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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YWqKjBsDWTybCX9QmbP33xJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004001300002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08300102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004001300002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Significado cl&#237;nico das dissec&#231;&#245;es coronarianas n&#227;o complicadas ap&#243;s o implante de "stents"</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Schaan de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottschall</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarmento-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valler</surname>
            <given-names>Lenise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bussmann</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>83</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>4</fpage>
      <lpage>10</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar a influ&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#245;es coronarianas n&#227;o complicadas na incid&#234;ncia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo e eventos cardiovasculares maiores, em um ano. M&#201;TODO: Pacientes tratados de junho/1996 a dezembro/2000, sendo os dados coletados, prospectivamente, e comparadas dissec&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o complicadas (G1, n=36) &#224;s sem dissec&#231;&#245;es (G2, n=871). Os dados foram analisados com programa estat&#237;stico SPSS 8,0, os desfechos comparados com curvas de Kaplan-Meier e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia avaliado pelo teste do log rank. RESULTADOS: As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas foram semelhantes nos dois grupos: O G1 apresentou di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia m&#233;dio menor (p&lt;0,0001), mais pacientes com les&#245;es tipo C (p=0,01), menores di&#226;metros luminais ao final do procedimento (p=0,003) e maiores rela&#231;&#245;es bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria (p&lt;0,0001). Por an&#225;lise multivariada, somente di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia e rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o-art&#233;ria foram independentemente associados &#224; presen&#231;a de dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nas incid&#234;ncias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo e eventos cardiovasculares maiores, no seguimento cl&#237;nico em um ano, entre os grupos de pacientes com ou sem dissec&#231;&#245;es. Os preditores de eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos em um ano foram di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia, extens&#227;o da les&#227;o e estenose residual, mas n&#227;o a presen&#231;a de dissec&#231;&#227;o residual. CONCLUS&#195;O: Dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais n&#227;o complicadas ap&#243;s o implante de "stents" coronarianos est&#227;o associadas a art&#233;rias de menor calibre e maiores rela&#231;&#245;es bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria, mas n&#227;o com piores desfechos no seguimento cl&#237;nico em um ano.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>hemodin&#226;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>stents</kwd>
        <kwd>dissec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Significado cl&#237;nico das dissec&#231;&#245;es coronarianas n&#227;o complicadas ap&#243;s o implante de "stents"</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alexandre Schaan de Quadros; Carlos A. M. Gottschall; Rog&#233;rio Sarmento-Leite; Lenise Valler; Andr&#233; Bussmann</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>Porto Alegre; RS - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar a influ&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#245;es coronarianas n&#227;o complicadas na incid&#234;ncia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo e eventos cardiovasculares maiores, em um ano. </p>
    <p><bold> M&#201;TODO:</bold> Pacientes tratados de junho/1996 a dezembro/2000, sendo os dados coletados, prospectivamente, e comparadas dissec&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o complicadas (G1, n=36) &#224;s sem dissec&#231;&#245;es (G2, n=871). Os dados foram analisados com programa estat&#237;stico SPSS 8,0, os desfechos comparados com curvas de Kaplan-Meier e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia avaliado pelo teste do log rank. </p>
    <p><bold> RESULTADOS:</bold> As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas foram semelhantes nos dois grupos: O G1 apresentou di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia m&#233;dio menor (p&lt;0,0001), mais pacientes com les&#245;es tipo C (p=0,01), menores di&#226;metros luminais ao final do procedimento (p=0,003) e maiores rela&#231;&#245;es bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria (p&lt;0,0001). Por an&#225;lise multivariada, somente di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia e rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o-art&#233;ria foram independentemente associados &#224; presen&#231;a de dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nas incid&#234;ncias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo e eventos cardiovasculares maiores, no seguimento cl&#237;nico em um ano, entre os grupos de pacientes com ou sem dissec&#231;&#245;es. Os preditores de eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos em um ano foram di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia, extens&#227;o da les&#227;o e estenose residual, mas n&#227;o a presen&#231;a de dissec&#231;&#227;o residual. </p>
    <p><bold> CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais n&#227;o complicadas ap&#243;s o implante de "stents" coronarianos est&#227;o associadas a art&#233;rias de menor calibre e maiores rela&#231;&#245;es bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria, mas n&#227;o com piores desfechos no seguimento cl&#237;nico em um ano.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> hemodin&#226;mica, "stents", dissec&#231;&#227;o</p>
    <p>Dissec&#231;&#245;es angiograficamente vis&#237;veis ocorrem em 30% dos casos ap&#243;s angioplastia coronariana com bal&#227;o<sup>1-3</sup> e em 5 a 10% dos pacientes quando o procedimento envolve o implante de "stents"<sup>4</sup><sub>.</sub> Essas dissec&#231;&#245;es podem ser extensas e complicadas, com reten&#231;&#227;o de contraste e evoluindo rapidamente para oclus&#227;o do vaso tratado, ou limitadas, sem reten&#231;&#227;o de contraste e sem comprometimento do fluxo<sup>5-8</sup>. Cutlip e cols. demonstraram que dissec&#231;&#245;es, mesmo n&#227;o complicadas, s&#227;o um dos principais preditores de trombose subaguda ap&#243;s o implante de "stents"<sup>9</sup>. Essas dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais s&#227;o geralmente tratadas com um segundo "stent", mas o comprimento total dos "stents" implantados tamb&#233;m est&#225; associado com maior risco de eventos adversos<sup>9</sup> e &#233; consistentemente relatado como um dos fatores mais fortemente associados &#224; reestenose<sup>10-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os estudos que analisaram a influ&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais n&#227;o complicadas ap&#243;s angioplastia coronariana na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica a longo prazo n&#227;o sugerem maior risco de reestenose nesses pacientes<sup>13-15</sup>. Por outro lado, a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica tardia de pacientes com dissec&#231;&#245;es coronarianas n&#227;o complicadas por implante de "stents" &#233; pouco estudada<sup>16,17</sup><sub>.