n&#227;o disp&#245;em de cicloerg&#244;metro, sem preju&#237;zo da interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, al&#233;m da simplicidade e aplicabilidade do procedimento, de baixo custo operacional.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>teste de exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos</kwd>
        <kwd>posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>vagal</kwd>
        <kwd>freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Valida&#231;&#227;o do teste de exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica  </p>
    <p>Marcos Bezerra de Almeida; Djalma Rabelo Ricardo; Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo </p>
    <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ  </p>
    <p>Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Gama Filho e Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Testar a viabilidade operacional e validar um protocolo do teste de exerc&#237;cio de 4s (T4s) realizado em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (ORTO). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>O ORTO, similar ao protocolo convencional (CICLO), ou seja, exerc&#237;cio s&#250;bito do 4&#186; ao 8&#186; segundo de uma apn&#233;ia inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima de 12s, ao inv&#233;s da pedalada r&#225;pida (sem carga), em caminhada estacion&#225;ria acelerada (flex&#227;o alternada dos quadris). &#205;ndice vagal card&#237;aco (IVC), adimensional, calculado pela raz&#227;o entre as dura&#231;&#245;es dos intervalo RRs imediatamente antes do exerc&#237;cio (RRB) e o mais curto durante o exerc&#237;cio (RRC), medido em tra&#231;ado de eletrocardiograma a uma resolu&#231;&#227;o de 10ms. Avaliados 47 indiv&#237;duos (40&#177;17 anos, 169&#177;9 cm, 72&#177;14 kg) de ambos os sexos, saud&#225;veis ou n&#227;o, que realizaram randomicamente tr&#234;s repeti&#231;&#245;es consecutivas nos dois protocolos, sendo a primeira utilizada apenas para familiariza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Embora tenha havido diferen&#231;as no IVC para os dois protocolos (1,48&#177;0,04 vs 1,42&#177;0,04; p&lt;0,001), n&#227;o houve relev&#226;ncia fisiol&#243;gica. Em 5 (11%) casos observou-se diferen&#231;a clinicamente relevante entre ORTO e CICLO para o IVC. Os resultados de RRB, RRC e IVC nos dois protocolos foram fortemente correlacionados, respectivamente, 0,84; 0,85 e 0,93, (p&lt;0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O T4s realizado em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica demonstrou ser uma op&#231;&#227;o v&#225;lida para avalia&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vagal card&#237;aco nos laborat&#243;rios que n&#227;o disp&#245;em de cicloerg&#244;metro, sem preju&#237;zo da interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, al&#233;m da simplicidade e aplicabilidade do procedimento, de baixo custo operacional.  </p>
    <p><bold>Palavra-chave: </bold>teste de exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos, posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, exerc&#237;cio, vagal, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de mortalidade no Brasil, e s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por cerca de 32% de todos os &#243;bitos registrados e 10% de todas as interna&#231;&#245;es em 2000<sup>1</sup>. O risco de eventos cardiovasculares diversos aumenta, muitas vezes, em decorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, frequentemente &#224;s custas de uma redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade parassimp&#225;tica<sup>2</sup>, um potente e independente indicador de progn&#243;stico negativo<sup>3</sup>, tanto em indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>4,5</sup>, como em p&#243;s-infartados<sup>6 </sup>e, at&#233; mesmo, na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para investigar a condi&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica de um indiv&#237;duo, existem v&#225;rios procedimentos validados que podem trazer contribui&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e/ou fisiol&#243;gicas relevantes<sup>8-10</sup>, dentre os quais, destacamos o teste de exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos (T4s) proposto originalmente por Ara&#250;jo e cols.<sup>11</sup>, baseado na participa&#231;&#227;o praticamente exclusiva da retirada do t&#244;nus vagal card&#237;aco nos primeiros segundos de um exerc&#237;cio envolvendo grandes grupamentos musculares e realizado de forma r&#225;pida. O T4s &#233; um teste auton&#244;mico, farmacologicamente validado, cuja finalidade &#233; a an&#225;lise isolada da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no transiente inicial do exerc&#237;cio din&#226;mico<sup>12</sup>. Desde sua publica&#231;&#227;o, o T4s vem sendo aplicado na &#225;rea cl&#237;nica em alguns laborat&#243;rios de medicina do exerc&#237;cio e cardiologia, al&#233;m de ser utilizado como um instrumento de investiga&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica em pesquisas desenvolvidas por nosso grupo<sup>11,13-18</sup> e tamb&#233;m por outros centros de pesquisa<sup>19</sup>.  </p>
