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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XY7qPVBdYnfCQxrB67Rhkpm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001300003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001300003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Redu&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o e de despesas no atendimento de portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica card&#237;aca no protocolo da via r&#225;pida</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Manoel da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Can&#234;o</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Domingos Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piccioni</surname>
            <given-names>Marilde Albuquerque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franchi</surname>
            <given-names>Sonia Mieken</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Afiune</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Machado C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gadioli</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Wiliam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>18</fpage>
      <lpage>26</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o atendimento de cardiopatas cong&#234;nitos e cardiopatas isqu&#234;micos submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca no protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida (fast-track recovery) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao convencional. M&#201;TODOS: Avaliada a movimenta&#231;&#227;o de 175 pacientes, 107 (61%) homens e 68 (39%) mulheres, idades entre 0,3-81 anos nas diferentes unidades hospitalares. RESULTADOS: A taxa de alta das diferentes unidades hospitalares por unidade de tempo, dos cardiopatas cong&#234;nitos atendidos no protocolo da via r&#225;pida em rela&#231;&#227;o ao convencional foi: a) 11,3 vezes a taxa de alta quando assistidos no protocolo da via convencional, quanto ao tempo de perman&#234;ncia no centro cir&#250;rgico; b) 6,3 vezes quanto &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; c) 6,8 vezes quanto &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da anestesia; d) 1,5 vezes quanto &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o; e) 2,8 vezes quanto &#224; perman&#234;ncia na unidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria I; f) 6,7 vezes quanto &#224; perman&#234;ncia no hospital (per&#237;odo de tempo entre a data da interna&#231;&#227;o e a data da alta); g) 2,8 vezes quanto &#224; perman&#234;ncia na unidade de interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria; h) 2,1 vezes quanto &#224; perman&#234;ncia na unidade de interna&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a alta da recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria; i) associada com redu&#231;&#227;o de despesas pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. A diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi significativa nos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. CONCLUS&#195;O: Verificou-se redu&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o e de despesas no atendimento dos pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica card&#237;aca no protocolo da via r&#225;pida.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>tratamento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o e de despesas no atendimento de portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica card&#237;aca no protocolo da via r&#225;pida</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alfredo Manoel da Silva Fernandes; Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur; Luis Fernando Can&#234;o; Domingos Dias Louren&#231;o; Marilde Albuquerque Piccioni; Sonia Mieken Franchi; Cristina Machado C. Afiune; Jorge Wiliam Gadioli; S&#233;rgio de Almeida Oliveira; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP </p>
    <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o atendimento de cardiopatas cong&#234;nitos e cardiopatas isqu&#234;micos submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca no protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida (fast-track recovery) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao convencional. </p>
    <p><bold> M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Avaliada a movimenta&#231;&#227;o de 175 pacientes, 107 (61%) homens e 68 (39%) mulheres, idades entre 0,3-81 anos nas diferentes unidades hospitalares. </p>
    <p><bold> RESULTADOS:</bold> A taxa de alta das diferentes unidades hospitalares por unidade de tempo, dos cardiopatas cong&#234;nitos atendidos no protocolo da via r&#225;pida em rela&#231;&#227;o ao convencional foi: a) 11,3 vezes a taxa de alta quando assistidos no protocolo da via convencional, quanto ao tempo de perman&#234;ncia no centro cir&#250;rgico; b) 6,3 vezes quanto &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; c) 6,8 vezes quanto &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da anestesia; d) 1,5 vezes quanto &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o; e) 2,8 vezes quanto &#224; perman&#234;ncia na unidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria I; f) 6,7 vezes quanto &#224; perman&#234;ncia no hospital (per&#237;odo de tempo entre a data da interna&#231;&#227;o e a data da alta); g) 2,8 vezes quanto &#224; perman&#234;ncia na unidade de interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria; h) 2,1 vezes quanto &#224; perman&#234;ncia na unidade de interna&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a alta da recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria; i) associada com redu&#231;&#227;o de despesas pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. A diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi significativa nos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. </p>
    <p><bold> CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Verificou-se redu&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o e de despesas no atendimento dos pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica card&#237;aca no protocolo da via r&#225;pida.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio; cirurgia card&#237;aca; cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, tratamento</p>
    <p>As interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas card&#237;acas fazem parte da terap&#234;utica atual das cardiopatias, s&#227;o fonte significativa de demanda de recursos econ&#244;micos e t&#233;cnicos, e constituem demandas de maior impacto econ&#244;mico nas interna&#231;&#245;es autorizadas pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). No ano 2000, foram autorizadas pelo SUS no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo 2.398.344 interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares, perfazendo R$ 1,2 bilh&#245;es. Dentre as interna&#231;&#245;es realizadas com procedimento cir&#250;rgico de maior impacto econ&#244;mico, destacam-se 6.785 (0,28%) revasculariza&#231;&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio com o emprego de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, com custo de R$37,1 milh&#245;es (3,15%) e 1.689 (0,07%) corre&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas da cardiopatia cong&#234;nita com custo de R$ 12,5 milh&#245;es (1,07%)<sup>1</sup>. Admite-se que exista demanda reprimida.</p>
    <p>A tecnologia mobilizada para diagn&#243;stico e tratamento cir&#250;rgico das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#233; cara. Em 1999 foram gastos no Brasil R$ 763 milh&#245;es em 1,1 milh&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es no sistema SUS, em decorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio e, de janeiro a mar&#231;o/2000, 1,4 milh&#227;o de consultas cardiol&#243;gicas sendo dispendidos R$ 3,6 milh&#245;es<sup>1</sup>. O crescimento das despesas tamb&#233;m pode ser percebido no registro do or&#231;amento do hospital onde foi realizado este estudo, que, de 1995 a 2000, passou de R$ 88,6 milh&#245;es para R$ 153,1 milh&#245;es<sup>2.</sup></p>
    <p>O aumento dos custos com a sa&#250;de<sup>3</sup> suscitou estudos sobre gerenciamento do sistema de assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; natureza finita dos recursos financeiros<sup>4-7</sup>. Para alguns autores, o aumento de custo chegou a ser considerado at&#233; uma amea&#231;a ao futuro da pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica cardiol&#243;gica caso n&#227;o fosse gerenciado apropriadamente<sup>8</sup>. O crescimento dos custos t&#234;m levado prestadores de servi&#231;os m&#233;dico-hospitalares de diversos pa&#237;ses, entre eles Alemanha<sup>9</sup>, Su&#237;&#231;a<sup>10</sup>, Estados Unidos<sup>10-15</sup>, Austr&#225;lia <sup>14,15</sup> e Canad&#225;<sup>16-19</sup>, entre outros, a avaliar alternativas de gerenciamento desses servi&#231;os, assegurando acesso, qualidade e custos adequados. Esta mudan&#231;a de cen&#225;rio resultou em novas estrat&#233;gias que conciliassem a satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos clientes, sobrevida organizacional e resultados financeiros positivos<sup>12</sup>. A retra&#231;&#227;o na demanda dos pacientes financiados pelos planos de sa&#250;de e seguradoras, a redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de remunera&#231;&#227;o pelos servi&#231;os prestados, o aumento da competitividade e a necessidade de constante renova&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica, fizeram com que os hospitais passassem a reexaminar processos, administrar despesas e recursos para atender &#224;s demandas impostas pelo progresso cient&#237;fico e manter a atividade.</p>
    <p>O hospital onde este estudo foi realizado &#233; um hospital com alta demanda cir&#250;rgica, representando 60% das interna&#231;&#245;es, correspondentes a procedimentos complexos, de alto custo e de alto valor em remunera&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os hospitalares. Essa demanda e a sua complexidade criam a necessidade de planejamento a curto, m&#233;dio e longo prazos, que mobilizem diferentes segmentos e, em algumas circunst&#226;ncias, possam dar origem a listas de espera, como tamb&#233;m observado em outros pa&#237;ses como Inglaterra<sup>7</sup> e Canad&#225; <sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos programas de cirurgia cardiovascular, 38,9% a 45% das despesas ocorrem na sala cir&#250;rgica<sup>16</sup> sendo que 71,8% a 80% <sup>7</sup> do total, nas primeiras 36-48h p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, nas quais se incluem a unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Os custos restantes entre 15% a 21,3% ocorrem nas enfermarias e entre 5% a 6,9% no ambulat&#243;rio. No hospital em quest&#227;o, os custos observados est&#227;o distribu&#237;dos ao redor de 61% na UTI e sala cir&#250;rgica e 39% nas enfermarias. Mais recentemente, programas de cirurgia cardiovascular t&#234;m sido propostos para otimizar custos sem sacrif&#237;cio da qualidade<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>O conceito do atendimento na via r&#225;pida em cirurgia card&#237;aca (<italic>fast-track recovery</italic>) surgiu no in&#237;cio dos anos 90. Os princ&#237;pios do protocolo adotado foram: 1) intensa educa&#231;&#227;o nos cuidados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, com vistas a n&#227;o postergar a alta hospitalar; 2) extuba&#231;&#227;o assim que poss&#237;vel; 3) administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos anti-inflamat&#243;rios, conforme a necessidade; 4) medica&#231;&#227;o profil&#225;tica para arritmias supraventriculares e complica&#231;&#245;es gastrointestinais; 5) sa&#237;da do leito t&#227;o r&#225;pida quanto poss&#237;vel; 6) administra&#231;&#227;o criteriosa de volume; 7) ter como meta, alta hospitalar entre o 3&#186; e 5&#186; dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>10,21</sup>. A combina&#231;&#227;o articulada destes princ&#237;pios reduziu a resposta ao estresse e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica, e o tempo para a completa recupera&#231;&#227;o do paciente, com reflexo em redu&#231;&#227;o de custos hospitalares.</p>
