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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xTfsNf7BDRX5Dv3VQN8TZbS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001300009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300109</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001300009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Casos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adenoma de Conn: uma causa de hipertens&#227;o e hipocalemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vicente</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Roberto Tarifa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cury</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Maluf</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dib</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Adas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cipullo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>83</fpage>
      <lpage>86</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Adenoma de Conn. Uma causa de hipertens&#227;o e hipocalemia</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela Martin; Adriano Roberto Tarifa Vicente; Patr&#237;cia Maluf Cury; Jorge Adas Dib; Jos&#233; Paulo Cipullo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto/SP (FAMERP) </p>
    <p>Disciplina de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica e Anatomia Patol&#243;gica </p>
    <p>S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <italic>Hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria corresponde aproximadamente a 5 a 10% das causas de hipertens&#227;o arterial e, entre elas, o hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio apresenta uma incid&#234;ncia vari&#225;vel de 0,05 a 2% em hipertensos, com quadro caracter&#237;stico de hipocalemia, produ&#231;&#227;o aumentada de aldosterona, redu&#231;&#227;o ou supress&#227;o da renina, rela&#231;&#227;o aldosterona/renina elevada e alcalose metab&#243;lica. Descrevemos um caso de paciente com hipertens&#227;o arterial prim&#225;ria controlada, que apresentou na sua evolu&#231;&#227;o um adenoma de supra-renal com piora dos n&#237;veis tensionais.</italic>
    </p>
    <p>O adenoma produtor de aldosterona (aldosteronoma) &#233; a causa mais importante de hiperaldosteronismo e representa uma das poucas causas cur&#225;veis de hipertens&#227;o arterial de origem secund&#225;ria. Os pacientes podem se apresentar de forma assintom&#225;tica ou oligossintom&#225;tica, com sintomas decorrentes do pr&#243;prio quadro hipertensivo ou das complica&#231;&#245;es geradas pela hipocalemia (poli&#250;ria, noct&#250;ria, c&#227;imbras musculares, fraqueza muscular excessiva, parestesias, tetania e at&#233; paralisias musculares). Caracteriza-se por hipertens&#227;o arterial, hipocalemia, excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria excessiva de pot&#225;ssio e alcalose metab&#243;lica. Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente com evolu&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria h&#225; 31 anos, que apresentava controle satisfat&#243;rio da press&#227;o arterial e desenvolveu hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria com piora acentuada dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato de Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 52 anos, branca, casada, cat&#243;lica, do lar, natural de Potirendaba (SP) e procedente de Nova Itapirema (SP), referia nunca ter sentido qualquer problema de sa&#250;de quando, h&#225; cerca de 31 anos, come&#231;ou a apresentar crises de palpita&#231;&#245;es. Procurou m&#233;dico que diagnosticou hipertens&#227;o arterial e prescreveu hidroclorotiazida 50 mg/dia e metildopa 1,5 g/dia com controle satisfat&#243;rio da press&#227;o arterial, conforme demonstra a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA), realizada em 1992 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>). Exames laboratoriais para avalia&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial mostraram-se normais (pot&#225;ssio, creatinina, glicemia, colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides, urina tipo I e eletrocardiograma), na mesma &#233;poca.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0083-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em 1999, em uso de hidroclorotiazida e metildopa, evoluiu com pior controle da press&#227;o arterial e passou a usar indapamida 2,5 mg/dia, perindopril 4 mg/dia e nadolol 80 mg/dia e, mesmo assim, n&#227;o obteve controle satisfat&#243;rio da press&#227;o arterial, iniciando quadro de fraqueza intensa caracterizada por incapacidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de suas atividades normais, como varrer o ch&#227;o, lavar a roupa e at&#233; atender ao telefone.</p>
    <p>Antecedentes pessoais - hipertens&#227;o arterial h&#225; 31 anos, gastrite h&#225; 8 anos e hipertrigliceridemia h&#225; 4 anos. Negava diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a de Chagas, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou qualquer outra doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Como antecedentes familiares possu&#237;a 4 tios paternos hipertensos, 2 com trombose venosa profunda, 1 com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e outro com acidente vascular encef&#225;lico. A m&#227;e era hipertensa.</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico encontrava-se em bom estado geral, eupneica, afebril, acian&#243;tica, hidratada e corada. Pulso = 76 bpm; PA sentada (MSD) = 170 x 110 mmHg; PA supina (MSD) = 190 x 120 mmHg; PA supina (MSE) = 180 x 120 mmHg; PA ortost&#225;tica (MSD) = 170 x 110 mmHg.</p>
