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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fyHvRc3ttC3Dbv7F9n9CnXd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001300008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300108</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001300008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Casos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento cir&#250;rgico da emboliza&#231;&#227;o de coil para art&#233;ria pulmonar ap&#243;s tentativa de fechamento percut&#226;neo do canal arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbero-Marcial</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Almeida de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>77</fpage>
      <lpage>79</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tratamento cir&#250;rgico da emboliza&#231;&#227;o de <italic><bold>coil</bold></italic> para art&#233;ria pulmonar ap&#243;s tentativa de fechamento percut&#226;neo do canal arterial</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fernando Antibas Atik; Fabio Biscegli Jatene; Paulo Henrique N. Costa; Edmar Atik; Miguel Barbero-Marcial; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP </p>
    <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <italic>A emboliza&#231;&#227;o de uma das tr&#234;s molas de Gianturco usadas para o fechamento de grande canal arterial, em crian&#231;a de 5 anos e 6 meses, alojada na art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda, requereu interven&#231;&#227;o operat&#243;ria 6 meses ap&#243;s, em face da diminui&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o para esse pulm&#227;o. Foi realizada sec&#231;&#227;o e sutura do canal arterial e, sob hipotermia profunda atrav&#233;s a arteriotomia pulmonar esquerda, foi retirada a mola obstrutiva, localizada na art&#233;ria lobar inferior, aderida &#224; parede arterial e coberta por endot&#233;lio. N&#227;o havendo trombo no local, a perviabilidade arterial pulmonar foi totalmente restabelecida.</italic>
    </p>
    <p>A efetividade, o baixo &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es e a evolu&#231;&#227;o adequada da interven&#231;&#227;o pelo cateterismo card&#237;aco, em muitos dos defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos, t&#234;m mobilizado a conduta terap&#234;utica atual para este m&#233;todo<sup>1</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao fechamento percut&#226;neo do canal arterial, v&#225;rios dispositivos t&#234;m sido empregados. Entretanto, as molas de Gianturco<sup>R</sup> tornaram-se os mais indicados para os defeitos de pequeno di&#226;metro (at&#233; 3mm) por seu baixo custo<sup>2</sup>, boa efic&#225;cia e pequeno &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es, sendo a principal a emboliza&#231;&#227;o<sup>3</sup> do dispositivo com incid&#234;ncia que varia de 3,8%<sup>4</sup> a 20%<sup>3</sup>, especialmente nos canais arteriais maiores que 4mm e nos de morfologia tubular. O risco &#233; atenuado em face da possibilidade de resgate do <italic>coil</italic> na pr&#243;pria cateteriza&#231;&#227;o intervencionista <sup>5</sup>, ou do uso de outros dispositivos mais adequados para este fim, como a pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer <sup>6</sup>. A necessidade de retirada cir&#250;rgica do &#234;mbolo raramente acontece, o que nos motivou a descrever este caso no qual a emboliza&#231;&#227;o havia ocorrido seis meses antes e com comprometimento da perfus&#227;o para o pulm&#227;o esquerdo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo masculino com 5 anos e 6 meses de idade, foi admitido no ambulat&#243;rio do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, com hist&#243;ria de cansa&#231;o aos esfor&#231;os f&#237;sicos e infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias de repeti&#231;&#227;o. Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava-se em bom estado geral, ativo, afebril, acian&#243;tico, eupn&#233;ico e os pulsos eram amplos nos quatro membros. O peso era de 22 Kg e tinha 116 cm de altura. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era de 90 bpm e a press&#227;o arterial de 100/ 50 mmHg. O prec&#243;rdio n&#227;o tinha deformidades, e o <italic>ictus cordis</italic> palpado no 5<sup>o</sup> espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo, na linha hemiclavicular. A 2<sup>a</sup> bulha no foco pulmonar era hiperfon&#233;tica. Auscultava-se sopro cont&#237;nuo de grande intensidade no bordo esternal esquerdo alto, acompanhado de fr&#234;mito de igual intensidade. A ausculta pulmonar era normal e n&#227;o havia visceromegalias.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma demonstrou ritmo sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 120 bpm, sinais de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda e altera&#231;&#245;es difusas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A radiografia simples de t&#243;rax mostrava aumento discreto da &#225;rea card&#237;aca, com abaulamento do arco m&#233;dio e acentua&#231;&#227;o da vascularidade pulmonar, principalmente na regi&#227;o hilar.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler confirmou a suspeita cl&#237;nica de persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial com hiperfluxo pulmonar, mensurando-o em 4,5mm de di&#226;metro e o caracterizando como de moderada repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
