<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SC4gKK6SMQDMXcRx8CKvxnq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001300005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fluxo no ducto venoso e hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcantonio</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luchese</surname>
            <given-names>Stelamaris</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hatem</surname>
            <given-names>Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scheid</surname>
            <given-names>Marlui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M&#226;nica</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Ioschpe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Satler</surname>
            <given-names>Fab&#237;ola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piccoli Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>45</fpage>
      <lpage>50</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Testar a hip&#243;tese de que o &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade do ducto venoso (IPDV) &#233; maior nos fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas (FMD) com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica (HM) do que em FMD sem HM e em fetos controles de m&#227;es n&#227;o diab&#233;ticas (FMND) comparando os resultados com os picos de velocidade dos fluxos diast&#243;licos nas valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal incluindo fetos com idade gestacional entre 20 semanas at&#233; o termo, divididos em 3 grupos: 56 FMD com HM (grupo I), 36 FMD sem HM (grupo II) e 53 FMND (grupo III, controle). O Doppler-ecocardiograma avaliou o IPDV atrav&#233;s da raz&#227;o (velocidade sist&#243;lica - velocidade pr&#233;-sist&#243;lica)/velocidade m&#233;dia. As ondas E e A dos fluxos mitral e tric&#250;spide foram tamb&#233;m avaliadas. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia do IPDV no grupo I foi de 1,13 &#177; 0,64, no grupo II, de 0,84 &#177; 0,38 e no grupo III de 0,61&#177;0,17. Aplicando-se a ANOVA e o teste de Tukey, houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os 3 grupos (p= 0,015 entre os grupos I e II, p &lt; 0,001 entre os grupos I e III e p = 0,017 entre os grupos II e III). A m&#233;dia da onda E mitral foi significativamente maior no grupo I (0,39 &#177; 0,12 m/s) do que nos grupos II (0,32 &#177; 0,08 m/s) (p=0,024) e III (0,32 &#177; 0,08 m/s) (p=0,023). A m&#233;dia da onda E tric&#250;spide foi tamb&#233;m maior no grupo I (0,43 &#177; 0,1 m/s) do que no grupo III (0,35 &#177; 0,10 m/s) (p= 0,031). CONCLUS&#195;O: O IPDV &#233; significativamente maior em FMD com HM do que em FMD sem HM e do que em FMND. Como o IPDV pode representar modifica&#231;&#245;es na complac&#234;ncia ventricular, este &#237;ndice pode ser um par&#226;metro mais sens&#237;vel para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>diabetes materno</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica fetal</kwd>
        <kwd>ducto venoso</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fluxo no ducto venoso e hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo Zielinsky; Silvana Marcantonio; Luiz Henrique Nicoloso; Stelamaris Luchese; Domingos Hatem; Marlui Scheid; Jo&#227;o Luiz M&#226;nica; Eduardo Ioschpe Gus; Fab&#237;ola Satler; Ant&#244;nio L. Piccoli Jr.</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Pediatria da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul </p>
    <p>Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Testar a hip&#243;tese de que o &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade do ducto venoso (IPDV) &#233; maior nos fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas (FMD) com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica (HM) do que em FMD sem HM e em fetos controles de m&#227;es n&#227;o diab&#233;ticas (FMND) comparando os resultados com os picos de velocidade dos fluxos diast&#243;licos nas valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide. </p>
    <p><bold> M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal incluindo fetos com idade gestacional entre 20 semanas at&#233; o termo, divididos em 3 grupos: 56 FMD com HM (grupo I), 36 FMD sem HM (grupo II) e 53 FMND (grupo III, controle). O Doppler-ecocardiograma avaliou o IPDV atrav&#233;s da raz&#227;o (velocidade sist&#243;lica &#150; velocidade pr&#233;-sist&#243;lica)/velocidade m&#233;dia. As ondas E e A dos fluxos mitral e tric&#250;spide foram tamb&#233;m avaliadas. </p>
    <p><bold> RESULTADOS:</bold> A m&#233;dia do IPDV no grupo I foi de 1,13 &#177; 0,64, no grupo II, de 0,84 &#177; 0,38 e no grupo III de 0,61&#177;0,17. Aplicando-se a ANOVA e o teste de Tukey, houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os 3 grupos (p= 0,015 entre os grupos I e II, p &lt; 0,001 entre os grupos I e III e p = 0,017 entre os grupos II e III). A m&#233;dia da onda E mitral foi significativamente maior no grupo I (0,39 &#177; 0,12 m/s) do que nos grupos II (0,32 &#177; 0,08 m/s) (p=0,024) e III (0,32 &#177; 0,08 m/s) (p=0,023). A m&#233;dia da onda E tric&#250;spide foi tamb&#233;m maior no grupo I (0,43 &#177; 0,1 m/s) do que no grupo III (0,35 &#177; 0,10 m/s) (p= 0,031). </p>
    <p><bold> CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O IPDV &#233; significativamente maior em FMD com HM do que em FMD sem HM e do que em FMND. Como o IPDV pode representar modifica&#231;&#245;es na complac&#234;ncia ventricular, este &#237;ndice pode ser um par&#226;metro mais sens&#237;vel para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras chaves: </bold>diabetes materno; hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica fetal; ducto venoso; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, tem-se observado uma melhora do manejo de gestantes diab&#233;ticas, com redu&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e da mortalidade materno-fetais <sup>1,2</sup>. Ainda assim, atualmente, at&#233; 25% dos rec&#233;m nascidos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas apresentam complica&#231;&#245;es neonatais <sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que as altera&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do diabetes materno s&#227;o devidas &#224; hiperinsulinemia fetal associada ao aumento do n&#250;mero de receptores de insulina no cora&#231;&#227;o, levando &#224; hiperplasia e &#224; hipertrofia das c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas, pelo aumento da s&#237;ntese de prote&#237;nas e gorduras <sup>3-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica fetal &#233; a anormalidade mais frequentemente evidenciada no diabetes mellitus materno, podendo ser encontrada em at&#233; 35% desses beb&#234;s <sup>7-10</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig.1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O septo interventricular parece ser particularmente rico em receptores para insulina <sup>11</sup>, o que justificaria a hipertrofia mais acentuada nessa estrutura.</p>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es do enchimento ventricular esquerdo, dependentes ou n&#227;o da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, t&#234;m sido descritas entre 20 e 36 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o <sup>12</sup>. Os estudos destinados &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal t&#234;m utilizado a an&#225;lise da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A dos fluxos mitral e tric&#250;spide <sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O fluxo no ducto venoso tem papel fundamental na hemodin&#226;mica fetal e sua an&#225;lise tem sido objeto de estudo em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas <sup>14-19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como o fluxo de sangue altamente saturado dirigido ao forame oval depende diretamente da velocidade do fluxo no ducto venoso<sup>20</sup>, torna-se racional o estudo dessa velocidade nas diferentes fases do ciclo card&#237;aco em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas com e sem hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, comparando-se com fetos controles de m&#227;es sem diabetes.</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade do fluxo no ducto venoso, por refletir a sua imped&#226;ncia, pode ser um par&#226;metro &#250;til para avaliar o papel da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e do diabetes materno na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular fetal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>). Assim, a hip&#243;tese conceitual deste trabalho &#233; de que fetos com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica apresentem uma maior imped&#226;ncia ao fluxo pelo ducto venoso (com um maior &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade) do que fetos sem hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e do que fetos normais.</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de car&#225;ter observacional, envolvendo 56 fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas e 53 fetos normais, de m&#227;es sem diabetes, com idades gestacionais entre 20 semanas at&#233; o termo, examinadas no per&#237;odo de outubro de 2001 a dezembro de 2002.</p>
    <p>A amostra foi dividida em 3 grupos: grupo I &#150; 20 fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas com hipertrofia septal (FMD com HM); grupo II &#150; 36 fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas sem hipertrofia septal (FMD sem HM); grupo III &#150; 53 fetos controles, de m&#227;es sem diabetes.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o ultra-sonogr&#225;fica pr&#233;via &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica, foi analisada a anatomia fetal para afastar malforma&#231;&#245;es e a biometria fetal para definir a idade gestacional <sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos fetais foram realizados de maneira seq&#252;encial e segmentar <sup>22</sup>. As estruturas card&#237;acas e vasculares foram estudadas em cortes de quatro c&#226;maras, longitudinais, transversais e sagitais.</p>