    <p>Pulm&#245;es: limpos sem ru&#237;dos advent&#237;cios; prec&#243;rdio: ritmo card&#237;aco regular em 2 tempos com bulhas normofon&#233;ticas, sem sopros e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca = 76 bpm; abdome: ru&#237;dos hidroa&#233;reos presentes e aus&#234;ncia de visceromegalia, sem sopro abdominal; extremidades: aus&#234;ncia de edema de membros inferiores e pulsos palp&#225;veis sim&#233;tricos.</p>
    <p>Diferentemente dos resultados das v&#225;rias dosagens de pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico normais anteriores, em 1999, o pot&#225;ssio mostrou-se bastante alterado (K<sup>+</sup>= 1,5 mEq/l; normal = 3,5 &#150; 5,3), estando nessa ocasi&#227;o em uso de indapamida, perindopril e nadolol. Todos os outros exames de rotina estavam dentro da normalidade (glicemia, creatinina, colesterol total e exame do sedimento urin&#225;rio). Radiografia de t&#243;rax mostrava &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal sem altera&#231;&#245;es do par&#234;nquima pulmonar. O eletrocardiograma apresentava ritmo sinusal e altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em parede &#226;ntero-lateral, o ecocardiograma mostrava hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (SIV = 13; PPVE = 13; massa VE = 292,8 g; &#237;ndice de massa VE = 160,9 g/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
    <p>O achado laboratorial de hipocalemia importante chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o para duas situa&#231;&#245;es: hipocalemia secund&#225;ria ao uso do diur&#233;tico ou hipocalemia decorrente de um quadro de hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio agravada pelo uso do diur&#233;tico. Desse modo, procedeu-se &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica.</p>
    <p>A dosagem de s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio em urina de 24h foi 192 mEq/l (normal = 50 a 250 mEq/l) e 59 mEq/l (normal = 25 a 125 mEq/l), respectivamente. Com a retirada de indapamida houve melhora importante do quadro cl&#237;nico da paciente e do pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico sem reposi&#231;&#227;o (K<sup>+</sup>= 3,2 mEq/l). A dosagem de Na<sup>+</sup> e K<sup>+</sup> em urina de 24h ap&#243;s 10 dias sem diur&#233;tico mostrou 135 mEq/l e 24 mEq/l, respectivamente. Renina plasm&#225;tica foi de 0,6 ng/ml/h e aldosterona 56,2 ng/100 ml (normal = 1-16 ng/100 ml) e a rela&#231;&#227;o aldosterona/renina igual a 93,6. Foi realizado outro exame de MAPA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>). A gasometria arterial evidenciou: pH = 7,50; pO<sub>2</sub> = 90; pCO<sub>2</sub> = 35; HCO<sub>3</sub> = 30 mEq/l; BE = + 6,0; Sat O<sub>2</sub> = 98%.</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0083-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o uso de espironolactona 100 mg/dia + amlodipino 5mg/dia + nadolol 80 mg/dia houve normaliza&#231;&#227;o da PA (PA = 130/90 mmHg), o quadro de astenia e fraqueza apresentou melhora evidente e a dosagem de Na<sup>+</sup> e K<sup>+</sup> s&#233;ricos foi de 147 mEq/l e 4,8 mEq/l, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Foi submetida a ultra-som e tomografia de abdome que mostraram imagem nodular em topografia de adrenal direita medindo cerca de 1cm de di&#226;metro (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>). Foi encaminhada ao servi&#231;o de cirurgia endocrinol&#243;gica e submetida &#224; ex&#233;rese da gl&#226;ndula supra-renal direita e da ves&#237;cula biliar. A supra-renal pesava 7,2 g e media 4,7 x 4,5 x 1,5 cm. Aos cortes, apresentava n&#243;dulo &#250;nico bem delimitado, medindo 1,5 cm de di&#226;metro, de colora&#231;&#227;o alaranjada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4">fig. 4</xref>). &#192; microscopia da supra-renal, observou-se neoplasia epitelial encapsulada com c&#233;lulas de citoplasma amplo e claro e ocasionais n&#250;cleos bizarros, por&#233;m n&#227;o foram encontradas mitoses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura5">fig. 5</xref>). O diagn&#243;stico anatomopatol&#243;gico foi de adenoma de supra-renal.</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0083-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0083-00009-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0083-00009-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Cerca de 3 anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia, a paciente permanece est&#225;vel clinicamente em uso de indapamida 1,5 mg/dia e nadolol com controle adequado da press&#227;o arterial, observado atrav&#233;s da MAPA, com n&#237;vel press&#243;rico m&#233;dio nas 24h de 138 x 71 mmHg. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura6">fig. 6</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0083-00009-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossa paciente apresentava uma hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial de longa evolu&#231;&#227;o com controle satisfat&#243;rio dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em 24h conforme MAPA realizada em 1992 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>), favorecendo o diagn&#243;stico inicial de uma hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria controlada, apesar do seu in&#237;cio ter ocorrido numa faixa et&#225;ria sugestiva de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria, que n&#227;o foi investigada, pois os exames b&#225;sicos (pot&#225;ssio, glicemia, colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides, urina tipo I e eletrocardiograma) estavam dentro da normalidade, al&#233;m da resposta favor&#225;vel &#224; terap&#234;utica institu&#237;da, com normaliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, crit&#233;rios que deixaram a hip&#243;tese de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria muito remota &#224; &#233;poca. O quadro de descontrole press&#243;rico, com