    <p>Optou-se pelo fechamento do canal arterial atrav&#233;s do tratamento percut&#226;neo. Em face da grande dimens&#227;o do canal arterial, foram utilizadas tr&#234;s molas de Gianturco<sup>R</sup> (William Cook, Europe), posicionadas de maneira empilhada. O procedimento n&#227;o obteve sucesso por falha na oclus&#227;o do canal arterial com migra&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos para a &#225;rvore pulmonar esquerda. Foi poss&#237;vel no mesmo procedimento, o resgate de duas molas; a &#250;ltima se alojou numa das ramifica&#231;&#245;es da art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda, n&#227;o tendo sido poss&#237;vel sua recupera&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0077-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O paciente foi, submetido a uma investiga&#231;&#227;o complementar, no sentido de localizar precisamente o local da emboliza&#231;&#227;o da mola e suas repercuss&#245;es sobre a perfus&#227;o pulmonar. Neste sentido, a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o pulmonar mostrou um fluxo diminuido para o pulm&#227;o esquerdo (34%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao direito (61%). Ademais, a tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax localizou a presen&#231;a de material hipoatenuante de densidade met&#225;lica na proje&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria interlobular descendente esquerda.</p>
    <p>Em vista do comprometimento da perfus&#227;o pulmonar por emboliza&#231;&#227;o da mola &#224; esquerda, tratamento cir&#250;rgico foi realizado de maneira programada e eletiva, cerca de seis meses ap&#243;s o cateterismo intervencionista. Sob anestesia geral balanceada, foi realizada a esternotomia mediana, pericardiotomia longitudinal e instala&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea atrav&#233;s de canula&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente e bicaval. A sec&#231;&#227;o e sutura do canal arterial foi realizada durante o per&#237;odo de resfriamento. Sob hipotermia profunda, a 20&#186; Celsius e parada circulat&#243;ria total de 10min, foi realizada a arteriotomia pulmonar esquerda, e identificada a presen&#231;a de material met&#225;lico na art&#233;ria lobar inferior esquerda. A mola encontrava-se coberta por endot&#233;lio vascular, bem aderida &#224; parede arterial, ocluindo o fluxo do segmento pulmonar correspondente. N&#227;o havia trombose localizada. A retirada da mola foi completa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>), realizada por acesso direto, sem aux&#237;lio de endosc&#243;pio, uma vez que se localizava no ramo lobar, restando discreto desnudamento do endot&#233;lio arterial, restabelecendo-se assim a perviabilidade arterial pulmonar.</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0077-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foi considerada boa e sem complica&#231;&#245;es. Houve desaparecimento do sopro cont&#237;nuo, normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos pulsos perif&#233;ricos e o paciente obteve alta no 4<underline><sup>o</sup></underline> dia ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tratamento da persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial &#233; tradicionalmente cir&#250;rgico<sup>7</sup>. Recentemente, outras t&#233;cnicas menos invasivas t&#234;m ganhado &#234;nfase, como por exemplo a toracoscopia <sup>8</sup>, a minitoracotomia com acesso extrapleural <sup>9</sup> e o cateterismo intervencionista <sup>10</sup>. Este &#250;ltimo ganhou impulso crescente desde a descri&#231;&#227;o inicial por Gianturco e cols.<sup>11</sup>, em 1975. Desde ent&#227;o, alguns dispositivos t&#234;m sido investigados, com efic&#225;cias vari&#225;veis, sistemas de libera&#231;&#227;o complexos e caros.</p>