    <p>No ecocardiograma fetal com Doppler e mapeamento a cores foi dada especial aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas do fluxo no ducto venoso, assim como &#224; presen&#231;a de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e aos fluxos das valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide.</p>
    <p>A hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica foi caracterizada pela medida da espessura do septo interventricular no final da di&#225;stole superior a 2 desvios padr&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade gestacional, conforme t&#233;cnica j&#225; descrita anteriormente, utilizando-se como refer&#234;ncia o nomograma proposto por Allan <sup>23</sup>. O cursor foi dirigido de forma perpendicular ao septo interventricular em posi&#231;&#227;o distal aos folhetos das valvas atrioventriculares, com imagem bidimensional em corte de quatro c&#226;maras.</p>
    <p>O ducto venoso foi identificado efetuando-se um corte transversal do abdome fetal, na altura da inser&#231;&#227;o do cord&#227;o umbilical. Utilizou-se o &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade para veias na an&#225;lise do ducto venoso, sendo o seu resultado anormal quando valores superiores ao percentil 95 da curva de normalidade para a idade gestacional correspondente, baseado em normograma local<sup>24,25</sup>. Especial aten&#231;&#227;o foi prestada nos casos em que o ducto venoso apresentava-se muito alterado, com fluxo reverso durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, pois a coloca&#231;&#227;o da amostra-volume na veia umbilical intra-abdominal poderia simular um ducto venoso anormal. O &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade venosa (IPV), calculado eletronicamente pelo equipamento ap&#243;s tra&#231;ado manual das velocidades da curva do ducto venoso, foi obtido pela raz&#227;o (velocidade sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima menos a velocidade pr&#233;-sist&#243;lica), dividido pela velocidade m&#233;dia entre as velocidades sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e pr&#233;-sist&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig.2</xref>).</p>
    <p>Para fins de cotejamento com a avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo no ducto venoso foi, tamb&#233;m, realizada a an&#225;lise dos fluxos atrioventriculares utilizando o Doppler puls&#225;til. As curvas correspondentes ao fluxo atrav&#233;s das valvas atrioventriculares foram obtidas a partir de um corte de quatro c&#226;maras. A amostra de volume foi colocada em posi&#231;&#227;o imediatamente distal aos folhetos valvares, no interior dos ventr&#237;culos. Para se obter as velocidades m&#225;ximas, somente foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo os fetos nos quais foi poss&#237;vel alinhar o feixe de ultra-som e a dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo de forma paralela ou formando um &#226;ngulo menor que 20&#176;. As vari&#225;veis medidas foram o pico da onda A e o pico da onda E em m/s, correspondentes ao fluxo mitral e tric&#250;spide. A rela&#231;&#227;o E/A foi calculada para cada batimento.</p>
    <p>Foi utilizado, para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames um equipamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico com capacidade para imagens bidimensionais, m&#243;dulo M, Doppler puls&#225;til e cont&#237;nuo e mapeamento em cores, equipado com transdutores <italic>phased array</italic> e convexos, de 2.0 a 7.0 MHZ.</p>
    <p>Os estudos foram gravados para documenta&#231;&#227;o e revis&#227;o. Todas as gestantes assinaram um termo de consentimento informado. A pesquisa foi avaliada e aprovada pelo Comit&#234; &#201;tica em Pesquisa M&#233;dica do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
    <p>Os dados quantitativos foram descritos atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. A an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) foi utilizada para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de pulsatilidade e dos fluxos mitral e tric&#250;spide nos 3 grupos. Foi empregado o teste de Tukey para a an&#225;lise de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. O septo interventricular foi analisado atrav&#233;s do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos I e II. A idade gestacional foi controlada atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia. O n&#237;vel discriminativo de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica convencionado foi de 0,05. Os dados foram analisados com o aux&#237;lio do pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 11.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 118 fetos estudados, foram exclu&#237;dos nove (tr&#234;s por janela ac&#250;stica inadequada, dois por hipertens&#227;o materna, um por onfalocele e dois por cardiopatia estrutural fetal), restando 109 gestantes entre 20 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o termo, das quais 56 eram diab&#233;ticas e 53 n&#227;o diab&#233;ticas. Das diab&#233;ticas, 8 (7,3%) tinham diagn&#243;stico de diabetes mellitus pr&#233;vio e 48 (44%) de diabetes mellitus gestacional.</p>
    <p>As pacientes foram divididas em tr&#234;s grupos: grupo I, de fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas com hipertrofia septal (n = 20; 18,3 %); grupo II, de fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas sem hipertrofia septal (n=36; 33,%) e grupo III, de fetos normais de m&#227;es n&#227;o diab&#233;ticas (n = 53; 48,6%). A idade materna, a paridade e a idade gestacional est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela I</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a dos n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos entre os grupos I e II.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As m&#233;dias e medianas das glicemias e das espessuras septais est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela II</xref>. Aplicando-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, o septo interventricular foi significativamente maior no grupo I do que no grupo II (p&lt;0,001).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade do ducto venoso no grupo de fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas com hipertrofia septal (grupo I) variou de 0,29 a 2,56, com m&#233;dia de 1,13 &#177; 0,64 e mediana de 1,01. No grupo II, o &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade do ducto venoso foi de 0,25 a 1,82, com m&#233;dia de 0,83 &#177; 0,38 e mediana de 0,73. No grupo controle, o &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade variou de 0,35 a 0,9, com m&#233;dia de 0,61 &#177; 0,17 e mediana de 0,6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4">4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Aplicando-se a ANOVA e o teste de Tukey, confirmou-se que a m&#233;dia e a mediana do &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade do grupo I foram significativamente maiores que as do grupo II (p = 0,015) e do que as do grupo III (p &lt; 0,001). Comparando-se o &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade do ducto venoso do grupo II com o do grupo III, tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,017). A diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos manteve-se mesmo ao ser controlada a idade gestacional, atrav&#233;s do teste de covari&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela III</xref> apresenta os valores das ondas E e A dos fluxos mitral e tric&#250;spide.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O pico da onda E do fluxo mitral foi significativamente maior (p = 0,024) no grupo I do que no grupo II e no grupo III (p=0,023) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura5">fig. 5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O pico da onda E do fluxo tric&#250;spide foi significativamente maior no grupo I do que no grupo III (p = 0,031) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura6">fig. 6</xref>), n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a entre os grupos I e II (p= 0,68).</p>
    <fig id="figura6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os filhos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas apresentam risco estabelecido de desenvolver hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, mesmo com controle metab&#243;lico materno adequado <sup>26,27</sup>. A manifesta&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica no rec&#233;m-nascido varia desde a aus&#234;ncia de sintomas at&#233; um quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave, por disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica <sup>28</sup>. A gravidade da situa&#231;&#227;o estaria relacionada ao controle do diabetes <sup>29</sup>. As altera&#231;&#245;es microsc&#243;picas do mioc&#225;rdio hipertr&#243;fico dos filhos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas incluem, al&#233;m de hiperplasia e hipertrofia, uma desorganiza&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o normal das miofibrilas, semelhante &#224;quele encontrado na miocardiopatia do adulto <sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>A di&#225;stole compreende o per&#237;odo de tempo entre o fechamento das valvas semilunares e o fechamento das valvas atrioventriculares. Divide-se em quatro fases: relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico, fase de enchimento r&#225;pido (relacionada ao relaxamento ventricular), fase de enchimento lento e contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (relacionada &#224; complac&#234;ncia).</p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia com Doppler &#233; um m&#233;todo adequado para estudar de forma n&#227;o invasiva a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, atrav&#233;s das curvas que relacionam tempo e velocidade de enchimento ventricular <sup>31,32</sup>. A medida das velocidades dos fluxos mitral e tric&#250;spide permite avaliar o volume do fluxo de entrada ventricular durante a di&#225;stole, o qual, por sua vez, &#233; dependente do gradiente de press&#227;o atrioventricular. Embora essa medida n&#227;o permita uma determina&#231;&#227;o direta da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, permite inferir informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o relaxamento e a complac&#234;ncia ventricular <sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos que validaram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da Doppler - ecocardiografia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica empregaram, fundamentalmente, o registro do Doppler da valva mitral <sup>34</sup>. Durante a vida intra-uterina, as circula&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;mica e pulmonar funcionam em paralelo. At&#233; o momento atual, avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do cora&#231;&#227;o do feto tem implicado em estudo dos fluxos mitral e tric&#250;spide.</p>