    <p>Apesar da simplicidade da execu&#231;&#227;o, do custo relativamente baixo para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o e da f&#225;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o de seus resultados, permanece um &#243;bice para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o mais ampla do T4s decorrente da necessidade de um cicloerg&#244;metro, conforme consta do protocolo original. Considerando que esse equipamento &#233; relativamente raro para testes de exerc&#237;cio nos laborat&#243;rios e cl&#237;nicas especializados, torna-se necess&#225;rio analisar a possibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o do T4s em outras condi&#231;&#245;es, mais apropriadas para esses locais. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a viabilidade operacional e validar um protocolo do T4s realizado em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica e sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um erg&#244;metro.  </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Participaram do estudo 47 indiv&#237;duos adultos, de ambos os sexos (40&#177;17 anos, 169&#177;9 cm, 72&#177;14 kg) e com diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, que realizaram randomicamente tr&#234;s repeti&#231;&#245;es consecutivas do T4s nos dois protocolos sugeridos, um em cicloerg&#244;metro (CICLO) conforme descri&#231;&#227;o original do T4s<sup>12</sup>, e outro, em protocolo alternativo, realizado na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (ORTO). A primeira repeti&#231;&#227;o em cada protocolo serviu como familiariza&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos com os procedimentos e o melhor resultado entre as duas &#250;ltimas repeti&#231;&#245;es foi considerado como representativo do &#237;ndice vagal card&#237;aco do indiv&#237;duo. Todos os participantes assinaram termo de consentimento antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes. O protocolo e o delineamento do estudo foram aprovados pela institui&#231;&#227;o.  </p>
    <p>
      <bold>
        <italic>Protocolos</italic>
      </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste de 4 segundos - (CICLO)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O objetivo do T4s &#233; avaliar, isoladamente a integridade do ramo parassimp&#225;tico do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo no transiente inicial da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (transi&#231;&#227;o repouso-exerc&#237;cio). O T4s consiste em pedalar, o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel, um cicloerg&#244;metro sem carga, do 4&#186; ao 8&#186; segundo de uma apn&#233;ia inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima de 12s. S&#227;o dados quatro comandos das a&#231;&#245;es a serem realizadas a cada quatro segundos: a) inspira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima e r&#225;pida, primariamente pela boca; b) pedalar o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel; c) parada brusca da pedalada e d) expira&#231;&#227;o.  </p>
    <p>Para minimizar eventuais respostas antecipat&#243;rias aos comandos, o indiv&#237;duo n&#227;o deve visualizar o cron&#244;metro nem o eletrocardi&#243;grafo, de onde se obt&#233;m um tra&#231;ado cont&#237;nuo de &#250;nica deriva&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma (usualmente CC<sub>5 </sub>ou CM<sub>5</sub>) durante 35s a 25mm/s de velocidade e com uma resolu&#231;&#227;o de 10ms, iniciada 5s antes do comando para a inspira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima.  </p>
    <p>Para a determina&#231;&#227;o da magnitude do t&#244;nus vagal, s&#227;o identificados os intervalos RR imediatamente antes ou o primeiro do exerc&#237;cio, aquele que for mais longo (RRB), e o mais curto durante o exerc&#237;cio, geralmente o &#250;ltimo (RRC). A raz&#227;o entre esses dois intervalos indica o &#237;ndice vagal card&#237;aco (IVC), um &#237;ndice adimensional, obtido pelo T4s.  </p>
    <p>Estudos anteriores mostraram que a magnitude do IVC independe da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia oposta ao movimento dos pedais<sup>13</sup>, da execu&#231;&#227;o ativa ou passiva<sup>15,16</sup> ou se realizado com membros inferiores ou superiores<sup>20</sup>.  </p>
    <p>
      <bold>&#149; Teste de 4 segundos ortost&#225;tico - (ORTO)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para reproduzir as condi&#231;&#245;es provavelmente encontradas nos laborat&#243;rios convencionais de fisiologia do exerc&#237;cio e ergometria, os indiv&#237;duos foram posicionados com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica sobre uma esteira rolante, mantida desligada durante todo o procedimento. Esta estrat&#233;gia objetiva facilitar a introdu&#231;&#227;o do procedimento dentro de uma rotina que antecede o teste de exerc&#237;cio convencional.  </p>
    <p>Para desencadear a resposta de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no T4s ORTO, realizou-se uma caminhada estacion&#225;ria acelerada, i.e., flex&#227;o alternada dos quadris at&#233; a coxa alcan&#231;ar um &#226;ngulo aproximado de 90&#186; com o tronco, com os joelhos flexionados ao mesmo tempo que os quadris, sem fase de v&#244;o, ou seja, sem que os dois p&#233;s perdessem contato com o ch&#227;o ao mesmo tempo. Para um maior equil&#237;brio do executante, foi solicitado que as m&#227;os fossem posicionadas sobre a barra de seguran&#231;a frontal da esteira.  </p>
    <p>O intervalo entre repeti&#231;&#245;es de um mesmo protocolo teve a dura&#231;&#227;o entre 1 a 2 min e entre os dois protocolos, de 5 a 10 min, sempre de acordo com o comportamento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso, esperando-se que a mesma retornasse aos n&#237;veis pr&#233;-manobra antes de se repetir o protocolo.  </p>
    <p>Para o CICLO foi utilizado um cicloerg&#244;metro EC-1600 (<italic>Cateye</italic>, Jap&#227;o) enquanto o protocolo ORTO foi realizado sobre uma esteira rolante ATL 10200 (<italic>Inbramed</italic>, Brasil), mantida desligada durante toda a realiza&#231;&#227;o do experimento. Em ambos os protocolos, para o registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, foi utilizado um equipamento e <italic>software</italic> espec&#237;fico de eletrocardiograma digital (ErgoPC Elite vers&#227;o 3.2.1.5, <italic>Micromed</italic>, Brasil), permitindo o armazenamento dos tra&#231;ados e a medida dos intervalos RR com precis&#227;o de 10ms. Todas as medidas foram feitas por um &#250;nico avaliador com ampla experi&#234;ncia na t&#233;cnica de identifica&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos RRB e RRC e na medida da suas dura&#231;&#245;es com o aux&#237;lio do <italic>software</italic>.  </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m da an&#225;lise feita para a amostra como um todo, verificou-se se as respostas dependiam da magnitude do IVC ou da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, dividindo-se a amostra em dois grupos, segundo o &#237;ndice vagal card&#237;aco do CICLO (valor de refer&#234;ncia), utilizando-se a mediana como ponto de corte. Assim, pudemos verificar se havia diferen&#231;a no IVC, entre os protocolos, para os valores mais baixos e mais altos das distribui&#231;&#245;es. Finalmente, para observar a poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica sobre eventuais diferen&#231;as no IVC obtido nos dois protocolos, a amostra foi dividida em um grupo assintom&#225;tico cardiorrespirat&#243;rio e um grupo com doen&#231;a cardiovascular conhecida.  </p>
