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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">V5PLHHgyQT5gh8CWjnThzYz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001400004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil de crise hipertensiva: preval&#234;ncia e apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Higashiama</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rika</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luizon</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo Rizzatti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cipullo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>125</fpage>
      <lpage>130</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia, o quadro cl&#237;nico e as les&#245;es org&#226;nicas envolvidas em uma crise hipertensiva. M&#201;TODO: Estudo retrospectivo de an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos de pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &gt; 120 mmHg e sintom&#225;ticos, atendidos em setor de emerg&#234;ncia de hospital universit&#225;rio durante 12 meses. Urg&#234;ncia foi caracterizada como eleva&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica da press&#227;o arterial sem evid&#234;ncias de les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo e, emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva, como eleva&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica da press&#227;o arterial com evid&#234;ncias de les&#227;o aguda ou em evolu&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo. RESULTADOS: Inclu&#237;dos 452 pacientes com crise hipertensiva, representando 0,5% de todas as emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgicas, sendo 273 (60,4%) de urg&#234;ncia e 179 (39,6%) de emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva. N&#227;o conheciam ser hipertensos 18%. Tabagismo e diabetes foram fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de crise hipertensiva em 1/4 e 1/5 dos pacientes, respectivamente. Pacientes com emerg&#234;ncia apresentaram maior idade (59,6 &#177; 14,8 vs 49,9 &#177; 18,6 anos, p &lt; 0,001) e maior press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (129,1 &#177; 12 vs 126,6 &#177; 14,4 mmHg, p &lt; 0,05) do que aqueles com urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva. Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico e edema agudo de pulm&#227;o foram as emerg&#234;ncias hipertensivas mais comuns, compat&#237;veis com as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais freq&#252;entemente encontradas de d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico e dispn&#233;ia. CONCLUS&#195;O: Crise hipertensiva respondeu por 0,5% de todos os atendimentos de emerg&#234;ncia do estudo e a 1,7% das emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas, sendo a urg&#234;ncia mais comum que a emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva. Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico e edema agudo de pulm&#227;o foram as les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo mais freq&#252;entes nas emerg&#234;ncias hipertensivas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>crise hipertensiva</kwd>
        <kwd>preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva</kwd>
        <kwd>urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Perfil de crise hipertensiva. Preval&#234;ncia e apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</p>
    <p>Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela Martin; &#201;rika Higashiama; Evandro Garcia; Murilo Rizzatti Luizon; Jos&#233; Paulo Cipullo </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (FAMERP)/SP </p>
    <p> Disciplina de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica do Departamento de Medicina </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia, o quadro cl&#237;nico e as les&#245;es org&#226;nicas envolvidas em uma crise hipertensiva. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODO: </bold>Estudo retrospectivo de an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos de pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg e sintom&#225;ticos, atendidos em setor de emerg&#234;ncia de hospital universit&#225;rio durante 12 meses. Urg&#234;ncia foi caracterizada como eleva&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica da press&#227;o arterial sem evid&#234;ncias de les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo e, emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva, como eleva&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica da press&#227;o arterial com evid&#234;ncias de les&#227;o aguda ou em evolu&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Inclu&#237;dos 452 pacientes com crise hipertensiva, representando 0,5% de todas as emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgicas, sendo 273 (60,4%) de urg&#234;ncia e 179 (39,6%) de emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva. N&#227;o conheciam ser hipertensos 18%. Tabagismo e diabetes foram fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de crise hipertensiva em 1/4 e 1/5 dos pacientes, respectivamente. Pacientes com emerg&#234;ncia apresentaram maior idade (59,6 &#177; 14,8 vs 49,9 &#177; 18,6 anos, p &lt; 0,001) e maior press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (129,1 &#177; 12 vs 126,6 &#177; 14,4 mmHg, p &lt; 0,05) do que aqueles com urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva. Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico e edema agudo de pulm&#227;o foram as emerg&#234;ncias hipertensivas mais comuns, compat&#237;veis com as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais freq&#252;entemente encontradas de d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico e dispn&#233;ia. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Crise hipertensiva respondeu por 0,5% de todos os atendimentos de emerg&#234;ncia do estudo e a 1,7% das emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas, sendo a urg&#234;ncia mais comum que a emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva. Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico e edema agudo de pulm&#227;o foram as les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo mais freq&#252;entes nas emerg&#234;ncias hipertensivas. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> crise hipertensiva, preval&#234;ncia, emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva, urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva</p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares representam importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em nosso pa&#237;s, constituindo-se, em 2000, a principal causa de morte no Brasil<sup>1</sup>. Entre as doen&#231;as, encontra-se a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, cuja preval&#234;ncia &#233; estimada em 20 a 30% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta &gt; 18 anos de idade<sup>2</sup>. Devemos, no entanto, lembrar que no Brasil a popula&#231;&#227;o idosa apresenta um crescimento vertiginoso, de tal forma que nas pr&#243;ximas duas a tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas haver&#225; um aumento de 200% no n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos &gt; 65 anos, fazendo com que a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m seja aumentada proporcionalmente<sup> 3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Uma das formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o ou mesmo de complica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; a crise hipertensiva. A crise hipertensiva caracteriza-se por uma eleva&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida, inapropriada, intensa e sintom&#225;tica da press&#227;o arterial, com ou sem risco de deteriora&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida dos &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo (cora&#231;&#227;o, c&#233;rebro, rins e art&#233;rias), que pode conduzir a um risco imediato ou potencial de vida. Os n&#237;veis tensionais est&#227;o elevados, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, geralmente &gt;120 mmHg<sup>4-8</sup>. No entanto, em alguns casos de instala&#231;&#227;o recente, como nas glomerulopatias agu-das e na toxemia grav&#237;dica, a crise pode ocorrer com n&#237;veis relativamente pouco elevados, com uma press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica em torno de 100 a 110 mmHg. </p>