    <p>A partir da 10<sup>a</sup> semana, j&#225; &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar a onda E e a onda A <sup>34</sup>. O perfil de enchimento diast&#243;lico atrav&#233;s das valvas atrioventriculares evidencia uma velocidade diast&#243;lica mais elevada na fase de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (onda A) do que no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole (onda E) <sup>35,36</sup>. A rela&#231;&#227;o E/A mant&#233;m-se &lt; 1 durante toda a vida fetal.</p>
    <p>Segundo Tsyvian e cols.,<sup>12</sup> al&#233;m da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica nos fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas, h&#225; altera&#231;&#227;o do enchimento ventricular esquerdo, entre 20 e 36 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o. O enchimento ventricular esquerdo &#233; dependente da di&#225;stole mioc&#225;rdica e &#233; modificado por diversos fatores, verificando-se influ&#234;ncia da deteriora&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a ativa da p&#243;s-carga e da complac&#234;ncia da parede ventricular. A raz&#227;o entre o enchimento ventricular precoce (E) e o tardio (A), ao n&#237;vel das v&#225;lvulas mitral e tric&#250;spide (raz&#227;o E/A), medida pelo eocardiograma, &#233; usada para estabelecer a contribui&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial para o fluxo transmitral total. Como j&#225; mencionado, estes &#237;ndices t&#234;m sido as principais medidas indiretas da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Rizzo e cols. demonstraram diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nos fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas expressa por essa raz&#227;o. Uma complac&#234;ncia ventricular reduzida em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas poderia ser secund&#225;ria a um espessamento de parede ou a outros fatores<sup>13</sup>, como altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas do ambiente uterino associado a mudan&#231;as qualitativas do col&#225;geno (aumento do col&#225;geno fluorescente no mioc&#225;rdio) <sup>12</sup>. A maior velocidade da onda E nas valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide no grupo de fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica encontrada no presente trabalho poderia refletir um padr&#227;o de relaxamento alterado. Tsyvian e cols.<sup>12</sup>, em um estudo com fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas insulino-dependentes, demonstraram, atrav&#233;s da raz&#227;o E/A, diminui&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica destes fetos<sup>12</sup>. Macklon e cols.<sup>37</sup><italic>,</italic> pesquisando a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca dos fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas entre 18 e 20 semanas, n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, ao contr&#225;rio de estudos pr&#233;vios que descreveram a diminui&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o E/A nas valvas atrioventriculares e altos valores de velocidade de pico nas vias de sa&#237;da entre 20 e 36 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o. Esses achados podem simplesmente refletir a fase precoce em que esses fetos foram examinados, indicando que as mudan&#231;as funcionais se tornam evidentes tardiamente nas gesta&#231;&#245;es com a influ&#234;ncia do diabetes, ou sugerir que a an&#225;lise dos fluxos atrioventriculares possa n&#227;o ser suficientemente sens&#237;vel para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>Rizzo e cols.<sup>38</sup>, ao pesquisarem o fluxo card&#237;aco e venoso com o uso combinado de ecocardiograma transvaginal e Doppler, mostraram evid&#234;ncias de mudan&#231;as dram&#225;ticas no padr&#227;o de fluxo entre a 11&#176; e a 20&#176; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o. Essas mudan&#231;as s&#227;o mais marcantes do que aquelas que ocorrem tardiamente na gesta&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo um per&#237;odo de r&#225;pido desenvolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal. Com isso, anormalidades metab&#243;licas, como as observadas no diabetes materno, podem afetar e prejudicar o desenvolvimento precoce do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal. Ao pesquisar o fluxo card&#237;aco e venoso de fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas controladas e n&#227;o controladas e comparar com um grupo controle, foi demonstrado que os fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas tinham um menor aumento da raz&#227;o E/A, um menor decr&#233;scimo no fluxo reverso da veia cava inferior e a presen&#231;a de pulsa&#231;&#227;o na veia umbilical at&#233; a 16&#176; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem ser o reflexo de mudan&#231;as na pr&#233;-carga, na p&#243;s-carga ou na complac&#234;ncia ventricular.</p>
    <p>O presente trabalho avalia o comportamento do fluxo no ducto venoso em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas com e sem hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, comparando-o com um grupo de fetos normais de m&#227;es n&#227;o diab&#233;ticas. Observou-se que os fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas com hipertrofia septal mostravam &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade no ducto venoso significativamente maior do que os fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas sem hipertrofia septal e do que os controles, confirmando a hip&#243;tese conceitual. Este comportamento pode ser atribu&#237;do a altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular nos fetos com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, j&#225; que o &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade do fluxo no ducto venoso representa a imped&#226;ncia por ele sofrida durante o ciclo card&#237;aco, e que &#233; influenciada pela capacidade de enchimento dos ventr&#237;culos. Importa ressaltar que a diferen&#231;a encontrada entre o grupo II e o grupo III sugere que outros fatores, al&#233;m da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, interfiram na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal no diabetes materno.</p>
    <p>Embora o &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade do ducto venoso n&#227;o tivesse distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, os valores da m&#233;dia e da mediana dos fluxos no ducto venoso n&#227;o foram discrepantes. Por isso, optou-se por descrever as m&#233;dias e realizar os testes param&#233;tricos para que se pudesse comparar com outros estudos.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo atrav&#233;s das valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide demonstrou que a onda E, em ambas as valvas, era significativamente maior nos fetos com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica do que nos controles, sugerindo que o relaxamento diast&#243;lico de ambos os ventr&#237;culos estivesse alterado na presen&#231;a de hipertrofia de suas paredes. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na onda A das valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide (o que refletiria altera&#231;&#227;o na complac&#234;ncia ventricular). Entretanto, os resultados observados na an&#225;lise do fluxo no ducto venoso sugerem que a complac&#234;ncia dos ventr&#237;culos esteja comprometida como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e do diabetes materno, o que indicaria uma poss&#237;vel maior sensibilidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o do ducto venoso do que da an&#225;lise dos fluxos atrioventriculares na detec&#231;&#227;o da hipocomplac&#234;ncia ventricular.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados mostram diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estudo de Rizzo e cols <sup>38</sup> provavelmente devido ao fato de que no presente estudo foram avaliadas gestantes com idade gestacional mais avan&#231;ada, refor&#231;ando a id&#233;ia de que altera&#231;&#245;es num per&#237;odo mais precoce da gesta&#231;&#227;o sejam mais evidentes do que aquelas surgidas mais tardiamente, como ali&#225;s foi sugerido pelos pr&#243;prios autores. Al&#233;m disso, no trabalho de Rizzo e cols., os fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas n&#227;o foram separados em dois grupos (com e sem hipertrofia), como neste estudo. Sabendo-se que a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica est&#225; relacionada com anormalidades no relaxamento ventricular, era de se esperar altera&#231;&#245;es na fase de enchimento precoce nos fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica comparados com fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas sem hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e com fetos de gestantes sem diabetes, o que realmente foi demonstrado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas portadores de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica apresentam comprometimento do fluxo atrav&#233;s do ducto venoso, com aumento do &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade desse fluxo em rela&#231;&#227;o a fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas com espessura mioc&#225;rdica normal e a fetos normais de m&#227;es sem diabetes. Esse comportamento pode estar relacionado a altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal, que afetem o relaxamento e a complac&#234;ncia dos ventr&#237;culos, como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e do diabetes mellitus materno.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Paulo Zielinsky </p>