</sub> Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influ&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais n&#227;o complicadas ap&#243;s o implante de "stents" coronarianos na incid&#234;ncia de novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo e eventos cardiovasculares maiores em um ano.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes do estudo apresentavam cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e foram tratados com implantes de "stents" coronarianos, no per&#237;odo de junho/1996 a dezembro/2000, no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre - RS. Dos 1149 pacientes tratados com 1221 "stents", foram exclu&#237;dos 145 com "stents" filamentares. As demais causas de exclus&#227;o do estudo foram: estenoses residuais <underline>&gt;</underline> 30% (31) fluxo do vaso p&#243;s procedimento TIMI 0 ou 1 (14), oclus&#227;o aguda do vaso imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento ou nas primeiras 24h (33), insucesso por perda do "stent" (1), insucesso por posicionamento do "stent" fora da les&#227;o (2), impossibilidade de cruzar a les&#227;o com o "stent" (4), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio relacionado ao procedimento (9), cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia (4) e &#243;bito nas primeiras 24h do procedimento (12), totalizando 87 dos 998 pacientes, por apresentar insucesso ou complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas agudas nas primeiras 24h do procedimento.</p>
    <p>No grupo dissec&#231;&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com implante de "stent" com sucesso e sem complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares maiores, mas com dissec&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o oclusivas (tipos A, B ou C da ACC)<sup>8</sup> e n&#227;o tratadas com um segundo "stent". No grupo controle foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com sucesso cl&#237;nico, sem complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares maiores e sem dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais. Todos os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos prospectivamente em um banco de dados "Access", sendo analisadas suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas, aspectos relacionados ao implante e evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar.</p>
    <p>O procedimento de implante dos "stents" foi realizado segundo a literatura<sup>18,19</sup>, sendo que na maioria dos casos foi realizada pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com angioplastia por bal&#227;o. O uso de altas press&#245;es, tipo e n&#250;mero de "stents" utilizados, angioplastia coronariana em outra les&#227;o ou outro vaso, uso de outros dispositivos, inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa e demais crit&#233;rios t&#233;cnicos foram decididos pelos operadores. Todos os pacientes foram tratados em vig&#234;ncia de inibi&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e tienopiridinas; drogas administradas durante ou logo ap&#243;s o procedimento, em casos de urg&#234;ncia. Utilizados os "stents": <italic>Multilink</italic> (Guidant/Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Santa Clara, Calif&#243;rnia) = 310 implantes; <italic>Tenax</italic> (Biotronik, Berlin, Germany) = 266 implantes; <italic>BX Velocity</italic> (Cordis/Johnson &amp; Johnson Interventional, Warren, New Jersey) = 97 implantes; <italic>NIR</italic> (Medinol Ltd., Tel Aviv, Israel) = 75 implantes; <italic>Vflex</italic> (Cook Group Inc, Broomfield, CO, USA) = 68 implantes; <italic>AVE GFX</italic> (Arterial Vascular Engineering, Inc., Santa Rosa, California) = 67 implantes; <italic>Iris</italic> (Uni-Cath Inc, Saddle Brook, NJ, USA) = 35 implantes; <italic>Jostent</italic> (JOMED AB, Helsinborg, Sweden) = 9 implantes; <italic>Palmaz Schatz</italic> (Cordis/Johnson &amp; Johnson Interventional, Warren, New Jersey) = 7 implantes.</p>
    <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas por mensura&#231;&#245;es com paqu&#237;metros manuais por operadores experientes. O di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia foi considerado como a m&#233;dia dos di&#226;metros proximal e distal &#224; les&#227;o; a severidade da estenose avaliada imediatamente antes do procedimento em pelo menos duas proje&#231;&#245;es ortogonais, e considerada aquela com a estenose mais grave; o comprimento da les&#227;o medido em toda a sua extens&#227;o (ombro a ombro), e as les&#245;es longas consideradas &#250;nicas quando havia menos de 10mm de segmento normal entre elas; o fluxo antes e ap&#243;s o procedimento classificado de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de TIMI<sup>20</sup> e o tipo de estenose conforme crit&#233;rios do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> modificados<sup>21</sup>; trombo definido como defeito de enchimento intraluminal; les&#227;o exc&#234;ntrica quando a estenose era observada na metade do suposto l&#250;men normal em pelo menos uma proje&#231;&#227;o; rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria, como a raz&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro nominal do bal&#227;o utilizado para expandir o "stent" de acordo com os dados fornecidos pelo fabricante e o di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso, conforme especificado acima; escore de agressividade como o produto da rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria pela m&#225;xima press&#227;o utilizada para implantar o "stent"<sup>22</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de stent, a amostra foi dividida em tr&#234;s grupos: 1<underline><sup>a</sup></underline> gera&#231;&#227;o (<italic>Palmaz Schatz, Vflex, Iris, Jostent, Wallstent, NIR, GFX</italic>), 2<underline><sup>a</sup></underline> gera&#231;&#227;o (<italic>Multilink, BX Velocity</italic>) e revestidos com carbeto de sil&#237;cio (<italic>Tenax</italic>).</p>
    <p>Quanto ao quadro cl&#237;nico do paciente antes do procedimento, angina est&#225;vel foi definida como a estabilidade do padr&#227;o de desencadeamento da dor nos &#250;ltimos dois meses; angina inst&#225;vel como a piora da intensidade e/ou freq&#252;&#234;ncia do padr&#227;o de angina nos &#250;ltimos dois meses antes do procedimento com ou sem dor tor&#225;cica em repouso; infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em evolu&#231;&#227;o quando o paciente foi encaminhado para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea em vig&#234;ncia de dor tor&#225;cica e supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Quanto &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o da implanta&#231;&#227;o do "stent", foi considerado procedimento eletivo quando indicada a coloca&#231;&#227;o do "stent" antes do procedimento; resultado sub&#243;timo quando por les&#245;es residuais importantes ou recolhimento el&#225;stico ap&#243;s angioplastia coronariana; salvamento quando o procedimento foi realizado em vig&#234;ncia de oclus&#227;o aguda ou amea&#231;a de oclus&#227;o de angioplastia coronariana.</p>