    <p>A crise hipertensiva pode se manifestar como emerg&#234;ncia ou urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva. A emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva caracteriza-se pela deteriora&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e risco imediato de vida, situa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o encontrada na urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva<sup>5,6</sup>. &#201; considerada tamb&#233;m como emerg&#234;ncia, condi&#231;&#227;o que requer redu&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida da press&#227;o arterial, com o tempo medido em minutos, enquanto na urg&#234;ncia a press&#227;o pode ser reduzida mais lentamente, com o tempo medido em horas. </p>
    <p>Um fato importante de ocorr&#234;ncia freq&#252;ente no atendimento da crise hipertensiva &#233; a chamada pseudocrise hipertensiva<sup>5,9</sup>. Nesses pacientes, independentemente dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de les&#227;o aguda de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, nem risco imediato de vida, quando o paciente &#233; avaliado pelas medidas usuais (anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, fundo de olho, bioqu&#237;mica, eletrocardiograma, radiografia de t&#243;rax e tomografia computadorizada de cr&#226;nio). Geralmente, s&#227;o pacientes hipertensos em tratamento, n&#227;o controlados, encaminhados ao setor de emerg&#234;ncia hospitalar por apresentarem press&#227;o arterial muito elevada e se encontrarem oligossintom&#225;ticos ou assintom&#225;ticos. Deve-se ressaltar, nesses casos, que s&#227;o necess&#225;rias uma reorienta&#231;&#227;o e reavalia&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico. Outro grupo de hipertensos pode apresentar eleva&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria da press&#227;o arterial causada por algum evento emocional, doloroso, ou desconforto, como enxaqueca, tontura rotat&#243;ria, cefal&#233;ias vasculares de origem m&#250;sculo-esquel&#233;tica e manifesta&#231;&#245;es da s&#237;ndrome do p&#226;nico, caracterizando tamb&#233;m uma pseudocrise hipertensiva. </p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia/preval&#234;ncia de crise hipertensiva na popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; abordada muito precariamente na literatura m&#233;dica e as refer&#234;ncias s&#227;o, geralmente, de estudos antigos ou realizados em popula&#231;&#245;es pouco expressivas. Estima-se que cerca de 1% dos hipertensos pode apresentar crise hipertensiva, na forma de hipertens&#227;o maligna<sup>10,11</sup>. Brizio-Molteni e cols.<sup>12</sup> estudaram a incid&#234;ncia de crise hipertensiva em pacientes com queimaduras de 2&#186; e 3&#186; graus. Sobrino e cols.<sup>13 </sup>avaliaram a preval&#234;ncia, as formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o em uma unidade de emerg&#234;ncia durante 37 dias escolhidos aleatoriamente, por um per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s meses. Tonies<sup>14</sup> estudou a freq&#252;&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em um servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia m&#233;dica em Viena e encontrou que a hipertens&#227;o arterial foi a 2&#170; causa entre as emerg&#234;ncias cardiovasculares. Zampaglione e cols.<sup>15 </sup>realizaram um trabalho prospectivo durante um ano, demonstrando que 27,5% do total de atendimentos na emerg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de um hospital de refer&#234;ncia italiano foram de crise hipertensiva. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a disponibilidade dos anti-hipertensivos de nova gera&#231;&#227;o, mais bem tolerados e de longa a&#231;&#227;o, a incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o acelerada com papiledema tornou-se menos comum, apresentando uma queda de 7% para 1%<sup>16</sup>. No entanto, parece que a incid&#234;ncia de crise hipertensiva pode estar aumentando. Entre 1983 e 1992, interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por hipertens&#227;o maligna aumentaram de 16.000 para 35.000 nos Estados Unidos<sup>17</sup>. Emerg&#234;ncias hipertensivas ocorrem mais freq&#252;entemente em pacientes previamente diagnosticados com hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria que n&#227;o adotam um tratamento adequado. </p>
    <p>Apesar das defini&#231;&#245;es descritas anteriormente, a abordagem da crise hipertensiva apresenta controv&#233;rsias relacionadas principalmente ao diagn&#243;stico correto, &#224; diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre emerg&#234;ncia e urg&#234;ncia, &#224;s dificuldades de avalia&#231;&#227;o e &#224; escolha da terap&#234;utica adequada. Este fato assume maior import&#226;ncia quando se considera que o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento adequados previnem graves les&#245;es decorrentes desta situa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis em nosso meio quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia de t&#227;o significativa complica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial, o que justificou o presente trabalho. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivos estudar a preval&#234;ncia da crise hipertensiva em hospital universit&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia regional, dividindo-a em urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva; analisar o perfil e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (sinais e sintomas) do paciente com a crise hipertensiva durante o atendimento na emerg&#234;ncia do hospital e avaliar a freq&#252;&#234;ncia das diversas apresenta&#231;&#245;es da emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva e o perfil de seus pacientes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo realizado de forma retrospectiva, pesquisando-se prontu&#225;rios de pacientes atendidos na emerg&#234;ncia do Hospital da Faculdade de Medicina durante o ano de 2000. O hospital em quest&#227;o &#233; um hospital universit&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia em atendimento secund&#225;rio e terci&#225;rio e assiste uma regi&#227;o de cerca de 2.000.000 de habitantes. A popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; atendida 24 horas por dia, com livre acesso por procura direta ou por encaminhamento de outros servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos da cidade e da regi&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo todos os pacientes &gt; 18 anos que procuraram o servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, durante o ano de 2000. Os casos de crise hipertensiva, incluindo os obst&#233;tricos (pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e ecl&#226;mpsia), foram selecionados a partir do levantamento estat&#237;stico hospitalar no centro de processamento de dados e computados, para fins anal&#237;ticos, como atendimentos cl&#237;nicos. A pesquisa foi submetida e aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o. Os crit&#233;rios utilizados para definir crise hipertensiva, emerg&#234;ncia e urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva foram os do Consenso Americano (<italic>VI Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure</italic>)<sup>4</sup> e do Encontro Brasileiro sobre Crises Hipertensivas<sup>5</sup>. Considerou-se crise hipertensiva a situa&#231;&#227;o na qual o paciente apresentou-se com press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg e sintom&#225;tico e, emerg&#234;ncia, quando houvesse les&#227;o aguda de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, em evolu&#231;&#227;o ou risco imediato de vida, situa&#231;&#227;o que exigisse pronta interven&#231;&#227;o com redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em minutos. Urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva foi definida como a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg sem evid&#234;ncias de les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, podendo, portanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial ser feita em horas. </p>