        <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Unidade de Pesquisa </p>
        <p>Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 - Santana </p>
        <p> Cep 90620 001 Porto Alegre - RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="zielinsky@cardiol.br">zielinsky@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 25/06/2003 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 11/12/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Montenegro    JR, Paccala G, Faria C et al. Evolu&#231;&#227;o materno-fetal de gestantes    diab&#233;ticas seguidas no HC-FMRP  USP no per&#237;odo de 1992- 1999.    Endocrinol e Metabolog 2001; 45: 467-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o materno-fetal de gestantes diab&#233;ticas seguidas no HC-FMRP - USP no per&#237;odo de 1992- 1999</article-title>
          <source>Endocrinol e Metabolog</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>467</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Montenegro</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paccala</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faria</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Hod M,    Dye TD. Perinatal complications following gestational diabetes mellitus  How    sweet is ill ? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75: 809-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Perinatal complications following gestational diabetes mellitus: How sweet is ill ?</article-title>
          <source>Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>809</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hod</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dye</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Zielinsky    P, Costa M, Oliveira L, Telles M, Hagemann L. Estudo da hist&#243;ria natural    da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com hiperinsulinismo    em filhos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas. Arq Bras Cardiol 1997; 69: 389-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Estudo da hist&#243;ria natural da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com hiperinsulinismo em filhos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>389</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Telles</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hagemann</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Zielinsky    P, Hagemann L. Estudo pr&#233;-natal da miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica    e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;veis de insulina em fetos de m&#227;es    diab&#233;ticas. Arq Bras Cardiol 1996; 66: 193-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Estudo pr&#233;-natal da miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;veis de insulina em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>193</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hagemann</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Sheehan    P, Rowland T, Shah B, McGravey V, Reiter E. Maternal diabetic control and hypertrophic    cardiomyopathy in infants of diabetic mothers. Clin Ped 1986; 25: 26671.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Maternal diabetic control and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in infants of diabetic mothers</article-title>
          <source>Clin Ped</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>266</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sheehan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rowland</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGravey</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reiter</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Menezes    HS, Barra M, Bell&#243; A, Martins CB, Zielinsky P. Fetal myocardial hypertrophy    in a experimental model gestational diabetes. Cardiol Young 2001; 11: 609-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Fetal myocardial hypertrophy in a experimental model gestational diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>609</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Menezes</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bell&#243;</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Behle    I, Zielinsky P, Zimmer L, Pontremoli M, Rish J. N&#237;veis de hemoglobina    glicosilada e anomalias card&#237;acas em fetos de m&#227;es com diabetes    melito. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia 1998; 20: 23743.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>N&#237;veis de hemoglobina glicosilada e anomalias card&#237;acas em fetos de m&#227;es com diabetes melito</article-title>
          <source>Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>237</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Behle</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmer</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pontremoli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rish</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Cousins    L. Congenital anomalies among infants of diabetic mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol    1983; 147: 3338.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Congenital anomalies among infants of diabetic mothers</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>333</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>147</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cousins</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Albert    TJ, Landon MB, Wheller JJ et al. Prenatal detection of fetal anomalies in pregnancies    complicated by insulin  dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;    174: 1424-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prenatal detection of fetal anomalies in pregnancies complicated by insulin: dependent diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1424</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>174</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Albert</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Landon</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wheller</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Sardesai    M, Gray A, McGrath M. Fatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the fetus of a woman    with diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 98: 925-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Fatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the fetus of a woman with diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>925</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sardesai</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gray</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGrath</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Thorson    AV, Hintz RL. Insulin receptors in the newborn. Increase in receptor affinity    and number. N Engl J Med 1977; 297: 908-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Insulin receptors in the newborn: Increase in receptor affinity and number</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1977</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>908</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <volume>297</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thorson</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hintz</surname>
              <given-names>RL.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Tsyvian    P, Malkin K, Artemiva O, Wladimiroff JW. Assessment of left ventricular filling    in normally grown fetuses, growth-restricted fetuses and fetuses of diabetic    mothers. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998; 12: 33-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Assessment of left ventricular filling in normally grown fetuses, growth-restricted fetuses and fetuses of diabetic mothers</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsyvian</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malkin</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Artemiva</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wladimiroff</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Rizzo    G, Arduini, romanini C, Mancuso S. Doppler echocardiographic assessments of    atrioventricular velocity waveforms in normal and small for gestational age    fetuses. Brit J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 95: 65-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Doppler echocardiographic assessments of atrioventricular velocity waveforms in normal and small for gestational age fetuses</article-title>
          <source>Brit J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rizzo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arduini,</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>romanini</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mancuso</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Campbell    S, Mavrides E, Prefumo F, Presti F, Carvalho TS. Prenatal diagnosos of mosaictrisomy    8 in a fetus with normal nuchal translucency thickness and reversed end- diastolic    ductus venosus flow. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 17: 341-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prenatal diagnosos of mosaictrisomy 8 in a fetus with normal nuchal translucency thickness and reversed end- diastolic ductus venosus flow</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>341</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mavrides</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prefumo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Presti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Fugelseth    D, Kiserud T, Liestol K, Langslet A, Lindemann R. Ductus venosus blood velocity    in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Arch Dis Fetal Neonatal    Ed 1999; 81: 35-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ductus venosus blood velocity in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn</article-title>