    <p>Quanto aos resultados do procedimento, sucesso angiogr&#225;fico foi definido como implante efetivo do "stent" na estenose mais grave pela angiografia com estenose residual &lt; 30% e fluxo normal ao final do procedimento e, sucesso cl&#237;nico, como sucesso angiogr&#225;fico sem a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, necessidade de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio de urg&#234;ncia ou &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>Quanto aos desfechos do estudo, foi analisada a ocorr&#234;ncia dos seguintes eventos no seguimento cl&#237;nico em um ano: eventos cardiovasculares maiores, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo (angioplastia coronariana ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e &#243;bito, sendo eventos cardiovasculares maiores definidos como a necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo, &#243;bito ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo como nova interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea no vaso tratado ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio como surgimento de ondas Q novas e epis&#243;dio de dor tor&#225;cica com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 30min ou epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e indica&#231;&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o qu&#237;mica ou mec&#226;nica ou epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, mas com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e eleva&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica com CK-MB maior do que 3 vezes o controle.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram seguidos clinicamente no ambulat&#243;rio, por contatos com seu m&#233;dico assistente ou por contatos telef&#244;nicos, e os desfechos registrados em banco de dados para an&#225;lise posterior. Angiografia de controle foi realizada somente quando indicada clinicamente pelo m&#233;dico assistente de cada paciente.</p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos foram analisadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e o teste t para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Os desfechos dos dois grupos foram analisados atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de sobrevida pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e as diferen&#231;as nas taxas da sobrevida avaliadas para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;tica pelo teste do log-rank. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram utilizados para identificar vari&#225;veis associadas a eventos cardiovasculares maiores em um ano, insucessos do procedimento e com dissec&#231;&#245;es<sup>23.</sup> Para todos os testes, foi considerado estatisticamente significativo um p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Analisamos 907 pacientes submetidos ao implante de 960 (m&#233;dia de 1,06) implantes de "stents" por paciente, constituindo grupo dissec&#231;&#227;o com 36 pacientes e grupo controle com 871 pacientes.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia de idade de ambos os grupos (dissec&#231;&#227;o=57,83&#177;9,76 vs. controle=60,28&#177;10,79; p= ns) ou &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia de mulheres (dissec&#231;&#227;o=39% vs. controle=28%; p=ns). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas pr&#233;vias e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos, bem como na m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pr&#233;-procedimento, n&#250;mero de vasos comprometidos e apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. I</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao vaso tratado ou o local do implante do "stent". O grupo dissec&#231;&#227;o apresentou vasos significativamente menores do que o grupo controle (dissec&#231;&#227;o=3,06 &#177; 0,27 mm vs controle=3,32 &#177; 0,42 mm; p&lt;0,0001), mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; severidade da estenose antes do procedimento e di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo antes do procedimento ou comprimento da les&#227;o. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo coronariano antes do procedimento, os pacientes do grupo dissec&#231;&#227;o apresentaram significativamente menos fluxo TIMI 2 ou 3 (dissec&#231;&#227;o=75,7% vs. controle=87,2 %; p=0,04). Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da les&#227;o a ser tratada, o grupo dissec&#231;&#227;o apresentava com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia les&#245;es do tipo C do que o grupo controle (dissec&#231;&#227;o=40,5% vs controle=21,5%; p=0,01). Quanto &#224;s outras caracter&#237;sticas das les&#245;es intervindas, como trombo, presen&#231;a de c&#225;lcio, ulcera&#231;&#245;es, excentricidade e tortuosidade excessiva do vaso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es para o implante dos "stents" foram semelhantes nos dois grupos, mas o grupo dissec&#231;&#227;o foi tratado com "stents" mais longos (dissec&#231;&#227;o=17,3&#177;4,72 mm vs. controle=15,76&#177; 4,48 mm; p=0,05) e o grupo controle com "stents" de 2<sup>a</sup> gera&#231;&#227;o (dissec&#231;&#227;o=16,2% vs controle=43,7%; p=0,04). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s m&#233;dias das press&#245;es utilizadas, tamanho do bal&#227;o ou escore de agressividade, mas a rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria foi significativamente maior no grupo dissec&#231;&#227;o (dissec&#231;&#227;o=1,07&#177; 0,09 vs controle=1,00&#177;0,09; p&lt;0,0001). O di&#226;metro luminal ao final do procedimento foi significativamente menor no grupo dissec&#231;&#227;o (dissec&#231;&#227;o=3,15&#177;0,35 mm vs controle=3,34&#177; 0,40 mm; p&lt;0,003), mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estenose residual ap&#243;s o implante (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. III</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo foram identificados 87 pacientes com insucesso cl&#237;nico, angiogr&#225;fico ou complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas maiores nas primeiras 24h do procedimento, n&#227;o inclu&#237;dos em nenhum dos grupos avaliados, mas descritos somente para efeito de compara&#231;&#227;o com a amostra estudada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. IV</xref>). Por an&#225;lise multivariada, somente "stent" de salvamento, choque cardiog&#234;nico e presen&#231;a de c&#225;lcio angiograficamente vis&#237;vel foram independentemente associados com insucesso ou complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas maiores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tab. V</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos quanto &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar, j&#225; que foram selecionados somente pacientes com procedimentos com sucesso e sem complica&#231;&#245;es. Quanto &#224; incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores em um ano, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos (dissec&#231;&#227;o=17,1% vs controle=9,5%; p=0,14) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela6">tab. VI</xref>). A an&#225;lise de sobrevida pelas curvas de Kaplan-Meier e as compara&#231;&#245;es pelo teste do <italic>log-rank</italic> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais desfechos analisados no seguimento cl&#237;nico em um ano, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos, embora tenha sido identificada uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia mais freq&#252;ente de desfechos adversos no grupo dissec&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela6">tab. VI</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O grupo dissec&#231;&#227;o apresentou tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o estatisticamente significativa &#224; pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica tardia, mas tamb&#233;m apresentou mais freq&#252;entemente diversas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas associadas com pior progn&#243;stico. Foi realizada an&#225;lise multivariada com essas caracter&#237;sticas desfavor&#225;veis, analisando sua rela&#231;&#227;o com os desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Neste modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla a vari&#225;vel dependente foi a incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores em um ano e, as vari&#225;veis independentes, dissec&#231;&#227;o, di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia, estenose residual p&#243;s implante, diabetes mellitus tipo do "stent" implantado, tipo da les&#227;o tratada e extens&#227;o da les&#227;o. Di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia (raz&#227;o de chance=0,33, intervalo de