    <p>Inicialmente foi testada a normalidade (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) e a homocedasticidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o (teste de Hartley), validando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da estat&#237;stica param&#233;trica. Utilizamos o teste-t emparelhado de Student para comparar os resultados dos dois protocolos e a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para quantificar a associa&#231;&#227;o em ORTO e CICLO para as vari&#225;veis RRB e RRC (ambos medidos em ms) e IVC (adimensional). Foi tamb&#233;m determinada a regress&#227;o linear entre os valores de IVC nos dois protocolos e aceito como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,05 e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, sendo utilizado o <italic>software</italic> estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 10.0 (<italic>SPSS</italic>, Chicago, EUA) para o tratamento dos dados.  </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis possu&#237;am homocedasticidade, com as raz&#245;es entre as vari&#226;ncias dos dois protocolos, apresentando valores inferiores a 1,69 (ponto de corte para 46 graus de liberdade), e tamb&#233;m normalidade na distribui&#231;&#227;o (<italic>p</italic>&gt;0,10), justificando a an&#225;lise param&#233;trica dos dados.  </p>
    <p>Em apenas 5 (11%) casos observou-se diferen&#231;a clinicamente relevante nos resultados do IVC nos dois protocolos, de acordo com os pontos de corte originais do T4s para indica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica (&lt;1,20) e vagotonia (&gt;1,70), ainda que dois desses casos tivessem se aproximado dos limites (1,11 vs 1,22 e 1,32 vs 1,18, para CICLO vs ORTO, respectivamente). Observamos tamb&#233;m que somente 13 (27,7%) casos a diferen&#231;a ultrapassou o erro padr&#227;o da estimativa calculado na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o (&#177;0,14). Houve uma pequena diferen&#231;a entre os resultados no IVC e no RRB, mas n&#227;o quanto ao RRC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>). Encontramos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de r=0,84; 0,85 e 0,93, respectivamente, para IVC, RRB e RRC medidos nos dois protocolos, (p&lt;0,001 para todas) e uma equa&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o linear IVC<sub>CICLO</sub>=0,73&#149;IVC<sub>ORTO</sub>+0,33&#177;0,14 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0155-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0155-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0155-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0155-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ao separar a amostra em dois grupos segundo o IVC do CICLO (valor de refer&#234;ncia), as diferen&#231;as no IVC do CICLO e do ORTO desapareceram entre os indiv&#237;duos com IVC mais baixo (1,26&#177;0,03 tanto para CICLO como ORTO; p=1,00; IC95%=-0,06 a 0,06), enquanto na outra metade dos indiv&#237;duos &#150; IVC mais alto &#150; os resultados foram significativamente maiores no CICLO (1,71&#177;0,04 vs 1,58&#177;0,05; p&lt;0,001; IC95%=0,06 a 0,20).  </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; influ&#234;ncia da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica sobre os resultados, os indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a cardiovascular conhecida apresentaram, como esperado, IVC mais baixo que seus pares assintom&#225;ticos em ambos os protocolos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a07tab02">tab. II</xref>). Houve, ainda, forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados do IVC nos dois protocolos tanto para o grupo com doen&#231;a cardiovascular como para o grupo assintom&#225;tico (r=0,79 vs r=0,84, respectivamente, p&lt;0,001).  </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a07tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0155-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a viabilidade operacional e validar um protocolo de teste de 4 segundos sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do cicloerg&#244;metro, facilitando, assim, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento em laborat&#243;rios convencionais de ergometria. Observou-se que a simples explana&#231;&#227;o, seguida de uma &#250;nica tentativa de experimenta&#231;&#227;o, era suficiente para que os indiv&#237;duos conseguissem realizar o protocolo ORTO com &#234;xito e sem qualquer outro problema maior ou acidente, mesmo considerando que alguns indiv&#237;duos apresentavam idade &gt; 50 anos. Para a valida&#231;&#227;o de um instrumento de medida &#233; necess&#225;rio confrontar os resultados do protocolo proposto com aqueles de refer&#234;ncia (padr&#227;o-ouro).  </p>