    <p>O progresso tecnol&#243;gico levou ao primeiro fechamento percut&#226;neo do canal arterial com o uso de molas, em 1992<sup>12</sup>, e se firmou como tratamento de escolha para canais arteriais com menos de 4mm de di&#226;metro em muitas institui&#231;&#245;es em todo o mundo. Este fato &#233; justificado pelo seu alto grau de efic&#225;cia (88% <sup>3</sup> a 95% <sup>4</sup>), baixo &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es e custos semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o em grupos selecionados de pacientes<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es do tratamento intervencionista incluem a falha do fechamento do canal arterial, a emboliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, a estenose da art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda, les&#227;o ou oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral e hem&#243;lise. A emboliza&#231;&#227;o (3,8% dos casos<sup>4</sup>) pode ocorrer durante o procedimento ou tardiamente, sendo mais frequente nos portadores de defeitos de grande di&#226;metro e nos quais foram utilizados mais de um dispositivo, como no caso relatado. A emboliza&#231;&#227;o ocorre mais comumente para a circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar que para a sist&#234;mica, devido ao gradiente de press&#227;o existente entre elas. O tratamento desta complica&#231;&#227;o consiste, na maioria dos casos, no resgate do dispositivo no pr&#243;prio procedimento intervencionista.</p>
    <p>Raros s&#227;o os casos relatados na literatura nos quais houve a necessidade de al&#237;vio cir&#250;rgico de &#234;mbolos que obstruiam de maneira significativa algum ponto arterial pulmonar, e alguns autores<sup>4</sup> at&#233; advogam conduta expectante nesses casos. Na nossa opini&#227;o, o tratamento de qualquer emboliza&#231;&#227;o de material estranho para a art&#233;ria pulmonar, que n&#227;o tenha sido resgatado pelo cateterismo intervencionista, deve ser cir&#250;rgico. Em geral, procede-se &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o imediatamente ap&#243;s o cateterismo card&#237;aco o que torna talvez mais simples a remo&#231;&#227;o do &#234;mbolo, dado que inexiste &#224; rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria. No caso presente, a remo&#231;&#227;o foi feita cerca de seis meses ap&#243;s a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o o que criou maior dificuldade t&#233;cnica, devido &#224; ader&#234;ncia &#224; parede arterial e &#224; endoteliza&#231;&#227;o do material. Percebeu-se que o procedimento foi ben&#233;fico, possibilitando a desobstru&#231;&#227;o arterial e a maior perfus&#227;o pulmonar, apesar da necessidade de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e de parada circulat&#243;ria total. Ali&#225;s, em rela&#231;&#227;o a este tipo de tratamento, a mola encoberta por endot&#233;lio impossibilitaria sua remo&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de novas tentativas pelo cateterismo intervencionista.</p>
    <p>Acreditamos que, em casos semelhantes, a conduta cir&#250;rgica deva ser adotada, visando melhor perspectiva cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica, assim como evitando-se a possibilidade de endotelite no local da obstru&#231;&#227;o. Ao longo do tempo, al&#233;m da perfus&#227;o pulmonar prejudicada pela crescente estenose da art&#233;ria lobar, outras complica&#231;&#245;es surgiriam como poss&#237;vel sobrecarga de volume e hipertens&#227;o em outros territ&#243;rios pulmonares. A endotelite infecciosa no local da obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial ou pr&#243;ximo dela em decorr&#234;ncia de outras deformidades causadas, seria sem d&#250;vida a complica&#231;&#227;o mais esperada e temida nesta evolu&#231;&#227;o. Estes elementos refor&#231;am a conduta cir&#250;rgica adotada, tornando-a por isso at&#233; obrigat&#243;ria em casos semelhantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Atik E. Cateterismo card&#237;aco intervencionista na cardiologia pedi&#225;trica: o posicionamento m&#233;dico quanto &#224;s aplica&#231;&#245;es atuais e perspectivas. Arq Bras Cardiol 2002; 79: 443-5.</p>
    <p>2. Fedderly RT, Beekman RH, Mosca RS, Bove EL, Lloyd TR. Comparison of hospital charges for closure of patent ductus arteriosus by surgery and by transcatheter coil occlusion. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: 776-9.</p>
    <p>3. Galal O, de Moor M, Fadley F, et al. Problems encountered during introduction of Gianturco coils for transcatheter occlusion of the patent arterial duct. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 625-30.</p>
    <p>4. Magee AG, Huggon IC, Seed PT, Qureshi SA, Tynan M. Transcatheter coil occlusion of the arterial duct. Results of the European Registry. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1817-21.</p>
    <p>5. Goyal VS, Fulwani MC, Ramakantan R, Kulkarni HL, Dalvi BV. Follow-up after coil closure of patent ductus arteriosus. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 463-6.</p>
    <p>6. Sim&#245;es LC, Pedra CAC, Esteves CA, et al. Fechamento percut&#226;neo do canal arterial com a pr&#243;tese Amplatzer: experi&#234;ncia no Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2001; 77: 526-31.</p>
    <p>7. Mavroudis C, Backer CL, Gewitz M. Forty-six years of patent ductus arteriosus division at Children's Memorial Hospital of Chicago: standards for comparison. Ann Surg 1994; 220: 402-10.</p>
    <p>8. Jatene FB, Assad RS, P&#234;go-Fernandes P, et al. Video-assisted surgery for closure of patent ductus arteriosus. Study in sheep and initial clinical experience. Arq Bras Cardiol 1994; 63: 469-72.</p>