    <p>Foram classificados como emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva todos os casos nos quais o aumento da press&#227;o arterial estivesse associado com um ou mais tipos de les&#227;o aguda ou em desenvolvimento em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, com seus respectivos c&#243;digos, segundo a Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as &#150; CID 10, demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0125-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Essas condi&#231;&#245;es foram diagnosticadas por hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, exame f&#237;sico e por testes diagn&#243;sticos (bioqu&#237;mica sang&#252;&#237;nea e de urina, exame de fundo de olho, eletrocardiograma, radiografia de t&#243;rax, tomografia computadorizada de cr&#226;nio) quando necess&#225;rios. Na aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, todas as crises hipertensivas foram consideradas, por exclus&#227;o, urg&#234;ncias hipertensivas. </p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial de cada paciente foi medida de acordo com a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o preconizada, utilizando-se um esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio. Por orienta&#231;&#227;o do servi&#231;o, utilizou-se a m&#233;dia de, pelo menos, duas leituras consecutivas com intervalo de 1min. </p>
    <p>As preval&#234;ncias de crise hipertensiva, de urg&#234;ncia e de emerg&#234;ncia s&#227;o expressas como o percentual do n&#250;mero total de emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas atendidas no hospital e o percentual de todas as urg&#234;ncias e emerg&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas atendidas pela unidade de emerg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgica (os casos obst&#233;tricos foram inclu&#237;dos como atendimentos cl&#237;nicos). </p>
    <p>Realizou-se an&#225;lise descritiva das vari&#225;veis qualitativas e os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Para comparar as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com urg&#234;ncia com aquelas dos pacientes que apresentaram emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva utilizou-se o teste "t" de Student para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas e os testes do "c<sup>2"</sup> e de propor&#231;&#245;es para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o uso de <italic>SigmaStat Statistical Software</italic> vers&#227;o 1.0 para Windows. Um valor de <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram atendidos no setor de emerg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgico, em 2000, 76.723 pacientes &gt;18 anos de idade e no setor de emerg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica 26.429 casos, perfazendo 34,4% do total de atendimentos da emerg&#234;ncia hospitalar. A preval&#234;ncia de crise hipertensiva correspondeu a 1,7% do total das emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas e 0,5% do total das emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgicas. Preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, segundo o <italic>VI Joint National Committee</italic><sup>4 </sup>452 casos de crise hipertensiva, sendo 179 (39,6%) casos de emerg&#234;ncias e 273 (60,4%) de urg&#234;ncias hipertensivas. Entre as urg&#234;ncias hipertensivas, 38% ocorreram nos homens e 62% nas mulheres; enquanto nos casos de emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva, 55,3 % ocorreram nos homens e 44,7% nas mulheres, observando-se predomin&#226;ncia de casos de urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva nas mulheres. Duzentos e vinte e oito (83,5%) dos casos de urg&#234;ncia e 155 (86,6%) de emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva ocorreram na ra&#231;a branca. Quarenta e cinco indiv&#237;duos com urg&#234;ncia e 24 com emerg&#234;ncia eram negros (incluindo os miscigenados). </p>
    <p>Pacientes com emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva apresentaram significante maior m&#233;dia de idade e de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica do que aqueles com urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva, conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela II</xref>, que tamb&#233;m informa que, cerca de 18% dos pacientes desconheciam seu estado hipertensivo anterior. Quanto aos fatores de risco associados, que atingem os pacientes com crise hipertensiva, 23,7% eram tabagistas e, aproximadamente, 20% diab&#233;ticos, salientando que o diabetes foi um fator de risco estatisticamente significante para o desenvolvimento da emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0125-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o de crise hipertensiva, segundo a faixa et&#225;ria, mostrou uma maior preval&#234;ncia de casos de urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva entre 31 e 60 anos para os homens e entre 21 e 60 anos para as mulheres, enquanto houve um maior n&#250;mero de casos de emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva entre 41 e 70 anos para o sexo masculino e um pico maior de ocorr&#234;ncia entre 61 e 70 anos para o sexo feminino (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0125-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O hor&#225;rio de instala&#231;&#227;o da crise hipertensiva foi dividido em 4 per&#237;odos de 6 horas e encontrou-se maior n&#250;mero de crises no per&#237;odo entre 6 e 12h, apesar de n&#227;o apresentar diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao das 12 &#224;s 18 e das 18 &#224;s 24h (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2a</xref>). Quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o sazonal, ocorreu um maior n&#250;mero de casos no outono e inverno (principalmente nos meses de maio e junho), com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ver&#227;o e &#224; primavera (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2b</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0125-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">figura 3</xref> mostra-nos a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos casos de emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. A maioria dos casos de emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva correspondeu &#224;s les&#245;es cerebrovasculares (58%), incluindo acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico hemorr&#225;gico e hemorragia subaracn&#243;ide (HS), independente do sexo. Tinta e oito porcento dos casos de emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva corresponderam a complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda com edema agudo de pulm&#227;o, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e angina inst&#225;vel.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0125-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica das crises hipertensivas nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico foi muito variada. Os sinais e sintomas mais comumente encontrados, em ordem decrescente, foram cefal&#233;ia, tontura, dispn&#233;ia, d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico e dor tor&#225;cica. Na urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva, cefal&#233;ia e tontura foram os sintomas mais comuns, enquanto na emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais freq&#252;entes foram d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico e dispn&#233;ia, compat&#237;veis com as les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo encontradas no presente trabalho. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela III</xref> mostra a freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos sinais e sintomas encontrados na avalia&#231;&#227;o de um ano de crise hipertensiva. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0125-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo procurou estimar a preval&#234;ncia de crise hipertensiva em um hospital universit&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia regional durante o ano de 2000. Existem poucos dados na literatura m&#233;dica, especialmente na brasileira, sobre essa complica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial, doen&#231;a com alta preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o, variando de 20% a 30% (mais de 34 milh&#245;es de brasileiros) entre os v&#225;rios estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos analisados. </p>
