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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9Ry6mMssGrDT5tLdYhPhyFS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001300007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001300007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Casos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infarto mioc&#225;rdico inferior e choque associado a obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Br&#225;ulio Muzzi Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Frank</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dani</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Ulhoa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gusm&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>69</fpage>
      <lpage>72</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Infarto mioc&#225;rdico i<bold>nferior e choque associado a obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</bold></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Br&#225;ulio Muzzi Ribeiro de Oliveira; Frank Nunes; Denise Ulhoa Dani; Jo&#227;o Batista Gusm&#227;o; Jos&#233; Luiz Barros Pena</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte </p>
    <p>Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <italic>Relatamos o caso de um paciente admitido no setor de emerg&#234;ncia do nosso servi&#231;o com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em parede inferior, submetido a angioplastia prim&#225;ria, complicado com choque n&#227;o responsivo a administra&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas e a bal&#227;o de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico foi crucial na demonstra&#231;&#227;o da movimenta&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica anterior da valva mitral obstruindo a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
    </p>
    <p>Obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com movimenta&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica anterior da valva mitral tem sido descrita associada a v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es como hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica hipertensiva<sup>1</sup>, estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica excessiva<sup>2,3</sup>, tamponamento peric&#225;rdico<sup>4</sup>, testes de estresse com dobutamina<sup>5</sup>, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de plastia de valva mitral<sup>6</sup> e troca valvar a&#243;rtica<sup>7</sup>, al&#233;m da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva. Alguns casos de obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, complicando infarto do mioc&#225;rdio anterior t&#234;m sido descritos<sup>8-12</sup>, mas at&#233; o momento nenhum de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em parede inferior associado a essa entidade. Os achados hemodin&#226;micos no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio agravado por obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo t&#234;m algumas implica&#231;&#245;es no tratamento, que n&#227;o s&#227;o comuns ao tratamento do infarto sem essa complica&#231;&#227;o. Na situa&#231;&#227;o de deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, o uso de bal&#227;o de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico pode ser delet&#233;rio ao paciente com diagn&#243;stico dessa obstru&#231;&#227;o e pode impedir a melhora da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica<sup>13,14</sup>. O uso de vasodilatadores e algumas catecolaminas tamb&#233;m podem piorar o estado de choque<sup>14</sup>. Neste artigo, relatamos o caso de um paciente com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio inferior associado &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo agravado pelo uso de bal&#227;o de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 87 anos de idade, admitido no hospital ap&#243;s epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ncope, sem queixa de dor tor&#225;cica. Ao exame f&#237;sico, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica era de 70/40 mmHg e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 108 bpm. A ausculta card&#237;aca revelava sopro sist&#243;lico regurgitativo de intensidade III/VI, melhor aud&#237;vel no &#225;pice. O restante do exame f&#237;sico era normal. O eletrocardiograma mostrava um supradesnivelamento do segmento ST de 4mm em deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores. Implantado um bal&#227;o de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, foi encaminhado para estudo hemodin&#226;mico imediato. A coronariografia evidenciava art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita dominante, oclus&#227;o no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria descendente posterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1a">fig. 1-A</xref>) e obstru&#231;&#227;o moderada no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria descendente anterior. A ventriculografia esquerda mostrava acinesia da parede inferior e septal e uma importante regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2a">fig. 2-A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="figura2b">B</xref>). Realizada angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria descendente posterior, com sucesso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1b">fig. 1-B</xref>), sendo administrado abxicimab. O paciente foi encaminhado &#224; Unidade Coronariana e, devido &#224; presen&#231;a de choque refrat&#225;rio, foram iniciadas dobutamina e noradrenalina, e instalada ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Os valores de creatinafosfoquinase (CPK) e sua fra&#231;&#227;o m&#250;sculo-cerebral (MB) atingiram picos de 165 e 30 U/L, respectivamente. Devido a ocorr&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral e choque irresponsivo ao tratamento institu&#237;do, foi requisitado ecocardiograma a fim de se excluir poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas do infarto. Realizado ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico ap&#243;s a constata&#231;&#227;o de uma janela transtor&#225;cica de qualidade ruim, que demonstrou acinesia do septo inferior e parede inferior, sem nenhuma outra anormalidade de contra&#231;&#227;o. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o estimada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era de 45% e n&#227;o foi evidenciada hipercinesia compensat&#243;ria de outros segmentos. Observou-se movimenta&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica anterior da valva mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>) associada a regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada. O Doppler cont&#237;nuo evidenciou um gradiente de pico na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 186 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4a">fig. 4-A</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura1a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0069-00007-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="figura1b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0069-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="figura2a">
      <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/9Ry6mMssGrDT5tLdYhPhyFS/6148e88be23ed3583dbd051bef8dbbf5f55e5018.jpg"/>
    <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0069-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0069-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura4a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0069-00007-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="figura4b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0069-00007-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O paciente mantinha-se em uso de altas doses de dobutamina e noradrenalina e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia do bal&#227;o de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico era 1:1. Atribuindo-se o alto gradiente da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#224; presen&#231;a da movimenta&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica anterior, a infus&#227;o de dobutamina foi reduzida para 5 mcg/Kg/min e a administra&#231;&#227;o da noradrenalina interrompida. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia do bal&#227;o de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico foi diminu&#237;da, e ap&#243;s ser desligado, os gradientes da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram medidos novamente. Nesse momento, as imagens bidimensionais da movimenta&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica anterior da valva mitral observadas nos cortes longitudinal e frontal ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico permaneceram as mesmas, por&#233;m o gradiente de pico medido na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo diminuiu para 132 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4b">fig. 4-B</xref>). A despeito da interrup&#231;&#227;o daquelas medidas terap&#234;uticas, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica m&#233;dia permaneceu a mesma - 80 mmHg, assim como a press&#227;o capilar pulmonar medida com o cateter de Swan-Ganz. Ocorreram outras instabilidades hemodin&#226;micas associadas &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o de bomba card&#237;aca, que exigiram nova eleva&#231;&#227;o da dose da dobutamina e rein&#237;cio do bal&#227;o de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico.</p>
    <p>O paciente apresentou ainda, como complica&#231;&#245;es, infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar que exigiu terapia antibi&#243;tica e 29 dias de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, insufici&#234;ncia renal e coma vigil. Outro ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico foi realizado 19 dias ap&#243;s o primeiro, sendo que movimenta&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica anterior da valva mitral e gradiente da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo n&#227;o foram mais detectados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura5">fig. 5</xref>). A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda estava normal, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o estimada em 60%, e n&#227;o havia mais nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o de contratilidade de paredes. O paciente recebeu alta ap&#243;s 47 dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <fig id="figura5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0069-00007-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro caso relatado de infarto inferior associado a movimenta&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica anterior da valva mitral e obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os casos descritos em associa&#231;&#227;o com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio anterior ou apical foram atribu&#237;dos &#224; resposta hiperdin&#226;mica das por&#231;&#245;es basais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, levando &#224; acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo atrav&#233;s da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, criando-se um efeito Venturi e suc&#231;&#227;o anterior da valva mitral com sua obstru&#231;&#227;o. Para ocorr&#234;ncia desse fen&#244;meno, os segmentos basais das paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo devem apresentar perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica normal<sup>14</sup>. Neste caso relatado, o infarto n&#227;o era localizado na regi&#227;o &#226;ntero-apical, e n&#227;o se observou hipercontratilidade dos segmentos basais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>O movimento sist&#243;lico anterior &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo resultante de um balan&#231;o alterado de for&#231;as que atuam sobre o aparelho valvar mitral. O mecanismo que o causa &#233; ainda mat&#233;ria de discuss&#227;o. H&#225; duas teorias que explicam a movimenta&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica anterior da valva mitral: a