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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XXQSsmT7NcG5bSKh9YMjd7R</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001400005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anticorpos contra beta2-glicoprote&#237;na I como fatores de risco para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ranzolin</surname>
            <given-names>Aline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bohn</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara Maril&#250;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Norman</surname>
            <given-names>Gary L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manenti</surname>
            <given-names>Euler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M&#252;hlen</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto von</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staub</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>137</fpage>
      <lpage>140</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar se t&#237;tulos elevados de anticorpos contra o cofator fosfolip&#237;dico beta2-glicoprote&#237;na I (beta2-gpI) se associam a risco aumentado de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. M&#201;TODOS: Inclu&#237;dos 82 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e 82 controles, avaliados quanto &#224; idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, cardiopatia pr&#233;via, hist&#243;ria de diabetes mellitus e hipercolesterolemia. Anticorpos anticardiolipina e antibeta2-gpI IgA, IgG e IgM foram detectados por imunoensaio. Odds ratios (OR) ajustados para fatores de risco foram obtidos atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia de idade para casos e controles foi, respectivamente, de 57,7 e 51,1 anos (P=0,003), predominando homens (P=0.005) e a ra&#231;a branca em ambos os grupos (P = 0.798). Entre os fatores de risco, hist&#243;ria de diabetes (OR 5,3; IC95% 1,9 a 14,9; P=0,001) e cardiopatia pr&#233;via (OR 4,7; IC95% 2,0 a 10,7; P&lt;0,001) foram as associa&#231;&#245;es mais consistentes com o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de anticorpos anticardiolipina IgG, IgM e IgA n&#227;o diferiu em casos e controles (P=1,000). Anticorpos IgA contra beta2-gpI IgA foram mais freq&#252;entes em casos do que em controles (P=0.054). O OR ajustado para anticorpos IgA anti-beta2-gpI IgA foi 3,4 (IC95% 1,3 a 9,1; P = 0,015). CONCLUS&#195;O: Anticorpos IgA antibeta2-gpI, mas n&#227;o anticardiolipina, parecem se comportar como fatores de risco independentes para o infarto, o que pode representar um elo entre autoimunidade e aterosclerose em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides</kwd>
        <kwd>anticorpos antibeta2-glicoprote&#237;na I</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Anticorpos contra beta2-glicoprote&#237;na I como fatores de risco para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio </p>
    <p>Aline Ranzolin; Jussara Maril&#250; Bohn; Gary L. Norman; Euler Manenti; Luis Carlos Bodanese; Carlos Alberto von M&#252;hlen; Henrique Luiz Staub </p>
    <p> Porto Alegre, RS  </p>
    <p>Hospiral S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar se t&#237;tulos elevados de anticorpos contra o cofator fosfolip&#237;dico beta2-glicoprote&#237;na I (beta2-gpI) se associam a risco aumentado de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Inclu&#237;dos 82 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e 82 controles, avaliados quanto &#224; idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, cardiopatia pr&#233;via, hist&#243;ria de diabetes mellitus e hipercolesterolemia. Anticorpos anticardiolipina e antibeta2-gpI IgA, IgG e IgM foram detectados por imunoensaio. Odds ratios (OR) ajustados para fatores de risco foram obtidos atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A m&#233;dia de idade para casos e controles foi, respectivamente, de 57,7 e 51,1 anos (P=0,003), predominando homens (P=0.005) e a ra&#231;a branca em ambos os grupos (P = 0.798). Entre os fatores de risco, hist&#243;ria de diabetes (OR 5,3; IC95% 1,9 a 14,9; P=0,001) e cardiopatia pr&#233;via (OR 4,7; IC95% 2,0 a 10,7; P&lt;0,001) foram as associa&#231;&#245;es mais consistentes com o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de anticorpos anticardiolipina IgG, IgM e IgA n&#227;o diferiu em casos e controles (P=1,000). Anticorpos IgA contra beta2-gpI IgA foram mais freq&#252;entes em casos do que em controles (P=0.054). O OR ajustado para anticorpos IgA anti-beta2-gpI IgA foi 3,4 (IC95% 1,3 a 9,1; P = 0,015). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Anticorpos IgA antibeta2-gpI, mas n&#227;o anticardiolipina, parecem se comportar como fatores de risco independentes para o infarto, o que pode representar um elo entre autoimunidade e aterosclerose em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides, anticorpos antibeta2-glicoprote&#237;na I, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>Fatores imunol&#243;gicos podem estar envolvidos na etiopatog&#234;nese da aterosclerose. O papel dos anticorpos contra fosfol&#237;pides (FL) ou contra cofatores fosfolip&#237;dicos no processo ateroscler&#243;tico ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides, sejam anticorpos anticardiolipina (aCL) ou o anticoagulante l&#250;pico, est&#227;o relacionados &#224; sindrome antifosfolip&#237;dica, que &#233; caracterizada por tromboses arterial e venosa e morbidade gestacional, e, atualmente considerada a causa mais comum de hipercoagulabilidade adquirida em adultos jovens<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ocorre em 4-20% dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome antifosfolip&#237;dica<sup>3</sup>. Em uma coorte recente de 1000 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome antifosfolip&#237;dica, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi observado em 2,8% dos casos<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>O cofator fosfolip&#237;dico beta2-glicoprote&#237;na I (beta2-gpI) &#233; um anticoagulante natural<sup>5</sup>. De grande interesse, este cofator foi encontrado em placas ateroscler&#243;ticas<sup>6</sup>, havendo relatos de indu&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose em camundongos deficientes de receptor-LDL imunizados com beta2-gpI <sup>7</sup> . </p>