    <p>Outras experi&#234;ncias foram tamb&#233;m bem sucedidas em mais de 2.000 casos de cirurgia cardiovascular em adultos, com bom resultado m&#233;dico, satisfa&#231;&#227;o do paciente, menor perman&#234;ncia hospitalar e redu&#231;&#227;o de custos<sup>9,16,19,22</sup>. Os resultados foram semelhantes em opera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares pedi&#225;tricas<sup>10,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Desenvolvemos estudo piloto com base no protocolo de atendimento da via r&#225;pida em cirurgia cardiovascular, permitindo entrever a necessidade de estudo mais aprofundado do processo, a partir do seu fundamento m&#233;dico-cient&#237;fico, para, em seguida, entender as suas implica&#231;&#245;es organizacionais.</p>
    <p>Realizamos o presente estudo para avaliar o protocolo de atendimento da via r&#225;pida em cirurgia cardiovascular em nosso meio, examinar os aspectos organizacionais dos diferentes segmentos que atuam no tratamento do paciente e contribuir para o cont&#237;nuo aprimoramento da cultura organizacional.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica cardiovascular assistidos no protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida (<italic>fast-track recovery</italic>) e pacientes assistidos no protocolo de atendimento convencional, no per&#237;odo de fevereiro/2000 a maio/2001. O projeto foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa do Hospital.</p>
    <p>O atendimento na via r&#225;pida foi realizado com gerenciamento espec&#237;fico, a fim de garantir fluxo articulado e sem retardos, das provid&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas e administrativas necess&#225;rias para o melhor andamento do processo. O protocolo compreendeu fases pr&#233;-hospitalar e hospitalar. A fase pr&#233;-hospitalar constou de: a) consulta m&#233;dica ambulatorial com o paciente e familiares com a participa&#231;&#227;o de membros da equipe de assist&#234;ncia para orienta&#231;&#227;o. As consultas tinham tamb&#233;m o objetivo de fazer com que o paciente e seus familiares conhecessem os membros da equipe - cl&#237;nico, cirurgi&#227;o, anestesista, enfermeira, assistente social, fisioterapeuta, e ocasionalmente o psic&#243;logo; b) pr&#233;-agendamento da opera&#231;&#227;o antes da &#250;ltima consulta pr&#233;-interna&#231;&#227;o a ser realizada; c) ajuste de provid&#234;ncias conjuntas para a interna&#231;&#227;o na v&#233;spera da opera&#231;&#227;o, com cerca de 12h de anteced&#234;ncia; d) informa&#231;&#227;o e preparo do paciente para a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria precoce; e) preparo dos familiares para receber o paciente no domic&#237;lio depois da alta hospitalar, quando obtida no 4&#186; dia p&#243;s operat&#243;rio; f) no caso de intercorr&#234;ncias e adiamento da interna&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes e familares devem avisar o m&#233;dico cl&#237;nico e equipe, a fim de obter cuidado e orienta&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;rios, para planejar o adiamento da opera&#231;&#227;o, permitindo que outro paciente venha a se beneficiar da vaga; g) libera&#231;&#227;o da autoriza&#231;&#227;o para interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, registrando-a em fila de espera e seu gerenciamento estreito com a Unidade de Apoio ao Paciente Internado e Emerg&#234;ncia; e finalmente h) a convoca&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
    <p>A fase hospitalar, compreendeu na unidade de interna&#231;&#227;o - continuidade da intera&#231;&#227;o paciente-equipe, com visita m&#233;dica cl&#237;nica, pr&#233;-anest&#233;sica, e de enfermagem, com profissionais j&#225; conhecidos da consulta ambulatorial pr&#233;-interna&#231;&#227;o, exceto a enfermeira. Neste caso, se agregava outro profissional de enfermagem integrado no processo; no centro cir&#250;rgico - a) opera&#231;&#227;o realizada por cirurgi&#227;o e primeiro assistente participantes do protocolo de atendimento da via r&#225;pida; b) cuidados anest&#233;sicos para viabilizar a extuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal o mais precocemente poss&#237;vel; na unidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria - a) extuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal o mais breve poss&#237;vel; b) analgesia eficiente para favorecer a respira&#231;&#227;o e a fisioterapia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria; c) alta da unidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria para a unidade de interna&#231;&#227;o, assim que as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do paciente permitissem, sem esperar hor&#225;rio de rotina para transfer&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>O protocolo de atendimento na via convencional foi realizado de acordo com a rotina hospitalar habitual e compreendeu a fase pr&#233;-hospitalar e a hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Na fase pr&#233;-hospitalar: a) consulta m&#233;dica ambulatorial realizada exclusivamente pelo m&#233;dico cl&#237;nico; b) consulta de enfermagem realizada p&#243;s consulta m&#233;dica para orienta&#231;&#227;o ao paciente e/ou cuidador sobre rotina e preparo de exames a serem realizados; c) conclu&#237;do o processo diagn&#243;stico, o m&#233;dico cl&#237;nico libera a autoriza&#231;&#227;o para interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e a registra numa fila de espera; d) consulta de enfermagem p&#243;s consulta m&#233;dica para orienta&#231;&#227;o de convoca&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o; e) convoca&#231;&#227;o do paciente a partir de gerenciamento de vagas nos leitos dispon&#237;veis e concomitante agendamento da programa&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, coordenada pela Unidade de Apoio ao Paciente Internado e em Emerg&#234;ncia. A fase hospitalar: na unidade de interna&#231;&#227;o - a) revis&#227;o das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e dos exames diagn&#243;sticos pela equipe m&#233;dica e de enfermagem que desenvolve suas atividades no &#226;mbito da unidade de interna&#231;&#227;o; b) retifica&#231;&#227;o ou inclus&#227;o do paciente no programa cir&#250;rgico; no centro cir&#250;rgico - opera&#231;&#227;o realizada pela equipe escalada pela Unidade de Programa&#231;&#227;o Cir&#250;rgica; na unidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria: a) recupera&#231;&#227;o na unidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria I ou II rotineira; b) transfer&#234;ncia para unidade de interna&#231;&#227;o conforme rotina de hor&#225;rios pr&#233;-estabelecidos.</p>
    <p>Foram adotados os diagn&#243;sticos feitos pela equipe m&#233;dica segundo o CID -10.</p>
    <p>Foram considerados para faturamento os exames e procedimentos realizados pelos portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e isqu&#234;mica nas fases pr&#233;, trans e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, assistidos nos dois protocolos de atendimento. Os medicamentos consumidos e materiais especiais (&#243;rteses e pr&#243;teses) utilizados foram considerados pelo tempo de perman&#234;ncia total no hospital. Os valores adotados para faturamento de procedimentos e exames, foram os da tabela da Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Brasileira -1990; de materiais especiais, os do SUS e de medicamentos, os do Bras&#237;ndice 2002.</p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes participantes do protocolo de recupera&#231;&#227;o na via r&#225;pida e na via convencional com as caracter&#237;sticas: a) primeira interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; b) sem evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica ou laboratorial de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular; c) portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas acianog&#234;nicas n&#227;o complexas e de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica; d) pelo menos duas consultas m&#233;dicas ambulatoriais pr&#233;-interna&#231;&#227;o. Exclu&#237;dos: a) pacientes submetidos previamente &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica card&#237;aca; b) portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas complexas; c) pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas de urg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Foram examinados 622 pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica cardiovascular dos quais 203 (32,6%) operados no protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida e 419 (67,4%) operados no protocolo de atendimento na via convencional. No protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida, foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para o estudo 107 pacientes: 56 (52%) portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e 51 (48%) portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. No protocolo de atendimento na via convencional, foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para o estudo 68 pacientes, 26 (38%) eram portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e 42 (62%) portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>A idade dos pacientes encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabela I</xref>. A idade dos portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas assistidos no protocolo da via r&#225;pida variou de 1,0 a 38 (&#177; 10,8) anos e no da via convencional de 0,3 a 60 (&#177; 16,0) anos; nos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, assistidos no protocolo da via r&#225;pida, a idade variou de 38,0 a 79,0 (&#177; 8,8) anos e quando na via convencional de 18,0 a 81,0 (&#177; 12,3) anos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o quanto ao sexo, em cada um dos protocolos de atendimento em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tabela II</xref>. Dentre os 107 (61,1%) homens, 37 (34,6%) eram portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e 70 (65,4 %) de cardiopartia isqu&#234;mica. Dentre as 68 (38,9%) mulheres, 45 (66,2%) eram portadoras de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e 23 (33,8%) de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O peso dos portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita assistidos no protocolo de recupera&#231;&#227;o na via r&#225;pida variou entre 4,5 e 77 (m&#233;dia de 32) kg, e o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea em kg/m<sup>2</sup> de 6,3 a 44,4 (m&#233;dia de 18,4) kg/m<sup>2</sup>; dos pacientes assistidos no protocolo de recupera&#231;&#227;o na via convencional variou entre 2,5 e 75 (m&#233;dia de 19,8) kg; o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea de 11,1 a 28,2 (m&#233;dia de 16,2) kg/m<sup>2</sup>. O peso dos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica assistidos no protocolo de recupera&#231;&#227;o na via r&#225;pida variou entre 44 e 104 (m&#233;dia de 72,7) kg; o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea em kg/m<sup>2</sup> de 19,6 a 37,1 (m&#233;dia de 26,5) kg/m<sup>2</sup>. O peso dos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica assistidos no protocolo de recupera&#231;&#227;o na via convencional variou de 44 a 100 (m&#233;dia de 72,4) kg; o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea em kg/m<sup>2</sup> entre 17,6 e 35,2 (m&#233;dia de 26,9) kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita estudados no protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida, o diagn&#243;stico foi a comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial em 37 (66%) pacientes, persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial em 14 (25%), e comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular em 5 (9%); e no protocolo de atendimento na via convencional, o diagn&#243;stico foi a comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial em 12 (46%), a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular em 9 (35%) e persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial em 5 (19%). J&#225; nos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, nos pacientes assistidos no protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida, o diagn&#243;stico foi a insufici&#234;ncia coronariana cr&#244;nica em 36 (55,5%), a insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda em 12 (18,5%). Quinze (23%) pacientes haviam sofrido infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pregresso. A glicemia variou de 83 a 336 (m&#233;dia de 137,1) mg/dl e a creatinina de 0,7 a 1,8 (m&#233;dia de 1,1) mg/dl. e nos pacientes assistidos no protocolo de atendimento na via convencional, o diagn&#243;stico foi insufici&#234;ncia coronariana cr&#244;nica em 39 (75%) e insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda em 3 (6%). A glicemia variou de 74 a 446 (m&#233;dia de 141) mg/dl e a creatinina de 0,7 a 10,6 (m&#233;dia de 1,3) mg/dl; 8 (15%) pacientes haviam sofrido infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar a movimenta&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes nas diferentes unidades hospitalares foram estudadas: idade; sexo; peso; &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; altura; protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida e na via convencional; tipo de cardiopatia; evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar; infec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria; infec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s alta hospitalar; reinterna&#231;&#227;o; tempo decorrido entre a interna&#231;&#227;o e a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; perman&#234;ncia no centro cir&#250;rgico; dura&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; dura&#231;&#227;o do ato anest&#233;sico; dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento de perfus&#227;o; perman&#234;ncia na unidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria; dura&#231;&#227;o da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria; dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o; faturamento de exames, no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar: procedimentos de toda equipe de sa&#250;de envolvida, materiais especiais e medicamentos.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise descritiva foi feita por meio dos valores m&#237;nimo, m&#225;ximo, mediana, m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. A perman&#234;ncia dos pacientes nas diferentes unidades hospitalares foi estimada por meio da probabilidade de sobrevida com o emprego do m&#233;todo de Kaplan Meier, no qual a alta da unidade (representando a movimenta&#231;&#227;o do paciente para outra unidade) foi considerada como evento, e o &#243;bito considerado como censura. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre as perman&#234;ncias nas diferentes unidades estudadas em ambos os protocolos de atendimento foram feitas com os testes de <italic>Log-rank</italic> e Breslow<sup>24</sup>. Em seguida, foi utilizado o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox<sup>24</sup>. Finalmente, para comparar procedimentos e exames realizados, o consumo de medicamentos e o uso de materiais especiais nas fases pr&#233;, trans e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de um fator. Foram considerados significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas foram realizadas sec&#231;&#227;o e sutura de canal arterial patente, ventriculoseptoplastia, atrioseptoplastia. Dentre os 56 pacientes assistidos pelo protocolo na via r&#225;pida, as 14 (25%) corre&#231;&#245;es de persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial foram realizadas sem utiliza&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e dentre os 26 pacientes assistidos pelo protocolo na via convencional, as 5 (19%) corre&#231;&#245;es de persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial foram realizadas sem utiliza&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>Os portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica foram submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio: 51 assistidos pelo protocolo na via r&#225;pida, 6 (12%) operados sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; e 42 pacientes assistidos pelo protocolo na via convencional, 8 (19%) operados sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>Ocorreu infec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em 6 (3,9%) pacientes. Em portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita ocorreu infec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em 1 (4,3%) caso de atendimento na via convencional e n&#227;o houve ocorr&#234;ncia quanto ao protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida. Ocorreram 5 infec&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias em portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, 2 (4,5%) assistidos no protocolo na via r&#225;pida e 3 (7,1%) assistidos pelo protocolo na via convencional. Quatro registros de pacientes assistidos no protocolo de atendimento na via convencional n&#227;o foram recuperados, sendo dois portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e dois portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Houve dois &#243;bitos (4,1%) hospitalares nos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, assistidos no protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida. A evolu&#231;&#227;o depois da alta hospitalar foi acompanhada no per&#237;odo de estudo por meio da busca ativa nos registros hospitalares.</p>
    <p>Infec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s alta hospitalar foi diagnosticada em 18 (10,3%) pacientes, dos quais 2 (7,7%) portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita assistidos no protocolo na via convencional, 7 (13,7%) portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica assistidos no protocolo na via r&#225;pida e 9 (21,4%) assistidos pelo protocolo na via convencional. N&#227;o se registrou infec&#231;&#227;o em portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita assistidos no protocolo de recupera&#231;&#227;o na via r&#225;pida.</p>
    <p>Houve 10 (6,0 %) reinterna&#231;&#245;es, sendo 1 (4,3%) em portador de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita assistido no protocolo de atendimento na via convencional. N&#227;o houve reinterna&#231;&#227;o em portador de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita assistido no protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida. Nos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica houve 3 (6,7%) reinterna&#231;&#245;es de pacientes assistidos no protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida e 6 (14,3%) reinterna&#231;&#245;es de pacientes assistidos no protocolo de atendimento na via convencional. Seis registros de pacientes submetidos ao protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida e tr&#234;s na via convencional n&#227;o foram recuperados.</p>
    <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o nas diferentes unidades hospitalares para os portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita consta nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabelas III</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tabela4">IV</xref> e, a compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas de Kaplan Meier &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figura 1</xref> (dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria) e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">figura 2</xref> (dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tabela4"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o nas diferentes unidades hospitalares para os portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica est&#227;o nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabelas V</xref> e VI e, a compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas de Kaplan Meier encontra-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">figura 3</xref> (interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria) e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4">figura 4</xref> (dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os valores do faturamento observados nas fases pr&#233;, trans e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, a partir dos registros de exames, procedimentos, materiais especiais utilizados e medicamentos administrados, est&#227;o apresentados nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabelas VII</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="und21164t8">VIII</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t7">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <undefined id="und21164t8">
        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/XY7qPVBdYnfCQxrB67Rhkpm/3ff665667031a0a4245ccb2709732e66a69bf85b.gif"/>
      </undefined>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada da movimenta&#231;&#227;o dos portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita nas diferentes unidades hospitalares, estimada pelos riscos relativos de alta dessas unidades, est&#225; na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela9">tabela IX</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela9">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O risco relativo para a vari&#225;vel perman&#234;ncia na unidade pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria foi 2,8, ou seja, para portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, a taxa de alta por unidade de tempo, quando atendidos no protocolo da via r&#225;pida &#233; 2,8 (IC 95% = 2,1; 4,0) vezes a taxa de alta dos pacientes quando atendidos no protocolo da via convencional.</p>
    <p>O risco relativo para a vari&#225;vel dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi de 6,3, ou seja, para portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, a taxa de alta por unidade de tempo quando atendidos no protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida &#233; de 6,3 (IC 95% = 3,6; 11,0) vezes a taxa de alta dos pacientes quando assistidos no protocolo de atendimento da via convencional.</p>