n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial, detectado em 1999 junto com o quadro de intensa fraqueza, adinamia e hipocalemia importante fez-nos pensar em uma causa de hipertens&#227;o de origem secund&#225;ria superposta &#224; hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria. &#201; importante salientar que a paciente n&#227;o apresentou hipocalemia durante o acompanhamento inicial em nosso servi&#231;o, outro fato contr&#225;rio &#224; presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o por hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio ou secund&#225;rio, na ocasi&#227;o. Por outro lado, a hipocalemia grave induzida pelo uso do diur&#233;tico, mais discreta ap&#243;s a sua interrup&#231;&#227;o, caracterizou um quadro sugestivo de hiperaldosteronismo. O uso de espironolactona com bom controle da press&#227;o arterial e da normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de pot&#225;ssio, o pot&#225;ssio urin&#225;rio &gt; 30 mEq/l/24 h, a alcalose metab&#243;lica por aumento no n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de bicarbonato decorrente da perda urin&#225;ria de &#237;ons pot&#225;ssio e hidrog&#234;nio, a aldosterona plasm&#225;tica elevada com hiporeninemia, tamb&#233;m, constitu&#237;ram-se em fatores indicativos para o diagn&#243;stico de um quadro de hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio, confirmado atrav&#233;s da tomografia de abdome.</p>
    <p>O adenoma produtor de aldosterona (aldosteronoma), causa mais importante de hiperaldosteronismo (60% dos casos), foi descrito pela primeira vez por Conn em 1954<sup>1,2</sup>. Atualmente &#233; uma das poucas causas potencialmente cur&#225;veis de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Estes tumores s&#227;o normalmente pequenos (menos de 2cm de di&#226;metro), benignos, t&#234;m cor amarelada em sua c&#225;psula com diferentes tipos celulares adrenais vis&#237;veis &#224; microscopia <sup>3,4</sup>. Ap&#243;s a descri&#231;&#227;o por Conn, v&#225;rias outras causas de hiperaldosteronismo foram relatadas como hiperaldosteronismo idiop&#225;tico, por exemplo, a hiperplasia adrenal bilateral (20 a 40% dos casos) <sup>1,3,5</sup> ou a unilateral (com menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia) <sup>6,7</sup>. A ocorr&#234;ncia de carcinoma adrenocortical &#233; rara, e poucos pacientes com tumor ect&#243;pico produtor de aldosterona foram descritos <sup>8</sup>. Existem tamb&#233;m formas gen&#233;ticas de hiperaldosteronismo que respondem aos glicocortic&#243;ides com uma heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante <sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de aldosteronismo prim&#225;rio varia entre 0,05 e 2% da popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos <sup>4,9-16</sup>. Alguns pacientes s&#227;o completamente assintom&#225;ticos ou t&#234;m sintomas m&#237;nimos decorrentes da hipertens&#227;o (ex: cefal&#233;ia) e da hipocalemia (poli&#250;ria, noct&#250;ria, c&#227;imbras musculares). Ocasionalmente, ocorre fraqueza muscular excessiva, parestesias, tetania e at&#233; paralisias musculares <sup>1,3,4</sup>. Caracteriza-se, freq&#252;entemente, por hipertens&#227;o, hipocalemia, excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria excessiva de pot&#225;ssio, hipernatremia e alcalose metab&#243;lica<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Resumimos as dez principais situa&#231;&#245;es nas quais deve-se suspeitar de hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio<sup>13,14</sup>: 1) hipocalemia espont&#226;nea (K &lt; 3.5 mEq/l); 2) hipocalemia grave (K &lt; 3.0 mEq/l) ou induzida por diur&#233;tico; 3) dificuldade de se manter o pot&#225;ssio normal apesar do uso concomitante de suplementos ou diur&#233;ticos poupadores de pot&#225;ssio; 4) pot&#225;ssio que n&#227;o se normaliza ap&#243;s 04 semanas de retirada do diur&#233;tico; 5) hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria; 6) resposta terap&#234;utica satisfat&#243;ria &#224; espironolactona em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e o pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico e urin&#225;rio; 7) n&#237;veis elevados de aldosterona plasm&#225;tica (&gt; 20 ng/ml); 8) caliurese inapropriada (pot&#225;ssio na urina &gt; 30 mEq/l); 9) renina &lt; 1 ng/ml/h; 10) presen&#231;a de imagem tumoral na adrenal visualizada pela tomografia.</p>
    <p>Embora a presen&#231;a de hipocalemia espont&#226;nea em paciente com hipertens&#227;o seja um forte indicador de aldosteronismo, menos de 20% dos pacientes com hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio possuem n&#237;veis de pot&#225;ssio abaixo do normal, e outros pacientes hipertensos t&#234;m hipocalemia sem aldosteronismo prim&#225;rio, fato que pode ser explicado pelo uso de diur&#233;ticos ou pela presen&#231;a de hiperaldosteronismo secund&#225;rio <sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A atividade de renina plasm&#225;tica &#233; suprimida na maioria dos pacientes com hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio n&#227;o tratado e em alguns pacientes com hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria <sup>15</sup>, enquanto no hiperaldosteronismo secund&#225;rio os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de renina est&#227;o elevados. Atualmente, preconiza-se que a mensura&#231;&#227;o do pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico e da renina plasm&#225;tica seja o m&#233;todo mais fidedigno na investiga&#231;&#227;o inicial para o hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio <sup>3,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre aldosterona plasm&#225;tica e a atividade da renina plasm&#225;tica em hipertensos n&#227;o tratados permanece o teste de <italic>screening</italic> mais