    <p>9. Miles RH, Delcon SY, Muraskas J, et al. Safety of patent ductus arteriosus closure in premature infants without tube thoracostomy. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 59: 668-70.</p>
    <p>10. Allen HD, Beekman RH III, Garson A, Hijazi ZM, Mullins C, O'Laughlin MP, Taubert KA. Pediatric therapeutic cardiac catheterization. A statement for healthcare professionals from the council on cardiovascular disease in the young, American Heart Association. Circulation 1998; 97: 609-25.</p>
    <p>11. Gianturco C, Anderson JH, Wallace S. Mechanical devices for arterial occlusion. Am J Roentgenol Ther Nucl Med 1975; 124: 428-35.</p>
    <p>12. Cambier PA, Kirby WC, Wortham DC, Moore JW. Percutaneous closure of the small (less than 2.5 mm) PDA using coil embolization. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 815-6.</p>
    <p>13. Hawkins JA, Minich LL, Tani LY, Sturtevant JE, Orsmond GS, McGough EC. Cost and efficacy of surgical ligation versus transcatheter coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 112: 1634-9.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p>Fernando Antibas Atik </p>
        <p> Av. Chibar&#225;s, 626/101 </p>
        <p> Cep 04076-003 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="atik@uol.com.br">atik@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em: 27/2/03 </p>
    <p>Aceito em: 26/5/03</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Surgical treatment of coil embolization to the pulmonary artery after an attempt at percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Surgical treatment of coil embolization to the pulmonary artery after an attempt at percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fernando Antibas Atik; Fabio Biscegli Jatene; Paulo Henrique N. Costa; Edmar Atik; Miguel Barbero-Marcial; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the FMUSP</p>
      <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <italic>The embolization of one of the 3 Gianturco coils used for closure of a large ductus arteriosus in a child aged 5 years and 6 months, located in the left pulmonary artery, required surgical intervention after 6 months, due to a decrease in perfusion to that lung. Section and suture of the ductus arteriosus were performed, and, with the patient under deep hypothermia and through left pulmonary arteriotomy, the obstructive coil was removed. That coil was located in the inferior lobar artery, adhered to the arterial wall, and covered with endothelium. Because no thrombus existed in the place, pulmonary arterial patency was totally reestablished.</italic>
      </p>
      <p>The effectiveness, low complication rate, and adequate evolution of intervention with cardiac catheterization in several congenital cardiac defects have drawn the attention of the current therapeutic management to that method <sup>1</sup>. For percutaneous closure of ductus arteriosus, several devices have been used. However, Gianturco coils have become the most indicated device for small-diameter defects (up to 3 mm) due to their low cost <sup>2</sup>, good efficacy, and low complication rate. The major complication is embolization <sup>3</sup> of the device, with an incidence ranging from 3.8% <sup>4</sup> to 20% <sup>3</sup>, especially in ductus arteriosus greater than 4 mm and those with tubular morphology. The risk is attenuated due to the possibility of coil retrieval during the interventional catheterization itself <sup>5</sup>, or due to the use of other more appropriate devices, such as the Amplatzer prosthesis <sup>6</sup>. The need for surgical removal of the embolus rarely occurs, which motivated this case report, in which embolization had occurred 6 months earlier, leading to impairment of perfusion to the left lung.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was a male child aged 5 years and 6 months, admitted to the outpatient care clinics of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Faculdade de Medicina of the University of S&#227;o Paulo with a history of fatigue on physical exertion and repetitive respiratory infections. On physical examination, the patient was in good general condition, active, afebrile, acyanotic, eupneic, and his pulses were wide in his 4 limbs. His weight was 22 kg and his height 116 cm. His heart rate was 90 bpm, and his blood pressure was 100/50 mmHg. His precordial area showed no deformities, and the cardiac apex was palpated on the fifth left intercostal space in the midclavicular line. The second cardiac sound on the pulmonary focus had increased intensity. A continuous murmur of great intensity was heard in the high left sternal margin, accompanied by a thrill of equal intensity. The pulmonary auscultation was normal, and no visceromegaly was evidenced.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with a heart rate of 120 bpm, signs of left ventricular overload and diffuse alterations in ventricular repolarization. A simple chest X-ray showed a mildly enlarged cardiac area, bulging of the middle arch, and accentuation of the pulmonary vasculature, mainly in the hilar region.</p>