    <p>Anticorpos antibeta2-gpI por imunoensaio foram descritos em casos de s&#237;ndrome antifosfolip&#237;dica definida<sup>8</sup>, mas tamb&#233;m em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica<sup>9</sup>, infarto cerebral<sup>10</sup> e doen&#231;a coronariana<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos anticorpos anticardiolipina e antibeta2-gpI, bem como seu papel em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, t&#234;m sido mat&#233;ria de discuss&#227;o. Nosso estudo inclui um perfil completo de anticorpos anticardiolipina e antibeta2-gpI em coronariopatas agudos, analisa sua freq&#252;&#234;ncia em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e aventa a possibilidade de que anticorpos anticardiolipina e antibeta2-gpI funcionem como fatores de risco independentes para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliamos os anticorpos anticardiolipina e anti-beta2-gpI em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e em controles arrolados em um estudo de caso-controle. Somente casos incidentes foram avaliados. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico do infarto foi efetuado por cardiologistas de acordo com algoritmos previamente relatados, incluindo a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas seriadas e testes laboratoriais confirmat&#243;rios de necrose mioc&#225;rdica<sup>12</sup> e permanecendo o cardiologista cego para os resultados de quaisquer anticorpos em quest&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Os casos compreenderam pacientes com mais de 16 anos, admitidos no hospital nos primeiros 7 dias de in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Os pacientes n&#227;o foram selecionados por sexo ou ra&#231;a. O pr&#243;prio paciente ou procurador provieram o consentimento informado. Auto-identifica&#231;&#227;o determinou a ra&#231;a/etnia. </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: a) endocardite infecciosa; b) neoplasias (atual ou passada); c) infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana ou <italic>treponema pallidum</italic>; d) presen&#231;a de causas heredit&#225;rias conhecidas para trombose como homocistin&#250;ria ou muta&#231;&#227;o do fator V (Leiden); e) diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de s&#237;ndrome antifosfolip&#237;dica ou outra doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo. </p>
    <p>O grupo controle foi constitu&#237;do de pacientes sem infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio admitidos em enfermarias de Ortopedia devido a fraturas ou desordens m&#250;sculo-ligamentares. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: a) osteonecrose; b) infec&#231;&#245;es, neoplasias, doen&#231;as heredit&#225;rias, s&#237;ndrome antifosfolip&#237;dica ou doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo, conforme listados acima para "casos". </p>
    <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es hist&#243;ricas, demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas foram obtidas por revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio e entrevista com o paciente e sua fam&#237;lia. Os fatores de risco inclu&#237;dos para infarto foram: 1) idade, sexo, ra&#231;a/etnia; 2) hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o (diagn&#243;stico confirmado quando as press&#245;es sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica &gt; que 160 ou 95 mmHg, respectivamente, ou quando o paciente estivesse em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o para hipertens&#227;o)<sup>12</sup>; 3) tabagismo, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do Conselho Ingl&#234;s de Pesquisa M&#233;dica; 4) hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, definida como infarto mioc&#225;rdico pr&#233;vio, angina ou procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o); 5) hist&#243;ria de diabetes mellitus, conforme hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica ou uso de insulina ou hipoglicemiante oral; 6) hipercolesterolemia, baseada em colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dl, LDL-colesterol &gt; 130 mg/dl ou &#237;ndice colesterol total/HDL-colesterol &gt; de 5<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Amostras de soro foram centrifugadas e congeladas em, no m&#225;ximo, 2h ap&#243;s a coleta e guardadas a &#150;70&#186;C at&#233; a testagem laboratorial em ELISA (<italic>enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assays</italic>). </p>