          <source>Arch Dis Fetal Neonatal Ed</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fugelseth</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiserud</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liestol</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langslet</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindemann</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Borrel    A, Antolin E, Costa D, Farre MT, Martinez JM, Fortunny A. Abnormal ductus venosus    blood flow in trisomy 21 fetuses during early pregancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol    1998; 179: 1612-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Abnormal ductus venosus blood flow in trisomy 21 fetuses during early pregancy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1612</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <volume>179</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Borrel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antolin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farre</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinez</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fortunny</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Tchirikov    M, Rybakowski C, Huneke B, Schroeder H. Blood flow through the ductus venosus    in singleton and multifetal pregnancies and in fetuses with intrauterine growth    retardation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 943-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Blood flow through the ductus venosus in singleton and multifetal pregnancies and in fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>943</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>178</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tchirikov</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rybakowski</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huneke</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schroeder</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Hecher    K, Bilardo CM et al. Monitoring of fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction:    a longitudinal study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 18: 564-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Monitoring of fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction: a longitudinal study</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>564</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hecher</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bilardo</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Kiserud    T, Rasmussen S, Skulstad S. Blood flow and the degree of shunting through the    ductus venosus in the human fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 147-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Blood flow and the degree of shunting through the ductus venosus in the human fetus</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>147</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <volume>182</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kiserud</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rasmussen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skulstad</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Kiserud    T. Hemodynamics of the ductus venosus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 84: 139-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hemodynamics of the ductus venosus</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>139</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kiserud</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Sabbagha    RE, Hughey M. Standardization of sonar cephalometry and gestational age. Obstet    Gynecol 1978; 52: 402-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Standardization of sonar cephalometry and gestational age</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>402</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sabbagha</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hughey</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Zielinsky    P, Haertel JC, Lucchese F. Abordagem sequencial das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas:    um enfoque ecocardiogr&#225;fico bidimensional. Arq Bras Cardiol 1985; 45:    129-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Abordagem sequencial das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas: um enfoque ecocardiogr&#225;fico bidimensional</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>129</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haertel</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lucchese</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Allan    LD. The normal fetal heart. In: Allan L, Hornberger L, Sharland G. Textbook    of Fetal Cardiology. London: Greenwich Medical Media Ltda, 2000: 55-102.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Textbook of Fetal Cardiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>55</fpage>
          <lpage>102</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Allan</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allan</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hornberger</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharland</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Bahlmann    F, Wellek S, Reinhardt I, Merz E, Steiner E, Welter C. Reference values of ductus    flow velocities and calculated waveform indices. Prenat Diagn 2000; 20: 623-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reference values of ductus flow velocities and calculated waveform indices</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>623</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bahlmann</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wellek</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reinhardt</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merz</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steiner</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welter</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Hecher    K, Campbell S, Snijders R, Nicolaides K. Reference ranges for fetal venous and    blood flow parameters. Ultrasound Obstetr Gynecol 2003; 4: 381-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reference ranges for fetal venous and blood flow parameters</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstetr Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>381</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hecher</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snijders</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolaides</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Rizzo    G, Arduini D, Romanini C. Accelerated cardiac growth and abnormal cardiac flow    in fetuses of type I diabetic mothers. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 369-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Accelerated cardiac growth and abnormal cardiac flow in fetuses of type I diabetic mothers</article-title>
          <source>Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>369</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rizzo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arduini</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romanini</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Oberhoffer    R, H&#246;gel J, Stoz F, Kohne E. Cardiac and extracardiac complications in    infants of diabetic mothers and their relations to parameters of carbohydrate    metabolism. Eur J Ped 1997; 156: 262-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac and extracardiac complications in infants of diabetic mothers and their relations to parameters of carbohydrate metabolism</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Ped</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>262</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>156</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oberhoffer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>H&#246;gel</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stoz</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kohne</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Mace    S, Hirschfeld SS, Riggs T, Fanaroff AA, Merkatz I. Echocardiographic abnormalities    in infants of diabetic mother. J Ped 1979; 95: 1013-19.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiographic abnormalities in infants of diabetic mother</article-title>
          <source>J Ped</source>
          <date>
            <year>1979</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1013</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mace</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirschfeld</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riggs</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fanaroff</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merkatz</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Ray    JG, O'brien TE, Chan WS. Preconception care and the risk of congenital anomalies    in the offspring of women with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Q J Med 2001;    94: 435-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preconception care and the risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Q J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>435</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ray</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'brien</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Gutgesell    P, Speer M, Rosemberg HS. Characterization of the cardiomyopathy in infants    of diabetic mothers. Circulation 1980; 61: 441-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Characterization of the cardiomyopathy in infants of diabetic mothers</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gutgesell</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Speer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosemberg</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Hahn    H, Hoit B. Doppler echocardiographic assessment of diastolic ventricular function:    transmitral and pulmonary venous flow indices. Pediatr Cardiol 1999; 10: 95-103.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Doppler echocardiographic assessment of diastolic ventricular function: transmitral and pulmonary venous flow indices</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>95</fpage>
