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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">N9DVMVmHyxkjrnZv6hTY9VG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001300004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001300004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo e arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria em chag&#225;sicos com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;dia Magda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Enilce de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruzeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Ros&#225;lia Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Ot&#225;vio Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>35</fpage>
      <lpage>39</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste de estresse ostost&#225;tico ativo na detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o vagal em chag&#225;sicos com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global preservada, comparando-o ao teste da arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria. M&#201;TODO: Foram selecionados 61 chag&#225;sicos (Ch) e 38 n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos (NCh) sem evid&#234;ncias significativas de cardiopatia ou doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas, submetidos ao ecodopplercardiograma e &#224;s provas auton&#244;micas. O teste da arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria foi realizado atrav&#233;s do registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico enquanto o paciente respirava profundamente, a 6 irpm, calculando-se a raz&#227;o E:I (m&#233;dia das raz&#245;es entre os maiores intervalos RR expirat&#243;rios e os menores RR inspirat&#243;rios a cada ciclo). O eletrocardiograma foi registrado enquanto o paciente se levantava e nos 30s seguintes (teste do estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo), calculando-se a raz&#227;o RR m&#225;x./RR min (maior e menor intervalo RR logo ap&#243;s a mudan&#231;a postural). Os &#237;ndices foram ajustados para covari&#225;veis significativas. RESULTADOS: A raz&#227;o RR max:min (NCh: 1,52 [1,44-1,74] x Ch: 1,43 [1,33-1,51], p &lt; 0,001) e a raz&#227;o E:I (NCh: 1,38&#177;0,02 x Ch: 1,25&#177;0,02, p&lt;0,001) foram menores entre os chag&#225;sicos. Houve elevada correla&#231;&#227;o entre a raz&#227;o RR max:min e a raz&#227;o E:I ajustadas (r = 0,628, p &lt; 0,001), mas ambas n&#227;o se correlacionaram significativamente com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. CONCLUS&#195;O: Chag&#225;sicos com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de &#237;ndices vagais obtidos por provas curtas, quando comparados a controles normais. O teste de estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo apresentou boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a manobra de arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria, constituindo-se op&#231;&#227;o v&#225;lida na avalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial do controle vagal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>ortostatismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo e arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria em chag&#225;sicos com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro; L&#237;dia Magda Ferreira; Enilce de Oliveira; Paulo C. F. Cruzeiro; Ros&#225;lia Moraes Torres; Manoel Ot&#225;vio Costa Rocha</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG, Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG </p>
    <p>Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste de estresse ostost&#225;tico ativo na detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o vagal em chag&#225;sicos com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global preservada, comparando-o ao teste da arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p><bold> M&#201;TODO:</bold> Foram selecionados 61 chag&#225;sicos (Ch) e 38 n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos (NCh) sem evid&#234;ncias significativas de cardiopatia ou doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas, submetidos ao ecodopplercardiograma e &#224;s provas auton&#244;micas. O teste da arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria foi realizado atrav&#233;s do registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico enquanto o paciente respirava profundamente, a 6 irpm, calculando-se a raz&#227;o E:I (m&#233;dia das raz&#245;es entre os maiores intervalos RR expirat&#243;rios e os menores RR inspirat&#243;rios a cada ciclo). O eletrocardiograma foi registrado enquanto o paciente se levantava e nos 30s seguintes (teste do estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo), calculando-se a raz&#227;o RR m&#225;x./RR min (maior e menor intervalo RR logo ap&#243;s a mudan&#231;a postural). Os &#237;ndices foram ajustados para covari&#225;veis significativas. </p>
    <p><bold> RESULTADOS:</bold> A raz&#227;o RR max:min (NCh: 1,52 [1,44-1,74] x Ch: 1,43 [1,33-1,51], p &lt; 0,001) e a raz&#227;o E:I (NCh: 1,38&#177;0,02 x Ch: 1,25&#177;0,02, p&lt;0,001) foram menores entre os chag&#225;sicos. Houve elevada correla&#231;&#227;o entre a raz&#227;o RR max:min e a raz&#227;o E:I ajustadas (r = 0,628, p &lt; 0,001), mas ambas n&#227;o se correlacionaram significativamente com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p><bold> CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Chag&#225;sicos com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de &#237;ndices vagais obtidos por provas curtas, quando comparados a controles normais. O teste de estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo apresentou boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a manobra de arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria, constituindo-se op&#231;&#227;o v&#225;lida na avalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial do controle vagal.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> doen&#231;a de Chagas; sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo; ortostatismo</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas persiste como maior problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em nosso meio, acometendo, aproximadamente, quatro milh&#245;es de brasileiros<sup>1</sup>. A morte s&#250;bita &#233; respons&#225;vel por cerca de 50% dos &#243;bitos causados pela doen&#231;a, podendo acometer indiv&#237;duos jovens e em plena vida produtiva<sup>2</sup>. A disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, uma anormalidade t&#237;pica da doen&#231;a, tem sido implicada como importante na g&#234;nese da morte arr&#237;tmica na doen&#231;a de Chagas<sup>3</sup>. Em estudos recentes<sup>4-8</sup>, observamos que a disfun&#231;&#227;o vagal pode ser observada em pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, ocorrendo precocemente em alguns pacientes com a doen&#231;a sendo reconhecida pelo estudo da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ao Holter de 24h, da arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria e da manobra de Valsalva. Embora tais m&#233;todos sejam indicadores estabelecidos da atividade parassimp&#225;tica, apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, como a necessidade de equipamento de Holter e de <italic>software</italic> de an&#225;lise ou da colabora&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