confian&#231;a 0,17-0,65; p=0,001), estenose residual (raz&#227;o de chance=1,04, intervalo de confian&#231;a 1,01-1,07; p=0,01) e extens&#227;o da les&#227;o (raz&#227;o de chance=1,09, intervalo de confian&#231;a 1,03-1,15; p=0,002), mas n&#227;o a presen&#231;a de dissec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s implante, foram independentemente associados com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores em um ano (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tab. VII</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t7">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Modelo de an&#225;lise multivariada foi realizado para identificar fatores independentemente associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#245;es. Di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia, rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria, tipo da les&#227;o e comprimento do "stent" foram as vari&#225;veis independentes utilizadas e dissec&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;vel dependente. Nesta an&#225;lise, somente di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia e rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria foram independentemente associados com dissec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais n&#227;o complicadas foram associadas a vasos menores e maiores rela&#231;&#245;es bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria, mas esses pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no seguimento em um ano, quando comparados a um grupo controle sem dissec&#231;&#227;o. Os fatores independentemente associados a eventos cardiovasculares maiores por an&#225;lise multivariada foram di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia, estenose residual e extens&#227;o da les&#227;o, mas n&#227;o a presen&#231;a de dissec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Embora a ruptura da placa ateroscler&#243;tica seja condi&#231;&#227;o <italic>sine qua non</italic> para uma angioplastia coronariana efetiva, a incid&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#245;es angiograficamente vis&#237;veis &#233; de 30% ap&#243;s angioplastia por bal&#227;o e 5-10% ap&#243;s o implante de stents<sup>1-4,14</sup>. Fatores associados a dissec&#231;&#245;es coronarianas ap&#243;s angioplastia convencional s&#227;o: calcifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica<sup>2</sup>, extens&#227;o da les&#227;o<sup>2,14</sup>, rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria<sup>1,2</sup>, les&#245;es complexas<sup>7-15</sup>, presen&#231;a de outras les&#245;es no mesmo vaso<sup>2</sup>, sexo feminino<sup>13</sup>, colesterol baixo<sup>14</sup>, angina est&#225;vel<sup>14</sup>, interven&#231;&#227;o na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita<sup>14</sup>, les&#245;es em curva<sup>14</sup><sub>,</sub> trombo p&#243;s-procedimento<sup>14</sup>, altas press&#245;es<sup>14</sup> e bal&#245;es n&#227;o complacentes<sup>14</sup> e os fatores preditivos de complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas graves secund&#225;rias &#224;s dissec&#231;&#245;es: rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria<sup>1</sup>, extens&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o<sup>5,7,8</sup>, presen&#231;a de uma estenose residual significativa<sup>6,7</sup> e o tipo da dissec&#231;&#227;o pela classifica&#231;&#227;o ACC<sup>8</sup>. Apesar da import&#226;ncia desses dados angiogr&#225;ficos, a maioria dos estudos demonstra que o maior preditor de complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas agudas &#233; a situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente no momento da angioplastia, ou seja, presen&#231;a de angina, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e/ou comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, demonstramos que o di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso tratado e a rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria empregada no implante do "stent", mas n&#227;o o tipo da les&#227;o pela classifica&#231;&#227;o do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> ou o comprimento do "stent", foram independentemente associadas &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#245;es. Estes resultados enfatizam a import&#226;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria adeq&#252;ada na preven&#231;&#227;o das dissec&#231;&#245;es, principalmente, em vasos de menor calibre. Ainda, o tipo e as caracter&#237;sticas da les&#227;o n&#227;o est&#227;o associados a dissec&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s o implante de "stents", contrariando estudos com pacientes submetidos &#224; angioplastia convencional.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos demonstraram que n&#227;o h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o entre dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais e piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos tardios em pacientes submetidos &#224; angioplastia coronariana. Leimgruber e cols. relataram taxas semelhantes de reestenose angiogr&#225;fica em 986 pacientes com ou sem dissec&#231;&#227;o, exceto aqueles com gradientes transesten&#243;ticos finais &lt; 15 mmHg, que apresentaram melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup>. Hermans e cols. estudaram uma s&#233;rie prospectiva de 693 pacientes com seguimento angiogr&#225;fico em 94% dos casos, demonstrando que uma angioplastia com sucesso com dissec&#231;&#227;o residual n&#227;o aumenta a reestenose<sup>14.</sup> Cappelletti e cols. demonstraram que a maioria das dissec&#231;&#245;es desaparece no seguimento angiogr&#225;fico e que pacientes com dissec&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o complicadas apresentam menores taxas de reestenose do que os sem dissec&#231;&#245;es<sup>15</sup>. Relataram, tamb&#233;m, que os pacientes com dissec&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o complicadas tratadas com stent apresentaram maiores taxas de reestenose do que aqueles sem implante de "stent" para tratamento da dissec&#231;&#227;o<sup>15</sup>. No entanto, esses resultados s&#243; s&#227;o aplic&#225;veis quando a angioplastia &#233; bem sucedida, sem estenose residual significativa, sem reten&#231;&#227;o importante de contraste e sem comprometimento do fluxo.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, existem poucos estudos que analisaram a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica a longo prazo de pacientes tratados com "stents" coronarianos. Dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais, mesmo n&#227;o complicadas, est&#227;o associadas &#224; trombose subaguda ap&#243;s o implante de stents, bem como m&#250;ltiplos stents<sup>9</sup><sub>.</sub> Cutlip e cols. analisaram a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes com implantes sub&#243;timos, seja pela presen&#231;a de dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais, implante de m&#250;ltiplos "stents", comprometimento do fluxo durante o procedimento ou trombo residual<sup>24.</sup> Por an&#225;lise multivariada, menor di&#226;metro luminal final, maior n&#250;mero de "stents" e aus&#234;ncia de tratamento com ticlopidina foram relacionados com eventos cardiovasculares maiores em 30 dias e di&#226;metro luminal final, maior n&#250;mero de "stents" e diabetes mellitus &#224;s taxas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo em nove meses. Dissec&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram independentemente associadas a desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos em 30 dias ou nove meses. Alfonso e cols. relataram o seguimento cl&#237;nico de 17 pacientes com dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais ap&#243;s implante de stents e sem comprometimento do fluxo coronariano. Na angiografia de controle, todas as dissec&#231;&#245;es tinham desaparecido e mesmo os pacientes com dissec&#231;&#245;es mais extensas n&#227;o apresentaram reestenose, concluindo que pacientes com dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais podem ter uma boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, desde que n&#227;o haja comprometimento do fluxo coronariano ou estenose residual significativa.