          <lpage>103</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hahn</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoit</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Little    W, Warner J, Rankin K, Kitzman D. Evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function    from the pattern of left ventricular filling. Clin Card 1998; 21: 5-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function from the pattern of left ventricular filling</article-title>
          <source>Clin Card</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>5</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Little</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warner</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rankin</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kitzman</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Thomas    JD, Weyman AE. Echocardiographic Doppler evaluation of left ventricular diastolic    function  physics and physiology. Circulation 1991; 84: 977-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiographic Doppler evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function: physics and physiology</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>977</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weyman</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Demaria    AN, Wisenbaugh T. Identification and treatment of diastolic dysfunction: role    of transmitral Doppler recordings. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 9: 1106-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Identification and treatment of diastolic dysfunction: role of transmitral Doppler recordings</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1106</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Demaria</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wisenbaugh</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. van    Splunder IP, Wladimiroff W. Cardiac functional changes in the human fetus in    the late first and early second trimesters. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;    7: 411-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac functional changes in the human fetus in the late first and early second trimesters</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>411</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van</surname>
              <given-names>Splunder IP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wladimiroff</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Kenny    JF, Plappert T, Doubilet P et al. Changes in intracardiac blood flow velocities    and right and left ventricular stroke volumes with gestational age in the normal    human fetus: a prospective Doppler echocardiography study. Circulation 1986;    74: 1208-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Changes in intracardiac blood flow velocities and right and left ventricular stroke volumes with gestational age in the normal human fetus: a prospective Doppler echocardiography study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1208</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kenny</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plappert</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doubilet</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Macklon    N, Hop WC, Wladimiroff JW. Fetal cardiac function and septal thickness in diabetic    pregnancy: a controlled observational and reproducibility study. Brit J Obstet    Gynecol 1998; 105: 661-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Fetal cardiac function and septal thickness in diabetic pregnancy: a controlled observational and reproducibility study</article-title>
          <source>Brit J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>661</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Macklon</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hop</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wladimiroff</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <mixed-citation>38. Rizzo    G, Arduini D, Capponi A, Romanini C. Cardiac and venous blood flow in fetuses    of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers: evidence of abnormal haemodynamics in    early gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173: 1775-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac and venous blood flow in fetuses of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers: evidence of abnormal haemodynamics in early gestation</article-title>
          <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1775</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <volume>173</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rizzo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arduini</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capponi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romanini</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ductus venosus flow and myocardial hypertrophy in fetuses of diabetic mothers</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the pulsatility index of ductus venosus (PIDV) is greater in the fetuses of diabetic mothers (FDM) with myocardial hypertrophy (MH) than in the FDM with no MH and in the control fetuses of nondiabetic mothers (FNDM). Comparing the results with mitral and tricuspid diastolic peak flows. METHODS: The cross-sectional study included fetuses with gestational ages ranging from 20 weeks to term, divided into the following 3 groups: 56 FDM with MH (group I), 36 FDM with no MH (group II), and 53 FNDM (group III, control). The Doppler echocardiogram assessed the PIDV through the ratio (systolic velocity - presystolic velocity)/mean velocity. The mitral and tricuspid E and A waves were also assessed. RESULTS: The mean PIDV in groups I, II, and III were 1.13 &#177; 0.64, 0.84 &#177; 0.38, and 0.61&#177;0.17, respectively. Using ANOVA and the Tukey test, a statistically significant difference was found in the 3 groups (P = 0.015 between groups I and II; P &lt; 0.001 between groups I and III; and P = 0.017 between groups II and III). The mean mitral E wave was significantly greater in group I (0.39 &#177; 0.12 m/s) than in groups II (0.32 &#177; 0.08 m/s) (P = 0.024) and III (0.32 &#177; 0.08 m/s) (P = 0.023). The mean tricuspid E wave was also greater in group I (0.43 &#177; 0.1 m/s) than in group III (0.35 &#177; 0.10 m/s) (P = 0.031). CONCLUSION: The PIDV is significantly greater in FDM with MH than in FDM with no MH and in FNDM. Because the PIDV may represent modifications in ventricular compliance, this index may be a more sensitive parameter for assessing fetal diastolic function.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>maternal diabetes</kwd>
        <kwd>fetal myocardial hypertrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>ductus venosus</kwd>
        <kwd>diastolic function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ductus venosus flow and myocardial hypertrophy in fetuses of diabetic mothers</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo Zielinsky; Silvana Marcantonio; Luiz Henrique Nicoloso; Stelamaris Luchese; Domingos Hatem; Marlui Scheid; Jo&#227;o Luiz M&#226;nica; Eduardo Ioschpe Gus; Fab&#237;ola Satler; Ant&#244;nio L. Piccoli Jr. </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fetal Cardiology Unit of the Instituto de Cardiologia of Rio Grande do Sul</p>
      <p>Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Postgraduation Program on Pediatrics of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul</p>
      <p>Porto Alegre; RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To test the hypothesis that the pulsatility index of ductus venosus (PIDV) is greater in the fetuses of diabetic mothers (FDM) with myocardial hypertrophy (MH) than in the FDM with no MH and in the control fetuses of nondiabetic mothers (FNDM). Comparing the results with mitral and tricuspid diastolic peak flows.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The cross-sectional study included fetuses with gestational ages ranging from 20 weeks to term, divided into the following 3 groups: 56 FDM with MH (group I), 36 FDM with no MH (group II), and 53 FNDM (group III, control). The Doppler echocardiogram assessed the PIDV through the ratio (systolic velocity &#150; presystolic velocity)/mean velocity. The mitral and tricuspid E and A waves were also assessed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The mean PIDV in groups I, II, and III were 1.13 &#177; 0.64, 0.84 &#177; 0.38, and 0.61&#177;0.17, respectively. Using ANOVA and the Tukey test, a statistically significant difference was found in the 3 groups (P = 0.015 between groups I and II; P &lt; 0.001 between groups I and III; and P = 0.017 between groups II and III). The mean mitral E wave was significantly greater in group I (0.39 &#177; 0.12 m/s) than in groups II (0.32 &#177; 0.08 m/s) (P = 0.024) and III (0.32 &#177; 0.08 m/s) (P = 0.023). The mean tricuspid E wave was also greater in group I (0.43 &#177; 0.1 m/s) than in group III (0.35 &#177; 0.10 m/s) (P = 0.031).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The PIDV is significantly greater in FDM with MH than in FDM with no MH and in FNDM. Because the PIDV may represent modifications in ventricular compliance, this index may be a more sensitive parameter for assessing fetal diastolic function.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> maternal diabetes; fetal myocardial hypertrophy; ductus venosus; diastolic function</p>