    <p>Nossos dados mostram que a preval&#234;ncia da crise hipertensiva correspondeu a 0,5% do total de atendimentos na emerg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgica hospitalar e a 1,7% do total de emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas. Esses dados diferem do estudo italiano de Zampaglione e cols.<sup>15</sup>, cuja preval&#234;ncia estimada foi de 3% do total de atendimentos no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia e de 27,5% sobre o n&#250;mero de emerg&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas. No entanto, em trabalho recentemente publicado, Rodriguez Cerrillo e cols.<sup>18 </sup>encontraram n&#250;meros semelhantes aos nossos, com preval&#234;ncia de crise hipertensiva de 0,6% do total de atendimentos de emerg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica em hospital universit&#225;rio espanhol. A alta taxa de preval&#234;ncia de crise hipertensiva do trabalho de Zampaglione e cols.<sup>15</sup> pode ser decorrente da inclus&#227;o de casos de pseudocrise hipertensiva, que podem simular uma urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva e, conseq&#252;entemente, falsear os resultados finais. Esse fato foi observado por Nobre e cols.<sup>19</sup>, ao demonstrarem que 64,5% dos pacientes hipertensos, caracterizados como portadores de pseudocrise hipertensiva, foram atendidos em uma unidade de emerg&#234;ncia e, inapropriadamente, conduzidos como crise hipertensiva. Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o, que n&#227;o pode ser esquecida, decorre do maior n&#250;mero de hipertensos diagnosticados e tratados atualmente, o que resulta em melhor controle da press&#227;o arterial com menor &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es. Essa justificativa pode ser extrapolada do menor n&#250;mero de hipertensos com CH que desconheciam a sua condi&#231;&#227;o, 18% no nosso estudo e 12,7% no de Rodriguez Cerrillo e cols.<sup>18</sup> em compara&#231;&#227;o com os estudos de Sobrino e cols. (37,5%)<sup>13</sup> e de Zampaglione e cols.<sup>15</sup> (25%). Por outro lado, esses achados corroboram com as evid&#234;ncias de que a crise hipertensiva ocorre mais em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o conhecida, que n&#227;o fazem uso correto dos anti-hipertensivos prescritos ou que recebem tratamento inadequado<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o podemos deixar de fazer algumas observa&#231;&#245;es referentes &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso trabalho. Em primeiro lugar, &#233; um estudo retrospectivo, portanto os dados demogr&#225;ficos obtidos por revis&#227;o levam &#224; menor acur&#225;cia do que aqueles obtidos por um estudo prospectivo. Em segundo posto, o estudo compreende casos de uma &#250;nica institui&#231;&#227;o com caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias de atendimento, raz&#227;o pela qual apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es para ser generalizado para outras situa&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, a presente pesquisa abrangeu um per&#237;odo maior de observa&#231;&#227;o (um ano) do que algumas outras, que estudaram crise hipertensiva por um per&#237;odo n&#227;o superior a tr&#234;s meses<sup>13,18</sup>. </p>
    <p>Encontramos maior preval&#234;ncia de urg&#234;ncia do que de emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva, com aproximadamente 2/3 dos casos, correspondendo &#224; urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva. Apesar da menor incid&#234;ncia, a emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva &#233; muito mais importante por sua gravidade em virtude das les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, fato constatado pela m&#233;dia de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva. Os fatores de risco cardiovascular tabagismo e diabetes associaram-se &#224; crise hipertensiva em 1/4 e 1/5 dos pacientes, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>O envolvimento do tabaco, como fator de risco encontrado no presente trabalho, pode ser justificado por v&#225;rias a&#231;&#245;es hipertensoras agudas e cr&#244;nicas<sup>21-23</sup>, como a de inibir a cicloxigenase endotelial, levando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de prostaciclina e aumento da s&#237;ntese de tromboxane, situa&#231;&#227;o que pode provocar vasoconstric&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e lesar a c&#233;lula endotelial. </p>
    <p>Diabetes mellitus foi outro fator de risco presente em, aproximadamente, 20% dos casos de crise hipertensiva e mais de 26% dos casos de emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva. A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial em pacientes diab&#233;ticos &#233; maior quando comparada aos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos (40-50% x 20%, respectivamente)<sup>24, 25</sup>. Embora a doen&#231;a hipertensiva seja multifatorial, a liga&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica entre resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; crescente<sup>26</sup>. Anormalidades metab&#243;licas (hiperglicemia, hiperinsulinemia e dislipidemias) podem ter desempenhado um papel na patog&#234;nese e nas complica&#231;&#245;es da hipertens&#227;o arterial, como no presente estudo<sup>27</sup>. O endot&#233;lio vascular dos diab&#233;ticos demonstra s&#237;ntese reduzida de vasodilatadores e libera&#231;&#227;o aumentada de pr&#243;-coagulantes e vasoconstritores, defeitos que coexistem em hipertensos e poderiam explicar a incid&#234;ncia maior de aterosclerose e hipertens&#227;o nesse grupo<sup>28</sup>. O diabetes mellitus &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco associado ao desenvolvimento de complica&#231;&#245;es cerebrovasculares (acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico) e cardiovasculares (doen&#231;a coronariana isqu&#234;mica), como na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo de Framingham, na qual observou-se ocorr&#234;ncia quase duas vezes maior de acidente vascular cerebral e de eventos coronarianos e tr&#234;s vezes maior de doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva em diab&#233;ticos<sup>29</sup>. Esses dados podem ser correlacionados com a presen&#231;a de mais de 26% de diab&#233;ticos na nossa amostra e, conseq&#252;entemente, com a nossa casu&#237;stica de 58% de les&#245;es cerebrovasculares e 38% de les&#245;es cardiovasculares na emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo do ano, notamos que houve maior n&#250;mero de ocorr&#234;ncias no outono e inverno e, quanto ao hor&#225;rio de atendimento da crise hipertensiva, maior n&#250;mero de eventos no per&#237;odo da manh&#227; (entre 6 e 12h). Esses achados s&#227;o semelhantes aos encontrados no estudo italiano<sup>15</sup> e, apesar de n&#227;o haver um ritmo circadiano e anual conhecido da crise hipertensiva, o estudo de Framingham correlacionou morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca com varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana ocorrida entre 7 e 9h da manh&#227;<sup>30</sup>. Recentemente, Kario e cols. mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre a eleva&#231;&#227;o matutina da press&#227;o arterial e maior risco de doen&#231;a cerebrovascular em hipertensos idosos<sup>31</sup>. </p>
    <p>As mulheres apresentaram maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de crise hipertensiva do que os homens, principalmente as urg&#234;ncias hipertensivas, refletindo provavelmente maior n&#250;mero de mulheres na popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa<sup>32</sup>. O maior n&#250;mero de casos de emerg&#234;ncia nos homens sugere que sejam mais suscept&#237;veis &#224;s les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo do que as mulheres, como encontrado no estudo de Framingham, que mostrou que a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em homens elevou-se de modo quase linear com o aumento da idade<sup>33</sup>, diferentemente do que se observou nas mulheres, protegidas at&#233; a menopausa<sup>34,35</sup>. Em outras palavras, pode-se dizer que as taxas de morbidade e mortalidade associadas a qualquer n&#237;vel de press&#227;o arterial s&#227;o menores nas mulheres do que nos homens at&#233; os 45 anos<sup>36</sup>. &#201; interessante notar que no nosso estudo observou-se uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia maior de urg&#234;ncia entre as mulheres em faixas et&#225;rias mais jovens (maior n&#250;mero de casos de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia) e de emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva em faixas et&#225;rias mais avan&#231;adas, justificada pelas diferen&#231;as encontradas no padr&#227;o hemodin&#226;mico entre homens e mulheres, uma vez que essas cursam, at&#233; a menopausa, com menor resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e menor n&#237;vel de press&#227;o arterial do que os homens da mesma idade e, na p&#243;s-menopausa, o perfil hemodin&#226;mico feminino n&#227;o &#233; significativamente diferente do masculino em rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento da press&#227;o arterial<sup>37,38</sup>. As evid&#234;ncias mostram que a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e de acidente vascular cerebral &#233; relativamente baixa at&#233; a menopausa, quando ent&#227;o se eleva, passando as mulheres a apresentar susceptibilidade aumentada &#224;s les&#245;es org&#226;nicas na p&#243;s-menopausa, especialmente &#224;s doen&#231;as cerebrocardiovasculares, situa&#231;&#227;o encontrada na nossa casu&#237;stica de emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva. </p>