    <p>O teste do estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo consiste na avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca quando se assume ativamente a posi&#231;&#227;o de p&#233;<sup>9</sup>. Quando o indiv&#237;duo se levanta, a partir da posi&#231;&#227;o deitada, entre 300 a 800 ml de sangue s&#227;o rapidamente transferidos do t&#243;rax para os membros inferiores. Poucos segundos ap&#243;s assumir a posi&#231;&#227;o de p&#233;, observa-se taquicardia, ocasionada principalmente por supress&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia vagal, relacionada &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria da musculatura e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria da press&#227;o arterial<sup>9-11</sup>. A ativa&#231;&#227;o barorreflexa que se segue leva &#224; recupera&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e diminui&#231;&#227;o vago-mediada da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que se completa com 30s de ortostatismo. Aumentos subseq&#252;entes da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a manuten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial s&#227;o devidos principalmente ao controle simp&#225;tico card&#237;aco e vasomotor, al&#233;m de ativa&#231;&#227;o neuroend&#243;crina<sup>9</sup>. Acredita-se que o estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo &#233; superior ao teste da inclina&#231;&#227;o passiva para eliciar reflexos mediados pelo vago<sup>9</sup>. Como habitualmente, a maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ocorre em torno do 15&#186; batimento ap&#243;s adotar o ortostatismo, seguido pela bradicardia m&#225;xima em torno do 30&#186; batimento, Ewing e cols. padronizaram um teste auton&#244;mico da divis&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica baseado na raz&#227;o 30:15 (maior RR em torno do 30 batimento dividido pelo menor RR em torno do 15 batimento)<sup>12</sup>. Wieling e cols., considerando que a raz&#227;o 30:15 subestima a varia&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ocorrida ap&#243;s o ortostatismo, propuseram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma raz&#227;o entre os intervalos RR m&#225;ximo sobre o RR m&#237;nimo (&#237;ndice RR max:min)<sup>11,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo pretende avaliar se o teste do estresse ostost&#225;tico ativo, obtido atrav&#233;s do &#237;ndice RR max:min, permite a detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o vagal em pacientes chag&#225;sicos com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada, al&#233;m de avaliar sua correla&#231;&#227;o com o teste da arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria, considerado aqui como padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o vagal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo transversal, conduzido no Ambulat&#243;rio de Refer&#234;ncia em Doen&#231;a de Chagas do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG, ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o do projeto de pesquisa pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o<sup>4</sup>. Os pacientes foram atendidos no per&#237;odo de janeiro/1992 a agosto/1994 e recrutados aqueles, chag&#225;sicos ou n&#227;o, na faixa de 15 a 50 anos, com sorologia definida para doen&#231;a de Chagas, e cuja avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial n&#227;o sugeria a presen&#231;a de cardiopatia ou outras doen&#231;as significativas. Esses pacientes foram submetidos &#224; anamnese e exame f&#237;sico, sem conhecimento da sorologia do paciente, conforme protocolo padronizado. Foram realizados eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e telerradiografia de t&#243;rax, em PA e perfil esquerdo, analisados de forma cega e padronizada, al&#233;m de hemograma completo, dosagem bioqu&#237;mica de creatinina, ur&#233;ia, glicemia de jejum, pot&#225;ssio e s&#243;dio, dosagem de TSH. Posteriormente, outros exames foram solicitados, conforme a necessidade cl&#237;nica, como a dosagem do T4 livre e a curva de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose. Foram considerados chag&#225;sicos os indiv&#237;duos que apresentavam positividade sorol&#243;gica para <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> atrav&#233;s de duas ou mais t&#233;cnicas diferentes, incluindo as rea&#231;&#245;es de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta, hemaglutina&#231;&#227;o indireta, de fixa&#231;&#227;o de complemento e ELISA e preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: idade entre 15 e 50 anos; situa&#231;&#227;o sorol&#243;gica definida para doen&#231;a de Chagas; aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia &#224; anamnese, ao exame f&#237;sico, ao eletrocardiograma ou &#224; radiografia de t&#243;rax.</p>
    <p>Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: 1) impossibilidade ou aus&#234;ncia de disponibilidade para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames propostos; 2) hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, definida operacionalmente como: press&#227;o arterial medida durante o exame f&#237;sico 160/95 mmHg, ou entre 140-159/90-94 mmHg, associada a hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, 4&#186; bulha ao exame f&#237;sico, prov&#225;vel sobrecarga ventricular esquerda ao eletrocardiograma pelo crit&#233;rio de Romhilt-Estes ou evid&#234;ncias de dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica &#224; radiografia de t&#243;rax; 3) hist&#243;ria compat&#237;vel com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, conforme anamnese dirigida; 4) epis&#243;dio pr&#233;vio sugestivo de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica aguda; 5) diabetes mellitus ou toler&#226;ncia reduzida &#224; glicose, conforme anamnese, dosagem de glicemia em jejum e, se necess&#225;rio, prova de toler&#226;ncia oral &#224; glicose; 6) disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana; 7) insufici&#234;ncia renal; 8) doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; 9) dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos; 10) anemia significativa, definida arbitrariamente como hemoglobina &lt;10 g/dl; 11) alcoolismo definido como consumo m&#233;dio semanal acima de 420g de etanol; 12) qualquer outra doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica significativa, cr&#244;nica ou aguda, que poderia interferir nos resultados das provas espec&#237;ficas; 13) gravidez, definida por crit&#233;rios laboratoriais; 14) utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos com efeito sobre o aparelho cardiovascular ou sobre o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.</p>
    <p>De 144 pacientes iniciais, 45 foram exclu&#237;dos por algum dos crit&#233;rios citados restando 99 pacientes dispon&#237;veis para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames espec&#237;ficos, sendo 61 chag&#225;sicos e 38 n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos. O teste da arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria sempre precedeu o estresse ortost&#225;tico, ambos realizados sempre no mesmo dia, pela manh&#227;, ap&#243;s jejum de pelo menos 8h.</p>
    <p>O teste da arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria consistiu, no paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, conectado ao eletrocardi&#243;grafo Hewlett Packard, modelo 1504, com a coloca&#231;&#227;o de clipe nasal, a fim de se evitar perdas respirat&#243;rias nasais. A temperatura ambiente foi monitorizada (m&#233;dia 25&#177; 3&#186;), para possibilitar corre&#231;&#245;es do volume corrente. O paciente foi mantido em repouso assentado por pelo menos 2min antes do in&#237;cio do teste. O registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico cont&#237;nuo a 25mm/s foi iniciado 10s antes da manobra e mantido por pelo menos 1min de respira&#231;&#227;o profunda controlada por metr&#244;nomo, a seis incurs&#245;es por minuto, com registro simult&#226;neo do volume corrente em papel graduado em espir&#243;grafo Collins, modelo DSII. Cada paciente foi instigado a realizar movimentos respirat&#243;rios m&#225;ximos, lenta e pausadamente, com cada ciclo respirat&#243;rio durando 10s. Uma marca manual, codificada de modo simples, foi realizada no eletrocardiograma a cada in&#237;cio da inspira&#231;&#227;o e da expira&#231;&#227;o em cada ciclo respirat&#243;rio<sup>4,12-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do eletrocardiograma foi realizada manualmente, incluindo o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-teste e o minuto correspondente as seis incurs&#245;es respirat&#243;rias realizadas, utilizando-se de r&#233;guas de medi&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica <italic>Del Mar Avionics</italic>.</p>