      <p>In recent years, improvement in the management of diabetic pregnant women has been observed, with a reduction in maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality <sup>1,2</sup>. Nevertheless, currently, up to 25% of the newborn babies of diabetic mothers have neonatal complications <sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The alterations resulting from maternal diabetes are due to fetal hyperinsulinemia associated with an increase in the number of insulin receptors in the heart, leading to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of myocardial cells, because of the increase in protein and fat synthesis <sup>3-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Fetal myocardial hypertrophy is the most frequently found abnormality in maternal diabetes mellitus, being observed in up to 35% of those babies <sup>7-10</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The ventricular septum seems to be particularly rich in insulin receptors <sup>11</sup>, which could explain the more accentuated hypertrophy of that structure.</p>
      <p>Alterations in left ventricular filling, depending or not on myocardial hypertrophy, have been reported between the 20th and 36th gestational weeks <sup>12</sup>. The studies aimed to assess fetal diastolic function have used analysis of the E/A ratio of mitral and tricuspid flows <sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Ductus venosus flow plays a fundamental role in fetal hemodynamics, and its analysis has been the object of study in several pathological situations <sup>14-19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Because the flow of highly saturated blood to the foramen ovale depends directly on the velocity of ductus venosus flow <sup>20</sup>, it is rational to study that velocity in different phases of the cardiac cycle in fetuses of diabetic mothers with and without myocardial hypertrophy, and to compare it with that of control fetuses of nondiabetic mothers.</p>
      <p>Because the pulsatility index of ductus venosus flow reflects its impedance, it may be a useful parameter for assessing the role of myocardial hypertrophy and of maternal diabetes in fetal diastolic ventricular function (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">fig. 2</xref>). Therefore, the conceptual hypothesis of this study is that fetuses with myocardial hypertrophy have greater impedance to the ductus venosus flow (with a greater pulsatility index) than do normal fetuses and fetuses without myocardial hypertrophy.</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional observational study that included 56 fetuses of diabetic mothers and 53 healthy fetuses of nondiabetic mothers, whose gestational ages ranged from 20 weeks to term was carried out from October 2001 to December 2002.</p>
      <p>The sample was divided into the following 3 groups: group I &#150; 20 fetuses of diabetic mothers with septal hypertrophy (FDM with MH); group II &#150; 36 fetuses of diabetic mothers without septal hypertrophy (FDM without MH); group III &#150; 53 control fetuses of nondiabetic mothers.</p>
      <p>In the ultrasound assessment prior to cardiological evaluation, the fetal anatomy was analyzed to rule out malformations, as was fetal biometry to define gestational age <sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Fetal echocardiographic examinations were performed in a sequential and segmentary manner <sup>22</sup>. Cardiac and vascular structures were studied in 4-chamber, longitudinal, transverse, and sagittal views.</p>
      <p>At fetal Doppler echocardiography and color-flow mapping, special attention was given to the characteristics of the ductus venosus flow, as well as to the presence of myocardial hypertrophy and to mitral and tricuspid valve flows.</p>
      <p>Myocardial hypertrophy was characterized by a ventricular septum thickness at the end of diastole greater than 2 standard deviations according to gestational age, using a previously described technique and as a reference the nomogram proposed by Allan <sup>23</sup>. The cursor was perpendicularly directed to the ventricular septum in a position distal to the leaflets of the atrioventricular valves, with 2-dimensional imaging in 4-chamber view.</p>
      <p>The ductus venosus was identified by using a transversal view of the fetal abdomen at the level of the insertion of the umbilical cord. The pulsatility index for veins was used in the analysis of the ductus venosus, and its result was considered abnormal when values greater than the 95th percentile of the curve of normality for the corresponding gestational age were found based on the local nomogram <sup>24,25</sup>. Special attention was given to cases in which the ductus venosus was extremely altered with reverse flow during atrial contraction, because the placement of the sample volume in the intra-abdominal umbilical vein could simulate an abnormal ductus venosus. The venous pulsatility index (VPI), electronically calculated by the equipment after manual tracing of the velocities of the curve of the ductus venosus, was obtained with the following ratio: (maximum systolic velocity minus the presystolic velocity) divided by the mean velocity between the systolic, diastolic, and presystolic velocities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">fig.2</xref>).</p>
      <p>For comparison with the assessment of the ductus venosus flow, atrioventricular flows were analyzed by pulsed Doppler. The curves corresponding to the flow through the atrioventricular valves were obtained based on a 4-chamber view. The sample volume was placed immediately distal to the valvular leaflets, inside the ventricles. For obtaining the maximum velocities, only the fetuses in whom the ultrasound beam could be aligned with the blood flow in parallel or at an angle lower than 20&#176; were included in the study. The variables measured were the A wave peak and E wave peak in m/s corresponding to the mitral and tricuspid flows. The E/A ratio was calculated for each beat.</p>
      <p>An echocardiographic device capable of 2-dimensional imaging, M mode, pulsed and continuous Doppler, and color mapping equipped with phased array and convex transducers from 2.0 to 7.0 MHZ was used in the study.</p>
      <p>The studies were recorded for documentation and review. All pregnant women signed a written informed consent. The research was assessed and approved by the Committee on Ethics in Medical Research of the Instituto de Cardiologia of the Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
      <p>The quantitative data were reported as mean and standard deviation. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparing the ductus venosus pulsatility index and the mitral and tricuspid flows in the 3 groups. The Tukey test was used for analysis of multiple comparisons. The ventricular septum was analyzed by using the Student <italic>t</italic> test for comparison between groups I and II. The gestational age was controlled by analysis of covariance. The discriminating statistical significance level adopted was 0.05. Data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical program, version 11.0.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 118 fetuses studied, 9 were excluded (3 due to an inadequate acoustic window, 2 due to maternal hypertension, 1 due to omphalocele, and 2 due to fetal structural heart disease), which left 109 pregnancies between the 20th gestational week and term, of which 56 were diabetic and 53 nondiabetic. Of the diabetic women, 8 (7.3%) had previous diabetes mellitus and 48 (44%) had gestational diabetes.</p>
      <p>The patients were divided into 3 groups: group I, comprising 20 (18.3%) fetuses of diabetic mothers with septal hypertrophy; group II, comprising 36 (33%) fetuses of diabetic mothers without septal hypertrophy; and group III, comprising 53 (48.6%) healthy fetuses of nondiabetic mothers. Maternal age, parity, and gestational age are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21166t1-body2">table I</xref>. No difference in glycemic levels was observed between groups I and II.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21166t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The means and medians of the glycemias and of the septal thicknesses are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21166t2-body2">table II</xref>. When applying the Student <italic>t</italic> test, the ventricular septum was significantly thicker in group I than in group II (P &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21166t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The pulsatility index of ductus venosus in the group of fetuses of diabetic mothers with septal hypertrophy (group I) ranged from 0.29 to 2.56 (mean = 1.13 &#177; 0.64; median = 1.01). The pulsatility index of ductus venosus in group II ranged from 0.25 to 1.82 (mean = 0.83 &#177; 0.38; median = 0.73). The pulsatility index of ductus venosus in the control group ranged from 0.35 to 0.9 (mean = 0.61 &#177; 0.17; median = 0.6) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">fig. 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4-body2">4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>When applying the Tukey test and ANOVA, the mean and median pulsatility index were significantly higher in group I than in group II (P=0.015) and group III (P &lt; 0.001). Comparing the pulsatility index of ductus venosus in group II with that in group III, a statistically significant difference (P=0.017) was observed. The significant difference between the groups was maintained even when controlling the gestational age with the covariance test.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21166t3-body2">Table III</xref> shows the values of the E and A waves of the mitral and tricuspid flows.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21166t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The mitral E wave peak flow was significantly higher (P=0.024) in group I than in groups II and III (P=0.023) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura5-body2">fig. 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The tricuspid E wave peak flow was significantly higher in group I than in group III (P=0.031) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura6-body2">fig. 6</xref>); no difference was found between groups I and II (P=0.68).</p>