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, tamb&#233;m demonstramos que n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais n&#227;o complicadas ap&#243;s o implante de stents coronarianos e eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos no seguimento cl&#237;nico em um ano. Embora o grupo dissec&#231;&#227;o tenha apresentado tend&#234;ncia a piores desfechos, a presen&#231;a de dissec&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foi independentemente associada com eventos cardiovasculares maiores na an&#225;lise multivariada. Como as dissec&#231;&#245;es estiveram associadas a vasos menores, "stents" mais longos e les&#245;es mais complexas e estes fatores est&#227;o associados &#224;s maiores taxas de reestenose, as diferen&#231;as de desfecho entre os dois grupos podem ser explicadas por estas diferen&#231;as e n&#227;o pela ocorr&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#245;es. Estudos com seguimento angiogr&#225;fico t&#234;m demonstrado que a maioria das dissec&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o oclusivas "cola" em alguns dias ou semanas, explicando o porqu&#234; da aus&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#227;o entre dissec&#231;&#227;o e reestenose.</p>
    <p>Este estudo demonstrou que a presen&#231;a de dissec&#231;&#245;es residuais n&#227;o complicadas ap&#243;s o implante de "stents" n&#227;o est&#225; independentemente associada com piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos tardios, sugerindo que esses pacientes provavelmente n&#227;o necessitam de um acompanhamento cl&#237;nico ou angiogr&#225;fico mais rigoroso ap&#243;s os primeiros dias do procedimento. Os fatores independentemente associados com reestenose em nosso estudo s&#227;o semelhantes &#224;queles j&#225; descritos, como di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia, estenose residual ap&#243;s o procedimento e extens&#227;o da les&#227;o<sup>10-12,25-28</sup>. Demonstramos tamb&#233;m que a rela&#231;&#227;o bal&#227;o/art&#233;ria e vasos de menor calibre est&#227;o associados a dissec&#231;&#245;es, achado que deve alertar os operadores a otimizar o calibre do "stent", principalmente, em pacientes com vasos menores. Estas recomenda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o tamb&#233;m colaboradas por estudos demonstrando que bal&#245;es superdimensionados s&#227;o mais freq&#252;entemente utilizados em pacientes com vasos finos. Finalmente, outra observa&#231;&#227;o importante a ser considerada &#233; que as caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas da les&#227;o a ser tratada n&#227;o t&#234;m influ&#234;ncia na ocorr&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#245;es, ap&#243;s o implante de "stents", contrariando o que se observa na angioplastia convencional.</p>
    <p>Embora os dados analisados neste estudo tenham sido coletados prospectivamente, a separa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em grupos com ou sem dissec&#231;&#227;o foi realizada retrospectivamente, com os vi&#233;ses inerentes a este tipo de delineamento. Os achados relatados n&#227;o ajudam a predizer eventos isqu&#234;micos agudos ap&#243;s as dissec&#231;&#245;es, j&#225; que estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes e especificamente designados para este fim demonstraram que a presen&#231;a de dissec&#231;&#245;es, estenoses residuais significativas, comprimento total do(s) "stent"(s) implantado(s) e o di&#226;metro luminal final s&#227;o importantes preditores de trombose subaguda. O ultra-som intracoronariano tem se mostrado uma t&#233;cnica mais sens&#237;vel para a detec&#231;&#227;o de dissec&#231;&#245;es e seu uso poderia fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais n&#227;o contempladas nesta an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p>Dr. Alexandre Quadros </p>
        <p> Unidade de Pesquisa do IC/FUC </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 </p>
        <p> Cep 90620-001 Porto Alegre - RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 25/2/03 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 29/9/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical meaning of uncomplicated coronary dissections after stent implantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of uncomplicated coronary dissections in the incidence of target vessel revascularization and cardiovascular events after 1 year. METHODS: Patients treated from June 1996 to December 2000, with data prospectively collected and uncomplicated dissections (G1, n=36), were compared with those patients without dissections (G2, n=871). Data were assessed with SPSS 8.0 statistical software, the outcomes were compared with the Kaplan-Meier curve, and the significance level was assessed using the log-rank test. RESULTS: Clinical features were similar in both groups: G1 had lower mean reference diameters (P&lt;0.0001), a greater number of patients with type C lesions (P=0.01), a lower final lumen diameter at the end of the procedure (P=0.003), and a greater balloon/artery ratio (P&lt;0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, only the reference diameter and the artery/balloon ratio were independently associated with the presence of residual dissections. No statistically significant difference existed in the incidence of revascularization of the target vessel and major cardiovascular events, at 1-year clinical follow-up, between the 2 groups of patients. Predictors of adverse clinical events at 1 year were the reference diameter, lesion extension, and residual stenosis, rather than the presence of residual dissection. CONCLUSION: Uncomplicated residual dissections after coronary stents are associated with narrower vessels and a higher balloon/artery ratio. Residual dissections are not associated with worse outcomes at 1-year clinical follow-up.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>hemodynamic</kwd>
        <kwd>stents</kwd>
        <kwd>dissection</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical meaning of uncomplicated coronary dissections after stent implantation</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alexandre Schaan de Quadros; Carlos A. M. Gottschall; Rog&#233;rio Sarmento-Leite; Lenise Valler; Andr&#233; Bussmann </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</p>
      <p>Porto Alegre; RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the influence of uncomplicated coronary dissections in the incidence of target vessel revascularization and cardiovascular events after 1 year.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Patients treated from June 1996 to December 2000, with data prospectively collected and uncomplicated dissections (G1, n=36), were compared with those patients without dissections (G2, n=871). Data were assessed with SPSS 8.0 statistical software, the outcomes were compared with the Kaplan-Meier curve, and the significance level was assessed using the log-rank test.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Clinical features were similar in both groups: G1 had lower mean reference diameters (P&lt;0.0001), a greater number of patients with type C lesions (P=0.01), a lower final lumen diameter at the end of the procedure (P=0.003), and a greater balloon/artery ratio (P&lt;0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, only the reference diameter and the artery/balloon ratio were independently associated with the presence of residual dissections. No statistically significant difference existed in the incidence of revascularization of the target vessel and major cardiovascular events, at 1-year clinical follow-up, between the 2 groups of patients. Predictors of adverse clinical events at 1 year were the reference diameter, lesion extension, and residual stenosis, rather than the presence of residual dissection.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Uncomplicated residual dissections after coronary stents are associated with narrower vessels and a higher balloon/artery ratio. Residual dissections are not associated with worse outcomes at 1-year clinical follow-up.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>hemodynamic, stents, dissection</p>