    <p>Anticorpos anticardiolipina IgG/IgM/IgA ELISA (INOVA <italic>Quantalite cardiolipin kits, INOVA Diagnostics</italic>, <italic>Inc., San Diego</italic>, USA) foram detectados de acordo com descri&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. Os resultados para os isotipos IgG e IgM foram relatados em unidades fosfolip&#237;dicas IgG (GPL) e unidades fosfolip&#237;dicas IgM (MPL), onde 1 unidade &#233; igual a 1 mg/ml de IgG ou IgM. Somente amostras com n&#237;veis moderados a altos de anticorpos anticardiolipina IgG ou IgM (acima de 20 GPL ou 20 MPL) foram consideradas como positivas em nosso estudo. T&#237;tulos de anticorpos anticardiolipina IgA foram considerados positivos quando acima de 15 unidades<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Anticorpos antibeta2-gpI IgA, IgG e IgM foram detectados de acordo com relato pr&#233;vio (<italic>INOVA Quantalite beta2-gpI kits, INOVA Diagnostics, Inc., San Diego</italic>, USA). Brevemente, 50 ml de beta2-gpI humana purificada (concentra&#231;&#227;o 10 mg/ml) foram acopladas a orif&#237;cios de placas de poliestireno. Controles pr&#233;-dilu&#237;dos e soro dilu&#237;do de pacientes (1/100) foram adicionados a orif&#237;cios separados, permitindo que qualquer anticorpo antibeta2-gpI presente se ligasse ao ant&#237;geno imobilizado. Amostras n&#227;o-ligadas ao ant&#237;geno foram lavadas. Anticorpos anti-IgG, anti-IgM ou anti-IgA (100 ml) humanos ligados a peroxidase foram adicionados aos orif&#237;cios. Uma segunda incuba&#231;&#227;o permitiu aos anticorpos anti-humanos ligarem-se a qualquer anticorpo de paciente que tivesse aderido &#224; placa. Ap&#243;s a lavagem de quaisquer anticorpos anti-humano n&#227;o-ligados, a atividade enzim&#225;tica remanescente foi medida pela adi&#231;&#227;o de um substrato cromog&#234;nico. O ensaio foi avaliado por medidas espectrofot&#243;ticas. A intensidade da cor desenvolvida pela amostra do paciente foi comparada com a dos controles. T&#237;tulos foram considerados positivos quando acima de 20 unidades para anticorpos IgG, IgM ou IgA anti-beta2-gp<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p><italic>Odds ratios</italic> com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%I) foram calculados atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, com ajuste para idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, hist&#243;ria de diabetes e hipercolesterolemia. Todas as intera&#231;&#245;es de primeira ordem entre fatores de risco conhecidos para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e n&#237;veis de anticorpos foram examinadas. A escala de Hopkins para OR<sup>16</sup> foi utilizada, onde um OR entre 1-1,5 foi considerado trivial; entre 1,5-3,5 como pequeno; entre 3,5-9,0 como moderado; entre 9,0-32 como forte; e acima de 32 como muito forte. O teste de Wald<sup>17</sup> foi usado para avaliar a signific&#226;ncia do OR ajustado por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Os testes exato de Fisher e do qui-quadrado foram usados para compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student usado para compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas; um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (P &lt; 0.05) foi adotado. Todas as an&#225;lises foram obtidas atrav&#233;s do uso do SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 8.0, Chicago, IL. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos em nosso estudo 82 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e 82 controles. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas de casos e controles se encontram na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a05tab01">tabela I</xref>. Pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio eram, predominantemente, homens e mais velhos (P=0,003) (P=0,005) e determinaram pequeno risco (OR 2,5; IC95% 1,3 a 4,7). A ra&#231;a branca predominou em casos e controles.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a05tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0137-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os fatores de risco para casos e controles s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela II</xref>, sendo que os fatores de risco conhecidos para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foram mais freq&#252;entes em casos do que em controles. Hist&#243;ria de diabetes (OR 5,3; IC95% 1,9 a 14,9; P=0,001) e cardiopatia pr&#233;via (OR 4,7; IC95% 2,0 a 10,7; P&lt;0,001) compreenderam as associa&#231;&#245;es mais consistentes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0137-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela III</xref> categoriza casos e controles pelos n&#237;veis de anticorpos anticardiolipina e antibeta2-gpI. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de IgA antibeta2-gpI, mas n&#227;o a de outros anticorpos, foi maior em casos do que em controles (P=0,054).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0137-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os OR ajustado para fatores de risco (idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o, tabagiasmo, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, hist&#243;ria de DM e hipercolesterolemia) acham-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tabela IV</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0137-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Teste positivo para o anticorpo IgG antibeta2-gpI IgG forneceu um OR de 0,1 (IC95% zero a 1,0); o valor P ajustado no teste de Wald foi lim&#237;trofe para umo papel protetor para este anticorpo (P=0,055). A ocorr&#234;ncia do anticorpo IgA antibeta2-gpI IgA determinou um risco moderado para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (OR ajustado 3,4; IC95%. 1,3 a 9,1; P=0,015). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo de caso-controle de casos incidentes incluiu um perfil completo de anticorpos anticardiolipina e antibeta2-gpI em popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-selecionada de adultos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p> A m&#233;dia de idade dos casos diferiu significantemente dos controles. Homens predominaram nos casos. Idade e sexo, bem como outros fatores de risco, foram ajustados por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Entre os fatores de risco conhecidos, hist&#243;ria de diabetes e cardiopatia pr&#233;via compreenderam as associa&#231;&#245;es mais consistentes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados indicaram uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia nula de anticorpos IgG anticardiolipina em casos de infarto. O OR n&#227;o ajustado (0,3) sugeriu um papel protetor para este isotipo, mas o dado &#233; somente hipot&#233;tico (P = 1,000). Nosso grupo j&#225; havia relatado uma preval&#234;ncia muito baixa (1.2%) de IgG anticardiolipina em infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>19</sup>. Entretanto, a presen&#231;a de anticardiolipina IgG foi ligada a risco, embora pequeno, de infarto de acordo com relato anterior<sup>20</sup>. Duas coortes pr&#233;vias relataram uma associa&#231;&#227;o tempo-dependente de anticorpos IgG anticardiolipina com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>21,22</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nossos dados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao isotipo anticardiolipina IgM n&#227;o foram compat&#237;veis com associa&#231;&#227;o com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. A preval&#234;ncia de anticardiolipina IgM em nosso estudo de 1993 foi nula<sup>19</sup>. Um recente estudo associando IgM anticardiolipina a acidente vascular cerebral traz &#224; discuss&#227;o o papel de infec&#231;&#245;es na resposta antifosfolipidica IgM<sup>23</sup>. </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de anticardiolipina IgA em nossos casos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi bastante baixa (1,2%). Nenhum controle foi positivo. O OR n&#227;o-ajustado de 3,0 pode sugerir uma associa&#231;&#227;o com o desfecho isqu&#234;mico. Entretanto, o valor P n&#227;o-ajustado de 1,000 torna esta hip&#243;tese improv&#225;vel. Uma associa&#231;&#227;o prospectiva do isotipo IgA anticardiolipina com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi previamente descrita<sup>21</sup>. Desta forma, o isotipo IgA aCL IgA, cujo imunoensaio ainda n&#227;o &#233; internacionalmente padronizado, deve ser melhor estudado nesses pacientes. </p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o de beta2-gp I com aterosclerose &#233; intrigante. Ateromas cont&#234;m beta2-gpI<sup>6</sup>. Nosso estudo levanta a possibilidade de que anticorpos antibeta2-gpI estejam associados a risco de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de anticorpos IgG antibeta2-gpI foi menor em casos do que em controles. O baixo OR ajustado (0,1) e o valor P ajustado de 0,055 trazem &#224; tona a possibilidade de um papel protetor para este anticorpo. </p>
    <p>Farsi e cols.<sup>11</sup> relataram uma associa&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos IgG anti-beta2-gpI IgG com aterosclerose coronariana (particularmente, angina inst&#225;vel). No entanto, os dados do Honolulu Heart Program<sup>20</sup> apontaram para uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia insignificante de anticorpos IgG antibeta2-gpI IgG comparada a controles. Dois outros estudos tamb&#233;m afastaram a possibilidade de anticorpos IgG antibeta2-gpI estarem ligados &#224; doen&#231;a coronariana<sup>3,24</sup>. Al&#233;m disto, a presen&#231;a de IgG antibeta2-gpI, bem como de anticorpos anticardiolipina, n&#227;o pareceu conferir risco de reestenose coronariana ap&#243;s angioplastia<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p> Nossos achados no isotipo IgM antibeta2-gpI n&#227;o indicaram associa&#231;&#227;o com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Em teoria, uma eventual resposta IgM antibeta2-gpI vista no infarto poderia resultar de infec&#231;&#227;o ou necrose tecidual pr&#233;via. </p>
    <p>Anticorpos IgA antibeta2-gpI foram, significantemente, detectados em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio quando comparados a controles. O OR e o valor P ajustados indicaram que um teste positivo para IgA antibeta2-gpI se comportou como um fator de risco independente para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. De forma similar, uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre este anticorpo e risco de infarto cerebral foi recentemente relatada por nosso grupo<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos IgA antibeta2-gpI com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio traz consigo algumas controv&#233;rsias. A grande maioria dos nossos pacientes com anticorpos IgA antibeta2-gpI &#233; IgA aCL-negativa. Como previamente sugerido, &#233; prov&#225;vel que IgA antibeta2-gpI e IgA aCL compreendam AAF de diferentes especificidades<sup>27</sup>. </p>
    <p>Se pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio IgA antibeta2-gpI positivos mas com teste negativo para IgA aCL deveriam ser manejados como tendo s&#237;ndrome antifosfolip&#237;dica, &#233; motivo de debate. O consenso de 1999 para diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome antifosfolip&#237;dica n&#227;o inclui anticorpos antibeta2-gpI<sup>2</sup>. A incorpora&#231;&#227;o destes anticorpos aos crit&#233;rios de s&#237;ndrome antifosfolip&#237;dica foi proposta recentemente<sup>28</sup>. </p>