    <p>Foram calculadas as raz&#245;es entre o maior intervalo RR expirat&#243;rio e o menor intervalo RR inspirat&#243;rio (raz&#227;o E:I) para cada ciclo respirat&#243;rio e a m&#233;dia dos valores referentes aos seis ciclos. O intervalo card&#237;aco m&#233;dio e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia, imediatamente antes de se iniciar a manobra, foram obtidos dos 10 intervalos RR imediatamente precedentes ao in&#237;cio da manobra computados. Todos os c&#225;lculos foram realizados a partir dos intervalos card&#237;acos m&#225;ximos e m&#237;nimos originais.</p>
    <p>O paciente foi mantido em repouso de 5min, em posi&#231;&#227;o deitada, pedindo-se, em seguida, que o paciente se levantasse rapidamente (3 a 5s). O registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico foi iniciado 10s antes do in&#237;cio da manobra, mantendo-se, a seguir, por 40s. O tra&#231;ado foi analisado manualmente, <italic>a posteriori,</italic> mensurando-se os intervalos RR de modo an&#225;logo aos testes anteriores, incluindo os per&#237;odos pr&#233;-teste, o ato de se levantar e os 40s seguintes. Foram computados 10 intervalos RR imediatamente precedentes ao in&#237;cio da manobra, para se obter o intervalo card&#237;aco m&#233;dio e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia basais imediatamente antes de se iniciar a manobra. Foram registrados os menores e os maiores intervalos RR logo ap&#243;s a manobra, calculando-se &#237;ndice RR max:min<sup>4,8-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>O ecodopplercardiograma foi realizado em ecocardi&#243;grafo marca Siemens, modelo Sonoline CF, utilizando-se os modos unidimensional (modo M), bidimensional em tempo real, Doppler colorido, Doppler puls&#225;til e Doppler cont&#237;nuo. Todos os exames foram efetuados pelo mesmo ecocardiografista, de forma padronizada, sem conhecimento da situa&#231;&#227;o sorol&#243;gica do paciente, e feita a avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica, global e regional. No presente estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos apenas dados referentes a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Foi realizada a estat&#237;stica descritiva das vari&#225;veis escolhidas, obtendo-se a distribui&#231;&#227;o de freq&#252;&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa das vari&#225;veis qualitativas e a m&#233;dia, vari&#226;ncia, desvio padr&#227;o, mediana, amplitude e dispers&#227;o m&#233;dia das vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas. Em todas vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi realizado o histograma de distribui&#231;&#227;o, para detec&#231;&#227;o de desvios da normalidade e de valores extremos, excessivamente distantes das medidas de tend&#234;ncia central (<italic>outliers</italic>). Neste caso, os registros ou tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos originais foram reavaliados, em busca de erros nas medi&#231;&#245;es, no registro ou nas digita&#231;&#245;es dos dados. Foi constru&#237;do, ainda, o gr&#225;fico de probabilidade normal para cada uma das var&#237;aveis cont&#237;nuas, efetuando-se o teste estat&#237;stico de Ryan-Joiner, similar ao de Shapiro-Wilk, para detec&#231;&#227;o de desvios da normalidade. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, a homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias nos dois grupos foi comparada atrav&#233;s de teste de Bartlett, e optou-se por testes n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos caso a distribui&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel fosse diferente da normal ou existisse heterogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias nos dois grupos. As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal ou vari&#226;ncias heterog&#234;neas foram submetidas &#224; transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica, utilizando-se do logaritmo natural<sup>17</sup>. Foram comparadas as propor&#231;&#245;es, m&#233;dias e medianas das vari&#225;veis independentes e dependentes dos grupos chag&#225;sico e n&#227;o-chag&#225;sico, atrav&#233;s de testes estat&#237;sticos apropriados, como o qui-quadrado, o teste exato de Fisher, o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student e o teste de <italic>Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney</italic>. Em todos os testes, utilizou-se a probabilidade de signific&#226;ncia (p) menor que 0,05 como necess&#225;ria para rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese nula.</p>
    <p>Como os testes auton&#244;micos s&#227;o influenciados por fatores diversos, como a idade, o volume corrente (no teste da arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria) e, possivelmente, a presen&#231;a de depress&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, foi realizada a an&#225;lise atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla. O modelo de regress&#227;o foi definido utilizando-se algoritmo computadorizado que permite a sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis mais significativamente relacionadas aos &#237;ndices auton&#244;micos <italic>(Best-subset selection procedure, software Minitab, vers&#227;o 9)</italic>. Observou-se que o &#237;ndice RR max:min (obtido durante o estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo) se relacionava, &#224; an&#225;lise multivariada, a idade, enquanto a raz&#227;o E:I (arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria) era influenciada tamb&#233;m pela idade e pelo volume corrente alcan&#231;ado em cada paciente. Atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia, as m&#233;dias dos &#237;ndices auton&#244;micos nos dois grupos foram corrigidas para as covari&#225;veis significativas e novamente comparadas. A seguir os &#237;ndices corrigidos derivados das provas auton&#244;micas foram novamente comparados atrav&#233;s de correla&#231;&#227;o produto-momento de Pearson<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela I</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, radiol&#243;gicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes dos grupos chag&#225;sico e n&#227;o chag&#225;sico. A m&#233;dia de idade foi discreta mas significativamente menor no grupo controle (p = 0.002). Anormalidades leves ao esofagograma com b&#225;rio ocorreram em alguns pacientes de ambos os grupos, com discreta reten&#231;&#227;o de contraste ap&#243;s minuto de exame, sem dilata&#231;&#227;o significativa. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o esteve pr&#243;xima do normal na quase totalidade dos pacientes, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos, tamb&#233;m quanto ao &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao ecocardiograma. Nenhum paciente dos dois grupos apresentava fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 50%.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0035-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A raz&#227;o RR max:min obtida ao estresse ortost&#225;rico ativo foi substancialmente menor no chag&#225;sico (mediana: 1,43, intervalo quartil 1 &#150; quartil 3 1,33-1,51) do que no n&#227;o chag&#225;sico (1,52, 1,44-1,74, p &lt; 0,0001). Em tr&#234;s pacientes n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel calcular a raz&#227;o RR max:min por perda do tra&#231;ado (1), artefatos freq&#252;entes (1) e a presen&#231;a de arritmia (1). A raz&#227;o E:1 ao teste da arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria tamb&#233;m foi significativamente menor no chag&#225;sico (m&#233;dia 1,38, desvio-padr&#227;o 0,02) do que nos controles (1,25, 0,02). Um paciente n&#227;o conseguiu realizar as manobras respirat&#243;rias, mesmo ap&#243;s treinamento. Ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o para as covari&#225;veis, as medianas dos valores da raz&#227;o RR max:min e as m&#233;dias da raz&#227;o E:I foram significativamente menores entre o chag&#225;sico quando comparados ao n&#227;o chag&#225;sico. Os resultados n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o daqueles com altera&#231;&#245;es radiol&#243;gicas discretas do es&#244;fago. Houve elevada correla&#231;&#227;o entre a raz&#227;o RR max:min e a raz&#227;o E:I ajustada (r = 0,628, p &lt; 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0035-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tabela II</xref> encontra-se a matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o para os &#237;ndices auton&#244;micos e vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas nos pacientes controles e chag&#225;sicos. Tanto a raz&#227;o E:I como o &#237;ndice RR max/min n&#227;o se correlacionaram significativamente as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas avaliadas, como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0035-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A resposta cardiovascular ao ortotatismo na doen&#231;a de Chagas j&#225; foi estudada anteriormente, utilizando-se tanto do estresse ortost&#225;tico passivo, cuja modifica&#231;&#227;o postural do indiv&#237;duo &#233; feita atrav&#233;s da inclina&#231;&#227;o da mesa no qual o paciente encontra-se deitado<sup>18-20</sup>, como atrav&#233;s da modifica&#231;&#227;o ativa da postura, o estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo<sup>21-23</sup>, de forma semelhante ao presente estudo. Desconhecemos, entretanto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o RR max:min na detec&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da disfun&#231;&#227;o vagal na doen&#231;a de Chagas. De f&#225;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o, sens&#237;vel, espec&#237;fico e reprodut&#237;vel, o teste do estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo &#233; considerado superior ao teste da inclina&#231;&#227;o passiva (<italic>head-up tilt</italic>) como metodologia de avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle vagal do ortostatismo<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados da realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo em pacientes chag&#225;sicos sem cardiopatia, comparados a controles normais, confirmam achados pr&#233;vios do nosso grupo, obtidos no mesmo grupo de pacientes<sup>4-6</sup>, e em outra amostra estudada posteriormente<sup>7,8</sup>, e tamb&#233;m por outros autores<sup>24-27</sup>. Os diferentes m&#233;todos utilizados, como a variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (avaliada por diferentes t&#233;cnicas)<sup>5,7,8,22</sup>, a manobra de Valsalva<sup>6,23,24,26</sup> e a arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria<sup>5,26</sup> mostraram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica est&#225; presente em pacientes sem evid&#234;ncias de cardiopatia e com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada. O conjunto desses resultados responde de forma definitiva uma quest&#227;o que permeou a literatura durante as duas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas: se a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica precede ou n&#227;o &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda na doen&#231;a de Chagas<sup>26-30</sup>. Embora nenhuma infer&#234;ncia causal possa ser retirada desses resultados, n&#227;o resta d&#250;vida que existe disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica precoce na doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
    <p>A influ&#234;ncia do acometimento digestivo na g&#234;nese da disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, ressaltado em outros estudos<sup>26</sup>, n&#227;o foi objeto de avalia&#231;&#227;o em nosso trabalho. Deve-se destacar, por&#233;m, que os pacientes estudados n&#227;o apresentavam manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou radiol&#243;gicas de doen&#231;a digestiva significativa, indicando que esta n&#227;o foi a determinante principal das anormalidades encontradas nas provas auton&#244;micas.</p>
    <p>Foram utilizadas, no presente, duas provas cl&#225;ssicas de avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle vagal card&#237;aco. Os &#237;ndices obtidos, a raz&#227;o E:I ajustada ao teste da ASR e a raz&#227;o max:min ao estresse ortost&#225;tico, est&#227;o fortemente correlacionados (r = 0,632), mas n&#227;o mostram resultados id&#234;nticos. Gautschy e cols.<sup>31</sup>, estudando 120 indiv&#237;duos normais, encontraram coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o id&#234;ntico entre esses dois &#237;ndices: r = 0,63. A discord&#226;ncia entre os resultados de diferentes provas auton&#244;micas &#233; relatada por outros autores na literatura, geralmente como indicativo da necessidade de se utilizar mais de um teste de fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica para a detec&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e merece ser discutida<sup>13-16</sup>. Tal variabilidade da resposta aos testes auton&#244;micos depende n&#227;o apenas do controle neural, mas tamb&#233;m de diferentes aspectos hemodin&#226;micos e metodol&#243;gicos. Embora predominantemente relacionada ao vago, a resposta cardioaceleradora imediata que se segue ao in&#237;cio da manobra de se levantar tamb&#233;m est&#225; ligada a modifica&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas sujeitas a ajustes reflexos e influenciada tamb&#233;m pela estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica<sup>9-11</sup>. O aumento inicial da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (3s ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da manobra) &#233; relacionado &#224; retirada da influ&#234;ncia vagal pela contra&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria da musculatura abdominal, enquanto um segundo pico de aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (em torno dos 12s) &#233; mediado tanto pela inibi&#231;&#227;o vagal como pela estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, eliciados pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o barorreflexa arterial, provocado pela queda da press&#227;o arterial associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do retorno venoso<sup>11</sup>. A resposta hemodin&#226;mica e auton&#244;mica &#233; influenciada pelo tempo de repouso que precede o exame, assim como pela velocidade e o esfor&#231;o realizado no ato de se levantar<sup>32</sup>, fatores que podem variar de paciente para paciente, sendo de dif&#237;cil padroniza&#231;&#227;o. Embora a ASR tamb&#233;m se relacione a mecanismos complexos, o est&#237;mulo respirat&#243;rio &#233; sujeito &#224; padroniza&#231;&#227;o e controle. As altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas s&#227;o menos pronunciadas e a influ&#234;ncia simp&#225;tica tem import&#226;ncia m&#237;nima. Assim, presume-se que a arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria forne&#231;a um indicativo mais preciso do controle vagal do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>33,34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora em condic&#245;es de laborat&#243;rio, com controle espirom&#233;trico do volume corrente e manuten&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria fixa, o teste da arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria tenha n&#237;tida vantagem sobre o teste do estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo, a situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; diferente