      <fig id="figura6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0045-00005-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Infants of diabetic mothers have an established risk of developing myocardial hypertrophy even with adequate maternal metabolic control <sup>26,27</sup>. The manifestation of myocardial hypertrophy in the newborn ranges from the lack of symptoms to severe heart failure due to diastolic dysfunction <sup>28</sup>. The severity of the situation is related to the control of diabetes <sup>29</sup>. Microscopic alterations of the hypertrophic myocardium of the infants of diabetic mothers include, in addition to hyperplasia and hypertrophy, a disorganization of the normal pattern of the myofibrils, similar to that found in the cardiomyopathy of the adult <sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>Diastole comprises the time period between closure of the semilunar valves and closure of the atrioventricular valves. It is divided into the following 4 phases: isovolumetric relaxation; rapid filling (related to ventricular relaxation); slow filling; and atrial contraction (related to compliance).</p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiography is an adequate method for studying diastolic function in a noninvasive manner, using curves that relate time and velocity of ventricular filling <sup>31,32</sup>. Measurement of mitral and tricuspid flow velocities allows assessment of the volume of ventricular inflow during diastole, which, in turn, depends on the atrioventricular pressure gradient. Although this measurement does not allow a direct determination of diastolic function, it allows inferring information on ventricular relaxation and compliance <sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies confirming the value of Doppler echocardiography for assessing diastolic function used mainly Doppler recordings of the mitral valve <sup>34</sup>. During intrauterine life, systemic and pulmonary circulations act in parallel. Until the present time, assessing diastolic function of the fetal heart implyed in the study of mitral and tricuspid flows.</p>
      <p>From the 10th gestational week onwards, E and A waves may be identified <sup>34</sup>. The profile of diastolic filling through the atrioventricular valves shows a higher diastolic velocity in the atrial contraction phase (A wave) than in the beginning of diastole (E wave) <sup>35,36</sup>. The E/A ratio is &lt; 1 during the entire fetal life.</p>
      <p>According to Tsyvian et al <sup>12</sup>, in addition to myocardial hypertrophy in fetuses of diabetic mothers, an alteration in left ventricular filling occurs between the 20th and 36th gestational weeks. Left ventricular filling depends on myocardial diastole and is modified by several factors. An influence of the deterioration of the active force of afterload and compliance of the ventricular wall is observed. The ratio between early (E) and late (A) ventricular filling at the level of mitral and tricuspid valves (E/A ratio) at echocardiography is used to establish the contribution of atrial contraction to total transmitral flow. As already mentioned, these indices have been the major indirect measurements of diastolic function. Rizzo et al <sup>13</sup> reported a reduction in diastolic function in fetuses of diabetic mothers expressed by this ratio. A reduced ventricular compliance in fetuses of diabetic mothers could be secondary to wall thickening or to other factors, such as metabolic alterations in the uterine environment associated with qualitative changes in collagen (an increase in the fluorescent collagen in the myocardium) <sup>12</sup>. The higher E wave velocity in mitral and tricuspid valves in the group of fetuses of diabetic mothers with myocardial hypertrophy found in this study could reflect an altered pattern of relaxation. Tsyvian et al <sup>12</sup>, in a study including fetuses of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers, showed a reduction in diastolic function, using the E/A ratio. Macklon et al <sup>37</sup>, studying the cardiac function of fetuses of diabetic mothers between the 18th and 20th gestational weeks, found no difference comparing to the control group, contrary to results of previous studies reporting a reduction in E/A ratio in the atrioventricular valves and high values of peak velocity in the outflow tracts between the 20th and 36th gestational weeks. These findings may merely reflect the early phase in which these fetuses were examined, indicating that functional changes become evident late in gestations influenced by diabetes, or suggest that the analysis of the atrioventricular flows may not be sensitive enough to assess diastolic function.</p>
      <p>Rizzo et al <sup>38</sup>, studying cardiac and venous flows by using an association of transvaginal and Doppler echocardiograms, reported evidence of dramatic changes in the flow pattern between the 11th and 20th gestational weeks. These changes are more significant than those occurring in late pregnancy, suggesting a period of rapid development of the fetal heart. Therefore, metabolic abnormalities, such as those observed in maternal diabetes, may affect and hinder the early development of the fetal heart. When studying the cardiac venous flow of fetuses of controlled and noncontrolled diabetic mothers and comparing it with that in a control group, fetuses of diabetic mothers had a smaller increase in the E/A ratio, a smaller decrease in the reverse flow in the inferior vena cava, and pulsations in the umbilical vein up to the 16th gestational week. These alterations may be the reflex of changes in preload, afterload, or ventricular compliance.</p>
      <p>This study assesses the behavior of the ductus venosus flow in fetuses of diabetic mothers with and without myocardial hypertrophy, and compares it with that in healthy fetuses of nondiabetic mothers. Fetuses of diabetic mothers with septal hypertrophy showed a significantly higher pulsatility index of the ductus venosus than fetuses of diabetic mothers without septal hypertrophy and control fetuses, confirming the conceptual hypothesis. This behavior may be attributed to changes in diastolic ventricular function in fetuses with myocardial hypertrophy, because the pulsatility index of the ductus venosus flow represents its impedance during the cardiac cycle, which is influenced by ventricular filling capacity. It is worth stressing that the difference found between groups II and III suggests that other factors, in addition to myocardial hypertrophy, interfere with fetal diastolic function in maternal diabetes.</p>
      <p>Although the pulse index of the ductus venosus did not have a normal distribution, the values of the mean and median ductus venosus flows did not disagree. Therefore, we chose to report the means and to perform the parametric tests for comparison with other studies.</p>
      <p>Assessment of the flow through the mitral and tricuspid valves showed that the E wave in both valves was significantly greater in fetuses with myocardial hypertrophy than in control fetuses, suggesting that the diastolic relaxation of both ventricles was altered in the presence of wall hypertrophy. No difference was observed in mitral and tricuspid A waves (reflecting an alteration in ventricular compliance). However, the results observed in the analysis of the ductus venosus flow suggest that ventricular compliance is impaired as a consequence of myocardial hypertrophy and maternal diabetes, indicating that the assessment of the ductus venosus may be more sensitive than the analysis of atrioventricular flows for detecting a decrease in ventricular compliance.</p>
      <p>Our results differ from those of Rizzo et al <sup>38</sup> probably because our study comprised pregnant women at more advanced gestational ages, emphasizing the idea that earlier gestational changes are more evident than those appearing later, which was suggested by the authors themselves. In addition, in the study by Rizzo et al <sup>38</sup>, fetuses of diabetic mothers were not divided into 2 groups (with and without hypertrophy), as in our study. Knowing that myocardial hypertrophy is related to abnormalities in ventricular relaxation, changes in the early filling phase were expected in fetuses of diabetic mothers with myocardial hypertrophy as compared with fetuses of diabetic mothers without myocardial hypertrophy and fetuses of nondiabetic mothers, which was actually shown.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, fetuses of diabetic mothers with myocardial hypertrophy have impairment in ductus venosus flow with an increase in the pulsatility index of that flow as compared with fetuses of diabetic mothers with normal myocardial thickness and normal fetuses of nondiabetic mothers. This behavior may be related to changes in fetal diastolic function, which affect ventricular relaxation and compliance, as a consequence of myocardial hypertrophy and maternal diabetes mellitus.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Paulo Zielinsky</p>
          <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Unidade de Pesquisa</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395</p>
          <p> Cep 90620 001 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="zielinsky@cardiol.br">zielinsky@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 6/25/03</p>
      <p>Accepted for publication: 12/11/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