    <p>De interesse, anticorpos contra o cofator fosfolip&#237;dico protrombina tamb&#233;m est&#227;o implicados como fatores de risco para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em homens de meia idade, de acordo com um relato<sup>29</sup>. Baixos n&#237;veis de anexina V, um cofator fosfolip&#237;dico com propriedades anticoagulantes, foram recentemente descritos em pacientes com hist&#243;ria de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio precoce<sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em suma, anticorpos IgA antibeta2-gpI pareceram se comportar como fatores de risco independentes para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em nosso estudo. A necessidade de se testar anticorpos antibeta2-gpI, particularmente IgA, em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana card&#237;aca deve ser discutida e o valor preditivo avaliado. </p>
    <p>Embora beta2-gpI seja encontrada em placas ateroscler&#243;ticas<sup>6</sup>, um papel patog&#234;nico para anticorpos IgA antibeta2-gpI no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ainda n&#227;o foi comprovado. Epifen&#244;meno ou n&#227;o, a ocorr&#234;ncia destes anticorpos no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pode representar um dos elos entre autoimunidade e aterosclerose coronariana. As implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de tais achados provavelmente ser&#227;o esclarecidas em um futuro pr&#243;ximo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Vicki J. Nelson pela assist&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica e aos Fundos Remanescentes da Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Henrique Luiz Staub </p>
        <p> Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - Sala 220 - Reumatologia </p>
        <p> Cep 90610-000 - Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="henriquestaub@terra.com.br">henriquestaub@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 30/5/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 6/1/04</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies as risk factors for acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine whether high levels of antibodies against the phospholipid beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2-gpI) cofactor are associated with an increase in the risk of acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: The study comprised 82 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 82 controls, who were assessed in regard to age, sex, race, hypertension, smoking, previous heart disease, history of diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia. The following antibodies were detected using immunoassay: anticardiolipin and anti-beta2-gpI IgA, IgG, and IgM. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) for risk factors were obtained through logistic regression. RESULTS: The mean ages of the cases and controls were, respectively, 57.7 and 51.1 years (P=0.003). Men (P=0.005) and the white race predominated in both groups (P=0.798). Of the risk factors, a history of diabetes (OR=5.3; 95% CI: 1.9 to 14.9; P=0.001) and previous heart disease (OR=4.7; 95% CI: 2.0 to 10.7; P&lt;0.001) were the most consistent associations with myocardial infarction. The frequency of anticardiolipin IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies did not differ between cases and controls (P=1.000). Anti-beta2-gpI IgA antibodies were more frequent in cases than in controls (P=0.054). The adjusted OR for anti-beta2-gpI IgA antibodies was 3.4 (95% CI: 1.3 to 9.1; P=0.015). CONCLUSION: Anti-beta2-gpI IgA antibodies, but not anticardiolipin antibodies, seemed to behave as independent risk factors for myocardial infarction, which may represent a link between autoimmunity and atherosclerosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>antiphospholipid antibodies</kwd>
        <kwd>anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies</kwd>
        <kwd>acute myocardial infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies as risk factors for acute myocardial infarction </p>
      <p>Aline Ranzolin; Jussara Maril&#250; Bohn; Gary L. Norman; Euler Manenti; Luis Carlos Bodanese; Carlos Alberto von M&#252;hlen; Henrique Luiz Staub</p>
      <p> Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil </p>
      <p>Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine whether high levels of antibodies against the phospholipid beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2-gpI) cofactor are associated with an increase in the risk of acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The study comprised 82 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 82 controls, who were assessed in regard to age, sex, race, hypertension, smoking, previous heart disease, history of diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia. The following antibodies were detected using immunoassay: anticardiolipin and anti-beta2-gpI IgA, IgG, and IgM. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) for risk factors were obtained through logistic regression.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The mean ages of the cases and controls were, respectively, 57.7 and 51.1 years (P=0.003). Men (P=0.005) and the white race predominated in both groups (P=0.798). Of the risk factors, a history of diabetes (OR=5.3; 95% CI: 1.9 to 14.9; P=0.001) and previous heart disease (OR=4.7; 95% CI: 2.0 to 10.7; P&lt;0.001) were the most consistent associations with myocardial infarction. The frequency of anticardiolipin IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies did not differ between cases and controls (P=1.000). Anti-beta2-gpI IgA antibodies were more frequent in cases than in controls (P=0.054). The adjusted OR for anti-beta2-gpI IgA antibodies was 3.4 (95% CI: 1.3 to 9.1; P=0.015).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Anti-beta2-gpI IgA antibodies, but not anticardiolipin antibodies, seemed to behave as independent risk factors for myocardial infarction, which may represent a link between autoimmunity and atherosclerosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>antiphospholipid antibodies, anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies, acute myocardial infarction</p>