hip&#243;tese de Venturi e a teoria da altera&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica de m&#250;sculo papilar-valva mitral. Esta &#250;ltima sugere que a movimenta&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica anterior da valva mitral resulta da distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal de for&#231;as nas cordoalhas, que redundariam na movimenta&#231;&#227;o anterior anormal do aparelho valvar mitral<sup>15</sup>. Foram evidenciados em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva o deslocamento anterior dos m&#250;sculos papilares, a movimenta&#231;&#227;o anterior dos folhetos mitrais e de seu ponto de coapta&#231;&#227;o, com estiramento da por&#231;&#227;o residual e alongamento dos folhetos. O redirecionamento anterior do ponto de tens&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares, causando afrouxamento dos folhetos (relacionado &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o posterior diminu&#237;da), e um comprimento aumentado do folheto residual al&#233;m do ponto de coapta&#231;&#227;o, podem levar &#224; interposi&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos na dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, levando-os a serem deslocados anterior e superiormente. Essa combina&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;as, determinando o relaxamento relativo e a redund&#226;ncia da por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia dos folhetos afetados, torna-os predispostos a serem puxados anteriormente pelas for&#231;as do fen&#244;meno de Venturi, ou empurrados anteriormente pelas for&#231;as de tens&#227;o do fluxo<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>O rearranjo na geometria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do nosso paciente pode ter alterado a rela&#231;&#227;o de espa&#231;o e for&#231;as entre os m&#250;sculos papilares, os folhetos da valva mitral, seu ponto de coapta&#231;&#227;o e a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Juntas, estas altera&#231;&#245;es poderiam determinar a precipita&#231;&#227;o e surgimento da movimenta&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica anterior da valva mitral. Assist&#234;ncia com bal&#227;o de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, causando uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga, o uso de catecolaminas e uma poss&#237;vel hipovolemia, diminuindo a cavidade ventricular, podem ter agravado o estado de obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a condi&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica do paciente. A suspens&#227;o tempor&#225;ria dessas medidas terap&#234;uticas causaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no gradiente da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A recupera&#231;&#227;o do paciente com a resolu&#231;&#227;o das anormalidades de contra&#231;&#227;o regionais, e desmame do bal&#227;o de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico e das aminas vasoativas, coincidiram com o desaparecimento completo da movimenta&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica anterior da valva mitral e da obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Como primeiro relato de infarto n&#227;o-anterior associado a movimenta&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica anterior da valva mitral e obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, este caso refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia de se ampliar nosso leque diagn&#243;stico quando s&#227;o tratados pacientes que apresentam quadro de infarto, choque refrat&#225;rio e regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral significativa, sendo que o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico desempenha importante papel diagn&#243;stico nesta condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Panza JA, Maron BJ. Simultaneous occurrence of mitral valve prolapse and systolic anterior motion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 404-10.</p>
    <p>2. Golbasi Z, Sakalli M, Cicek D, Aydogdu S. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in a patient with pheocromocytoma. Jpn Heart J 1999; 40: 831-5.</p>
    <p>3. Come PC, Bulkley BH, Goodman ZD, Hutchins GM, Pitt B, Fortuin NJ. Hypercontractile cardiac states simulating hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1977; 55: 901-8.</p>
    <p>4. Deligonul U, Uppstrom E, Penick D, Seacord L, Kern MJ. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction induced by pericardial tamponade during acute anterior myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1991; 121: 190-4.</p>
    <p>5. Pellikka PA, Oh JK, Bailey KF, Nichols BA, Monahan KH, Tajik AJ. Dynamic intraventricular obstruction during dobutamine stress echocardiography. Circulation 1992; 86: 1429-32.</p>
    <p>6. Rey MJ, Mercier LA, Castonguay Y. Echocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after mitral valvuloplasty with a flexible Duran ring. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1992; 5: 89-92.</p>
    <p>7. Aurigemma G, Battista S, Orsinelli D, Sweeney A, Pape L, Cueenoud H. Abnormal left ventricular intracavitary flow acceleration in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis: a marker for high postoperative morbidity and mortality. Circulation 1992; 86: 926-36.</p>
    <p>8. Martinez-Useros C, Basilio EG, Cid GO. Acute myocardial ischemia resulting in dynamic obstruction to the left ventricular outflow relieved by successful angioplasty. Int J Cardiol 1992; 37: 165-8.</p>
    <p>9. Joffe II, Riley MF, Katz SE, Ginsburg GS, Douglas PS. Acquired dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction complicating acute anterior myocardial infarction: serial echocardiographic and clinical evaluation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997; 10: 717-21.</p>
    <p>10. Armstrong WF, Marcovitz PA. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction as a complication of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1996; 131: 827-30.</p>