    <p>O presente trabalho mostrou que, entre as emerg&#234;ncias hipertensivas, as les&#245;es cerebrovasculares foram as mais comuns, incluindo com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico, seguido pelo hemorr&#225;gico e les&#245;es cardiovasculares (insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda com edema agudo de pulm&#227;o e doen&#231;a coronariana isqu&#234;mica aguda). Os pacientes com emerg&#234;ncia hipertensiva eram mais idosos, com maior m&#233;dia de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. Mais de 25% apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o com diabetes, possivelmente tinham maior tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e, a maioria, j&#225; era acompanhada por m&#233;dicos. O n&#237;vel de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica foi significantemente maior na emerg&#234;ncia do que na urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva, indicando maior resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica nesses casos e maior gravidade. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o estudo de Zampaglione e cols.<sup>15</sup>, n&#227;o encontramos casos de encefalopatia hipertensiva, cada vez mais raros nos tempos atuais, dadas as melhores taxas de controle da press&#227;o arterial e das op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas dispon&#237;veis. </p>
    <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais freq&#252;entes das emerg&#234;ncias hipertensivas mostraram uma correspond&#234;ncia com o acometimento org&#226;nico, ou seja, d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico e dispn&#233;ia. Nas urg&#234;ncias hipertensivas, as queixas cl&#237;nicas mais comuns foram de cefal&#233;ia e tontura, sintomas de menor gravidade aparente, compat&#237;veis com um quadro de menor risco. Essas manifesta&#231;&#245;es foram semelhantes aos resultados da pesquisa italiana e representam, no nosso pa&#237;s, um dos primeiros estudos com padr&#227;o cl&#237;nico de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da crise hipertensiva. </p>
    <p>Em suma, em nosso meio, este &#233; um dos estudos pioneiros da preval&#234;ncia da crise hipertensiva, mostrando a sua import&#226;ncia na emerg&#234;ncia m&#233;dica, os fatores de risco associados, os tipos de les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo mais freq&#252;entes e o quadro cl&#237;nico. Estas caracter&#237;sticas nos levam a melhor conhecer a hist&#243;ria natural desta complica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0125-00004-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o de Fotografias Art&#237;sticas:</bold> C&#237;cero Piva de Albuquerque </p>
    <p> Correspond&#234;ncia: InCor - Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44 - 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - E-mail: <email xlink:href="delcicero@incor.usp.br">delcicero@incor.usp.br</email> </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela Martin </p>
        <p> Av. Anisio Haddad, 7800 - Casa 129 </p>
        <p> Jd. Palmeira - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - SP </p>
        <p> Cep 15093-000 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vilelamartin@cardiol.br">vilelamartin@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 18/8/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 6/1/04  </p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hypertensive crisis profile: prevalence and clinical presentation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of hypertensive crisis, related clinical findings, and the organic lesions involved. METHOD: This retrospective study comprised the analysis of the medical records of symptomatic patients with an elevation in diastolic blood pressure levels &gt; 120 mmHg, who sought the emergency unit of a university-affiliated hospital over 12 months. Hypertensive urgency was characterized as the symptomatic elevation of blood pressure levels with no evidence of target-organ lesions, and hypertensive emergency was characterized as the symptomatic elevation of blood pressure levels with evidence of acute or ongoing target-organ lesion. RESULTS: This study comprised 452 patients with hypertensive crisis, accounting for 0.5% of all clinicosurgical emergencies, of which, 273 (60.4%) were hypertensive urgencies and 179 (39.6%) were hypertensive emergencies. Eighteen percent of the patients ignored their hypertensive condition. Smoking and diabetes were risk factors associated with the development of a hypertensive crisis in 1/4 and 1/5 of the patients, respectively. The patients with a hypertensive emergency were older (59.6&#177;14.8 versus 49.9&#177;18.6 years, p &lt; 0.001) and had greater diastolic blood pressure (129.1&#177;12 versus 126.6&#177;14.4 mmHg, p &lt; 0.05) than those with hypertensive urgencies. Ischemic stroke and acute pulmonary edema were the most common hypertensive emergencies, being in accordance with the most frequently found clinical manifestations of neurologic deficit and dyspnea. CONCLUSION: Hypertensive crises accounted for 0.5% of all emergency cases studied and for 1.7% of all clinical emergencies, hypertensive urgency being more common than hypertensive emergency. Ischemic stroke and acute pulmonary edema were the most frequent target-organ lesions in hypertensive emergencies.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>hypertensive crisis</kwd>
        <kwd>prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertensive emergency</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertensive urgency</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hypertensive crisis profile. Prevalence and clinical presentation  </p>
      <p>Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela Martin; &#201;rika Higashiama; Evandro Garcia; Murilo Rizzatti Luizon; Jos&#233; Paulo Cipullo</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil  </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (FAMERP)/SP</p>
      <p> Discipline of Internal Medicine of the Medical Department  </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the prevalence of hypertensive crisis, related clinical findings, and the organic lesions involved.</p>
      <p><bold>METHOD: </bold>This retrospective study comprised the analysis of the medical records of symptomatic patients with an elevation in diastolic blood pressure levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg, who sought the emergency unit of a university-affiliated hospital over 12 months. Hypertensive urgency was characterized as the symptomatic elevation of blood pressure levels with no evidence of target-organ lesions, and hypertensive emergency was characterized as the symptomatic elevation of blood pressure levels with evidence of acute or ongoing target-organ lesion.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>This study comprised 452 patients with hypertensive crisis, accounting for 0.5% of all clinicosurgical emergencies, of which, 273 (60.4%) were hypertensive urgencies and 179 (39.6%) were hypertensive emergencies. Eighteen percent of the patients ignored their hypertensive condition. Smoking and diabetes were risk factors associated with the development of a hypertensive crisis in 1/4 and 1/5 of the patients, respectively. The patients with a hypertensive emergency were older (59.6&#177;14.8 versus 49.9&#177;18.6 years, p &lt; 0.001) and had greater diastolic blood pressure (129.1&#177;12 versus 126.6&#177;14.4 mmHg, p &lt; 0.05) than those with hypertensive urgencies. Ischemic stroke and acute pulmonary edema were the most common hypertensive emergencies, being in accordance with the most frequently found clinical manifestations of neurologic deficit and dyspnea.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Hypertensive crises accounted for 0.5% of all emergency cases studied and for 1.7% of all clinical emergencies, hypertensive urgency being more common than hypertensive emergency. Ischemic stroke and acute pulmonary edema were the most frequent target-organ lesions in hypertensive emergencies.  </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>hypertensive crisis, prevalence, hypertensive emergency, hypertensive urgency </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are an important public health problem in our country, being, in 2000, the major cause of death in Brazil <sup>1</sup>. Among the cardiovascular diseases, systemic arterial hypertension stands out with an estimated prevalence around 20 to 30% of the adult population older than 18 years <sup>2</sup>. However, it is worth noting that in Brazil, the elderly population has increased drastically. Such that, a 200% increase in the number of individuals older than 65 years is expected in the next 2 to 3 decades. This will result in a proportional increase in the prevalence of hypertension in the Brazilian population <sup>3</sup>.  </p>