    <p>A movimenta&#231;&#227;o dos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica nas diferentes unidades hospitalares n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os protocolos de atendimento na r&#225;pida e convencional.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade dos pacientes variou amplamente, de 3 meses a 81 anos, e demonstra a viabilidade de adultos e crian&#231;as participarem do protocolo da via r&#225;pida<sup>5,11,22,25,26</sup>. Foram estudados portadores de cardiopatias de menor complexidade, cuidado tamb&#233;m adotado por outras publica&#231;&#245;es na literatura que inclu&#237;ram pacientes com perfil nosol&#243;gico compar&#225;vel ao deste estudo<sup>11,26</sup>. Entretanto, o mesmo protocolo foi utilizado para portadores de doen&#231;as mais complexas, como a tetralogia de Fallot e a transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias<sup>11</sup>. &#201; interessante salientar que o protocolo da via r&#225;pida tamb&#233;m tem sido adotado para doen&#231;as de outros &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas<sup>27</sup>. Portanto, trata-se de uma iniciativa, especialmente estimulada com as interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas card&#237;acas e &#250;til para portadores de outras doen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foi menor no protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida (3,6%), de modo semelhante a outras experi&#234;ncias<sup>13,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Verificamos dois &#243;bitos nos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica no protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida. Embora o n&#250;mero n&#227;o permita signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, em outros estudos n&#227;o houve mortalidade estatisticamente diferente no atendimento na via r&#225;pida<sup>22,26</sup>. O mesmo verificou-se para a incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o depois da alta hospitalar<sup>5,9,20,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Observamos 9 de 10 reinterna&#231;&#245;es nos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, tr&#234;s atendidos no protocolo da via r&#225;pida e seis no protocolo convencional. A taxa de reinterna&#231;&#227;o observada situou-se entre 2% a 20,9%, compat&#237;veis com as verificadas na literatura<sup>5,9,13,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Portanto, o exame de caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes neste estudo, demonstrou que o protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida teve margem de seguran&#231;a satisfat&#243;ria e foi compar&#225;vel ao protocolo na via convencional.</p>
    <p>A aloca&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes nos protocolos de assist&#234;ncias avaliados n&#227;o foi randomizada, mas teve a oportunidade de examinar ambos os protocolos desenvolvidos concomitantemente, restri&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m encontrada em outros estudos publicados<sup>5,11,13</sup>. Outros estudos da literatura, modificaram a rotina hospitalar e as compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; experi&#234;ncia anterior &#224; modifica&#231;&#227;o<sup>11,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Demonstramos que o tempo de perman&#234;ncia nas diferentes unidades hospitalares foi menor no protocolo na via r&#225;pida, concordando com a literatura<sup>11</sup>. Entretanto, os diferentes autores que estudaram o assunto ativeram-se mais freq&#252;entemente &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o, perman&#234;ncia em UTI, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e tempo de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal<sup>11,13,16,23,27,28</sup>. Os outros intervalos de tempo que analisamos n&#227;o t&#234;m sido examinados, como por exemplo, o tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, que traz implica&#231;&#245;es de natureza psicol&#243;gica, cl&#237;nicas e mesmo na modifica&#231;&#227;o de flora bacteriana cut&#226;nea<sup>29</sup> e de custos, pois muitas formas de remunera&#231;&#227;o hospitalar s&#227;o feitas com base no diagn&#243;stico e n&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Verificamos que a perman&#234;ncia hospitalar m&#233;dia foi menor nos pacientes atendidos no protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida, demonstrada para os portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita na an&#225;lise multivariada. Para os portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, essa diferen&#231;a pode ser sugerida com base na an&#225;lise univariada, mas possivelmente, em raz&#227;o de tamanho amostral ou outros fatores de confus&#227;o, n&#227;o chegou a ser demonstrada na an&#225;lise multivariada. Em outro estudo publicado, o tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar para portadores de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial operados, decresceu de cinco para quatro dias ap&#243;s a implementa&#231;&#227;o do programa; para portadores de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular operados, de seis para cinco dias e n&#227;o se observou mudan&#231;a significativa para portadores de persist&#234;ncia de canal arterial operados. Para cardiopatias mais complexas, como tetralogia de Fallot e transposi&#231;&#227;o de grandes art&#233;rias, o decr&#233;scimo foi de 10 para oito dias e 15,5 para 13 dias, respectivamente<sup>11</sup>. Portanto, tanto em nosso estudo, quanto em outros artigos verificou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o com o protocolo da via r&#225;pida.</p>
    <p>Observamos, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, menor perman&#234;ncia na UTI p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria para os portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita assistidos na via r&#225;pida, sendo que para os portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, a diferen&#231;a foi demonstrada apenas na an&#225;lise univariada. Em outros estudos, a maior perman&#234;ncia na UTI e maior tempo de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal foram preditivos de maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o. A implanta&#231;&#227;o do protocolo reduziu a perman&#234;ncia em UTI em um dia para os portadores de comunica&#231;&#227;o inter-atrial, interventricular e persist&#234;ncia de canal arterial<sup>11</sup>. Entretanto, para outros autores, a redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal n&#227;o foi considerada significante para reduzir a dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o. Foi mesmo sugerido que uma noite a mais na UTI contribuiria para maior seguran&#231;a na alta hospitalar<sup>22</sup>. Os n&#250;meros verificados no estudo de Walfi e cols. foram interessantes; nos 144 (56%) pacientes assistidos com o emprego de t&#233;cnicas minimamente invasivas, a m&#233;dia de perman&#234;ncia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foi de 4,3 &#177; 6,3 dias, comparativamente a 5,4 &#177; 5,9 dias para os demais pacientes. Ap&#243;s um ano, a percentagem de pacientes que obteve alta entre o 1&#176; e 4&#176; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi de 70%<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em outro estudo 135 (48%) pacientes assistidos no protocolo da via r&#225;pida tiveram alta entre o 3&#176; e 5&#176; dias p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, enquanto os assistidos no protocolo de rotina foram 74 (26%)<sup>26</sup>. A perman&#234;ncia na UTI para os portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica assistidos no protocolo na via r&#225;pida foi 9 &#177; 4,5h e no protocolo convencional 48,5 &#177; 33,4h. Em outro estudo, verificou-se redu&#231;&#227;o na perman&#234;ncia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em UTI de 1,2 dia para portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica operados como resultado da aplica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo da via r&#225;pida<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>A perman&#234;ncia no centro cir&#250;rgico, a dura&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o, a dura&#231;&#227;o do ato anest&#233;sico e do tempo de perfus&#227;o foram menores para os portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas atendidos no protocolo da via r&#225;pida. Os diferentes trabalhos publicados na literatura n&#227;o examinaram estes dados com detalhes<sup>5,11,23,25,26,30</sup>, a permitir compara&#231;&#227;o com o presente estudo.</p>
    <p>Para os portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica n&#227;o foi demonstrada diferen&#231;a de tempo estatisticamente significativa nos dois protocolos de atendimento.</p>
    <p>Optamos, por raz&#245;es operacionais, por avaliar o sistema de faturamento, para os procedimentos e exames realizados nos per&#237;odos pr&#233;, p&#243;s e transoperat&#243;rios. Os materiais especiais (&#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses) e os medicamentos foram contabilizados considerando-se o per&#237;odo total de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar.</p>
    <p>O valor unit&#225;rio faturado por portador de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita operado no protocolo da via r&#225;pida, foi 29,5% menor que o operado na via convencional. O maior peso da diferen&#231;a &#233; notado no per&#237;odo correspondente &#224; perman&#234;ncia no centro cir&#250;rgico e na UTI p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria (128,2%), seguindo a unidade pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria (11,3%) e unidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria (7,2%). Entretanto, os valores de <italic>p</italic> obtidos pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia das m&#233;dias de faturamento sugerem menores despesas nos exames e procedimentos realizados na fase pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, exames na fase transoperat&#243;ria, exames e procedimentos na fase p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa para faturamento de materiais especiais utilizados e medicamentos consumidos.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, o valor unit&#225;rio faturado foi 16,1% menor no protocolo na via r&#225;pida. Entretanto, o valor de <italic>p</italic> obtido pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia das m&#233;dias de faturamento demonstrou signific&#226;ncia estatisticamente menor nos materiais especiais utilizados, quando assistidos no protocolo na via convencional, sugerindo menores despesas neste item de faturamento.</p>
    <p>Embora os dados n&#227;o tenham alcan&#231;ado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, em todas as vari&#225;veis estudadas, &#233; poss&#237;vel formular a hip&#243;tese de que os achados tenham import&#226;ncia pr&#225;tica tendo em vista os menores valores absolutos de faturamento de materiais, medicamentos e materiais especiais utilizados nas diversas instala&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dico-hospitalares ocupadas pelos pacientes assistidos no protocolo na via r&#225;pida.</p>
    <p>Enfatizamos que a pr&#225;tica de financiamento do SUS, se faz pelo faturamento por diagn&#243;stico, n&#227;o se levando em conta os exames e procedimentos realizados por ocasi&#227;o do per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Assim, enquanto os exames e procedimentos realizados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o podem ser faturados discriminadamente, uma s&#233;rie deles, como estudos hemodin&#226;micos, ultra-sonografia, m&#233;todos gr&#225;ficos e de medicina nuclear, quando realizados na fase pr&#233;-hospitalar, podem ser faturados pelo SUS. Desta forma, o paciente assistido no protocolo na via r&#225;pida, al&#233;m de permitir o ressarcimento das despesas ocorridas em ambulat&#243;rio, desonera o hospital de despesas n&#227;o ressarcidas na sua totalidade, enquanto na fase hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Diferentes experi&#234;ncias publicadas demonstraram diminui&#231;&#227;o dos custos com a ado&#231;&#227;o dos protocolos da via r&#225;pida. Assim, foi demonstrada redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de custos de US$ 4,000 por paciente (de US$ 27,761 para US$ 23,772) durante seu per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o<sup>24</sup>; reduzidos em 26% nas cirurgias de corre&#231;&#227;o de septo atrial, 28% na de septo ventricular e 29% na corre&#231;&#227;o da persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial, 26% na corre&#231;&#227;o da tetralogia de Fallot e 16% na corre&#231;&#227;o da transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias<sup>21</sup>, estudo no qual foram tamb&#233;m correlacionados custos com extuba&#231;&#227;o precoce e menor perman&#234;ncia hospitalar, al&#233;m de correla&#231;&#227;o significante com poucos dias de perman&#234;ncia em UTI<sup>21</sup>; em outro estudo foi observado o decr&#233;scimo de US$ 1,004 e US$ 1,667 em portadores de cardiopatias isqu&#234;mica e valvar