      <p>Immunological factors may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The role played by antibodies against phospholipids (PL) or against phospholipid cofactors in the atherosclerotic process has not yet been elucidated <sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Antiphospholipid antibodies, both anticardiolipin or aCL antibodies and lupus anticoagulant, are related to antiphospholipid syndrome, which is characterized by arterial and venous thromboses and gestational morbidity, being currently considered the most common cause of acquired hypercoagulability among young adults<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction occurs in 4 to 20% of the patients with antiphospholipid syndrome <sup>3</sup>. In a recent cohort of 1,000 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome, acute myocardial infarction was observed in 2.8% of the cases <sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>The beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2-gpI) phospholipid cofactor is a natural anticoagulant <sup>5</sup>. This cofactor was found in atherosclerotic plaque <sup>6</sup>, and induction of atherosclerosis in receptor-LDL deficient mice immunized with beta2-gpI has been reported <sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Anti-beta2-gpI antibodies were found in the immunoassays of patients with defined antiphospholipid syndrome <sup>8</sup>, but also in patients with thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension <sup>9</sup>, cerebral infarction <sup>10</sup>, and coronary heart disease <sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>The frequency of anticardiolipin and anti-beta2-gpI antibodies, as well as their role in patients with acute myocardial infarction, has been a controversial issue. Our study provides a complete profile of anticardiolipin and anti-beta2-gpI antibodies in patients with acute coronary heart disease, analyzes their frequency in patients with acute myocardial infarction, and raises the possibility that anticardiolipin and anti-beta2-gpI antibodies act as independent risk factors for acute myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This case-control study assessed the titers of anticardiolipin and anti-beta2-gpI antibodies in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in controls. Only incident cases were assessed. </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of myocardial infarction was established by cardiologists according to previously reported algorithms, such as clinical history, serial electrocardiographic alterations, and laboratory tests confirming myocardial necrosis <sup>12</sup>, and yet the cardiologists continued to ignore the results of antibody titers. </p>
      <p>The cases were patients older than 16 years with acute myocardial infarction, who were admitted to the hospital within the first 7 days of symptom onset. They were not selected by sex or race. The patient or his legal representative provided written informed consent. Race/ethnicity was determined by self-identification. </p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: a) infective endocarditis; b) neoplasias (current or past); c) infection by the human immunodeficiency virus or <italic>treponema pallidum</italic>; d) presence of known hereditary causes of thrombosis, such as homocystinuria or mutation of factor V (Leiden); and e) previous diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome or another disease of the connective tissue. </p>
      <p>The control group comprised patients without acute myocardial infarction admitted to orthopedic wards due to fractures or muscle-ligament disorders. The exclusion criteria were as follows: a) osteonecrosis; b) infections, neoplasias, hereditary disorders, antiphospholipid syndrome, or diseases of the connective tissue. </p>
      <p>Historical, demographic, and clinical data were obtained through a review of medical records and interviews with patients and their families. The risk factors for myocardial infarction were as follows: 1) age, sex, race/ethnicity; 2) history of hypertension (diagnosis confirmed when the systolic or diastolic pressures were &gt; 160 or 95 mmHg, respectively, or when the patient was using antihypertensive medication) <sup>12</sup>; 3) smoking, according to the criteria of the British Council for Medical Research; 4) history of heart disease (atrial fibrillation or coronary heart disease, defined as previous myocardial infarction, angina, or revascularization procedure); 5) history of diabetes mellitus, according to the medical history or the use of insulin or an oral antidiabetes drug; 6) hypercholesterolemia, based on total cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL, LDL-cholesterol &gt; 130 mg/dL, or total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio &gt; 5 <sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>Blood samples were centrifuged and frozen within, at most, 2 hours after collection and stored at &#150;70&#186;C until laboratory testing with ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays). </p>