      <p>One form of presentation or even complication of arterial hypertension is a hypertensive crisis, characterized by a rapid, inappropriate, intense, and symptomatic elevation in blood pressure, with or without the risk of rapid deterioration of target-organs (heart, brain, kidneys, and arteries), which may represent an immediate or potential life threat. When blood pressure levels are elevated, diastolic blood pressure should be looked at (in these cases, diastolic blood pressure levels are usually &gt; 120 mmHg) <sup>4-8</sup>. However, in some cases of sudden onset, such as acute glomerulopathies and pregnancy toxemia, the crisis may occur with a relatively slight elevation in blood pressure levels, presenting a diastolic blood pressure of around 100 to 110 mmHg.  </p>
      <p>A hypertensive crisis may be manifested as a hypertensive emergency or urgency. A hypertensive emergency is characterized by rapid deterioration of target-organs and poses an immediate threat to life, a situation not found in hypertensive urgency <sup>5,6</sup>. A condition requiring a rapid reduction in blood pressure, within minutes, is also considered an emergency, while in an urgent situation, blood pressure may be reduced more slowly, within hours.  </p>
      <p>An important fact of frequent occurrence is the so-called hypertensive pseudocrisis <sup>5,9</sup>. In patients experiencing a pseudocrisis, independent of blood pressure levels, neither evidence of acute target-organ lesions nor an immediate life threat exits, when the patient is assessed by use of usual means (anamnesis, physical examination, funduscopy, biochemical tests, electrocardiography, chest X-ray, and computerized tomography of the brain). These are usually hypertensive patients, who, although under treatment, are not controlled, being, therefore, referred to the emergency unit of the hospital. These patients are oligosymptomatic or asymptomatic, but their blood pressure levels are very elevated. It is worth noting that, in these cases, new medical counseling and a reassessment are required. Another group of hypertensive patients may have a transient blood pressure elevation caused by any emotional, painful, or uncomfortable event, such as migraine, vertigo, vascular headaches of muscle-skeletal origin, and manifestations of panic disorder, also characterizing a hypertensive pseudocrisis.  </p>
      <p>The incidence/prevalence of hypertensive crises in the population is very scarcely discussed in the medical literature, the references being usually old articles or studies carried out in populations of little significance. Approximately 1% of the hypertensive individuals may have a hypertensive crisis, in the form of malignant hypertension <sup>10,11</sup>. Brizio-Molteni et al <sup>12</sup> studied the incidence of hypertensive crises in patients with second- and third-degree burns. Sobrino et al <sup>13 </sup>assessed the prevalence, the forms of presentation, and the treatment of hypertension in an emergency unit for 37 randomly chosen days from a period of 3 months. Tonies <sup>14</sup> studied the frequency of cardiovascular diseases in a medical emergency service in Vienna and reported that arterial hypertension was the second major cause of cardiovascular emergency. Zampaglione et al <sup>15</sup> carried out a prospective study for 1 year and reported that 27.5% of the cases treated in the clinical emergency unit of an Italian referral hospital were hypertensive crises.  </p>
      <p>After the availability of the new generation of antihypertensive agents, which are long lasting and better tolerated, the incidence of accelerated hypertension with papilledema has become less common, with a decline from 7% to 1% <sup>16</sup>. However, the incidence of hypertensive crises seems to be increasing. From 1983 to 1992, the hospital admissions due to malignant hypertension increased from 16,000 to 35,000 in the United States <sup>17</sup>. Hypertensive emergencies occur more frequently in patients previously diagnosed with primary hypertension, who do not comply with appropriate treatment.  </p>
      <p>Despite the previous definitions, the approach to a hypertensive crisis has controversies mainly related to the correct diagnosis, the differentiation between emergency and urgency, the difficulties of assessment, and the choice of the appropriate therapy. This fact assumes greater importance when one considers that correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment prevent the appearance of severe lesions resulting from this medical condition. In addition, no information on the prevalence of such a significant complication of arterial hypertension exists in our country, which justified the present study. The objectives of this study were as follows: 1) at a regional referral university-affiliated hospital, to assess the prevalence of hypertensive crises, which were divided into hypertensive urgency and emergency; 2) to analyze the profile and clinical presentation (signs and symptoms) of the patient with a hypertensive crisis during treatment in the emergency unit of that hospital; and 3) to assess the frequency of the several clinical presentations of hypertensive emergency and the profile of the patients with that condition.  </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This retrospective study comprised the assessment of the medical records of patients treated in the emergency unit of a university-affiliated hospital during the year 2000. This university-affiliated hospital is a referral center for secondary and tertiary treatment, providing 24-hour medical care for a population of approximately 2 million inhabitants, who have free access to medical care through direct contact or through referral from other medical services in the city and region.  </p>
      <p>The study comprised all patients older than 18 years, who sought the emergency service of the Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (Brazilian public health care system) during the year 2000. The cases of hypertensive crises, including the obstetrical ones (preeclampsia and eclampsia), were selected from the hospital statistics in the data processing center and computed for analysis as clinical treatments. The study was submitted to and approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research of the institution. The criteria used for defining a hypertensive crisis and hypertensive emergency and urgency were those of the VI Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure <sup>4</sup> and the Brazilian Meeting on Hypertensive Crises <sup>5</sup>. A hypertensive crisis was considered the situation in which the patient is symptomatic and has a diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg. A hypertensive emergency occurred in the presence of acute or ongoing target-organ lesions, or of an immediate life threat, a condition requiring immediate intervention for blood pressure reduction within minutes. Hypertensive urgency was defined as an elevation in diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg with no evidence of target-organ lesion, and, therefore, a reduction in blood pressure can be obtained in hours, not minutes.  </p>