      <p>Angiographically visible dissections occur in 30% of cases after balloon coronary angioplasty <sup>1-3</sup> and in 5 to 10% of patients when the procedure involves stent implantation <sup>4</sup><sub>.</sub> These dissections may be extensive and complicated, with contrast retention rapidly evolving to occlusion of the treated vessel, or they can be limited, without contrast retention and flow compromise <sup>5-8</sup>. Cutlip et al <sup>9</sup> demonstrated that dissections, even the uncomplicated ones, are one of the main predictors of subacute thrombosis following stent implantation. These residual dissections are generally treated with a second stent, but the total length of the implanted stent is also associated with a greater risk of adverse events <sup>9</sup> and is consistently reported as one of the factors most strongly associated with restenosis <sup>10-12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The studies <sup>13-15</sup> that analyzed the influence of uncomplicated residual dissections after coronary angioplasty in long-term follow-up do not suggest that a greater risk of restenosis exists in these patients. On the other hand, late follow-up of patients with uncomplicated coronary dissections after stent implantation is rarely studied <sup>16,17</sup>. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the influence of uncomplicated residual dissections after coronary stent implantation in the incidence of major cardiovascular events after 1 year.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients in this study had symptomatic ischemic heart disease and were treated with coronary stent implantation, from June 1996 to December 2000, at the Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS. Of 1149 patients treated with 1221 stents, 145 patients with coil stents were excluded. The other exclusion criteria were patients who had at least one of the following features: residual stenosis <underline>&gt;</underline> 30% (31), postprocedure vessel flow TIMI 0 or 1 (14), acute vessel occlusion immediately after the procedure or within the first 24 hours (33), procedure failure due to stent loss (1), procedure failure due to stent positioning outside the lesion (2), impossibility to cross the lesion with the stent (4), acute myocardial infarction related to the procedure (9), emergency surgery (4), and death within the first 24 hours of the procedure (12), amounting to 87 of the 998 patients experiencing angiographic failure, clinical failure, or acute ischemic complications within the first 24 hours of the procedure.</p>
      <p>Patients included in the dissection group had clinically successful stent implantation without greater cardiovascular complications, and nonocclusive dissections (types A, B, or C of ACC) <sup>8</sup> not treated with a second stent. Patients included in the control group had clinical success, without major cardiovascular complications and residual dissections. All patients were prospectively included in an Access database, and their clinical and angiographic characteristics were assessed.</p>
      <p>Stent implantation was performed according to standard techniques <sup>18,19</sup>, and in most cases predilation with balloon angioplasty was performed. High-pressure use, type and number of stents used, coronary angioplasty in another lesion or another vessel, other devices used, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and the other technical criteria were decided by the operators. All patients were treated during platelet inhibition using acetylsalicylic acid and thienopyridine; these drugs were administered during or soon after the procedure, in emergency cases. Stents used were the Multilink (Guidant/Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Santa Clara, California) = 310 implants; Tenax (Biotronik, Berlin, Germany) = 266 implants; BX Velocity (Cordis/Johnson &amp; Johnson Interventional, Warren, New Jersey) = 97 implants; NIR (Medinol Ltd., Tel Aviv, Israel) = 75 implants; Vflex (Cook Group Inc, Broomfield, CO, USA) = 68 implants; AVE GFX (Arterial Vascular Engineering, Inc., Santa Rosa, California) = 67 implants; Iris (Uni-Cath Inc, Saddle Brook, NJ, USA) = 35 implants; Jostent (JOMED AB, Helsinborg, Sweden) = 9 implants; Palmaz Schatz (Cordis/Johnson &amp; Johnson Interventional, Warren, New Jersey) = 7 implants.</p>
      <p>Angiographic evaluations were performed through measurements with a manual pachymeter by experienced operators; the reference diameter was the average of the proximal and distal diameters of the lesion. The severity of the stenosis was assessed immediately after the procedure in at least 2 orthogonal projections, considering the lesion with the most severe stenosis. The length of the lesion was measured along its entire extension (shoulder to shoulder), and long lesions were considered as single when there was less than 10mm of normal segment between them. The flow before and after the procedure was classified according to the TIMI <sup>20</sup> classification and the stenosis type according to criteria of the American College of Cardiology <sup>21</sup>. Thrombus was defined as a intraluminal defect; the lesion was considered eccentric when the stenosis was observed in the middle of a supposed normal lumen in at least 1 projection. The balloon/artery ratio was the ratio between the nominal diameter of the balloon used to expand the stent according to the manufacturer and the reference diameter of the vessel, as specified above. The aggressiveness score was the product of the balloon/artery ratio and the maximum pressure to implant the stent <sup>22</sup>. Regarding the type of stent, the sample was divided into the following 3 groups: first-generation stents (Palmaz Schatz, Vflex, Iris, Jostent, Wallstent, NIR, GFX), second-generation stents (Multilink, BX Velocity), and silicon carbide coated stents (Tenax).</p>
      <p>Concerning the patient's clinical presentation before the procedure, stable angina was defined as stability in the pattern of triggering of the pain in the last 2 months. Unstable angina was considered as the worse intensity and/or frequency of the pattern of angina in the last 2 months before the procedure with or without chest pain at rest. Acute myocardial infarction was considered when the patient was sent for percutaneous revascularization due to chest pain and ST segment evolution. Regarding the indication for stent implantation, it was considered an elective procedure when the stent placement was indicated before the procedure. Suboptimal indication occurred when it was recommended after coronary angioplasty because of important residual lesions or elastic recoil, or as bailout when the procedure was performed with acute occlusion or a threat of coronary angioplasty occlusion.</p>
      <p>Regarding the procedure results, angiographic success was defined as effective stent implantation in the most severe stenosis with residual stenosis &lt; 30% and normal flow at the end of the procedure, and clinical success was defined as angiographic success without acute myocardial infarction, or the need for emergency revascularization, or death.</p>