no contexto ambulatorial. O controle do volume corrente n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel dentro do consult&#243;rio m&#233;dico de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste com respira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima e regular a seis ciclos por minuto exige treinamento e colabora&#231;&#227;o do paciente. Por outro lado, o c&#225;lculo da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ao Holter de 24h, importante marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, requer que o paciente realize a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de 24h, demandando equipamento e habilidades espec&#237;ficas do m&#233;dico assistente. O teste do estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo torna-se, assim, alternativa atraente para a avalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial do controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco, seja isoladamente, como em associa&#231;&#227;o com outras provas auton&#244;micas de curta dura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo est&#225; a inexist&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es acerca da reprodutibilidade do teste em pacientes chag&#225;sicos. Entretanto, estudos realizados em outros grupos populacionais sugerem que a reprodutibilidade do m&#233;todo &#233; excelente. Adicionalmente, n&#227;o dispomos das informa&#231;&#245;es evolutivas desses pacientes, de forma que n&#227;o podemos inferir se houve deteriora&#231;&#227;o adicional da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica ou, mais importante, se pacientes com provas anormais tiveram evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel, quando comparados aos com fun&#231;&#227;o preservada.</p>
    <p>Chag&#225;sicos com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de &#237;ndices vagais obtidos por provas curtas, quando comparados a controles normais. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tais procedimentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, por&#233;m, tem sua indica&#231;&#227;o pendente em decorr&#234;ncia do desconhecimento do significado cl&#237;nico e progn&#243;stico da disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica na doen&#231;a de Chagas. Enquanto em pacientes diab&#233;ticos e ap&#243;s o infarto a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, avaliada tanto por m&#233;todos r&#225;pidos<sup>35,36</sup> como atrav&#233;s da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>37</sup>, &#233; indicadora forte e independente do risco aumentado de morte, as implica&#231;&#245;es na doen&#231;a de Chagas ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidas. Caso se comprove que, tamb&#233;m na doen&#231;a de Chagas, o reconhecimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica permitir&#225; uma melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de morte dos pacientes ambulatoriais, o teste do estresse ortost&#225;tico ativo deve ser uma op&#231;&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial do controle vagal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), Coordenadoria de Aperfei&#231;oamento do Ensino Superior (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) e Pro-Reitoria de Pesquisa da UFMG.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p>Dr. Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro </p>
        <p> R. Campanha, 98/101 </p>
        <p> Cep 30310-770 - Belo Horizonte - MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="tom@hc.ufmg.br">tom@hc.ufmg.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 04/12/02 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 3/11/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Active orthostatic stress and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in patients with Chagas' disease with preserved left ventricular global systolic function</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of the active orthostatic stress test for detecting vagal dysfunction in patients with Chagas' disease with preserved overall systolic function, and to compare it with the respiratory sinus arrhythmia test. METHODS: Sixty-one chagasic patients (Ch) and 38 nonchagasic (NCh) patients with no significant evidence of heart disease or systemic diseases underwent Doppler echocardiography and autonomic function tests. The respiratory sinus arrhythmia test was performed through electrocardiographic recording during deep breathing, at 6 ripm, calculating the E:I ratio (mean ratio between the longest expiratory RR interval and the shortest inspiratory RR interval at each cycle). The electrocardiogram was recorded during the act of standing and during the following 30 seconds (active orthostatic stress test), and the max RR/min RR ratio (the longest and shortest RR intervals right after change in posture) was calculated. The indices were adjusted for significant covariables. RESULTS: The max RR/min RR ratio (NCh: 1.52 [1.44-1.74] x Ch: 1.43 [1.33-1.51], P &lt; 0.001) and the E:I ratio (NCh: 1.38&#177;0.02 x Ch: 1.25&#177;0.02, P&lt;0.001) were lower among chagasic patients. A high correlation was observed between the adjusted max RR/min RR ratio and E:I ratio (r = 0.628, P &lt; 0.001), but neither significantly correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction. CONCLUSION: Chagasic patients with preserved left ventricular overall systolic function showed a significant reduction in the vagal indices obtained on short-lasting tests, as compared with normal controls. The active orthostatic stress test that, showed a good correlation with the respiratory sinus arrhythmia maneuver, constituted a valid option for the outpatient care assessment of vagal control.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas' disease</kwd>
        <kwd>autonomous nervous system</kwd>
        <kwd>orthostatism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Active orthostatic stress and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in patients with Chagas' disease with preserved left ventricular global systolic function</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro; L&#237;dia Magda Ferreira; Enilce de Oliveira; Paulo C. F. Cruzeiro; Ros&#225;lia Moraes Torres; Manoel Ot&#225;vio Costa Rocha </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Internal Medicine Department, Post-graduation Course in Tropical Medicine, Medical School of the UFMG, Service of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the UFMG</p>
      <p>Belo Horizonte; MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the use of the active orthostatic stress test for detecting vagal dysfunction in patients with Chagas' disease with preserved overall systolic function, and to compare it with the respiratory sinus arrhythmia test.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Sixty-one chagasic patients (Ch) and 38 nonchagasic (NCh) patients with no significant evidence of heart disease or systemic diseases underwent Doppler echocardiography and autonomic function tests. The respiratory sinus arrhythmia test was performed through electrocardiographic recording during deep breathing, at 6 ripm, calculating the E:I ratio (mean ratio between the longest expiratory RR interval and the shortest inspiratory RR interval at each cycle). The electrocardiogram was recorded during the act of standing and during the following 30 seconds (active orthostatic stress test), and the max RR/min RR ratio (the longest and shortest RR intervals right after change in posture) was calculated. The indices were adjusted for significant covariables.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The max RR/min RR ratio (NCh: 1.52 [1.44-1.74] x Ch: 1.43 [1.33-1.51], P &lt; 0.001) and the E:I ratio (NCh: 1.38&#177;0.02 x Ch: 1.25&#177;0.02, P&lt;0.001) were lower among chagasic patients. A high correlation was observed between the adjusted max RR/min RR ratio and E:I ratio (r = 0.628, P &lt; 0.001), but neither significantly correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Chagasic patients with preserved left ventricular overall systolic function showed a significant reduction in the vagal indices obtained on short-lasting tests, as compared with normal controls. The active orthostatic stress test that, showed a good correlation with the respiratory sinus arrhythmia maneuver, constituted a valid option for the outpatient care assessment of vagal control.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Chagas' disease, autonomous nervous system, orthostatism</p>