operados, respectivamente. O aumento do custos devido ao incremento de drogas anest&#233;sicas e anti-inflamat&#243;rias foi compensado com a redu&#231;&#227;o da perman&#234;ncia na terapia intensiva p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria <sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os principais preditores de custos em cirurgia cardiovascular foram identificados como sendo tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar, tempo de perman&#234;ncia em UTI, tempo em sala de opera&#231;&#227;o e idade do paciente<sup>16</sup>. Outro estudo entretanto, n&#227;o identificou fatores preditivos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios e concluiu que os mais significativos preditores foram complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda e mortalidade; foi tamb&#233;m identificado que os custos s&#227;o diretamente relacionados &#224; perman&#234;ncia em UTI e presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias<sup>4</sup>. Os maiores custos diretos em UTI foram apropriados para: equipe de enfermagem (45% a 50%); servi&#231;os de suporte (22% a 25%); suprimentos e equipamentos (15% a 20%) e medicamentos (4% a 13%), da&#237; o esfor&#231;o em se conseguir a extuba&#231;&#227;o o mais breve poss&#237;vel, para que o paciente possa continuar sua recupera&#231;&#227;o em unidade hospitalar com recursos instalados menos custosos<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de um a dois dias, buscando a interna&#231;&#227;o no mesmo dia da cirurgia reduziu os custos nas opera&#231;&#245;es de portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica em 2% a 3%<sup>16</sup>. Por outro lado, o estudo de readmiss&#245;es ap&#243;s cirurgia cardiovascular, questiona se o protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida em cirurgia cardiovascular resulta em economia de custos ou em custos transferidos, uma vez que, ap&#243;s 527 opera&#231;&#245;es, ocorreram 110 (20,9%) readmiss&#245;es e 49% em hospitais externos &#224;quele em que se realizou a cirurgia, o que tem um enorme significado econ&#244;mico, principalmente para os hospitais que recebem esses pacientes<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo apresentou um car&#225;ter prospectivo hist&#243;rico. O tamanho amostral limitou-se n&#227;o s&#243; em raz&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios rigorosos de inclus&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m pela interrup&#231;&#227;o do programa nos moldes do estudo, com a conseq&#252;ente redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de pacientes eleg&#237;veis para esta an&#225;lise. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel aferir alguns intervalos de tempo relevantes, como dura&#231;&#227;o da intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, um dos fatores preditivos da dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o e de custos hospitalares<sup>11</sup>. Tampouco foi poss&#237;vel avaliar separadamente os custos da fase pr&#233;-hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Ainda que tivessem sido registradas manifesta&#231;&#245;es de maior confian&#231;a na equipe assistencial que aplicou o protocolo na via r&#225;pida, a partir do preparo do paciente e seus familiares na fase pr&#233;-hospitalar, a satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos clientes n&#227;o foi medida neste trabalho.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, o acoplamento organizacional de iniciativas e compet&#234;ncias t&#233;cnicas demonstraram que o protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida &#233; fact&#237;vel e pode contribuir tanto para o atendimento de pacientes, quanto para a maior efici&#234;ncia operacional do hospital e dos servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos envolvidos. A incorpora&#231;&#227;o desses objetivos na cultura organizacional tamb&#233;m pode contribuir para melhorar a satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos clientes e dos prestadores de servi&#231;o, al&#233;m de alocar com mais justeza a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos recursos m&#233;dico-hospitalares. Assim, tanto em nosso estudo que sugeriu menores despesas a partir dos dados de faturamento, quanto em dados publicados na literatura, os atendimentos realizados pelo protocolo da via r&#225;pida implicam menores custos para o sistema que financia o programa.</p>
    <p>Mais especificamente, os portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas apresentaram menor perman&#234;ncia nos recursos m&#233;dico-hospitalares instalados, nas fases pr&#233;, trans e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, quando assistidos no protocolo de atendimento na via r&#225;pida, que foi fact&#237;vel de ser implementado e permitiu menores despesas naquelas fases.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao Prof. J&#250;lio da Motta Singer e Antonio Carlos Pedroso de Lima, do Instituto de Matem&#225;tica e Estat&#237;stica da USP pela orienta&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise dos dados, e &#224; Srta. Simone Curti, pela an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Dr. Alfredo Manoel da Silva Fernandes </p>
        <p>Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP </p>
        <p>Rua Dr. Ov&#237;dio Pires de Campos, 333 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo SP Cep 05403-000 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="alfredo.fernandes@hcnet.usp.br">alfredo.fernandes@hcnet.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 16/01/03 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 16/6/03</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The reduction in hospital stay and costs in the care of patients with congenital heart diseases undergoing fast-track cardiac surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the care provided to patients with congenital heart diseases and ischemic heart diseases undergoing cardiac surgery according to the fast-track recovery protocol compared with those undergoing the conventional procedure. METHODS: The transfer of patients from one hospital unit to another was assessed for 175 patients, 107 (61%) men and 68 (39%) women, with ages ranging from 0.3 to 81 years. RESULTS: The discharge rate from the different hospital units per unit of time of the patients with congenital heart diseases treated according to the fast-track recovery protocol compared with that of patients conventionally treated was as follows: a) 11.3 times faster than the discharge rate of patients treated according to the conventional protocol, in regard to the time spent in the operating room; b) 6.3 times faster in regard to the duration of the surgical intervention; c) 6.8 times faster in regard to the duration of anesthesia; d) 1.5 times faster in regard to the duration of perfusion; e) 2.8 times faster in regard to the stay in the postoperative recovery I unit; f) 6.7 times faster in regard to hospital stay (time period between hospital admission and hospital discharge); g) 2.8 times faster in regard to the stay in the preoperative unit; h) 2.1 times faster in regard to the stay in the admission unit after discharge from postoperative recovery; i) associated with reduced costs. The difference was not significant for patients with ischemic heart disease. CONCLUSION: A reduction in the length of hospital stay and costs for the care of patients undergoing cardiac surgery according to the fast-track protocol was observed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>cost-benefit ratio</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>congenital heart diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>treatment</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The reduction in hospital stay and costs in the care of patients with congenital heart diseases undergoing fast-track cardiac surgery</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alfredo Manoel da Silva Fernandes; Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur; Luis Fernando Can&#234;o; Domingos Dias Louren&#231;o; Marilde Albuquerque Piccioni; Sonia Mieken Franchi; Cristina Machado C. Afiune; Jorge Wiliam Gadioli; S&#233;rgio de Almeida Oliveira; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the FMUSP</p>
      <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the care provided to patients with congenital heart diseases and ischemic heart diseases undergoing cardiac surgery according to the fast-track recovery protocol compared with those undergoing the conventional procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The transfer of patients from one hospital unit to another was assessed for 175 patients, 107 (61%) men and 68 (39%) women, with ages ranging from 0.3 to 81 years.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The discharge rate from the different hospital units per unit of time of the patients with congenital heart diseases treated according to the fast-track recovery protocol compared with that of patients conventionally treated was as follows: a) 11.3 times faster than the discharge rate of patients treated according to the conventional protocol, in regard to the time spent in the operating room; b) 6.3 times faster in regard to the duration of the surgical intervention; c) 6.8 times faster in regard to the duration of anesthesia; d) 1.5 times faster in regard to the duration of perfusion; e) 2.8 times faster in regard to the stay in the postoperative recovery I unit; f) 6.7 times faster in regard to hospital stay (time period between hospital admission and hospital discharge); g) 2.8 times faster in regard to the stay in the preoperative unit; h) 2.1 times faster in regard to the stay in the admission unit after discharge from postoperative recovery; i) associated with reduced costs. The difference was not significant for patients with ischemic heart disease.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>A reduction in the length of hospital stay and costs for the care of patients undergoing cardiac surgery according to the fast-track protocol was observed.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>cost-benefit ratio, cardiac surgery, congenital heart diseases, treatment</p>
      <p>Cardiac surgical interventions are part of the current therapy for heart diseases, are a significant source of demand for economic and technical resources, and have the greatest economic impact on the hospitalizations authorized by the Brazilian Public Health System (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de - SUS). In the year 2000, 2,398,344 hospital admissions were authorized by the SUS in the state of S&#227;o Paulo, comprising a cost of R$ 1.2 billion. Among the hospitalizations due to surgical procedures of greatest economic impact, the following stood out: 6,785 (0.28%) myocardial revascularizations using extracorporeal circulation, at a cost of R$ 37.1 million (3.15%); and 1,689 (0.07%) surgical corrections for congenital heart diseases, at a cost of R$ 12.5 million (1.07%)<sup>1</sup>. An unsatisfied demand is believed to exist.</p>