      <p>Regarding the results of the study, the occurrence of the following events was assessed at 1-year follow-up: major cardiovascular events, target vessel revascularization (coronary angioplasty or myocardial revascularization surgery), acute myocardial infarction and death. Major cardiovascular events were defined as the need for a new revascularization of the target vessel, acute myocardial infarction or death; target vessel revascularization as a new percutaneous intervention in the treated vessel or myocardial revascularization surgery; acute myocardial infarction as the appearance of new Q waves and chest pain lasting &gt; 30 minutes or an episode of acute ischemic syndrome with ST segment depression and an indication of chemical or mechanical reperfusion, or an episode of acute ischemic syndrome without ST segment depression, but with electrocardiographic alterations and an enzyme increase with CK-MB 3 times greater than that of the control.</p>
      <p>The patients were clinically followed-up in the outpatient ward, with personal assistance or by telephone with their attending physician, and the results were recorded in a dedicated database for later analysis. Control angiography was performed only when it was clinically indicated by each patient's attending physician.</p>
      <p>The differences between the 2 groups were assessed by chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and the <italic>t</italic> test for continuous variables. The results were assessed through survival analysis by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the differences in the survival rates were assessed for statistical significance using the log-rank test. Logistic regression models were used to identify variables associated with major cardiovascular events at 1 year, with failures in the procedure and with dissections <sup>23</sup>. For all tests, P <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We assessed 907 patients undergoing implantation of 960 stents (mean, 1.06 stent implantations per patient). The dissection group comprised 36 patients and the control group -comprised 871 patients.</p>
      <p>There was no statistically significant difference regarding the mean age of both groups (dissection=57.83&#177;9.76 vs. control=60.28&#177;10.79; P=ns) or female frequency (dissection=39% vs. control=28%; P=ns). Regarding the presence of risk factors for ischemic heart disease, previous coronary intervention, and previous acute myocardial infarction, a statistically significant difference did not occur between the 2 groups, nor did it occur in the mean left ventricular ejection fraction before the procedure, the number of involved vessels, and clinical presentation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">tab. I</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A statistically significant difference was not observed regarding the vessel treated or the site of stent implantation. The dissection group had significantly smaller vessels than did the control group (dissection = 3.06&#177;0.27 mm vs. control. = 3.32&#177;0.42 mm; P&lt;0.0001); however, there were no differences regarding the severity of the stenosis before the procedure, and minimal luminal diameter before the procedure or lesion length. Regarding the coronary flow before the procedure, the patients in the dissection group had significantly less TIMI flow grade 2 or 3 (dissection = 75.7% vs. control. = 87.2 %; P=0.04). As for the characteristics of the lesion to be treated, the dissection group had type C lesions more frequently than did the control group (dissection = 40.5% vs. control. = 21.5%; P=0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups regarding the other characteristics of the lesions, such as thrombus, presence of calcium, ulcerations, eccentricity, and excessive tortuosity of the vessel (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21163t2-body2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21163t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The indications for stent implantation were similar in both groups; however, the dissection group was treated with longer stents (dissection = 17.3&#177;4.72 mm vs. = 15.76&#177;4.48 mm; P=0.05), and the control group with second-generation stents (dissection = 16.2% vs. control = 43.7%; P=0.04). There were no differences regarding the mean of the pressures used, the size of the balloon, or the aggressiveness score, but the balloon/artery ratio was significantly greater in the dissection group (dissection = 1.07&#177;0.09 vs. control = 1.00&#177;0.09; P&lt;0.0001). Luminal diameter at the end of the procedure was significantly lower in the dissection group (dissection = 3.15&#177;0.35 mm vs. control = 3.34&#177;0.40 mm; P&lt;0.003), but there was no difference regarding residual stenosis after the implant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21163t3-body2">tab. III</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21163t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>During the study period, 87 patients were identified with clinical or angiographic failure, or with major ischemic complications within the first 24 hours of the procedure. They were not included in the groups assessed but were described only for comparison with the sample studied (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21163t4-body2">tab. IV</xref>). Using multivariate analysis, only bailout stenting, cardiogenic shock, and angiographically visible calcium were independently associated with failure or major ischemic complications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5-body2">tab. V</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21163t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No differences were found between the 2 groups regarding in-hospital outcomes, because we only selected patients with successful procedures and no complications. Regarding the incidence of major cardiovascular events at 1 year, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (dissection = 17.1% vs. control = 9.5%; P=0.14) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela6-body2">tab. VI</xref>). Survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier curves and comparisons with the log-rank test did not demonstrate statistically significant differences between the 2 groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">fig. 1</xref>). Regarding other 1-year outcomes, statistically significant differences were not observed between the 2 groups, although the dissection group tended to have adverse results more frequently (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela6-body2">tab. VI</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The dissection group had a nonsignificant tendency towards worse outcomes, but it also more frequently had several clinical and angiographic characteristics associated with a worse prognosis. Multivariate analysis was performed with these unfavorable characteristics, analyzing their relationship with clinical outcomes. In this multiple logistic regression model, the incidence of major cardiovascular events at 1 year was the dependent variable; the dissection, reference diameter, postimplant residual stenosis, diabetes mellitus, type of stent implanted, type of treated lesion, and extension of the lesion were the independent variables. Reference diameter (odds ratio = 0.33, confidence interval 0.17-0.65; P=0.001), residual stenosis (odds ratio=1.04, confidence interval 1.01-1.07; P=0.01) and lesion extension (odds ratio = 1.09, confidence interval 1.03-1.15; P=0.002) were independently associated with major cardiovascular events at 1 year rather than the presence of postimplant dissection (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_21163t7-body2">tab. VII</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_21163t7-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-83-01-0004-00002-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors independently associated with dissections. Reference diameter, balloon/artery ratio, type of lesion, and stent length were the independent variables used; dissection was the dependent variable. In this analysis, only the reference diameter and the balloon/artery ratio were independently associated with dissection.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Uncomplicated residual dissections were associated with smaller vessels and a greater balloon/artery ratio. One-year clinical follow-up of patients with residual dissections was not significantly different from the control group. The factors independently associated with major cardiovascular events in the multivaried analysis were reference diameter, residual stenosis, and lesion extension, rather than the presence of dissection.</p>