    <p>Apesar da diferen&#231;a encontrada entre o IVC dos dois protocolos, observou-se tend&#234;ncia dos resultados expressar, fisiologicamente, o mesmo fen&#244;meno, com os valores do IVC minimamente maiores no CICLO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>), nitidamente em fun&#231;&#227;o de um RRB mais longo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). A postura adotada no ORTO &#233; a raz&#227;o mais prov&#225;vel da diferen&#231;a encontrada nos intervalos RR<sup>3</sup> na fase de inspira&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-manobra. A sustenta&#231;&#227;o do corpo na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta induz a uma menor estimula&#231;&#227;o vagal<sup>21</sup>, possivelmente em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de uma a&#231;&#227;o mais importante da gravidade, dificultando o retorno venoso, quando comparado &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o sentada<sup>22,23</sup> no cicloerg&#244;metro. No entanto, cabe ressaltar que as medidas de RRC foram iguais em ambos os protocolos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>), sinalizando que, mesmo sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de erg&#244;metro, o movimento proposto no protocolo ORTO (caminhada estacion&#225;ria acelerada) foi suficiente para desencadear uma mesma magnitude de inibi&#231;&#227;o vagal na modula&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, provavelmente, por a&#231;&#227;o dos mecanorreceptores localizados nas articula&#231;&#245;es<sup>24</sup>.  </p>
    <p>A condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos indiv&#237;duos, aparentemente, n&#227;o interferiu nos resultados do ORTO, tendo em vista que o grupo com doen&#231;a cardiovascular conhecida apresentou valores semelhantes de IVC para os dois protocolos. N&#227;o obstante tal fato n&#227;o foi observado no grupo assintom&#225;tico, embora essas diferen&#231;as n&#227;o tenham se expressado, fisiologicamente, ou representado relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, uma vez que a diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias n&#227;o ultrapassou, novamente, o erro padr&#227;o da estimativa. Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas foram elevados para o IVC, denotando uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre os protocolos.  </p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista pr&#225;tico, considerando-se a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis RRB, RRC e IVC nos dois protocolos e a ocorr&#234;ncia de apenas um n&#250;mero reduzido de casos com diferen&#231;a relevante na avalia&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vagal card&#237;aco, sugere-se que o protocolo ORTO seja clinicamente v&#225;lido, utilizando os mesmos pontos de corte da proposta inicial na condi&#231;&#227;o CICLO. Isto &#233; especialmente verdadeiro para os casos em que ocorre um IVC relativo ou anormalmente baixo, portanto casos de maior interesse cl&#237;nico, nos quais os valores de IVC s&#227;o virtualmente id&#234;nticos. Por outro lado, os indiv&#237;duos com IVC mais alto apresentaram discrep&#226;ncia, embora a diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias tenha permanecido dentro do erro padr&#227;o da estimativa determinado pela equa&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o. Na realidade, as eventuais discrep&#226;ncias encontradas nos valores de IVC entre os protocolos ORTO e CICLO ficaram restritas, na sua quase totalidade, a indiv&#237;duos que poderiam ser caracterizados como portadores de vagotonia, com valores bastante altos de IVC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>). Em adendo, a equa&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o demonstrou possuir um alto valor preditivo para a medida do IVC nos dois protocolos, suportando, assim, a consist&#234;ncia do instrumento proposto para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do IVC.  </p>
    <p>N&#227;o podemos deixar de comentar, especificamente, dois casos que apresentaram resultados bastante discrepantes, quando comparados os valores de IVC entre os protocolos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>). Um caso foi de homem de 72 anos, que n&#227;o respondeu ao CICLO na mesma magnitude do ORTO (1,09 vs 1,58, respectivamente), talvez por m&#225; adapta&#231;&#227;o ao cicloerg&#244;metro, tendo dificuldade para pedalar em frequ&#234;ncia m&#237;nima necess&#225;ria para desencadear a inibi&#231;&#227;o vagal esperada no T4s. Na realidade, tem sido pr&#225;tica do nosso laborat&#243;rio ajudar, eventualmente, na movimenta&#231;&#227;o das pernas durante a pedalada em indiv&#237;duos idosos ou sarcop&#234;nicos, que manifestem dificuldades na sua execu&#231;&#227;o. O outro foi de mulher de 29 anos, que embora fosse diagnosticada como extremamente vagot&#244;nica em ambos os protocolos (resultado &gt; percentil 99 dentro do nosso banco de dados do laborat&#243;rio), apresentou melhor resposta no CICLO com uma diferen&#231;a entre os resultados numericamente expressiva (2,42 vs 1,90, para CICLO e ORTO, respectivamente), por&#233;m sem significado cl&#237;nico. Esse achado individual est&#225; de acordo com a nossa experi&#234;ncia que indica uma reprodutibilidade menor para valores de IVC em vagot&#244;nicos<sup>25</sup>. Portanto, dentro de um contexto mais gen&#233;rico, os resultados de IVC encontrados em nosso estudo corroboram a validade do protocolo ORTO, sem necessidade de uso de uma equa&#231;&#227;o de corre&#231;&#227;o.  </p>
    <p>Conclui-se que o T4s em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica demonstrou ser vi&#225;vel do ponto de vista operacional e v&#225;lido para avalia&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vagal card&#237;aco nos laborat&#243;rios de fisiologia do exerc&#237;cio e ergometria que n&#227;o disp&#245;em de cicloerg&#244;metro, sem preju&#237;zo da interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos ou com alguma doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Ressaltamos, tamb&#233;m, a simplicidade e aplicabilidade do instrumento, al&#233;m do baixo custo operacional, sugerindo, ainda, sua execu&#231;&#227;o sobre a esteira rolante desligada, previamente ao teste de esfor&#231;o ou exerc&#237;cio para facilitar os procedimentos e sua realiza&#231;&#227;o no cotidiano dos laborat&#243;rios.  </p>