aceito para distinguir pacientes com hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria dos casos de aldosteronismo prim&#225;rio; o ponto de corte (<italic>cut off</italic>) permanece em torno de 30 ou 50 na maioria dos casos de aldosteronismo prim&#225;rio <sup>11,12,16,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Revis&#245;es recentes apontam que todo quadro de hipocalemia importante espont&#226;nea ou induzida por uso de diur&#233;ticos deve ser investigado<sup>3,13,16</sup>. Pacientes com hipertens&#227;o de dif&#237;cil controle terap&#234;utico com n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de pot&#225;ssio baixo (<underline>&lt;</underline> 3,5 mEq/l) devem ser avaliados e uma rela&#231;&#227;o aldosterona plasm&#225;tica/renina plasm&#225;tica maior que 30 deve indicar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais intensa <sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico definitivo bioqu&#237;mico de aldosteronismo tamb&#233;m pode ser feito tanto pela inibi&#231;&#227;o como pela estimula&#231;&#227;o da secre&#231;&#227;o de renina e aldosterona utilizando-se de manobras fisiol&#243;gicas de sobrecarga e deple&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio, respectivamente. Em pacientes hipertensos (sem tratamento ou ap&#243;s 2 semanas de suspens&#227;o dos medicamentos), uma alta taxa de excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de aldosterona, com uma dieta rica em s&#243;dio (2 a 3 g de sal em cada refei&#231;&#227;o por 2 ou 3 dias) ou um n&#237;vel alto de aldosterona ap&#243;s infus&#227;o endovenosa de solu&#231;&#227;o salina, juntamente com uma baixa atividade de renina em condi&#231;&#245;es de baixo consumo de s&#243;dio ou uso de diur&#233;tico, s&#227;o altamente sugestivos de hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio <sup>3,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, o aldosteronismo prim&#225;rio &#233; o termo gen&#233;rico de uma s&#233;rie de desordens associadas com o excesso cr&#244;nico de aldosterona. A causa mais comum &#233; um adenoma solit&#225;rio produtor de aldosterona. N&#227;o &#233; raro pacientes hipertensos que se queixam de fraqueza e indisposi&#231;&#227;o, serem rotulados como portadores de s&#237;ndrome somatiforme e encaminhados a profissionais de sa&#250;de mental. Nossa paciente tinha uma hist&#243;ria de 31 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o, com controle adequado da press&#227;o at&#233; 1999. A hipocalemia induzida por diur&#233;tico, nesse caso a indapamida na dose de 2,5 mg/dia (&#250;nica apresenta&#231;&#227;o comercializada na ocasi&#227;o), levou-nos a pensar numa hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria (hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio) e a proceder a investiga&#231;&#227;o para o seu diagn&#243;stico. O teste terap&#234;utico com o uso de espironolactona normalizou a press&#227;o arterial, fato que <italic>per se</italic> &#233; um dado presuntivo importante do excesso de aldosterona.</p>
    <p>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, a paciente apresentou controle adequado da press&#227;o arterial com o uso de dois anti-hipertensivos em dose baixa, conforme a MAPA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura6">fig. 6</xref>). &#201; importante reconhecer que a hipertens&#227;o arterial secund&#225;ria n&#227;o equivale &#224; hipertens&#227;o cur&#225;vel, em todos os casos. Pode ser poss&#237;vel reduzir ou mesmo eliminar anti-hipertensivos em hipertensos, quando uma causa cur&#225;vel for encontrada. Todavia, alguns portadores de hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria podem apresentar posteriormente estenose de art&#233;ria renal ou adenoma de adrenal produtor de aldosterona associados, e nesses casos, apesar da remo&#231;&#227;o da causa secund&#225;ria, n&#227;o ocorre normaliza&#231;&#227;o da PA, uma vez que existe um componente de hipertens&#227;o "essencial" (prim&#225;ria) subjacente, com poss&#237;vel altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural e funcional j&#225; instalada, o que justifica o uso posterior de anti-hipertensivos para controle da press&#227;o arterial, como ocorreu no presente caso. As caracter&#237;sticas que ajudam a identificar os indiv&#237;duos com maior probabilidade de permanecerem hipertensos ap&#243;s uma interven&#231;&#227;o, nos casos de hipertens&#227;o arterial secund&#225;ria, incluem idade mais avan&#231;ada do paciente, dura&#231;&#227;o conhecida da hipertens&#227;o acima de 5 anos e hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial em parentes de primeiro grau, dados encontrados na hist&#243;ria deste caso de hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Weinberger MH. Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis and differentiation of subtypes. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 300-7.</p>
    <p>2. Conn JW. Primary aldosteronism: a new clinical syndrome. J Lab Clin Med 1955; 45: 3-17.</p>
    <p>3. Ganguly A. Primary aldosteronism. N Eng J Med 1998; 339: 1829-34.</p>
    <p>4. Steward PM. Mineralocorticoid hypertension. Lancet 1999; 353: 1341-7.</p>
    <p>5. Vallotton MB. Primary aldosteronism. Differential diagnosis of hyperaldosteronism and pseudoaldosteronism. Clin Endocrinol 1996; 45: 53-60.</p>
    <p>6. Irony I, Kater CE, Biglieri EG, Shackleton CHL. Correctable subsets of primary aldosteronism: primary adrenal hyperplasia and renin responsive adenoma. Am J Hypertens 1990; 3: 576-82.</p>
    <p>7. Ganguly A, Zager PG, Luetscher JA. Primary aldosteronism due to unilateral adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 51: 1190-4.</p>
    <p>8. Farge D, Chatellier G, Pagny J-Y et al. Isolated clinical syndrome of primary aldosteronism in four patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Am J Med 1987; 83: 635-40.</p>