      <p>Chagas' disease persists as a major public health problem in our country, affecting approximately 4 million Brazilians <sup>1</sup>. Sudden death accounts for approximately 50% of the deaths caused by the disease, and it may affect young individuals halfway through their productive life years <sup>2</sup>. Autonomic dysfunction, a typical abnormality of the disease, has been implicated as playing an important role in the genesis of arrhythmic death in Chagas' disease <sup>3</sup>. Recent studies <sup>4-8</sup> have reported that vagal dysfunction can be observed in patients with no left ventricular dysfunction, occurring early in some patients with the disease. It can be recognized with the study of heart rate variability on 24-hour Holter, of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and the Valsalva maneuver. Although these methods are established indicators of parasympathetic activity, they have specific limitations, such as the need for Holter equipment and for software for analysis, or the patient's collaboration.</p>
      <p>The active orthostatic stress test consists of the evaluation of the response of heart rate when the standing position is actively assumed <sup>9</sup>. When the individual stands up, from a horizontal position, approximately 300 to 800 mL of blood are rapidly transferred from the thorax to the lower limbs. A few seconds after assuming a standing position, tachycardia is observed, caused mainly by suppression of the vagal influence, related to voluntary muscle contraction and the transient reduction in blood pressure <sup>9-11</sup>. The baroreflex activation that follows leads to recovery of blood pressure and a vagus-mediated reduction in heart rate, which is completed at 30 seconds of orthostatism. Subsequent increases in heart rate and maintenance of blood pressure are mainly due to cardiac and vasomotor sympathetic control, in addition to neuroendocrine activation <sup>9</sup>. Active orthostatic stress is believed to be better than the passive tilting test to trigger vagus-mediated reflexes <sup>9</sup>. Because the highest heart rate usually occurs around the 15th beat after assuming the standing position, followed by maximum bradycardia around the 30th beat, Ewing et al <sup>12</sup> standardized an autonomic test of the parasympathetic division based on the 30:15 ratio (the longest RR interval around the 30th beat divided by the shortest RR around the 15th beat). Wieling et al <sup>11,13</sup>, considering that the 30:15 ratio underestimates the maximal variability in heart rate occurring after orthostatism, have proposed the use of a ratio between the maximum RR interval and the minimum RR interval (max:min RR index).</p>
      <p>The present study aims at assessing whether the active orthostatic stress test, obtained through the max:min RR index, allows the detection of vagal dysfunction in chagasic patients with preserved left ventricular overall systolic function, in addition to assessing its correlation with the respiratory sinus arrhythmia test, here considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of vagal dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional study was carried out in the referral outpatient care clinic for Chagas' disease of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the UFMG, after approval of the research project by the committee on ethics in research of the institution <sup>4</sup>. The patients were screened up from January 1992 to August 1994, and those, chagasic or not, in the age group from 15 to 50 years with a defined serology for Chagas' disease were recruited. Their initial evaluation did not suggest the presence of heart disease or other significant diseases. These patients underwent anamnesis and physical examination according to the standardized protocol, and their serological status was not known by the examiner. Twelve-lead electrocardiography and chest teleradiography were performed, in PA and left profile. They were analyzed in a blind and standardized form. The following laboratory tests were also performed: complete hemogram; serum levels of creatinine, urea, potassium, and sodium; fasting glycemia; and TSH level measurement. Other examinations were later asked for according to clinical need, such as free T4 measurement and glucose tolerance curve. The individuals with positive serology for <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> according to 2 or more different techniques, including the reactions of indirect immunofluorescence, indirect hemagglutination, fixation of complement, and ELISA, were considered chagasic. The inclusion criteria for the study were as follows: age between 15 and 50 years; defined serologic status for Chagas' disease; and no evidence of heart disease on anamnesis, physical examination, electrocardiography, or chest radiography.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) impossibility of or no availability for performing the examinations proposed; 2) systemic arterial hypertension operationally defined as blood pressure level during physical examination of 160/95 mm Hg, or between 140-159/90-94 mm Hg in association with a history of systemic arterial hypertension; forth heart sound on physical examination; probable left ventricular overload on the electrocardiogram according to the Romhilt-Estes criterion; or evidence of aortic dilation on chest radiography; 3) history compatible with coronary heart disease, according to directed anamnesis; 4) a previous episode suggestive of acute rheumatic disease; 5) diabetes mellitus or decreased tolerance to glucose, according to anamnesis, measurement of fasting glycemia, and, if necessary, a test of oral glucose tolerance; 6) thyroid dysfunction; 7) renal failure; 8) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 9) hydroelectrolytic disorders; 10) significant anemia, arbitrarily defined as hemoglobin &lt; 10 g/dL; 11) alcoholism defined as mean week alcohol consumption above 420 g of ethanol; 12) any other chronic or acute significant systemic disease, which could interfere with the results of the specific tests; 13) pregnancy, defined by laboratory criteria; 14) use of medications with an effect on the cardiovascular system or on the autonomous nervous system.</p>
      <p>Of the initial 144 patients, 45 were excluded according to the criteria already cited, leaving 99 patients available for undergoing the specific examinations, 61 of whom were chagasic and 38 of whom were nonchagasic. The respiratory sinus arrhythmia test always preceded orthostatic stress, both being performed on the same day, in the morning, after at least an 8-hour fast.</p>
      <p>The respiratory sinus arrhythmia test was performed with the patient in a sitting position connected to the Hewlett-Packard electrocardiograph, 1504 model, with a nasal clip to avoid nasal respiratory losses. The environmental temperature was monitored (mean of 25&#177;3&#186;) to allow corrections of the current volume. The patient was maintained at rest, sitting for at least 2 minutes before the beginning of the test. Continuous electrocardiographic recording at 25 mm/s was initiated 10 seconds before the maneuver and maintained for at least 1 minute of deep breathing controlled by a metronome, at 6 ripm, with simultaneous recording of the current volume on graph paper in a Collins spirograph, DSII model. Each patient was prompted to slowly perform maximum respiratory movements, each respiratory cycle lasting 10 seconds. A simply codified manual mark was performed on the electrocardiogram at the beginning of each inspiration and expiration in each respiratory cycle <sup>4,12-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the electrocardiogram was performed manually, including the pretest period and the minute corresponding to the 6 respiratory incursions performed, using the Del Mar Avionics rulers of electrocardiographic measurement.</p>