    <p>Diretrizes recentes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>26,27</sup> t&#234;m valorizado a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo como instrumento de investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A incorpora&#231;&#227;o rotineira do T4s pr&#233;-teste de exerc&#237;cio<sup>28</sup> - convencional ou com medida de gases expirados, possui o potencial de ampliar as informa&#231;&#245;es clinicamente relevantes a serem obtidas com o uso do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis ou n&#227;o-saud&#225;veis<sup>29-32</sup>.  </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao CNPq (Processo 304891/2002-9), &#224; CAPES, e &#224; Micromed Biotecnologia Ltda. pela oportuniza&#231;&#227;o de software especialmente desenvolvido para o armazenamento, leitura e impress&#227;o dos tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos do teste de 4 segundos.  </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Claudio Gil S. Ara&#250;jo </p>
        <p> Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101 </p>
        <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Cep 22031-070 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cgaraujo@iis.com.br">cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o 19/5/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito 15/9/03  </p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Validation of the 4-second exercise test in the orthostatic position</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To test the operational viability of and validate the 4-second exercise test (4sET) protocol in the orthostatic position (ORTHO). METHODS: The ORTHO protocol, an alternative to the conventional protocol (CYCLO), was used. The ORTHO protocol consists of performing sudden exercise in the orthostatic position - accelerated stationary walking (alternate upward flexion of the thighs) - from the fourth to the eighth second of a 12-second maximum inspiratory apnea, instead of rapid cycling without load. The adimensional cardiac vagal index (CVI) was calculated using the ratio between the longest RR interval (RRB) - the one immediately before, or the first during exercise - and the shortest RR interval during exercise - usually the last (RRC) - measured on electrocardiographic tracings at a 10-ms resolution. Forty-seven individuals (40&#177;17 years, 169&#177;9 cm, 72&#177;14 kg) of both sexes, healthy or unhealthy, randomly underwent 3 consecutive repetitions of the 2 protocols, the first being performed only to acquaint patients with the procedure. RESULTS: Although differences in the CVI were found in both protocols (1.48&#177;0.04 vs 1.42&#177;0.04; P&lt;0.001), no physiological relevance was observed. In 5 (11%) cases, a clinically significant difference between the ORTHO and CYCLO protocols was observed for CVI. The results of RRB, RRC, and CVI in the 2 protocols were strongly correlated, being 0.84, 0.85, and 0.93, respectively (P&lt;0.001). CONCLUSION: The 4sET performed in the orthostatic position proved to be a valid option for assessing the vagal cardiac tonus in laboratories lacking a cycloergometer, without jeopardizing clinical interpretation. In addition to simplicity and applicability, the procedure also provides low operational costs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>4-second exercise test</kwd>
        <kwd>orthostatic position</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>vagal</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Validation of the 4-second exercise test in the orthostatic position </p>
      <p>Marcos Bezerra de Almeida; Djalma Rabelo Ricardo; Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</p>
      <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil </p>
      <p>Physical Education Graduate Program of Gama Filho University and Clinimex - Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To test the operational viability of and validate the 4-second exercise test (4sET) protocol in the orthostatic position (ORTHO).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The ORTHO protocol, an alternative to the conventional protocol (CYCLO), was used. The ORTHO protocol consists of performing sudden exercise in the orthostatic position &#150; accelerated stationary walking (alternate upward flexion of the thighs) &#150; from the fourth to the eighth second of a 12-second maximum inspiratory apnea, instead of rapid cycling without load. The adimensional cardiac vagal index (CVI) was calculated using the ratio between the longest RR interval (RRB) &#150; the one immediately before, or the first during exercise &#150; and the shortest RR interval during exercise &#150; usually the last (RRC) &#150; measured on electrocardiographic tracings at a 10-ms resolution. Forty-seven individuals (40&#177;17 years, 169&#177;9 cm, 72&#177;14 kg) of both sexes, healthy or unhealthy, randomly underwent 3 consecutive repetitions of the 2 protocols, the first being performed only to acquaint patients with the procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Although differences in the CVI were found in both protocols (1.48&#177;0.04 vs 1.42&#177;0.04; P&lt;0.001), no physiological relevance was observed. In 5 (11%) cases, a clinically significant difference between the ORTHO and CYCLO protocols was observed for CVI. The results of RRB, RRC, and CVI in the 2 protocols were strongly correlated, being 0.84, 0.85, and 0.93, respectively (P&lt;0.001). </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The 4sET performed in the orthostatic position proved to be a valid option for assessing the vagal cardiac tonus in laboratories lacking a cycloergometer, without jeopardizing clinical interpretation. In addition to simplicity and applicability, the procedure also provides low operational costs. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>4-second exercise test, orthostatic position, exercise, vagal, heart rate </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of mortality in Brazil, accounting for 32% of all recorded deaths and 10% of all hospital admissions in 2000 <sup>1</sup>. The risk of several cardiovascular events increases many times due to autonomic dysfunction, frequently caused by a reduction in parasympathetic activity <sup>2</sup>, which is a strong and independent indicator of a negative prognosis <sup>3</sup> both in individuals with heart failure <sup>4,5 </sup>and after infarction <sup>6</sup>, and even in the general population <sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>There are several valid procedures to investigate the autonomic condition of an individual, providing relevant clinical or physiological contributions, or both <sup>8-10</sup>, among which the 4-second exercise test (4sET), originally proposed by Ara&#250;jo et al <sup>11</sup>, stands out. The 4sET is based on eliminating the vagal cardiac tonus in the first seconds of rapid exercise involving large muscle groups. The 4sET is a pharmacologically validated autonomic test, whose finality is the isolated analysis of the vagal modulation of heart rate in the initial transient of dynamic exercise <sup>12</sup>. Since it was reported, 4sET has been applied in the clinical area in some sports medicine and cardiology laboratories, in addition to being used as an instrument of scientific investigation in the research developed by our group <sup>11,13-18</sup> and also by other research centers <sup>19</sup>. </p>
      <p>Despite the simplicity and low cost of the 4sET, and the easy interpretation of its results, the need for a cycloergometer remains a limitation for the broader use of the test according to the original protocol. Considering that a cycloergometer is not frequently found in specialized laboratories and clinics for exercise testing, it is necessary to analyze the possibility of performing 4sET under more appropriate conditions. This study aimed to test the operational viability of the 4sET performed in the orthostatic position without an ergometer and to validate a 4sET protocol. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study comprised 47 adults of both sexes (40&#177;17 years, 169&#177;9 cm, 72&#177;14 kg) with different clinical conditions, who randomly underwent 3 consecutive repetitions of 4sET in the 2 protocols suggested as follows: 1) the CYCLO protocol using a cycloergometer, according to the original 4sET <sup>12</sup>; and 2) the alternative ORTHO protocol, with 4sET performed in the orthostatic position. The first repetition in each protocol served to acquaint the individuals with the procedures, and the best result of the last 2 repetitions was considered to represent the vagal cardiac index of the individual. All participants signed the written consent before the tests. The protocol and the study design were approved by the institution. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>
          <italic>Protocols</italic>
        </bold>
      </p>
      <p>&#149; The 4-Seconds Exercise Teste - (CYCLO)</p>
      <p>The objective of the 4sET is to assess in isolation the integrity of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system in the initial transient of heart rate (rest-exercise transition). The conventional 4sET consisted of cycling, as fast as possible, an unloaded cycloergometer, from the fourth to the eighth second of a maximum inspiratory apnea of 12 seconds. The patients were commanded to act every 4 seconds as follows: a) to inspire maximally and rapidly, primarily through the mouth; b) to cycle as fast as possible; c) to stop abruptly; and d) to expire. </p>
      <p>To minimize occasional anticipatory responses to the commands, the individual should see neither the chronometer nor the electrocardiograph, which provides a continuous tracing of a single electrocardiographic lead (usually CC<sub>5 </sub>or CM<sub>5</sub>) during 35 seconds, at a velocity of 25 mm/s with a 10-ms resolution, initiated 5 seconds before the maximum inspiration command. </p>
      <p>To determine the magnitude of the vagal tonus, the longest RR interval (RRB) &#150; the one immediately before, or the first during exercise &#150; and the shortest RR interval during exercise &#150; usually the last (RRC) &#150; are identified. The ratio between these 2 intervals indicates the cardiac vagal index, an adimensional index, obtained through 4sET. </p>
      <p>Previous studies showed that the magnitude CVI does not depend on the presence or absence of resistance to the movement of the pedals <sup>13</sup>, on active or passive practice <sup>15,16</sup>, or whether the test is performed with the lower or upper limbs <sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>&#149; The Osthostatic 4-Seconds Exercise Test - (ORTHO)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To reproduce the conditions probably encountered in the conventional exercise physiology and ergometry laboratories, the individuals with electrocardiographic monitoring were positioned on a treadmill, which was kept powered off during the entire procedure. This strategy aimed at facilitating the establishment of a routine for the procedure, such that it preceded conventional exercise testing. </p>
      <p>To trigger the heart rate response in the ORTHO 4sET, accelerated stationary walking was performed, ie, alternate flexion of the thighs, with bent knees, until the thigh reached an angle of approximately 90&#186; with the trunk. The exercise was performed without a flight phase, ie, the feet did not simultaneously loose contact with the ground at any given time. For greater equilibrium, the individual being tested was asked to keep his hands on the frontal safety bar of the treadmill. </p>
      <p>The interval between the repetitions of the same protocol lasted 1 to 2 minutes, and the interval between the 2 protocols lasted 5 to 10 minutes, depending on heart rate behavior at rest, and waiting for heart rate to return to premaneuver levels before repeating the protocol. </p>