    <p>9. Ganguly A, Donohue JP. Primary aldosteronism: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. J Urol 1983; 129: 241-7.</p>
    <p>10. Puccini M, Iacconi P, Bernini G, Miccoli P, Lynn JA. Conn Syndrome: 14 year's experience from two European centres. Eur J Surg 1998; 164: 811-7.</p>
    <p>11. Hiramatsu K, Yamada T, Yukimura Y et al. A screening test to identify aldosterone-producing adenoma by measuring plasma renin activity: results in hypertensive patients. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141: 1589-93.</p>
    <p>12. Streeten DHP, Tomycz N, Anderson GH. Reliability of screening methods for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Am J Med 1979; 67: 403-13.</p>
    <p>13. Cohen DL, Townsend RR. Secondary Hypertension: Diagnosis and Management of an Adrenal Adenoma. JCOM 2002; 09: 525-31.</p>
    <p>14. Ganguly A, Weinberg MH. Low renin hypertension: a current review of definitions and controversies. Am Heart J 1979; 98: 642-52.</p>
    <p>15. Carey RM. Screening for surgically correctable hypertension caused by primary aldosteronism. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141: 1594.</p>
    <p>16. Young WF Jr, Hogan MJ, Klee GG, Grant CS, Van Heerden JA. Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 1990; 65: 96-110.</p>
    <p>17. Blumenfeld JD, Scaley JE, Schlussel Y et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 877-85.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Dr. Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela Martin </p>
        <p> Av. An&#237;sio Haddad, 7800 - Casa 129 - Jardim Palmeira </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - SP - Cep 15093-000 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vilelamartin@cardiol.br">vilelamartin@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 26/3/03 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 5/6/03</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Conn's adenoma: a cause of hypertension and hypokalemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conn's adenoma. A cause of hypertension and hypokalemia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela Martin; Adriano Roberto Tarifa Vicente; Patr&#237;cia Maluf Cury; Jorge Adas Dib; Jos&#233; Paulo Cipullo</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto/SP (FAMERP)</p>
      <p>Discipline of Internal Medicine and Pathological Anatomy</p>
      <p>S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <italic>Secondary hypertension accounts for approximately 5 to 10% of the causes of arterial hypertension, among which primary hyperaldosteronism has an incidence ranging from 0.05 to 2% in hypertensive individuals with characteristic findings of hypokalemia, increased production of aldosterone, a reduction or suppression in renin, an increased aldosterone/renin ratio, and metabolic alkalosis. We report the case of a patient with controlled primary arterial hypertension, who evolved with adrenal adenoma and worsening of blood pressure levels.</italic>
      </p>
      <p>The aldosterone-producing adenoma (aldosteronoma) is the most important cause of hyperaldosteronism and represents one of the few curable causes of secondary arterial hypertension. The patients may be asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic with symptoms resulting from hypertension itself or from the complications generated by hypokalemia (polyuria, nocturia, muscle cramps, excessive muscle weakness, paresthesias, tetany, and even muscle paralysis). The aldosterone-producing adenoma is characterized by arterial hypertension, hypokalemia, excessive urinary excretion of potassium, and metabolic alkalosis. We report the case of a patient with evolving primary hypertension for 31 years, who had satisfactory control over blood pressure and developed secondary hypertension with accentuated worsening of blood pressure levels.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was a 52-year-old white female, married, housewife, born in the city of Potirendaba, in the State of S&#227;o Paulo, and residing in the city of Nova Itapirema, in the State of S&#227;o Paulo, who denied any health problems, except for palpitation crises for the preceding 31 years. She sought medical care, when arterial hypertension was diagnosed, and hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg/day) and methyldopa (1.5 g/day) were prescribed. Satisfactory blood pressure control was achieved, as indicated by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) performed in 1992 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">fig. 1</xref>). The laboratory tests for assessing arterial hypertension were normal (potassium, creatinine, glycemia, total cholesterol, triglycerides, type I urine, and electrocardiography) at that time.</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0083-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In 1999, the patient was using hydrochlorothiazide and methyldopa, but, as blood pressure control deteriorated, the prescription was changed to indapamide (2.5 mg/day), perindopril (4 mg/day), and nadolol (80 mg/day). However, no satisfactory blood pressure control was achieved, and the patient began to complain of intense weakness characterized by the incapacity to perform her normal activities, such as sweeping the floor, washing the clothes, and even answering the phone.</p>
      <p>The patient reported the following personal antecedents: arterial hypertension for 31 years, gastritis for 8 years, and hypertriglyceridemia for 4 years. The patient denied having diabetes mellitus, Chagas' disease, stroke, acute myocardial infarction, or any other disease.</p>