      <p>The technology involved in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of cardiovascular diseases is expensive. In 1999, the SUS spent R$ 763 million with 1.1 million hospitalizations due to diseases of the circulatory system, and, from January to March 2000, the SUS spent R$ 3.6 million with 1.4 million cardiologic medical visits<sup>1</sup>. The increase in costs is also evident in the accounting records of the hospital where this study was carried out: from 1995 to 2000, it increased from R$ 88.6 million to R$ 153.1 million<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Increases in the cost of health care<sup>3</sup> caused the implementation of studies on management of the health care system in regard to the finite nature of financial resources<sup>4-7</sup>. For some authors<sup>8</sup>, the increase in costs was even considered a threat to the future of cardiac medical practice, if not managed properly. The increase in costs has led medical and hospital care providers of different countries, such as Germany<sup>9</sup>, Switzerland<sup>10</sup>, United States<sup>10-15</sup>, Australia<sup>14,15</sup>, and Canada<sup>16</sup>, to assess alternative management strategies for these services, assuring access to services, the quality of services, and affordable costs. This change in scenario resulted in new strategies to reconcile customer satisfaction, organizational survival, and positive financial results<sup>12</sup>. The reduction in the needs of patients with health insurance, the reduction in payments for the services provided, the increase in competition, and the constant need for technological improvements caused hospitals to reexamine the processes used to manage expenses and resources to satisfy the demands imposed by scientific progress and to maintain activities related to that progress.</p>
      <p>Surgeries account for 60% of the hospitalizations at the facility where this study was conducted. These surgeries are expensive, complex procedures, and the hospital services required by such procedures are expensive also. This demand and its complexity create the need for short, medium, and long-term planning that involve different segments, and, in some circumstances, may require waiting lists, as also observed in other countries, such as England<sup>7</sup> and Canada<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the cardiovascular surgery programs, 38.9% to 45% of the expenditures occur in the operating room<sup>16</sup>, and 71.8% to 80%<sup>7</sup> of the total occur in the first 36-48 postoperative hours, which includes the intensive care unit (ICU). The remaining costs between 15% and 21.3% occur in the wards, and between 5% and 6.9% in the outpatient care units. In the hospital studied, the expenditures had the following distribution: approximately 61% in the ICU and operating room and 39% in the wards. More recently, cardiovascular surgery programs have been proposed to optimize costs with no sacrifice in quality<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The concept of fast-track cardiac surgery appeared in the beginning of the 1990s. The principles of the protocol adopted were as follows: 1) intense education in preoperative care, aiming at not delaying hospital discharge; 2) extubation as soon as possible; 3) administration of anti-inflammatory medications as required; 4) prophylactic medication for supraventricular arrhythmias and gastrointestinal complications; 5) the patient should become ambulatory as soon as possible; 6) careful administration of fluid volume; 7) hospital discharge expected to occur between the third and fifth postoperative days<sup>10,21</sup>. The articulated combination of these principles reduced the response to stress, to organic dysfunction, and the time for the complete recovery of the patient, resulting in a reduction in hospital costs.</p>
      <p>Other experiences have also been successful in more than 2000 cases of cardiovascular surgeries in adults, with good medical results, satisfaction of the patient, shorter hospital stay, and a reduction in costs<sup>9,16,19,22</sup>. The results were similar in pediatric cardiovascular surgeries<sup>10,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>A pilot study was developed based on the fast-track cardiac surgery protocol, allowing the anticipation of the need for a more detailed study of the process, from its medical-scientific foundation to the understanding of its organizational implications.</p>
      <p>This study was carried out to assess the fast-track cardiac surgery protocol in Brazil, to analyze the organizational aspects of the different segments participating in the patient's treatment, and to contribute to the continuous improvement in organizational culture.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study comprised patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery according to the fast-track recovery protocol and the conventional protocol from February 2000 to May 2001. The project was approved by the hospital's committee on ethics for the analysis of research projects.</p>
      <p>The fast-track protocol provided specific management to assure an articulated flow with no delays in the medical and administrative procedures necessary for the best evolution of the process. The fast-track protocol comprised the prehospital and in-hospital phases. The prehospital phase included: a) outpatient care medical visit with the patient and his family and the members of the health care team. The outpatient care medical visits had the following objectives: to acquaint the patient and his family with the members of the team, such as the clinician, surgeon, anesthetist, nurse, social assistant, physical therapist, and, occasionally, the psychologist; b) prescheduling of the surgery before the last medical visit prior to hospitalization; c) adjustment of the arrangements for the hospitalization on the day before surgery, approximately 12 hours before; d) information to and preparation of the patient for early postoperative mobilization; e) preparation of the family to receive the patient at home after hospital discharge on the fourth postoperative day; f) in case of any problem and delay in hospital admission, the patients and family should give notice to the clinician and his team to receive the necessary care and orientation to plan the delay of surgery, allowing another patient to benefit from the delay; g) the release of the authorization for hospital admission, registering it on a waiting list, and its strict management by the support unit for the patient hospitalized or in the emergency unit; and, finally, h) the summoning of the patient.</p>
      <p>The in-hospital phase comprised the following stages: A) at the admission unit - which is a continuation of patient-team interaction, with clinical medical visit, preanesthetic visit, and nurse visit, with professionals already known by the patient from the outpatient care visits prior to hospitalization, except for the nurse; addition of a new nurse professional could occur, if required; B) in the operating room - a) surgery performed by the surgeon and first attending physician participating in the fast-track protocol; b) anesthetic care to enable orotracheal extubation as early as possible; C) in the postoperative recovery unit - a) orotracheal extubation as soon as possible; b) efficient analgesia to enhance breathing and postoperative physical therapy; c) discharge from the postoperative recovery unit to the admission unit, as soon as the clinical conditions of the patient allow, without having to wait for a routine hour of transfer.</p>
      <p>The conventional protocol was performed according to the usual hospital routine and comprised the prehospital and in-hospital phases.</p>
      <p>The prehospital phase consisted of the following: a) outpatient care visit exclusively with the clinician; b) visit with the nurse after the medical visit for instructing the patient or his caretaker, or both, about the routine and preparation for the tests to be performed; c) once the diagnostic process was concluded, the clinician released the authorization for hospital admission and registered it on a waiting list; d) visit with the nurse after the medical visit for orientation about the summoning to hospitalization; e) summoning of the patient based on the management of vacant hospital beds and concomitant scheduling of the surgical program, coordinated by the support unit for patients hospitalized or in the emergency unit.</p>
      <p>The in-hospital phase consisted of the following: A) in the admission unit: a) review of the clinical conditions and diagnostic examinations by the medical and nurse team acting in the admission unit; b) correction or inclusion of the patient in the surgical program; B) in the operating room &#150; surgery performed by the team scheduled by the surgical programming unit; C) in the postoperative recovery unit: a) recovery in the postoperative routine recovery unit I or II; b) transfer to the admission unit according to a routine of pre-established times.</p>
      <p>The diagnoses adopted were established by the medical team according to ICD-10.</p>
      <p>The examinations and procedures performed on the patients with congenital and ischemic heart diseases in the pre, trans, and postoperative phases in the 2 protocols were considered for billing purposes. The medications and special materials (ortheses and prostheses) used were accounted for according to the total length of hospital stay. For billing purposes, the values adopted for the procedures and examinations were those from the table provided by the Brazilian Medical Association - 1990; for the special materials, the values adopted were those of the SUS; and for medications, the values adopted were those of the Bras&#237;ndice 2002.</p>
      <p>All patients participating in the fast-track recovery and conventional protocols with the following characteristics were included in the study: a) first surgical intervention; b) no clinical or laboratory evidence of ventricular dysfunction; c) noncomplex congenital acyanotic heart diseases and ischemic heart diseases; d) at least 2 outpatient medical visits before hospitalization. The following patients were excluded from the study: a) patients who had undergone previous cardiac surgery; b) patients with complex congenital heart diseases; and c) patients who had undergone emergency heart surgery.</p>
      <p>The study comprised 622 patients undergoing cardiovascular surgical intervention, of whom 203 (32.6%) were operated on according to the fast-track protocol, and 419 (67.4%) were operated on according to the conventional protocol. In the fast-track protocol, 107 patients were considered eligible for the study: 56 (52%) patients with congenital heart diseases and 51 (48%) patients with ischemic heart diseases. In the conventional protocol, 68 patients were considered eligible for the study: 26 (38%) patients had congenital heart diseases and 42 (62%) had ischemic heart diseases.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table I</xref> shows the patients' ages. The age of patients with congenital heart diseases in the fast-track protocol ranged from 1.0 to 38 (&#177; 10.8) years, and the age of those in the conventional protocol ranged from 0.3 to 60 (&#177; 16.0) years. In regard to patients with ischemic heart diseases, the age of those in the fast-track protocol ranged from 38.0 to 79.0 (&#177; 8.8) years, and the age of those in the conventional protocol ranged from 18.0 to 81.0 (&#177; 12.3) years.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The distribution regarding sex in each medical care protocol according to the diagnosis is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">table II</xref>. Of the 107 (61.1%) men, 37 (34.6%) had congenital heart disease and 70 (65.4 %) had ischemic heart disease. Of the 68 (38.9%) women, 45 (66.2%) had congenital heart diseases, and 23 (33.8%) had ischemic heart diseases.