      <p>All cases in which blood pressure elevation was associated with 1 or more types of acute or ongoing target-organ lesions were classified as hypertensive emergencies, with their respective codes according to the International Classification of Diseases &#150; ICD 10th revision, shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0125-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The conditions were diagnosed based on clinical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests (blood and urine biochemical tests, funduscopy, electrocardiography, chest X-ray, computerized tomography of the brain) when necessary. In the absence of target-organ lesions, all hypertensive crises were considered, by exclusion, hypertensive urgencies.  </p>
      <p>The blood pressure level of each patient was measured according to the recommended standard technique, using a mercury-column sphygmomanometer. The mean of at least 2 consecutive measurements taken at 1-minute intervals was used according to instructions provided by the service.  </p>
      <p>The prevalences of the hypertensive crises, urgency and emergency, are expressed as the percentage of the total number of clinical emergencies treated at the hospital and the percentage of all medical urgencies and emergencies treated at the clinicosurgical emergency unit (the obstetrical cases were included as clinical treatments).  </p>
      <p>Descriptive analysis of the qualitative variables and the results are shown as mean and standard deviation. For comparing the characteristics of the patients with hypertensive urgencies with those of patients with hypertensive emergencies, the Student <italic>t</italic> test was used for the quantitative variables, and the "c<sup>2</sup>" and proportions tests were used for the qualitative variables. All statistical analyses were performed using SigmaStat Statistical Software, version 1.0 for Windows. A P value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.  </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In 2000, 76,723 patients &gt; 18 years were treated in the clinicosurgical emergency unit, and 26,429 patients were treated in the clinical emergency unit, corresponding to 34.4% of all treatments in the emergency unit of the hospital. The prevalence of hypertensive crises corresponded to 1.7% of all clinical emergencies and 0.5% of all clinicosurgical emergencies. Four hundred and fifty-two cases of hypertensive crises met the inclusion criteria of the VI Joint National Committee <sup>4</sup>, 179 (39.6%) cases being emergencies and 273 (60.4%) cases being hypertensive urgencies. Of the hypertensive urgencies, 38% occurred in men and 62% in women. Of the hypertensive emergencies, 55.3% occurred in men and 44.7% in women, and, therefore, hypertensive urgencies prevailed in women. Two hundred and twenty-eight (83.5%) cases of hypertensive urgency and 155 (86.6%) cases of hypertensive emergency occurred in white individuals. Forty-five individuals with hypertensive urgency and 24 with hypertensive emergency were black (including those of mixed heritage).  </p>
      <p>Patients with a hypertensive emergency had a significantly greater mean age and mean diastolic blood pressure than those with a hypertensive urgency, as seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">table II</xref>, which also shows that approximately 18% of the patients ignored their hypertensive status prior to the study. In regard to the risk factors that affect patients with a hypertensive crisis, 23.7% were smokers, and approximately 20% were diabetic. It is worth noting that diabetes was a statistically significant risk factor for the development of hypertensive emergencies.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0125-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The distribution of hypertensive crises according to age group showed a greater prevalence of patients with hypertensive urgency from 31 to 60 years for males and from 21 to 60 years for females. On the other hand, a greater number of patients with hypertensive emergency were observed from 41 to 70 years for males and from 61 to 70 years for females (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0125-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In regard to the time of day, the onset of hypertensive crises was divided into 4 periods of 6 hours. The greatest number of crises were observed in the period between 6 AM and 12 PM, although no statistically significant difference was observed in relation to those between 12 PM and 6 PM and between 6 PM and 12 AM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2a</xref>). In regard to seasonal distribution, a greater incidence was observed in autumn and winter (mainly in May and June) with statistical significance as compared with that in summer and spring (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2b</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0125-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows the distribution of cases of hypertensive emergency in the population studied. Most cases of hypertensive emergency corresponded to cerebrovascular lesions (58%), including ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and subarachnoid hemorrhage (HS), independent of sex. Thirty-eight percent of the patients with a hypertensive emergency corresponded to cardiovascular complications, including left ventricular failure with acute pulmonary edema, acute myocardial infarction, and unstable angina.</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0125-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The clinical presentation of the hypertensive crises in the first 24 hours after the diagnosis varied a lot. The most common signs and symptoms, in decreasing order, were as follows: headache, dizziness, dyspnea, neurologic deficit, and chest pain. In hypertensive urgency, headache and dizziness were the most common symptoms, while in hypertensive emergency, the most frequent clinical manifestations were neurologic deficit and dyspnea, in accordance with the target-organ lesions found in the present study. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table III</xref> shows the frequency of the signs and symptoms found in the 1-year assessment of hypertensive crises.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-02-0125-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of hypertensive crises in a university-affiliated hospital for regional referrals during the year 2000. In the medical literature, especially the Brazilian literature, few data exist on this complication of arterial hypertension, a disease whose high prevalence in the population ranges from 20% to 30% (more than 34 million Brazilians) in the different epidemiological studies analyzed.  </p>
      <p>Our data showed that the prevalence of hypertensive crises accounted for 0.5% of the treatments in the clinicosurgical emergency unit of our hospital and for 1.7% of the clinical emergencies. These data differ from those of the Italian study by Zampaglione et al <sup>15</sup>, in which the estimated prevalence of hypertensive crises was 3% of the treatments in the emergency unit and 27.5% of the number of clinical emergencies. However, in a recent study, Rodriguez Cerrillo et al <sup>18 </sup>reported figures similar to ours, with a prevalence of hypertensive crises of 0.6% of the treatments of the clinical emergency in a Spanish university-affiliated hospital. The high prevalence rate of hypertensive crises in the study by Zampaglione et al <sup>15</sup> may result from the inclusion of cases of hypertensive pseudocrisis, which may imitate hypertensive urgency, and, consequently, distort the final results. This fact was observed by Nobre et al <sup>19</sup>, who reported that 64.5% of the hypertensive patients, characterized as having hypertensive pseudocrisis, were inappropriately treated in the emergency unit as having a hypertensive crisis. Another possible explanation, which should not be forgotten, is the greater number of hypertensive individuals currently diagnosed and treated, which results in better blood pressure control with a lower rate of complications. This justification may be extrapolated to the smaller number of hypertensive individuals with hypertensive crises who ignored their condition, 18% in our study and 12.7% in the study by Rodriguez Cerrillo et al <sup>18</sup>, as compared with those in the studies by Sobrino et al <sup>13</sup> (37.5%) and Zampaglione et al <sup>15</sup> (25%). On the other hand, these findings confirm the evidence that hypertensive crises occur more frequently in patients with known hypertension, who do not correctly use the prescribed antihypertensive agents or who receive inappropriate treatment <sup>20</sup>.  </p>