      <p>ELISA IgG, IgM, and IgA anticardiolipin antibodies (INOVA Quantalite cardiolipin kits, INOVA Diagnostics, Inc., San Diego, USA) were detected according to a previous report. The results for the IgG and IgM isotypes were reported in IgG phospholipid units (GPL) and IgM phospholipid units (MPL), in which 1 unit equals 1 mg/mL of IgG or IgM. Only samples with moderate to high IgG or IgM anticardiolipin antibody levels (above 20 GPL or 20 MPL) were considered positive in our study. Titers of IgA anticardiolipin antibodies were considered positive when above 15 units <sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>IgA, IgG, and IgM anti-beta2-gpI antibodies were measured according to the technique suggested in a previous report (INOVA Quantalite beta2-gpI kits, INOVA Diagnostics, Inc., San Diego, USA). Briefly, 50 mL of purified human beta2-gpI (at the concentration of 10 mg/mL) was coupled to the orifices of polystyrene plaques. Prediluted controls and diluted serum of patients (1/100) were added to certain orifices, allowing any anti-beta2-gpI antibody present to bind to the immobilized antigen. The samples not bound to the antigen were washed out. Human anti-IgG, anti-IgM, or anti-IgA antibodies (100 mL) bound to peroxidase were added to the orifices. A second incubation allowed antihuman antibodies to bind to any antibody of a patient, which had adhered to the plaque. After washing the unbound antihuman antibodies, the remaining enzymatic activity was measured by the addition of a chromogenic substrate. The assay was assessed with spectrophototic measures. The intensity of the color developed by the sample of the patient was compared with that of the controls. The titers were considered positive when above 20 units for IgG, IgM, or IgA anti-beta2-gp antibodies<sup> 15</sup>. </p>
      <p>Odds ratios with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated through logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, race, history of hypertension, smoking, previous heart disease, history of diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. All first-degree interactions between known risk factors for acute myocardial infarction and antibody levels were examined. The Hopkins scale for OR <sup>16</sup> was used as follows: OR between 1 and 1.5 was considered trivial; between 1.5 and 3.5 was considered low; between 3.5 and 9.0 was considered moderate; between 9.0 and 32 was considered strong; and above 32 was considered very strong. The Wald test <sup>17</sup> was used for assessing the significance of OR adjusted for logistic regression. The Fisher exact and chi-square tests were used for comparing categorical variables, and the Student <italic>t</italic> test was used for comparing continuous variables. The significance level of 5% (P &lt; 0.05) was adopted. All analyses were obtained by using SPSS for Windows, version 8.0, Chicago, IL. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our study comprised 82 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 82 controls. The clinical and demographic characteristics of the cases and controls are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>. Most patients with acute myocardial infarction were men and old (P=0.003) (P=0.005), which determined a low risk (OR 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3 to 4.7). The white race predominated among the cases and controls.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0137-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The information on the risk factors for cases and controls are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">table II</xref>, and the known risk factors for acute myocardial infarction were more frequent in cases than in controls. A history of diabetes (OR 5.3; 95%CI: 1.9 to 14.9; P=0.001) and previous heart disease (OR 4.7; 95%CI: 2.0 to 10.7; P&lt;0.001) were the 2 most consistent associations with acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <label>Table III</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0137-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0137-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The adjusted OR for risk factors (age, sex, race, history of hypertension, smoking, previous heart disease, history of DM, and hypercholesterolemia) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">table IV</xref> <sup>18,19.</sup></p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0137-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The positive test for the anti-beta2-gpI IgG antibody provided an OR of 0.1 (95%CI zero to 1.0); the adjusted P value in the Wald test was borderline for a protective role for this antibody (P=0.055). The occurrence of anti-beta2-gpI IgA antibody determined a moderate risk for acute myocardial infarction (adjusted OR 3.4; 95%CI: 1.3 to 9.1; P=0.015). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This case-control study of incident cases included a complete profile of anticardiolipin and anti-beta2-gpI antibodies in patients randomly chosen among adults with acute myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p>The mean age of the cases differed significantly from that of controls, and men predominated. It is worth noting that age and sex, as well as other risk factors, were adjusted for logistic regression. Of the known risk factors, a history of diabetes and previous heart disease were the most consistent associations with acute myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p>Our results indicate a null frequency of anticardiolipin IgG antibodies in cases of myocardial infarction. The nonadjusted OR (0.3) suggests a protective role for that isotype, but this is only a hypothesis (P = 1.000). Our group has already reported a very low prevalence (1.2%) of anticardiolipin IgG in acute myocardial infarction <sup>19</sup>. However, the presence of anticardiolipin IgG has been linked to risk, although low, of infarction according to a previous report <sup>20</sup>. Two previous cohorts have reported a time-dependent association of anticardiolipin IgG antibodies with acute myocardial infarction <sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our data regarding the anticardiolipin IgM isotype were not compatible with the association with acute myocardial infarction. The prevalence of anticardiolipin IgM in our study in 1993 was null <sup>19</sup>. A recent study <sup>23</sup> associating IgM anticardiolipin and stroke triggers the discussion of the role played by infections in the antiphospholipid IgM response. </p>