      <p>In regard to familial antecedents, the patient reported 4 hypertensive paternal uncles, 2 with deep venous thrombosis, 1 with myocardial infarction, and another with stroke. Her mother was hypertensive.</p>
      <p>On physical examination, the patient was in regular general condition, eupneic, afebrile, acyanotic, hydrated, and with healthy coloring. Her pulse was 76 bpm; her BP in the sitting position (right upper limb) was 170/110 mmHg; her BP in the supine position (right upper limb) was 190/120 mmHg; her BP in the supine position (left upper limb) was 180/120 mmHg; and her BP in the standing position (right upper limb) was 170/110 mmHg.</p>
      <p>On auscultation, her lungs were clear with no rales. Her heart auscultation showed regular cardiac rhythm with cardiac sounds of normal intensity and no murmurs. Her heart rate was 76 bpm. Her abdomen showed hydro-aerial noise, no visceromegaly, and no abdominal murmur. Her lower limbs showed symmetric palpable pulses and no edema.</p>
      <p>Differently from the normal results of the various measurements of serum potassium in 1999, potassium levels were extremely altered (K<sup>+</sup>= 1.5 mEq/L; normal = 3.5 &#150; 5.3), and the patient was using indapamide, perindopril, and nadolol. All other routine laboratory tests were within the normal range (glycemia, creatinine, total cholesterol, and urinary sediment). Chest X-rays showed a normal cardiac area with no alterations in the pulmonary parenchyma. The electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm and an alteration in ventricular repolarization of the anterolateral wall. The echocardiogram showed left ventricular hypertrophy (IVS = 13; LVPW = 13; LV mass = 292.8 g; LV mass index = 160.9 g/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
      <p>The laboratory finding of important hypokalemia drew attention to the following 2 situations: hypokalemia secondary to the use of diuretic or hypokalemia due to primary hyperaldosteronism aggravated by the use of the diuretic. Based on this, a diagnostic investigation was carried out.</p>
      <p>The measurements of sodium and potassium in the 24-hour urine were 192 mEq/L (normal = 50 to 250 mEq/L) and 59 mEq/L (normal = 25 to 125 mEq/L), respectively. With the suspension of indapamide, the clinical findings of the patient and her serum potassium levels significantly improved with no replacement (K<sup>+</sup>= 3.2 mEq/L). The measurements of Na<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> in the 24-hour urine after 10 days of no diuretic use were 135 mEq/L and 24 mEq/L, respectively. The plasma renin level was 0.6 ng/mL/h and aldosterone level was 56.2 ng/100 mL (normal = 1-16 ng/100 mL), the aldosterone/renin ratio being 93.6. Another ABPM was performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">fig. 2</xref>). The arterial blood gas analysis was as follows: pH = 7.50; pO<sub>2</sub> = 90; pCO<sub>2</sub> = 35; HCO<sub>3</sub> = 30 mEq/L; BE = + 6.0; O<sub>2</sub> Sat = 98%.</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0083-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After using 100 mg/day of spironolactone + 5mg/day of amlodipine + 80 mg/day of nadolol, the BP normalized (BP = 130/90 mmHg), the asthenia and weakness significantly improved, and the serum levels of Na<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> were 147 mEq/L and 4.8 mEq/L, respectively.</p>
      <p>The patient underwent abdominal ultrasonography and tomography, which showed a nodular image in the right adrenal topography measuring approximately 1cm in diameter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">fig. 3</xref>). The patient was referred to the endocrinology surgery service and underwent exeresis of the right adrenal gland and the gallbladder. The adrenal gland weighed 7.2 g and measured 4.7 x 4.5 x 1.5 cm. On sectioning, a single, well-delimitated, orangish nodule measuring 1.5 cm in diameter was revealed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4-body2">fig. 4</xref>). Histologically, the adrenal gland showed an encapsulated epithelial neoplasia with cells of abundant clear cytoplasm and occasional bizarre nuclei; however, no mitoses were found (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura5-body2">fig. 5</xref>). The anatomicopathological diagnosis was adenoma of the adrenal gland.</p>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0083-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0083-00009-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0083-00009-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Approximately 3 years after surgery, the patient remains clinically stable using 1.5 mg/day of indapamide and nadolol and has adequate control over blood pressure levels observed on ABPM, with a mean blood pressure level of 138/71 mmHg during 24 hours (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura6-body2">fig. 6</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0083-00009-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our patient had a history of long-term arterial hypertension with satisfactory control over blood pressure levels during 24 hours as shown on the ABPM performed in 1992 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">fig. 1</xref>), which favors the initial diagnosis of controlled primary hypertension, despite its beginning at an age suggesting secondary hypertension. That was not investigated, because the results of the basic laboratory tests (potassium, glycemia, total cholesterol, triglycerides, type I urine, and electrocardiography) were within the normal range. In addition, the patient had a favorable response to the treatment used, with normalization of blood pressure levels, and these criteria rendered the hypothesis of secondary hypertension very remote at that time. The lack of blood pressure control with elevated