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The weight of patients with congenital heart diseases in the fast-track recovery protocol ranged from 4.5 to 77 (mean of 32) kg, and their body mass index ranged from 6.3 to 44.4 (mean of 18.4) kg/m<sup>2</sup>; the weight of patients with congenital heart diseases in the conventional protocol ranged from 2.5 to 75 (mean of 19.8) kg, and their body mass index ranged from 11.1 to 28.2 (mean of 16.2) kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The weight of patients with ischemic heart diseases in the fast-track recovery protocol ranged from 44 to 104 (mean of 72.7) kg, and their body mass index ranged from 19.6 to 37.1 (mean of 26.5) kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The weight of patients with ischemic heart diseases in the conventional protocol ranged from 44 to 100 (mean of 72.4) kg, and their body mass index ranged from 17.6 to 35.2 (mean of 26.9) kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The diagnoses of the patients with congenital heart diseases in the fast-track recovery protocol were as follows: atrial septal defect in 37 (66%) patients, persistent ductus arteriosus in 14 (25%), and ventricular septal defect in 5 (9%). The diagnoses of those in the conventional protocol were as follows: atrial septal defect in 12 (46%) patients, ventricular septal defect in 9 (35%), and persistent ductus arteriosus in 5 (19%). On the other hand, the diagnoses of the patients with ischemic heart disease in the fast-track recovery protocol were as follows: chronic coronary heart disease in 36 (55.5%) patients, and acute coronary heart disease in 12 (18.5%). Fifteen (23%) patients had already experienced previous myocardial infarction. Glycemia ranged from 83 to 336 (mean of 137.1) mg/dL, and creatinine values ranged from 0.7 to 1.8 (mean of 1.1) mg/dL. The diagnoses of the patients in the conventional protocol were as follows: chronic coronary heart disease in 39 (75%) patients and acute coronary heart disease in 3 (6%). Glycemia ranged from 74 to 446 (mean of 141) mg/dL, and creatinine values ranged from 0.7 to 10.6 (mean of 1.3) mg/dL. Eight (15%) patients had experienced myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>To assess the transfer of patients from one hospital unit to another, the following parameters were studied: age; sex; weight; body mass index; height; fast-track recovery and conventional protocols; type of heart disease; in-hospital evolution; postoperative infection; infection after hospital discharge; readmission; time elapsed between admission and surgery; length of stay in the operating room; duration of surgery; duration of anesthesia; duration of the perfusion procedure; length of stay in the postoperative recovery unit; length of postoperative hospitalization; length of hospital stay; and billing of examinations, procedures of the entire health team involved, special materials, and medications during hospitalization.</p>
      <p>The descriptive analysis was performed using the minimum and maximum values, median, mean, and standard deviation. The length of stay of patients in the different hospital units was estimated with the probability of survival by using the Kaplan Meier method, in which discharge from a hospital unit (representing the transfer of the patient to another unit) was considered an event, and death was considered the censored data. The comparisons between the stays in the different units studied in both protocols were performed with the Log-Rank and Breslow tests<sup>24</sup>. Then, the Cox proportional hazards regression model was used<sup>24</sup>. Finally, the 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the procedures and examinations performed, the consumption of medications, and the use of special materials in the pre-, trans-, and postoperative phases. The value of P &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The following procedures were performed in the patients with congenital heart diseases: section and suture of persistent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septoplasty, atrial septoplasty. Of the 56 patients in the fast-track protocol, 14 (25%) corrections of persistent ductus arteriosus were performed without extracorporeal circulation, and of the 26 patients in the conventional protocol, 5 (19%) corrections of persistent ductus arteriosus were performed without extracorporeal circulation.</p>
      <p>The patients with ischemic heart disease underwent myocardial revascularization as follows: 51 patients in the fast-track protocol, 6 (12%) of whom had no extracorporeal circulation; and 42 patients in the conventional protocol, 8 (19%) of whom had no extracorporeal circulation.</p>
      <p>Postoperative infection occurred in 6 (3.9%) patients. In patients with congenital heart diseases, postoperative infection occurred in 1 (4.3%) patient in the conventional protocol, and no infection was observed in those in the fast-track protocol. Postoperative infection was observed in 5 patients with ischemic heart disease, 2 (4.5%) in the fast-track protocol and 3 (7.1%) in the conventional protocol. Records of 4 patients in the conventional protocol were not recovered, 2 with congenital heart diseases and 2 with ischemic heart diseases. Among the patients with ischemic heart diseases in the fast-track protocol, 2 (4.1%) died in the hospital. Evolution after hospital discharge was followed up in the period studied through an active search of hospital records.</p>
      <p>Infection after hospital discharge was diagnosed in 18 (10.3%) patients as follows: 2 (7.7%) had congenital heart diseases and were in the conventional protocol, 7 (13.7%) had ischemic heart diseases and were in the fast-track protocol, and 9 (21.4%) had ischemic heart diseases and were in the conventional protocol. No infection was observed in patients with congenital heart diseases in the fast-track recovery protocol.</p>
      <p>Ten (6.0%) patients were rehospitalized, 1 (4.3%) of whom had congenital heart disease and was in the conventional protocol. No rehospitalization was observed in patients with congenital heart disease in the fast-track protocol. Of the patients with ischemic heart disease, 3 (6.7%) rehospitalizations were observed in patients in the fast-track protocol and 6 (14.3%) rehospitalizations were observed in patients in the conventional protocol. The records of 6 patients in the fast-track protocol and of 3 patients in the conventional protocol were not recovered.</p>
      <p>The length of hospital stay in the different hospital units for patients with congenital heart diseases is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21164t3-body2">tables III</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tabela4-body2">IV</xref> and the comparison of the Kaplan Meier curves is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">figure 1</xref> (length of preoperative hospitalization) and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">figure 2</xref> (length of hospital stay).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21164t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tabela4-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The length of stay in the different hospital units for patients with ischemic heart diseases is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21164t5-body2">tables V</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tabela6-body2">VI</xref> and the comparison of the Kaplan Meier curves is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">figure 3</xref> (preoperative hospitalization) and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4-body2">figure 4</xref> (length of hospital stay).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21164t5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tabela6-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The billing values observed in the pre, trans, and postoperative phases based on the records of the examinations, procedures, special materials used, and medications administered are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21164t7-body2">tables VII</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="en_21164t8-body2">VIII</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21164t7-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <undefined id="en_21164t8-body2">
          <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/XY7qPVBdYnfCQxrB67Rhkpm/b9a550031ea27237d97e82793b55e19e7e8c2260.gif"/>
        </undefined>
      </p>
      <p>The multivariate analysis of the transfer of patients with congenital heart diseases from one hospital unit to another estimated by the relative risks of discharge from these units is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela9-body2">table IX</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela9-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0018-00003-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The relative risk of stay in the preoperative unit was 2.8, ie, the discharge rate per unit of time for patients with congenital heart disease in the fast-track protocol was 2.8 (95% CI = 2.1; 4.0) times greater than the discharge rate of patients in the conventional protocol.</p>
      <p>The relative risk of the duration of the surgical procedure was 6.3, ie, the discharge rate per unit of time for patients with congenital heart disease in the fast-track protocol was 6.3 (95% CI = 3.6; 11.0) times greater than the discharge rate of patients in the conventional protocol.</p>
      <p>The difference in the transfer of patients with ischemic heart diseases from one hospital unit to another was not statistically significant between the fast-track and conventional protocols.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients' ages ranged from 3 months to 81 years, showing the feasibility of the fast-track protocol for adults and children<sup>5,11,22,25,26</sup>. Patients with less complex heart diseases were studied, and this was observed in other reports in the literature, which included patients with a nosological profile comparable to that in this study<sup>11,26</sup>. However, the same protocol was used for patients with more complex diseases, such as tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries<sup>11</sup>. It is worth emphasizing that the fast-track protocol has also been adopted for diseases of other organs and systems<sup>27</sup>. Therefore, it is an initiative especially developed for cardiac surgical interventions and useful for patients with other diseases.</p>
      <p>The frequency of postoperative infection was lower in the fast-track protocol (3.6%), similarly to that reported in other experiences<sup>13,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>Two patients with ischemic heart disease in the fast-track protocol died. Although the number is not statistically significant, other studies did not report statistically different mortality for patients in the fast-track protocol<sup>22,26</sup>. The same was observed in regard to the incidence of infection after hospital discharge<sup>5,9,20,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>Of 10 rehospitalizations, 9 occurred in patients with ischemic heart disease, 3 of whom were in the fast-track protocol and 6 of whom were in the conventional protocol. The rehospitalization rate ranged from 2% to 20.9% of those reported in the literature<sup>5,9,13,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the examination of the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients in this study showed that the fast-track protocol had a satisfactory margin of safety, being comparable to that of the conventional protocol.</p>
      <p>Although this study provided the opportunity to evaluate both protocols concomitantly, the allocation of patients into the protocols was not randomized, but this restriction has also been reported in other studies<sup>5,11,13</sup>. Other studies<sup>11,13</sup> reported in the literature changed the hospital routine, and comparisons were performed in regard to the experience prior to change.</p>
      <p>The length of stay in the different hospital units was shorter in the fast-track protocol, in accordance with that reported in the literature<sup>11</sup>. However, the different authors who studied this issue focused more frequently on the length of hospital stay, the stay in the ICU, the length of postoperative hospitalization, and the duration of orotracheal intubation<sup>11,13,16,23,27,28</sup>. The other time intervals analyzed in this study, such as the length of preoperative hospitalization, which has psychological and clinical implications, even an effect on the skin bacterial flora, had not been previously assessed<sup>29</sup>. This also influences cost, because many forms of hospital payment are based on the diagnosis and not on the length of hospital stay.</p>