      <p>The frequency of anticardiolipin IgA in our cases of acute myocardial infarction was very low (1.2%). No control was positive. The nonadjusted OR of 3.0 may suggest an association with ischemic outcome. However, the nonadjusted P value of 1.000 makes this hypothesis unlikely. A prospective association of the anticardiolipin IgA isotype with acute myocardial infarction has been previously reported <sup>21</sup>. Therefore, the aCL IgA isotype, whose immunoassay has not yet been internationally standardized, should be studied in these patients. </p>
      <p>The relation between beta2-gp I and atherosclerosis is intriguing. Atheromas contain beta2-gpI <sup>6</sup>. Our study raises the possibility that anti-beta2-gpI antibodies may be associated with the risk of acute myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p>In our study, the frequency of anti-beta2-gpI IgG antibodies was lower in cases than in controls. The low adjusted OR (0.1) and the adjusted P value of 0.055 point towards the possibility of a protective role of that antibody. </p>
      <p>Farsi et al <sup>11</sup> reported an association of anti-beta2-gpI IgG antibodies with coronary atherosclerosis (particularly unstable angina). However, data from the Honolulu Heart Program <sup>20</sup> point towards an insignificant frequency of anti-beta2-gpI IgG antibodies as compared with that of the controls. Two other studies have also ruled out the possibility of anti-beta2-gpI IgG antibodies being linked to coronary heart disease <sup>3,24</sup>. In addition, the presence of anti-beta2-gpI IgG, as well as of anticardiolipin antibodies, does not seem to be a risk for coronary restenosis after angioplasty <sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our study, the anti-beta2-gpI IgM isotype showed no association with acute myocardial infarction. Theoretically, an occasional anti-beta2-gpI IgM response observed in myocardial infarction could result from infection or previous tissue necrosis. </p>
      <p>Significant titers of anti-beta2-gpI IgA antibodies were detected in patients with acute myocardial infarction as compared with those in controls. The OR and the adjusted P value indicate that a positive test for anti-beta2-gpI IgA behaves as an independent risk factor for acute myocardial infarction. Likewise, an association between this antibody and the risk of cerebral infarction has been recently reported by our group <sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>The association of anti-beta2-gpI IgA antibodies with acute myocardial infarction is controversial. The great majority of our patients with anti-beta2-gpI IgA antibodies are aCL IgA-negative. As previously suggested, anti-beta2-gpI IgA and aCL IgA may comprise AAF of different specificities <sup>27</sup>.  </p>
      <p>Whether patients with acute myocardial infarction, who are anti-beta2-gpI IgA positive, but have a negative anticardiolipin IgA test, should be managed as having antiphospholipid syndrome is still controversial. The 1999 international consensus for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome does not include anti-beta2-gpI antibodies <sup>2</sup>. The incorporation of these antibodies into the criteria of antiphospholipid syndrome has been recently proposed <sup>28</sup>. </p>
      <p>It is worth noting that antibodies against the prothrombin phospholipid cofactor have also been implicated as risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in middle-aged men according to a report <sup>29</sup>. Low anexin V levels, a phospholipid cofactor with anticoagulant properties, have been recently reported in patients with a history of early acute myocardial infarction <sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, anti-beta2-gpI IgA antibodies seemed to behave as independent risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in our study. The need for testing anti-beta2-gpI antibodies, particularly IgA, in patients with coronary heart disease should be discussed and their predictive value assessed. </p>
      <p>Although beta2-gpI is found in atherosclerotic plaque <sup>6</sup>, a pathogenic role for anti-beta2-gpI IgA antibodies in acute myocardial infarction has not yet been confirmed. Epiphenomenon or not, the occurrence of these antibodies in acute myocardial infarction may represent 1 of the links between autoimmunity and coronary atherosclerosis. The clinical implications of such findings may be clarified in the near future. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank Vicki J. Nelson for technical support, and the Fundos Remanescentes da Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Henrique Luiz Staub</p>
          <p> Reumatologia - Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - S/220</p>
          <p> Cep 90610-000 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="henriquestaub@terra.com.br">henriquestaub@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 5/30/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 1/6/04</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