levels of arterial blood pressure detected in 1999 together with intense weakness, adynamia, and significant hypokalemia led us to consider a cause of hypertension secondary in origin superimposed on primary hypertension. It is worth noting that the patient did not have hypokalemia during the initial follow-up at our service, another fact contrary to the presence of hypertension due to primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism, on that occasion. On the other hand, the severe diuretic-induced hypokalemia, more discrete after suspension of the diuretic, was suggestive of hyperaldosteronism. The following factors pointed to the diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism, which was confirmed on abdominal tomography: use of spironolactone with good control of arterial blood pressure and normalization of potassium levels; urinary potassium level &gt; 30 mEq/L/24 hours; metabolic alkalosis due to an increase in the serum level of bicarbonate resulting from the urinary loss of potassium and hydrogen ions; and elevated plasma aldosterone with hyporeninemia.</p>
      <p>The aldosterone-producing adenoma (aldosteronoma), the most important cause of hyperaldosteronism (60% of the cases), was first reported by Conn in 1955 <sup>1,2</sup>. Currently, it is one of the few potentially curable causes of arterial hypertension. These tumors are usually small (less than 2cm in diameter) and benign, have a yellowish capsule, and different adrenal cell types visible on microscopy <sup>3,4</sup>. After Conn's report, several other causes of hyperaldosteronism were reported, such as idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, and bilateral (20 to 40% of the cases) <sup>1,3,5</sup> or unilateral (less frequently) adrenal hyperplasia <sup>6,7</sup>. The occurrence of adrenocortical carcinoma is rare, and only a few patients with ectopic aldosterone-producing tumors have been reported <sup>8</sup>. Genetic forms of hyperaldosteronism responsive to glycocorticoids occur as a dominant autosomal inheritance <sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The incidence of primary aldosteronism ranges from 0.05 to 2% of the hypertensive population <sup>4,9-16</sup>. Some patients are completely asymptomatic or have minimum symptoms resulting from hypertension (ex: headache) and hypokalemia (polyuria, nocturia, muscle cramps). Occasionally, excessive muscle weakness, paresthesias, tetany, and even muscle paralysis may occur <sup>1,3,4</sup>. Usually, primary aldosteronism is characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, excessive urinary excretion of potassium, hypernatremia, and metabolic alkalosis <sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The following are the 10 major situations in which primary hyperaldosteronism should be suspected <sup>13,14</sup>: 1) spontaneous hypokalemia (K&lt; 3.5 mEq/L); 2) severe hypokalemia (K&lt; 3.0 mEq/L) or diuretic-induced hypokalemia; 3) difficulty in maintaining normal potassium levels despite the concomitant use of supplements or potassium-sparing diuretics; 4) potassium levels that do not normalize 4 weeks after suspending the diuretic; 5) refractory hypertension; 6) satisfactory therapeutic response to spironolactone regarding blood pressure levels and serum and urinary potassium levels; 7) elevated plasma aldosterone levels (&gt; 20 ng/mL); 8) inadequate kaliuresis (urinary potassium &gt; 30 mEq/L); 9) renin &lt; 1 ng/mL/h; and 10) presence of a tumor image in the adrenal gland on tomography.</p>
      <p>Although the presence of spontaneous hypokalemia in a hypertensive patient is a strong indicator of aldosteronism, less than 20% of the patients with primary hyperaldosteronism have potassium levels below normal, while other hypertensive patients have hypokalemia without primary aldosteronism, a fact that may be explained by the use of diuretics or by the presence of secondary hyperaldosteronism <sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The activity of plasma renin is suppressed in most patients with untreated primary hyperaldosteronism and in some patients with primary hypertension <sup>15</sup>, while in secondary hyperaldosteronism, renin plasma levels are elevated. Currently, measurement of serum potassium and plasma renin is recommended as the most reliable method for the initial investigation of primary hyperaldosteronism <sup>3,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The relation between plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity in untreated hypertensive individuals remains the most accepted screening test for distinguishing patients with primary hypertension from those with primary aldosteronism; the cut off point remains around 30 or 50 in most cases with primary aldosteronism <sup>11,12,16,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recent reviews <sup>3,13,16</sup> recommend that all spontaneous or diuretic-induced hypokalemia should be investigated. Patients with difficult to control hypertension and low serum potassium levels (<underline>&lt;</underline> 3.5 mEq/L) should be assessed, and a plasma aldosterone/ plasma renin ratio greater than 30 indicates that a more detailed evaluation should be undertaken <sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The definitive biochemical diagnosis of aldosteronism may also be established with both the inhibition and stimulation of the secretion of renin and aldosterone using physiological maneuvers of sodium overload and depletion, respectively. In hypertensive patients (with no treatment or 2 weeks after suspension of medications), a high aldosterone urinary excretion rate with a sodium-rich diet (2 to 3 g of salt in each meal for 2 or 3 days) or a high aldosterone level after intravenous infusion of saline solution, together with a low