    <p>11. Bartunek J, Vanderheyden M, de Bruyne B. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after anterior myocardial infarction. A potential mechanism of myocardial rupture. Eur Heart J 1995; 16: 1439-42.</p>
    <p>12. Ohtani T, Sumimoto T, Matsuoka H, Sekiya M, Hiwada K. Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve associated with acute myocardial infarction in a 62-year-old patient. Jpn Circ J 1994; 58: 143-7.</p>
    <p>13. Tse RW, Masindet S, Stavola T, Dervan JP, Lawson WE. Acute myocardial infarction with dynamic outflow obstruction precipitated by intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Cathet Cardiovasc Diag 1996; 39: 62-6.</p>
    <p>14. Haley JH, Sinak LJ, Tajik J, Ommen SR, Oh JK. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in acute coronary syndromes: an important cause of new systolic murmur and cardiogenic shock. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74: 901-6.</p>
    <p>15. Yoganathan AP, Lemmon JD, Kim YH, Levine RA, Vesier CC. A three-dimensional computational investigation of intravascular fluid dynamics: examination into the initiation of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve leaflets. J Biomech Eng 1995; 117: 94-102.</p>
    <p>16. Weyman AE. Principles and Practice of Echocardiography. 2nd ed. Pennsylvania: Lea &amp; Febiger, 1994: 800.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p>Dr. Br&#225;ulio Muzzi R. de Oliveira </p>
        <p>Rua Pernambuco, 360/701 </p>
        <p> Belo Horizonte - MG Cep 30130-150 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="bmuzzi@cardiol.br">bmuzzi@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 16/2/03 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 5/8/03</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Inferior myocardial infarction and shock associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Inferior myocardial infarction and shock associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Br&#225;ulio Muzzi Ribeiro de Oliveira; Frank Nunes; Denise Ulhoa Dani; Jo&#227;o Batista Gusm&#227;o; Jos&#233; Luiz Barros Pena </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte</p>
      <p>Belo Horizonte; MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <italic>We report the case of a patient admitted to the emergency room of our hospital with acute myocardial infarction in the inferior wall, who underwent primary angioplasty, complicated by shock that did not respond to the administration of catecholamines and intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon. The use of transesophageal echocardiography was crucial in showing systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve obstructing the left ventricular outflow tract.</italic>
      </p>
      <p>Dynamic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve has been reported in association with several conditions, such as hypertensive concentric hypertrophy<sup>1</sup>, excessive sympathetic stimulation<sup>2,3</sup>, pericardial tamponade<sup>4</sup>, dobutamine stress tests<sup>5</sup>, postoperative mitral valvuloplasty<sup>6</sup>, and aortic valve replacement<sup>7</sup>, in addition to obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Some cases of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction complicating anterior myocardial infarction have been reported<sup>8-12</sup>; however, no case of inferior myocardial infarction has been reported in association with that entity. The hemodynamic findings of myocardial infarction aggravated by left ventricular outflow tract obstruction have some implications in the treatment; these implications are not common in the treatment of the infarction without that complication. In the situation of hemodynamic deterioration, the use of intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon may have a deleterious effect on the patient diagnosed with that obstruction and may hinder improvement in clinical condition<sup>13,14</sup>. The use of vasodilators and some catecholamines may also worsen the state of shock <sup>14</sup>. We report the case of a patient with inferior myocardial infarction associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction aggravated by the use of intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was an 87-year-old male admitted to the hospital after an episode of syncope with no complaint of chest pain. On physical examination, his systemic blood pressure was 70/40 mmHg and his heart rate was 108 bpm. Cardiac auscultation revealed a regurgitant systolic murmur (III/VI intensity), better audible in the apex. The rest of the physical examination was normal. The electrocardiogram showed a 4mm elevation in the ST segment in the inferior leads. After the implementation of intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon, the patient was referred for immediate hemodynamic study. Coronary angiography showed a dominant right coronary artery, occlusion in the middle third of the posterior descending artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1a-body2">fig. 1-A</xref>), and moderate obstruction in the middle third of the anterior descending artery. Left ventriculography showed akinesia of the inferior and septal wall and significant mitral regurgitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2a-body2">fig. 2-A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="figura2b-body2">B</xref>). Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was successfully performed in the middle third of the posterior descending artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1b-body2">fig. 1-B</xref>), and abciximab was administered. The patient was referred to the Coronary Unit, and, due to the presence of refractory shock, dobutamine and noradrenaline were initiated, and mechanical ventilation was implemented. The values of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and of its muscle-brain (MB) fraction reached peaks of 165 and 30 U/L, respectively. Due to the occurrence of mitral regurgitation and shock unresponsive to the treatment instituted, echocardiography was required to exclude possible mechanical complications of infarction. In addition, transesophageal echocardiography was performed after the demonstration of a transthoracic window of poor quality, which showed akinesia of the inferior septum and inferior wall, with no other abnormality of contractility. The estimated left ventricular ejection fraction was 45%, and no compensatory hyperkinesia of other segments was evident. Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">fig. 3</xref>) was observed in association with moderate regurgitation. The continuous Doppler evidenced a peak gradient in the left ventricular outflow tract of 186 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4a-body2">fig. 4-A</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura1a-body2"/>