      <p>For the CYCLO protocol, an EC-1600 cycloergometer (<italic>Cateye, Japan</italic>) was used, while the ORTHO protocol was performed on an ATL 10200 treadmill (<italic>Inbramed, Brazil</italic>), kept powered off during the entire experiment. In both protocols, for the electrocardiographic recording, equipment and specific digital electrocardiography software (ErgoPC Elite, version 3.2.1.5, <italic>Micromed</italic>, Brazil) were used, allowing storage of the tracings and measurement of the RR intervals with 10-ms accuracy. All measurements were taken by a single evaluator with much experience in the technique of identification of the RRB and RRC intervals and in the measurement of their durations with the aid of the software. </p>
      <p>In addition to analyzing the sample as a whole, the responses were assessed whether they depended on the magnitude of the CVI or on the clinical condition. The sample was divided into 2 groups, according to the CVI of the CYCLO protocol (reference value), using the median as the cut point. Therefore, the existence of a difference in the CVI between the protocols for the lower and upper values of the distributions was assessed. Finally, to evaluate the possible influence of the clinical condition on occasional differences in the CVI obtained in the 2 protocols, the sample was divided into an asymptomatic cardiorespiratory group and a group with known cardiovascular disease. </p>
      <p>Initially the normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) and homoscedasticity of the distribution (Hartley test) were tested, validating the use of parametrical statistics. The paired Student <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare the results of the 2 protocols, and the Pearson correlation was used to quantify the association of the RRB and RRC variables (both measured in ms) and the CVI (adimensional) in the ORTHO and CYCLO protocols. The linear regression between the CVI values was also determined in the 2 protocols, and the significance level of P&lt;0.05 and 95% confidence interval were adopted. The statistical software <italic>SPSS</italic> version 10.0 (<italic>SPSS</italic>, Chicago, USA) was used. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All variables had homoscedasticity, with ratios between the variances of both protocols, values below 1.69 (cut point for 46 degrees of freedom), and also normal distribution (P&gt;0.10), justifying the parametrical analysis of data. </p>
      <p>In only 5 (11%) cases, a relevant clinical difference was observed in the results of the CVI in the 2 protocols, according to the original cut points of 4sET for indicating autonomous dysfunction (&lt;1.20) and vagotonia (&gt;1.70). Two of these cases were close to the limits (1.11 vs 1.22 and 1.32 vs 1.18, for CYCLO vs ORTHO, respectively). In only 13 (27.7%) cases, the difference exceeded the standard error of the estimate calculated in the analysis of regression (&#177;0.14). A small difference between the results was observed in the CVI and in RRB, but not in RRC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. I</xref>). The correlation coefficients r=0.84; 0.85; and 0.93, were found for the CVI, RRB, and RRC, respectively, measured in the 2 protocols, (P&lt;0.001 for all), as was the linear regression equation CVI<sub>CYCLO </sub>= 0.73 &#149; CVI<sub>ORTHO </sub>+ 0.33 &#177; 0.14 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">2</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig3-body2">3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0155-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0155-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0155-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig3-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0155-00007-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>When the sample was divided into 2 groups according to the CYCLO CVI (reference value), the differences in the CYCLO and ORTHO CVI between the individuals with lower CVI (1.26&#177;0.03 both for CYCLO and ORTHO; P = 1.00; 95%CI = -0.06 to 0.06) disappeared. In the other half of sample individuals with higher CVI, the results were significantly greater in the CYCLO protocol (1.71&#177;0.04 vs 1.58&#177;0.05; P&lt;0.001; 95%CI = 0.06 to 0.20). </p>
      <p>In regard to the influence of the clinical condition on the results, the individuals with known cardiovascular disease, as expected, had a lower CVI as compared with that of the asymptomatic individuals in both protocols (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a07tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). A strong association between the results of the CVI in the 2 protocols was observed in the group with cardiovascular disease and the asymptomatic group (r=0.79 vs r=0.84, respectively, P&lt;0.001). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a07tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0155-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study aimed at testing the operational viability of and validating the 4-second test protocol performed without a cycloergometer, facilitating, therefore, its use in conventional ergometry laboratories. A simple explanation, followed by a single attempt, was sufficient for the individuals to successfully follow the ORTHO protocol with no problem or accident, even considering that some were older than 50 years. Validating a measuring instrument requires comparing the results of the protocol proposed with those of the reference protocol (gold standard). </p>