renin activity in conditions of low sodium consumption or use of a diuretic, are highly suggestive of primary hyperaldosteronism <sup>3,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, primary aldosteronism is the generic term for a series of disorders associated with a chronic excess of aldosterone. The most common cause is a solitary aldosterone-producing adenoma. Hypertensive patients complaining of weakness and malaise are not rarely labeled as having a somatoform disorder, being referred to mental health care professionals. Our patient had a history of 31 years of hypertension, which was adequately controlled until 1999. The diuretic-induced hypokalemia, which in our case was indapamide at the dosage of 2.5 mg/day (the only available dose on the market at the time), led us to consider the possibility of secondary hypertension (primary hyperaldosteronism) and to proceed with the investigation for its diagnosis. The therapeutic test with the use of spironolactone normalized blood pressure, which per se is an important presumptive fact of excessive aldosterone levels.</p>
      <p>In the postoperative period, the patient evolved with adequate blood pressure control, according to ABPM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura6-body2">fig. 6</xref>), with low doses of 2 antihypertensive drugs. It is worth noting that secondary hypertension is not equivalent to curable hypertension in all cases. The use of antihypertensive drugs may be reduced or even eliminated in hypertensive individuals, when a curable cause is found. However, later, some patients with primary hypertension may have stenosis of the renal artery or associated aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma, and, in these cases, despite the removal of the secondary cause, BP does not normalize. This is due to the existence of a component of subjacent "essential" (primary) hypertension, with a possible structural and functional alteration already in place, which justifies the later use of antihypertensive drugs for blood pressure control, as occurred in the present case. The characteristics that help in identifying individuals with a greater chance of remaining hypertensive after an intervention in cases of secondary arterial hypertension, include the more advanced age of the patient, known duration of hypertension longer than 5 years, and familial history of hypertension in first-degree relatives. These characteristics were found in the history of our patient with primary hyperaldosteronism.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Weinberger MH. Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis and differentiation of subtypes. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 300-7.</p>
      <p>2. Conn JW. Primary aldosteronism: a new clinical syndrome. J Lab Clin Med 1955; 45: 3-17.</p>
      <p>3. Ganguly A. Primary aldosteronism. N Eng J Med 1998; 339: 1829-34.</p>
      <p>4. Steward PM. Mineralocorticoid hypertension. Lancet 1999; 353: 1341-7.</p>
      <p>5. Vallotton MB. Primary aldosteronism. Differential diagnosis of hyperaldosteronism and pseudoaldosteronism. Clin Endocrinol 1996; 45: 53-60.</p>
      <p>6. Irony I, Kater CE, Biglieri EG, Shackleton CHL. Correctable subsets of primary aldosteronism: primary adrenal hyperplasia and renin responsive adenoma. Am J Hypertens 1990; 3: 576-82.</p>
      <p>7. Ganguly A, Zager PG, Luetscher JA. Primary aldosteronism due to unilateral adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 51: 1190-4.</p>
      <p>8. Farge D, Chatellier G, Pagny J-Y et al. Isolated clinical syndrome of primary aldosteronism in four patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Am J Med 1987; 83: 635-40.</p>
      <p>9. Ganguly A, Donohue JP. Primary aldosteronism: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. J Urol 1983; 129: 241-7.</p>
      <p>10. Puccini M, Iacconi P, Bernini G, Miccoli P, Lynn JA. Conn Syndrome: 14 year's experience from two European centres. Eur J Surg 1998; 164: 811-7.</p>
      <p>11. Hiramatsu K, Yamada T, Yukimura Y et al. A screening test to identify aldosterone-producing adenoma by measuring plasma renin activity: results in hypertensive patients. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141: 1589-93.</p>
      <p>12. Streeten DHP, Tomycz N, Anderson GH. Reliability of screening methods for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Am J Med 1979; 67: 403-13.</p>
      <p>13. Cohen DL, Townsend RR. Secondary Hypertension: Diagnosis and Management of an Adrenal Adenoma. JCOM 2002; 09: 525-31.</p>
      <p>14. Ganguly A, Weinberg MH. Low renin hypertension: a current review of definitions and controversies. Am Heart J 1979; 98: 642-52.</p>
      <p>15. Carey RM. Screening for surgically correctable hypertension caused by primary aldosteronism. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141: 1594.</p>
      <p>16. Young WF Jr, Hogan MJ, Klee GG, Grant CS, Van Heerden JA. Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 1990; 65: 96-110.</p>
      <p>17. Blumenfeld JD, Scaley JE, Schlussel Y et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 877-85.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela Martin</p>
          <p> Av. An&#237;sio Haddad, 7800 - Casa 129</p>
          <p> S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p>Cep 15093-000 &#150; E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="vilelamartin@cardiol.br">vilelamartin@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 3/26/03</p>
      <p>Accepted: 6/5/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
      <p>2. Conn JW. Primary aldosteronism: a new clinical syndrome. J Lab Clin Med 1955; 45: 3-17.</p>
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  </sub-article>
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