      <p>The mean hospital stay was shorter for the patients in the fast-track recovery protocol, which was evident in the multivariate analysis for patients with congenital heart diseases. For patients with ischemic heart diseases, this difference may be suggested based on the univariate analysis, but, perhaps due to the size of the sample or other confounding factors, it was not evident in multivariate analysis. In another published study<sup>11</sup>, the mean length of hospital stay for patients operated on for atrial septal defect decreased from 5 to 4 days after implementation of the program. For patients operated on who had ventricular septal defect, the length of hospital stay decreased from 6 to 5 days. And no significant change was observed in patients operated on who had persistent ductus arteriosus. For more complex heart diseases, such as tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries, the length of hospital stay decreased from 10 to 8 days and from 15.5 to 13 days, respectively. Therefore, both in our study and others, a decrease in the length of hospital stay was observed with the fast-track protocol.</p>
      <p>After multivariate analysis, a shorter length of stay in the postoperative ICU was observed for patients with congenital heart disease in the fast-track protocol, and, for patients with ischemic heart disease, the difference was shown only with univariate analysis. In other studies, the longer length of stay in the ICU and longer time for orotracheal intubation were predictive of longer hospitalization. The implementation of the protocol reduced the length of stay in the ICU by 1 day for patients with atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and persistent ductus arteriosus<sup>11</sup>. However, for other authors, the reduction in the time of orotracheal intubation was not considered significant enough to reduce the length of hospital stay. It was even suggested that 1 more night in the ICU might contribute to greater safety on hospital discharge<sup>22</sup>. The numbers found in the study by Walji et al<sup>22</sup> are worth noting: for the 144 (56%) patients undergoing minimally invasive techniques, the mean length of stay in the ICU after surgery was 4.3 &#177; 6.3 days, as compared with 5.4 &#177; 5.9 days for the other patients. After 1 year, the percentage of patients discharged between the first and the fourth postoperative days was 70%<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>In another study<sup>26</sup>, 135 (48%) patients in the fast-track protocol were discharged between the third and the fifth postoperative days, while 74 (26%) in the routine protocol were discharged in the same time period. The stay in the ICU for patients with ischemic heart disease in the fast-track protocol was 9 <underline>+</underline> 4.5 hours, and, in the conventional protocol, it was 48.5 &#177; 33.4 hours. In another study<sup>20</sup>, a reduction by 1.2 days in the length of stay in the ICU after surgery was observed for patients with ischemic heart disease operated on as a result of the application of the fast-track protocol.</p>
      <p>The length of stay in the operating room, the duration of the surgery, the duration of the anesthesia, and the duration of perfusion were shorter for the patients with congenital heart diseases in the fast-track protocol. The different studies published in the literature did not analyze these data carefully<sup>5,11,23,25,26,30</sup>, hindering a comparison.</p>
      <p>For patients with ischemic heart disease, no statistically significant difference in time was observed between the 2 protocols.</p>
      <p>Due to operational reasons, we chose to assess the billing system for the procedures and examinations performed in the pre, post, and transoperative periods. The special materials (ortheses, prostheses) and the medications were accounted for considering the total length of hospital stay.</p>
      <p>The unitary value billed per patient with congenital heart disease operated on in the fast-track protocol was 29.5% lower than that for the patient operated on in the conventional protocol. The greatest difference is noted in the period corresponding to the stay in the operating room and in the postoperative ICU (128.2%), followed by that in the preoperative unit (11.3%) and in the postoperative unit (7.2%). However, the <italic>p</italic> values obtained with the analysis of variance of the means of billing suggest lower expenses in the examinations and procedures performed in the preoperative phase, examinations in the transoperative phase, and examinations and procedures performed in the postoperative phase. No statistically significant difference was observed for the billing of special materials and medications used.</p>
      <p>In regard to patients with ischemic heart disease, the unitary value billed was 16.1% lower for patients in the fast-track protocol. However, the <italic>p</italic> value obtained with analysis of variance of the means of billing showed a lower statistical significance in the special materials used for patients in the conventional protocol, suggesting lower costs in this billing item.</p>
      <p>Although the data have not reached statistical significance in all variables studied, it is possible to formulate the hypothesis that the findings have practical importance, considering the lower absolute values of billing of the materials, medications, and special materials used in the different healthcare facilities occupied by the patients in the fast-track protocol.</p>
      <p>We emphasize that the financing practice of SUS is performed by billing per diagnosis, not taking into consideration the examinations and the procedures performed during hospitalization. Thus, while the examinations and procedures performed during the hospitalization cannot be billed for individually, a series of them, such as hemodynamic studies, ultrasonography, graphic and nuclear medicine methods, when performed in the prehospital phase, may be billed to SUS. Therefore, the fast-track protocol, in addition to allowing reimbursement for expenses incurred in the outpatient care unit, exempts the hospital from expenses not totally reimbursed in the in-hospital phase.</p>
      <p>Different experiences published showed a reduction in costs with the adoption of the fast-track protocol. Therefore, a mean reduction in costs by US$ 4,000 per patient (from US$ 27,761 to US$ 23,772) was observed during hospitalization <sup>24</sup>. The reductions in costs were as follows: 26% in surgeries for the correction of atrial septum; 28% in the surgical correction of ventricular septum; 29% in the correction of persistent ductus arteriosus; 26% in the correction of tetralogy of Fallot; and 16% in the correction of transposition of the great arteries<sup>21</sup>. This study also correlated costs with early extubation and shorter hospitalization, and also established a significant correlation with fewer days spent in the ICU<sup>21</sup>. Another study<sup>20</sup> reported a decrease by US$ 1,004 and US$ 1,667 in patients with ischemic heart disease and valvular heart disease operated on, respectively. The increase in costs due to the increment of anesthetic and anti-inflammatory drugs was offset by the reduction in the stay in the postoperative intensive care unit.</p>
      <p>The major predictors of costs in cardiovascular surgery were identified as length of hospital stay, length of stay in the ICU, length of stay in the operating room, and patient's age<sup>16</sup>. Another study<sup>4</sup>, however, did not identify preoperative predictive factors, and concluded that the most significant predictors were postoperative complications, respiratory failure, left ventricular failure, and mortality. That study also reported that costs were directly related to the length of stay in the ICU and the presence of postoperative complications. The greatest direct costs in the ICU were as follows: nurse team, 45% to 50%; support services, 22% to 25%; supplies and equipment, 15% to 20%; and medications, 4% to 13%, thus the effort to obtain extubation as soon as possible, so that the patient can continue his recovery in a hospital unit with less expensive resources installed<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The reduction in the length of preoperative hospitalization by 1 or 2 days, aiming at hospitalization on the same day of surgery, reduced the costs in surgeries of patients with ischemic heart disease by 2% to 3%<sup>16</sup>. On the other hand, the study of readmissions after cardiovascular surgery discusses whether the fast-track protocol for cardiovascular surgery results in cost savings or cost shifting, because, after 527 surgeries, 110 (20.9%) readmissions occurred, 49% at hospitals other than that where the surgery was performed, which has great economic significance, mainly for the hospital receiving these patients<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The study had a prospective historic character: the sample size was limited not only due to the strict criteria of inclusion, but also due to the interruption in the program, with the consequent reduction in the number of patients eligible for this analysis. In addition, some relevant time intervals, such as the duration of orotracheal intubation, one of the predictive factors of the length of hospital stay and hospital costs, could not be assessed<sup>11</sup>. The costs of the prehospital phase also could not be assessed separately.</p>
      <p>Although some manifestations of greater trust in the health care team that implemented the fast-track protocol were observed in the patients and their families in the prehospital phase, customer satisfaction was not assessed in this study.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the organizational coupling of initiatives and technical competences showed that the fast-track protocol is feasible and may contribute both to approaching the patients and to greater operational efficiency of the hospital and the medical services involved. The incorporation of these objectives into the organizational culture may also contribute to improve the satisfaction of customers and care providers, in addition to more precisely allocating the use of hospital medical resources. Thus, both in our study, which suggested fewer expenditures based on the billing data, and in data published in the literature, the health care provided according to the fast-track protocol resulted in lower costs for the system financing the program.</p>
      <p>More specifically, the patients with congenital heart diseases had a shorter length of stay in the different medical and hospital units in the pre, trans, and postoperative phases, when the fast-track protocol was used, allowing lower expenditures during those phases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank Prof. J&#250;lio da Motta Singer and Antonio Carlos Pedroso de Lima of the Institute of Mathematics and Statistics of the USP for their support in the analysis of data. We also thank Miss Simone Curti for the statistical analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Alfredo Manoel da Silva Fernandes</p>
          <p> Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP</p>
          <p>Rua Dr. Ov&#237;dio Pires de Campos, 333</p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil Cep 05403-000</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="alfredo.fernandes@hcnet.usp.br">alfredo.fernandes@hcnet.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 1/16/03</p>
      <p>Accepted: 6/16/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