      <p>Despite the difference found between the CVI in the 2 protocols, a trend towards the results physiologically expressing the same phenomenon was observed, with CVI values minimally greater in the CYCLO protocol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>), clearly due to a longer RRB (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>). The posture adopted in the ORTHO protocol is the most probable reason for the difference found in the RR<sup>3</sup> intervals in the premaneuver inspiration phase. Sustaining the body in the erect position induces lower vagal stimulation <sup>21</sup>, possibly as a consequence of the more important action of gravity, impairing venous return, as compared with the sitting position in the cycloergometer <sup>22,23</sup>. However, it is worth emphasizing that the RRC measures were equal in both protocols (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>), indicating that, even without using the ergometer, the movement proposed in the ORTHO protocol (accelerated stationary walking) was sufficient to trigger the same magnitude of vagal inhibition in heart rate modulation, probably due to the action of the mechanoreceptors located in the articulations <sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>The clinical condition of the individuals apparently did not interfere with the results of the ORTHO protocol, because the group with known cardiovascular disease had similar CVI values in the 2 protocols. Such situation was not observed in the asymptomatic group, although these differences were not physiologically expressed or were not clinically relevant, because the difference between the means again did not exceed the standard error of the estimate. The correlation coefficients of both clinical conditions were high for the CVI, showing a strong association between the protocols. </p>
      <p>From the practical point of view, considering the magnitude of the association between the RRB, RRC, and CVI variables in the 2 protocols and the occurrence of only a reduced number of cases with relevant differences in assessing the vagal cardiac tonus, we suggest that the ORTHO protocol is clinically valid. It uses the same cut points of the initial proposal of the CYCLO protocol, which are especially true for the cases where a relative or abnormally low CVI occurs. These cases are of greater clinical interest, as the CVI values are virtually identical. On the other hand, the individuals with greater CVI had a discrepancy, although the difference between the means remained within the standard error of the estimate determined by the regression equation. In reality, the occasional discrepancies found in the CVI values between the ORTHO and CYCLO protocols were almost fully limited to individuals who could be characterized as having vagotonia, with extremely high CVI values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>). In addition, the regression equation showed a high predictive value for measuring the CVI in the 2 protocols, therefore, confirming the consistency of the instrument proposed for assessing the CVI. </p>
      <p>Two cases with extremely discrepant results when the CVI values were compared between the protocols deserve to be commented on (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>). One was a 72-year-old male who did not respond to the CYCLO protocol in the same magnitude as to the ORTHO protocol (1.09 vs 1.58, respectively). This could have been due to poor adaptation to the cycloergometer, with difficulty in cycling at the minimum necessary frequency to trigger the vagal inhibition expected in 4sET. In reality, in our laboratory, we have occasionally helped in the movement of the legs during cycling in the elderly or sarcopenic individuals, who have difficulty in performing the test. The other case was a 29-year-old female, who, although diagnosed as extremely vagotonic in both protocols (result &gt; 99th percentile in our laboratory's database), had a better response in the CYCLO protocol with an expressive numeric difference between the results (2.42 vs 1.90, in the CYCLO and ORTHO protocols, respectively), but with no clinical significance. This individual finding is in accordance with our experience, indicating a smaller reliability of the CVI values in vagotonic individuals<sup>25</sup>. Therefore, within a more generic context, the results of CVI found in our study confirm the validity of the ORTHO protocol, without the need for using a correcting equation. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, 4sET in the orthostatic position proved to be viable from the operational point of view and valid for assessing the vagal cardiac tonus in the exercise physiology and ergometry laboratories that lack a cycloergometer, without jeopardizing the clinical interpretation of the asymptomatic individuals or those with a cardiovascular disease. It is also worth emphasizing the simplicity and applicability of the procedure, in addition to its low operational cost, and we also suggest that the test should be performed on a treadmill powered off prior to exercise testing to facilitate the procedure and its performance in the routine of the laboratories. </p>
      <p>Recent guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology <sup>26,27</sup> have emphasized the use of maximum exertion as an instrument of clinical investigation. The routine incorporation of the 4sET before exercise testing <sup>28</sup> &#150; conventional or with measurement of the expired gases &#150; has the potential to increase the clinically relevant information to be obtained with the use of physical exercise in healthy or unhealthy individuals <sup>29-32</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank CNPq (304891/2002-9 Process), CAPES, and Micromed Biotecnologia Ltda for providing the software especially developed for the storage, reading, and printing of the electrocardiographic tracings of the 4-second test. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Dr. Cl&#225;udio Gil S. Ara&#250;jo</p>
          <p> Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
          <p> Cep 22031-070</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="cgaraujo@iis.com.br">cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 5/19/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 9/15/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