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        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0069-00007-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="figura1b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0069-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
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      <fig id="figura2a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/9Ry6mMssGrDT5tLdYhPhyFS/db06c4e1b412f79f1cab2e83e3cac1f0c67873d0.jpg"/>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0069-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0069-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura4a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0069-00007-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
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        <fig id="figura4b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0069-00007-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
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      <p>The patient continued to use high doses of dobutamine and noradrenaline, and the frequency of the intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon was 1:1. As the high gradient of the left ventricular outflow tract was attributed to the presence of systolic anterior motion, the infusion of dobutamine was reduced to 5 mcg/Kg/min, and the administration of noradrenaline was interrupted. The frequency of intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon was reduced, and, after it was turned off, the left ventricular outflow tract gradients were measured again. At that time, the 2-dimensional images of the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve observed on the longitudinal and frontal views of the transesophageal echocardiogram remained the same; however, the peak gradient measured in the left ventricular outflow tract decreased to 132 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4b-body2">fig. 4-B</xref>). Despite the interruption of those therapeutic measures, the mean systemic blood pressure remained the same (80 mmHg), as did the pulmonary capillary pressure measured with the Swan-Ganz catheter. Other hemodynamic instabilities associated with deterioration in the function of the cardiac pump occurred, requiring a new elevation in the dose of dobutamine and the restart of intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon.</p>
      <p>The patient also had the following complications: pulmonary infection, which required antibiotic therapy and 29 days of mechanical ventilation, renal failure, and vigil coma. Another transesophageal echocardiography was performed 19 days after the first one, but neither systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve nor a left ventricular outflow tract gradient was detected (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura5-body2">fig. 5</xref>). Left ventricular function was normal, the estimated ejection fraction was 60%, and no alteration in the contractility of the walls was observed. The patient was discharged after 47 days of hospitalization.</p>
      <fig id="figura5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0069-00007-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As far as we know, this is the first case report on the association of inferior infarction and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The cases reported in association with anterior or apical myocardial infarction were attributed to the hyperdynamic response of the left ventricular basal portions, leading to acceleration of blood flow through the left ventricular outflow tract, creating a Venturi effect and anterior suction of the mitral valve, with its obstruction. For this phenomenon to occur, the basal segments of the left ventricular walls should have normal myocardial perfusion<sup>14</sup>. In the case reported here, the infarction was not located in the antero-apical region, and no hypercontractility of the left ventricular basal segments was observed.</p>
      <p>Systolic anterior motion is a condition of the left ventricle that results from an altered balance of forces that act on the mitral valve apparatus. The mechanism of its cause is still controversial. There are 2 theories to explain systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve: the Venturi hypothesis and the theory of geometrical alteration of the papillary muscle-mitral valve. The latter states that systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve results from the abnormal distribution of forces in the chordae tendineae, which causes the abnormal anterior motion of the mitral valve apparatus<sup>15</sup>. In patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the anterior dislocation of the papillary muscles, the anterior motion of the mitral leaflets and of its point of coaptation, with strengthening of its residual portion and stretching of the leaflets were evidenced. The anterior redirecting of the point of tension of the papillary muscles, causing loosening of the leaflets (related to the decreased posterior restriction), and increase in the length of the residual leaflet up to the point of coaptation may lead to interposition of the leaflets in the direction of the flow of the left ventricular outflow tract, causing their