      <p>Doppler 2-dimensional echocardiography confirmed the clinical suspicion of persistent ductus arteriosus with increased pulmonary blood flow and a diameter of 4.5 mm. It was characterized as having moderate hemodynamic repercussion.</p>
      <p>The percutaneous treatment was chosen to close the ductus arteriosus. Because of the great dimension of the ductus arteriosus, 3 Gianturco coils (William Cook, Europe) were chosen and stacked. The procedure was not successful due to an accident in occluding the ductus arteriosus, with migration of the coils to the left pulmonary tree. In the same procedure, retrieval of 2 coils was possible; the last one became embedded in one branch of the left pulmonary artery, and could not be retrieved (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0077-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient underwent a complementary investigation to locate the precise site of coil embolization and to determine its repercussion on pulmonary perfusion. Pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy showed a decreased flow to the left lung (34%) as compared with that to the right lung (61%). In addition, chest computed tomography identified the presence of hypoattenuation of metallic density in the projection of the left descending interlobular artery.</p>
      <p>Because of the impairment of pulmonary perfusion to the left caused by coil embolization, surgical treatment was performed in a programmed and elective manner approximately 6 months after interventional catheterization. Under balanced general anesthesia, the following steps were taken: median sternotomy, longitudinal pericardiotomy, and installation of extracorporeal circulation through the ascending aorta and bicaval cannulation. Section and suture of the ductus arteriosus was performed during the cooling period. With the patient under deep hypothermia at 20&#186; Celsius and total circulatory arrest for 10 minutes, left pulmonary arteriotomy was performed, and the presence of a metallic material was identified in the left inferior lobar artery. The coil was well adhered to the arterial wall and covered with vascular endothelium, occluding blood flow to the corresponding pulmonary segment. No localized thrombosis was evident. The coil was completely removed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">fig. 2</xref>) through right access, without the aid of endoscopy, because it was located in the lobar branch, leaving a slight denudement of arterial endothelium. As such, pulmonary arterial patency was reestablished.</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0077-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The postoperative evolution was considered good and uneventful. The continuous murmur disappeared, the peripheral pulses normalized, and the patient was discharged from the hospital on the fourth day after surgical intervention.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The treatment of persistent ductus arteriosus is traditionally surgical <sup>7</sup>. Recently, other less invasive techniques have gained emphasis, such as thoracoscopy <sup>8</sup>, minithoracotomy with extrapleural access <sup>9</sup>, and interventional catheterization <sup>10</sup>. The latter has gained increasing attention since the initial report by Gianturco et al <sup>11</sup> in 1975. Since then, some devices with varying efficacy and complex and expensive deployment systems have been investigated.</p>
      <p>Technological progress led to the first percutaneous closure of ductus arteriosus using coils in 1992 <sup>12</sup>, being established as the treatment of choice for patent ductus arteriosus with diameters smaller than 4 mm in many institutions worldwide. This fact is justified by its high degree of efficacy (88% <sup>3</sup> to 95% <sup>4</sup>), low index of complications, and costs similar to those of surgery in select groups of patients <sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The complications of interventional treatment include the lack of closure of ductus arteriosus, embolization of the device, left pulmonary artery stenosis, lesion or occlusion of the femoral artery, and hemolysis. Embolization (3.8% of the cases <sup>4</sup>) may occur during the procedure or later, being more frequent in individuals with large-diameter defects, in which more than one device is used, as in the case here reported. Embolization occurs more commonly to the pulmonary circulation than to the systemic circulation, due to the pressure gradient existing between them. In most cases, the treatment of this complication consists of retrieving the device during the interventional procedure itself.</p>