      <p>The ratios between the longest expiratory RR interval and the shortest inspiratory RR interval (E:I ratio) for each respiratory cycle were calculated, as were the mean values referring to the 6 cycles. The mean cardiac interval and mean heart rate, immediately before initiating the maneuver, were obtained for the 10 RR intervals immediately preceding the beginning of the maneuver. All calculations were based on the original maximum and minimum cardiac intervals.</p>
      <p>The patient was maintained resting in the horizontal position for 5 minutes, and then asked to stand up rapidly (3 to 5 seconds). The electrocardiographic recording was initiated 10 seconds before initiating the maneuver, and was maintained for 40 seconds. The tracing was manually analyzed a posteriori, measuring the RR intervals as in the previous tests, including the pretest periods, the act of standing, and the following 40 seconds. The 10 RR intervals immediately preceding maneuver onset were computed to obtain the mean cardiac interval and mean heart rate at baseline immediately before starting the maneuver. The longest and shortest RR intervals were recorded right after the maneuver, and the max:min RR index was calculated <sup>4,8-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiography was performed with a Siemens echocardiograph, Sonoline CF model, using unidimensional (M mode) mode, two-dimensional mode in real time, color Doppler, pulsed Doppler, and continuous Doppler. All examinations were performed by the same echocardiographer, in a standardized manner, without knowing the patient's serological status. The global and regional diastolic and systolic left ventricular function was assessed with details. The present study comprised only data referring to left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
      <p>Descriptive statistics of the variables chosen was performed. The distribution of the absolute and relative frequency of the qualitative variables, and the mean, variance, standard deviation, median, amplitude, and mean dispersion of the continuous quantitative variables were obtained. In all quantitative variables, the histogram of distribution was performed to detect the deviations from normality and the extreme values, excessively distant from the measures of central trend (outliers). In this case, the original electrocardiographic recordings or tracings were reassessed in the search for errors in the measurements, in the recording, or in data typing. The graph of normal probability for each continuous variable was built, and the Ryan-Joiner statistical test, similar to the Shapiro-Wilk test, was performed for detecting deviations from normality. For the continuous variables, the homogeneity of the variances in the 2 groups was compared using the Bartlett test; nonparametric tests were chosen if the distribution of the variable was different from the normal or if heterogeneity of variances existed in the 2 groups. The variables with nonnormal distribution or heterogeneous variances underwent logarithmic transformation, using the natural logarithm <sup>17</sup>. The proportions, means, and medians of the independent and dependent variables of the chagasic and nonchagasic groups were compared using the appropriate statistical tests, such as the chi-square test, Fisher exact test, Student <italic>t</italic> test, and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. In all tests, the probability of significance (P) lower than 0.05 was required for rejecting the null hypothesis.</p>
      <p>Because the autonomic tests are influenced by varied factors, such as age, current volume (in the respiratory sinus arrhythmia test), and, possibly, the presence of depression in left ventricular systolic function, the analysis was performed through multiple linear regression. The model of regression was defined using the computed algorithm that allows the selection of variables more significantly related to the autonomic indices (Best-subset selection procedure, software Minitab, version 9). On multivariate analysis, the max:min RR index (obtained during active orthostatic stress) was observed to relate to age, while the E:I ratio (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) was also influenced by age and the current volume achieved in each patient. Through analysis of covariance, the means of the autonomic indices in both groups were corrected for the significant covariables and again compared, and the corrected indices derived from the autonomic tests were again compared through the Pearson product moment correlation <sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21165t1-body2">Table I</xref> shows the clinical, radiological, and echocardiographic characteristics of the patients in the chagasic and nonchagasic groups. The mean age was slightly more significantly lower in the control group (P = 0.002). Mild abnormalities on esophagogram with barium occurred in some patients in both groups, with a slight retention of contrast medium and no significant dilation. The ejection fraction was close to normal in almost all patients, and no significant difference was observed in the groups also in regard to the cardiothoracic index and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter on echocardiography. No patient in any of the groups had ejection fraction below 50%.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21165t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0035-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The max:min RR ratio obtained during active orthostatic stress was substantially lower in the chagasic group (median: 1.43, quartile interval 1 &#150; quartile 3 1.33-1.51) than in the nonchagasic group (1.52, 1.44-1.74, P &lt; 0.0001). In 3 patients, the max:min RR ratio could not be calculated due to loss of the tracing (1), frequent artifacts (1), and the presence of arrhythmia (1). The E:I ratio during the respiratory sinus arrhythmia test was also significantly lower in the Ch group (mean 1.38, standard deviation 0.02) than in controls (1.25, 0.02). One patient could not perform the respiratory maneuvers, even after training. After correction for the covariables, the medians of the values of the max:min RR ratio and the means of the E:I ratio were significantly lower in the chagasic group as compared with those in the nonchagasic group. The results were not significantly different after exclusion of those with mild radiological alterations in the esophagus. An elevated correlation between the max:min RR ratio and the adjusted E:I ratio was observed (r = 0.628, P &lt; 0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0035-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Table II</xref> shows the matrix of correlation for the autonomic indices and the echocardiographic variables in control and chagasic patients. Both the E:I ratio and the max/min RR index did not significantly correlate with the echocardiographic variables assessed, such as ejection fraction and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0035-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The cardiovascular response to orthostatism in Chagas' disease has already been previously studied, using both passive and active orthostatic stress. In passive orthostatic stress, the individual's postural change is