anterior and superior dislocation. This combination of forces, determining the relative relaxation and redundancy of the middle portion of the affected leaflets, makes them prone to being anteriorly pulled by the forces of the Venturi phenomenon, or anteriorly pushed by the forces of flow tension<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The rearrangement in the left ventricular geometry of our patient may have altered the relation between space and forces in the papillary muscles, the mitral valve leaflets, its point of coaptation, and the left ventricular outflow tract. Together, these alterations could cause the precipitation and appearance of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. The use of intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon, causing a reduction in afterload, the use of catecholamines, and a possible hypovolemia, diminishing the ventricular cavity, may have aggravated the state of the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and the patient's hemodynamic condition. The temporary suspension of these therapeutic measures caused a decrease in the left ventricular outflow tract gradient. The patient's recovery with resolution of the regional abnormalities of contractility and weaning from the intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon and from the vasoactive amines coincided with the complete disappearance of the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve and the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.</p>
      <p>As the first report on the association of non-anterior infarction and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, this case emphasizes the importance of widening our diagnostic range when treating patients with infarction, refractory shock, and significant mitral regurgitation. Transesophageal echocardiography plays an important diagnostic role in this clinical condition.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Panza JA, Maron BJ. Simultaneous occurrence of mitral valve prolapse and systolic anterior motion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 404-10.</p>
      <p>2. Golbasi Z, Sakalli M, Cicek D, Aydogdu S. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in a patient with pheocromocytoma. Jpn Heart J 1999; 40: 831-5.</p>
      <p>3. Come PC, Bulkley BH, Goodman ZD, Hutchins GM, Pitt B, Fortuin NJ. Hypercontractile cardiac states simulating hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1977; 55: 901-8.</p>
      <p>4. Deligonul U, Uppstrom E, Penick D, Seacord L, Kern MJ. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction induced by pericardial tamponade during acute anterior myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1991; 121: 190-4.</p>
      <p>5. Pellikka PA, Oh JK, Bailey KF, Nichols BA, Monahan KH, Tajik AJ. Dynamic intraventricular obstruction during dobutamine stress echocardiography. Circulation 1992; 86: 1429-32.</p>
      <p>6. Rey MJ, Mercier LA, Castonguay Y. Echocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after mitral valvuloplasty with a flexible Duran ring. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1992; 5: 89-92.</p>
      <p>7. Aurigemma G, Battista S, Orsinelli D, Sweeney A, Pape L, Cueenoud H. Abnormal left ventricular intracavitary flow acceleration in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis: a marker for high postoperative morbidity and mortality. Circulation 1992; 86: 926-36.</p>
      <p>8. Martinez-Useros C, Basilio EG, Cid GO. Acute myocardial ischemia resulting in dynamic obstruction to the left ventricular outflow relieved by successful angioplasty. Int J Cardiol 1992; 37: 165-8.</p>
      <p>9. Joffe II, Riley MF, Katz SE, Ginsburg GS, Douglas PS. Acquired dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction complicating acute anterior myocardial infarction: serial echocardiographic and clinical evaluation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997; 10: 717-21.</p>
      <p>10. Armstrong WF, Marcovitz PA. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction as a complication of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1996; 131: 827-30.</p>
      <p>11. Bartunek J, Vanderheyden M, de Bruyne B. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after anterior myocardial infarction. A potential mechanism of myocardial rupture. Eur Heart J 1995; 16: 1439-42.</p>
      <p>12. Ohtani T, Sumimoto T, Matsuoka H, Sekiya M, Hiwada K. Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve associated with acute myocardial infarction in a 62-year-old patient. Jpn Circ J 1994; 58: 143-7.</p>
      <p>13. Tse RW, Masindet S, Stavola T, Dervan JP, Lawson WE. Acute myocardial infarction with dynamic outflow obstruction precipitated by intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Cathet Cardiovasc Diag 1996; 39: 62-6.</p>
      <p>14. Haley JH, Sinak LJ, Tajik J, Ommen SR, Oh JK. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in acute coronary syndromes: an important cause of new systolic murmur and cardiogenic shock. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74: 901-6.</p>
      <p>15. Yoganathan AP, Lemmon JD, Kim YH, Levine RA, Vesier CC. A three-dimensional computational investigation of intravascular fluid dynamics: examination into the initiation of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve leaflets. J Biomech Eng 1995; 117: 94-102.</p>
      <p>16. Weyman AE. Principles and Practice of Echocardiography. 2nd ed. Pennsylvania: Lea &amp; Febiger, 1994: 800.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Br&#225;ulio Muzzi R. de Oliveira</p>
          <p> Rua Pernambuco, 360/701</p>
          <p> Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil - Cep 30130-150</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="bmuzzi@cardiol.br">bmuzzi@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 2/16/03</p>
      <p>Accepted: 8/5/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
      <p content-type="break">Dr. Br&#225;ulio Muzzi R. de Oliveira </p>
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