      <p>The report of cases requiring surgical relief of the emboli significantly obstructing a point in the pulmonary artery is rare, and some authors <sup>4</sup> even recommend the expectant management in these cases. In our opinion, the treatment of any embolization of foreign material to the pulmonary artery, which had not been rescued on interventional catheterization, should be surgical. Usually, the surgery is performed right after cardiac catheterization, which may facilitate the removal of the embolus, because no inflammatory reaction exists yet. In the present case, the removal was performed approximately 6 months after catheterization, which increased the technical difficulty, due to adherence of the coil to the arterial wall and its endothelialization. The procedure was beneficial, enabling arterial clearing and greater pulmonary perfusion, despite the need for extracorporeal circulation and total circulatory arrest. In addition, the endothelialization of the coil would have made its removal with new attempts on interventional catheterization impossible.</p>
      <p>We believe that, in similar cases, surgical management should be adopted, aiming at a better clinical and hemodynamic perspective, and at avoiding the possibility of endothelitis at the site of obstruction. Over time, in addition to the impaired pulmonary perfusion due to the increasing stenosis of the lobar artery, other complications could appear, such as the possible overload of volume and hypertension in other pulmonary territories. Infectious endothelitis in the site of arterial obstruction or close to it resulting from other deformities was the most expected and feared complication in this evolution. These elements reinforce the surgical management adopted, making it even obligatory in similar cases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Atik E. Cateterismo card&#237;aco intervencionista na cardiologia pedi&#225;trica: o posicionamento m&#233;dico quanto &#224;s aplica&#231;&#245;es atuais e perspectivas. Arq Bras Cardiol 2002; 79: 443-5.</p>
      <p>2. Fedderly RT, Beekman RH, Mosca RS, Bove EL, Lloyd TR. Comparison of hospital charges for closure of patent ductus arteriosus by surgery and by transcatheter coil occlusion. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: 776-9.</p>
      <p>3. Galal O, de Moor M, Fadley F, et al. Problems encountered during introduction of Gianturco coils for transcatheter occlusion of the patent arterial duct. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 625-30.</p>
      <p>4. Magee AG, Huggon IC, Seed PT, Qureshi SA, Tynan M. Transcatheter coil occlusion of the arterial duct. Results of the European Registry. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1817-21.</p>
      <p>5. Goyal VS, Fulwani MC, Ramakantan R, Kulkarni HL, Dalvi BV. Follow-up after coil closure of patent ductus arteriosus. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 463-6.</p>
      <p>6. Sim&#245;es LC, Pedra CAC, Esteves CA, et al. Fechamento percut&#226;neo do canal arterial com a pr&#243;tese Amplatzer: experi&#234;ncia no Brasil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2001; 77: 526-31.</p>
      <p>7. Mavroudis C, Backer CL, Gewitz M. Forty-six years of patent ductus arteriosus division at Children's Memorial Hospital of Chicago: standards for comparison. Ann Surg 1994; 220: 402-10.</p>
      <p>8. Jatene FB, Assad RS, P&#234;go-Fernandes P, et al. Video-assisted surgery for closure of patent ductus arteriosus. Study in sheep and initial clinical experience. Arq Bras Cardiol 1994; 63: 469-72.</p>
      <p>9. Miles RH, Delcon SY, Muraskas J, et al. Safety of patent ductus arteriosus closure in premature infants without tube thoracostomy. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 59: 668-70.</p>
      <p>10. Allen HD, Beekman RH III, Garson A, Hijazi ZM, Mullins C, O'Laughlin MP, Taubert KA. Pediatric therapeutic cardiac catheterization. A statement for healthcare professionals from the council on cardiovascular disease in the young, American Heart Association. Circulation 1998; 97: 609-25.</p>
      <p>11. Gianturco C, Anderson JH, Wallace S. Mechanical devices for arterial occlusion. Am J Roentgenol Ther Nucl Med 1975; 124: 428-35.</p>
      <p>12. Cambier PA, Kirby WC, Wortham DC, Moore JW. Percutaneous closure of the small (less than 2.5 mm) PDA using coil embolization. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 815-6.</p>
      <p>13. Hawkins JA, Minich LL, Tani LY, Sturtevant JE, Orsmond GS, McGough EC. Cost and efficacy of surgical ligation versus transcatheter coil occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 112: 1634-9.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Fernando Antibas Atik</p>
          <p> Av. Chibar&#225;s 626/101</p>
          <p> Cep 04076-003 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="atik@uol.com.br">atik@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 2/27/03</p>
      <p>Accepted: 5/26/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