      <p>The limitations of our study should now be considered. First of all, it is a retrospective study; therefore, the demographic data obtained through the review of medical records lead to lower accuracy than those obtained in a prospective study. Second, the study comprises cases from a single institution with its own peculiarities of treatment, which limits the extrapolation of the findings to other situations. However, the present study had a longer period of observation (1 year) than that of some other studies that assessed hypertensive crises for a period no longer than 3 months <sup>13,18</sup>.  </p>
      <p>We found a greater prevalence of hypertensive urgencies than hypertensive emergencies, with approximately 2/3 of the cases corresponding to hypertensive urgency. Despite its lower incidence, hypertensive emergency is much more important because of its severity due to target-organ lesions, a fact verified by the significantly greater mean diastolic blood pressure as compared with that of hypertensive urgency. Smoking and diabetes, 2 cardiovascular risk factors, were associated with hypertensive crises in 1/4 and 1/5 of the patients, respectively.  </p>
      <p>The involvement of tobacco as a risk factor for hypertensive crises found in the present study may be justified by its several acute and chronic hypertensive actions <sup>21-23</sup>, such as inhibition of endothelial cyclooxygenase, leading to a reduction in the production of prostacyclin and an increase in the synthesis of thromboxane, a situation that may cause chronic vasoconstriction and damage to the endothelial cell.  </p>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus was another risk factor present in approximately 20% of the patients with hypertensive crises and in more than 26% of the patients with hypertensive emergencies. The prevalence of arterial hypertension in diabetic patients is greater when compared with that in nondiabetic patients (40-50% x 20%, respectively) <sup>24, 25</sup>. Although hypertensive disease is multifactorial, the etiological link between insulin resistance and arterial hypertension becomes progressively greater <sup>26</sup>. Metabolic abnormalities (hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemias) may play a role in the pathogenesis and complications of arterial hypertension, as in the present study <sup>27</sup>. The vascular endothelium of diabetic individuals shows a reduced synthesis of vasodilators and an increased release of procoagulants and vasoconstrictors, defects that coexist in hypertensive individuals and could explain the greater incidence of atherosclerosis and hypertension in this group <sup>28</sup>. Diabetes mellitus is one of the major risk factors associated with the development of cerebrovascular (ischemic stroke) and cardiovascular (ischemic coronary disease) complications, as in the population in the Framingham study, in which a 2 times greater occurrence of cerebral stroke and coronary events and a 3 times greater occurrence of peripheral vascular disease and congestive heart failure were observed in diabetic individuals <sup>29</sup>. These data may be correlated with the presence of more than 26% of diabetic individuals in our sample, and, consequently, with our case series of 58% of cerebrovascular lesions and 38% of cardiovascular lesions in hypertensive emergencies.  </p>
      <p>In regard to the seasons, a greater occurrence was observed in autumn and winter. In regard to the time of day when patients with hypertensive crises sought medical care, a greater number of events were observed in the morning (between 6 AM and 12 PM). These findings are similar to those reported in the Italian study <sup>15</sup>, and, although circadian and annual rhythms of hypertensive crises are not known, the Framingham study correlated sudden cardiac death with a circadian variation occurring between 7 AM and 9 AM <sup>30</sup>. Recently, Kario et al <sup>31 </sup>reported an association between morning surge in blood pressure and a greater risk of cerebrovascular disease in the hypertensive elderly.  </p>
      <p>Women had a greater frequency of hypertensive crises than did men, mainly in regard to hypertensive urgencies, probably reflecting a greater number of women in the hypertensive population <sup>32</sup>. The greater number of hypertensive emergencies among men suggest that they are more susceptible to target-organ lesions than women are, as revealed in the Framingham study, which showed that the incidence of coronary arterial disease in men increased in an almost linear mode as age increased <sup>33</sup>, differently from that observed in women, who are protected until menopause <sup>34,35</sup>. In other words, one can say that the morbidity and mortality rates associated with any level of blood pressure are lower in women than in men up to 45 years of age <sup>36</sup>. It is worth noting that, in our study, a greater frequency of hypertensive urgencies was observed among women in younger age groups (greater number of cases of preeclampsia), and that a greater frequency of hypertensive emergencies was observed among women of more advanced age groups. This fact may be justified by the differences found in the hemodynamic pattern between men and women, because the latter, until menopause, have lower peripheral vascular resistance and lower blood pressure levels than men at the same age. After menopause, the female hemodynamic profile is not significantly different from the male profile in regard to blood pressure behavior <sup>37,38</sup>. Evidence has shown that the incidence of coronary arterial disease and cerebral stroke is relatively low until menopause, when it increases, women showing an increased susceptibility to organic lesions after menopause, especially to cerebrocardiovascular diseases, a situation found in our case series of hypertensive emergencies.  </p>
      <p>The present study showed that, among hypertensive emergencies, cerebrovascular lesions were the most common, and, among the latter, ischemic stroke was the most frequent, followed by hemorrhagic stroke and cardiovascular lesions (left ventricular failure with acute pulmonary edema and acute ischemic coronary disease). The patients with hypertensive emergencies were older and had a greater mean diastolic blood pressure. More than 25% had associated diabetes, possibly a longer time of disease evolution, and most were under medical follow-up. Diastolic blood pressure was significantly greater in hypertensive emergencies than in hypertensive urgencies, indicating greater peripheral vascular resistance in these cases and greater severity. In comparison with the study by Zampaglione et al <sup>15</sup>, we found no case of hypertensive encephalopathy, which is currently becoming increasingly rare, due to better blood pressure control and available therapeutic options.  </p>
      <p>The most frequent clinical manifestations of hypertensive emergencies corresponded with organic impairments, such as neurologic deficit and dyspnea. In hypertensive urgencies, the most common clinical complaints were headache and dizziness, symptoms of lesser apparent severity, compatible with a lower risk setting. These manifestations were similar to the results of the Italian study and represent 1 of the first studies in our country on the clinical pattern of hypertensive crisis presentation.  </p>
      <p>In conclusion, in our country, this is 1 of the pioneering studies on the prevalence of hypertensive crises, showing their importance in medical emergencies, the associated risk factors, the most frequent types of target-organ lesions, and their clinical setting. These characteristics lead to better knowledge of the natural history of that complication of arterial hypertension. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela Martin</p>
          <p> Av. Anisio Haddad, 7800 - Casa 129 - </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> Cep 15093-000 - E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="vilelamartin@cardiol.br">vilelamartin@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 8/18/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 1/6/04</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga </p>
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