obtained through inclination of the table on which the patient is lying down <sup>18-20</sup>. In active orthostatic stress, the posture is actively changed <sup>21-23</sup> in a similar way to that in the present study. However, we know no report about the use of the max:min RR ratio for detecting vagal dysfunction in Chagas' disease on an outpatient care basis. The active orthostatic stress test is sensitive, specific, reproducible, and easily performed, being considered better than the head-up tilt test as a methodology for assessing vagal control of orthostatism <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The results of the active orthostatic stress test in chagasic patients with no heart disease, as compared with that in normal controls, confirm the findings of our previous study performed in the same group of patients <sup>4-6</sup>, and in another sample later studied <sup>7,8</sup>, and also the findings reported by other authors <sup>24-27</sup>. The different methods used, such as the variability in heart rate (assessed with different techniques) <sup>5,7,8,22</sup>, the Valsalva maneuver <sup>6,23,24,26</sup>, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia <sup>5,26</sup>, showed that autonomic dysfunction is present in patients with no evidence of heart disease and with preserved left ventricular function. The set of these results definitively answers a question that has pervaded the literature during the last 2 decades: whether autonomic dysfunction precedes or not left ventricular dysfunction in Chagas' disease <sup>26-30</sup>. Although these results do not provide any causal inference, early autonomic dysfunction certainly exists in Chagas' disease.</p>
      <p>The influence of digestive impairment in the genesis of autonomic dysfunction, emphasized in other studies <sup>26</sup>, was not an object of evaluation in our study. However, it is worth noting that the patients studied had no clinical or radiological manifestations of significant digestive disease, indicating that this was not the major determinant of the abnormalities found in the autonomic tests.</p>
      <p>In the present study, 2 classical tests were used for assessing cardiac vagal control. The indices obtained, the E:I ratio adjusted to the respiratory sinus arrhythmia test and the max:min ratio to orthostatic stress, are strongly correlated (r = 0.632), but did not show identical results. Gautschy et al <sup>31</sup>, studying 120 healthy individuals, found an identical coefficient of correlation between these 2 indices: r = 0.63. Discordance between the results of different autonomic tests has been reported by other authors in the literature, and usually indicates the need for using more than 1 autonomic function test for detecting the autonomic dysfunction, and deserves to be discussed <sup>13-16</sup>. Such variability in the response to autonomic tests depends not only on neural control, but also on different hemodynamic and methodological aspects. Although predominantly related to the vagus, the immediate cardioaccelerating response that follows the beginning of the standing maneuver is also linked to hemodynamic modifications subject to reflex adjustments, and also influenced by sympathetic stimulation <sup>9-11</sup>. The initial increase in heart rate (3 seconds after beginning the maneuver) is related to the removal of vagal influence by voluntary abdominal muscle contraction; a second peak of increase in heart rate (around 12 seconds) is mediated by both vagal inhibition and sympathetic stimulation, elicited by the decrease in the arterial baroreflex activation, caused by the drop in blood pressure associated with the decrease in venous return <sup>11</sup>. The hemodynamic and autonomic response is influenced by the resting time that precedes the examination, as well as by the velocity and effort made in the act of standing <sup>32</sup>, factors that may vary from patient to patient, being difficult to standardize. Although respiratory sinus arrhythmia also relates to complex mechanisms, the respiratory stimulus is subject to standardization and control. The hemodynamic changes are less pronounced and the sympathetic influence has minimal importance. Therefore, respiratory sinus arrhythmia is presumed to provide a more precise indication of vagal control of the heart <sup>33,34</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although in laboratory conditions with spirometric control of the current volume and maintenance of a fixed respiratory rate, the respiratory sinus arrhythmia test provides a clear advantage as compared with the active orthostatic stress test, the situation is different in the outpatient care context. The control of current volume is not possible inside a primary care medical office, and the performance of the test with maximal and regular breathing at 6 cycles per minute requires training and patient's collaboration. On the other hand, calculation of the variability in heart rate on 24-hour Holter, an important marker of autonomic dysfunction, requires the patient to undergo monitoring for 24 hours, demanding equipment and specific abilities of the attending physician. The active orthostatic stress test becomes, then, an attractive alternative for the ambulatory assessment of cardiac autonomic control, both in isolation and in association with other short-lasting autonomics tests.</p>
      <p>The lack of information about the reproducibility of the test in chagasic patients is one of the limitations of the present study. However, studies performed in other population groups suggest that the reproducibility of the method is excellent. In addition, information on the evolution of those patients was not provided; therefore, we could not infer whether an additional deterioration in the autonomic function occurred, or, more importantly, whether the patients with abnormal tests had an unfavorable evolution when compared with that of those with preserved function.</p>
      <p>Chagasic patients with preserved left ventricular overall systolic function have a significant reduction in the vagal indices obtained on short-lasting tests as compared with normal controls. However, the indication of such procedures for the clinical assessment of the autonomic function in clinical practice is still pending, because the clinical and prognostic significance of autonomic dysfunction in Chagas' disease is yet to be known. While in diabetic patients, and after infarction, the autonomic dysfunction assessed through both rapid methods <sup>35,36</sup> and variability in heart rate <sup>37</sup> is a strong and independent indicator of the increased risk of death, the implications in Chagas' disease are not clear. If autonomic dysfunction in Chagas' disease is also recognized to allow a better stratification of the risk of death in patients followed up on an outpatient care basis, the active orthostatic stress test should be an option for ambulatory assessment of vagal control.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank the Foundation of Support to Research in the State of Minas Gerais (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa of the State of Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG), the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Education (Coordenadoria de Aperfei&#231;oamento do Ensino Superior - CAPES), the National Council on Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq), and the Pro-Rectory of Research of the UFMG (Pro-Reitoria de Pesquisa da UFMG) for their support.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro</p>
          <p> Rua Campanha, 98/101</p>
          <p> Cep 30310-770 - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="tom@hc.ufmg.br">tom@hc.ufmg.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 12/04/02</p>
      <p>Accepted: 11/3/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
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