      <p>Although atherosclerotic plaque rupture is a sine qua non condition for an effective coronary angioplasty, the incidence of angiographically visible dissections is 30% after balloon angioplasty and 5 to 10% after stent implantation <sup>1-4,14</sup>. The factors associated with coronary dissections after conventional angioplasty are angiographic calcification <sup>2</sup>, lesion extension <sup>2,14</sup>, balloon/artery ratio <sup>1,2</sup>, complex lesions <sup>7-15</sup>, presence of other lesions in the same vessel <sup>2</sup>, female gender <sup>13</sup>, low cholesterol <sup>14</sup>, stable angina <sup>14</sup>, right coronary artery intervetion <sup>14</sup>, lesions in a curve <sup>14</sup>, postprocedure thrombus <sup>14</sup>, high pressures <sup>14</sup>, and noncompliant balloon <sup>14</sup>. The predictive factors for severe ischemic complications secondary to dissections were balloon/artery ratio <sup>1</sup>, dissection extension <sup>5,7,8</sup>, presence of a significant residual stenosis <sup>6,7</sup>, and the type of dissection according to the ACC <sup>8</sup> classification. Despite the importance of these angiographic data, most studies demonstrate that the clinical status of the patient at the time of angioplasty, that is, the presence of angina, electrocardiogram alterations, and/or hemodynamic involvement, is the greatest predictor of acute ischemic complications.</p>
      <p>In our study, we have demonstrated that the reference diameter of the treated vessel and the balloon/artery ratio rather than the lesion type, were independently associated with dissections. These results emphasize the importance of a proper balloon/artery ratio in the prevention of dissections, especially in narrower vessels. Also, the type of lesion is not associated with the dissections after stent implantation, unlike what is seen after conventional angioplasty.</p>
      <p>Some studies demonstrate that no association exists between residual dissections and worse late clinical outcomes in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Leimgruber et al <sup>13</sup> reported similar rates of angiographic restenosis in 986 patients with or without dissection, with the exception of those with final transstenotic gradients &lt; 15 mmHg, who experienced better evolvement. Hermans et al <sup>14</sup> studied a prospective series of 693 patients with angiographic follow-up in 94% of cases, demonstrating that a successful angioplasty with residual dissection does not increase restenosis. Cappelletti et al <sup>15</sup> demonstrated that most dissections disappear during angiographic follow-up and that patients with uncomplicated dissections have lower restenosis rates than do those without dissections. They have also reported that patients with uncomplicated dissections treated with a stent have higher restenosis rates than do those without stent implantation to treat the dissection <sup>15</sup>. However, these results are only applicable when angioplasty is successful, without significant residual stenosis, or significant contrast retention or flow compromise.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, a few studies have assessed long-term clinical follow-up of patients treated with coronary stents. Even uncomplicated residual dissections are associated with subacute thrombosis after stent implantation, or implant of multiple stents <sup>9</sup><sub>.</sub> Cutlip et al <sup>24</sup> assessed the clinical follow-up of patients with suboptimal implants, either by the presence of residual dissections, multiple stents, flow involvement during the procedure, or residual thrombus. Through multivariate analysis, lower final luminal diameter, a higher number of stents, and the absence of treatment with ticlopidine were related to cardiovascular events in 30 days. Final luminal diameter, a higher number of stents, and diabetes mellitus were related to revascularization rates of the target vessel at 9 months. Dissections were not independently associated with adverse clinical outcomes in 30 days or 9 months. Alfonso et al <sup>17</sup> reported the clinical follow-up of 17 patients with residual dissections after stent implantation and without coronary flow compromise. In the control angiography, all dissections had disappeared, and even the patients with more extensive dissections did not have restenosis, concluding, therefore, that patients with residual dissections may have <strike>a</strike> good clinical follow-up, as long as no coronary flow involvement or significant residual stenosis are present.</p>
      <p>In our study, we have also demonstrated that there was no association between the presence of uncomplicated residual dissections after coronary stent implantation and adverse clinical events at 1-year follow-up. Although the dissection group has a tendency toward poorer outcomes, the presence of dissections was not independently associated with major cardiovascular events in the multivariate analysis. As the dissections were associated with smaller vessels, longer stents, and more complex lesions, and these factors are associated with greater restenosis rates, the differences in outcomes between the 2 groups may be explained by these differences rather than by the occurrence of dissections. Studies with angiographic follow-up have demonstrated that most nonocclusive dissections "seal" in some days or weeks, which explains the absence of a correlation between dissection and restenosis.</p>
      <p>This study demonstrates that the presence of uncomplicated residual dissections after stent implantation is not independently associated with worse late clinical outcomes, therefore, suggesting that these patients probably do not need a more strict angiographic or clinical follow-up after the first days of the procedure. The factors independently associated with restenosis in our study are similar to those already described, such as reference diameter, residual stenosis after the procedure, and lesion extension <sup>10-12,25-28</sup>. We have also demonstrated that higher balloon/artery ratios and narrower vessels are associated with dissections; this finding should direct technicians to optimize the stent size, especially in patients with smaller vessels. These recommendations are also corroborated by previous studies, demonstrating that oversized balloons are more frequently used in patients with smaller vessels. Finally, another important observation to be considered is that morphologic characteristics of the treated lesion do not influence the occurrence of dissections after stent implantation, in contrast with that observed after conventional angioplasty.</p>
      <p>Although the data assessed in this study have been prospectively collected, the classification of the patients into groups (with or without dissection) was retrospectively performed, with the biases resulting from this kind of division. The findings reported do not help to predict acute ischemic events after dissections, because studies with a larger number of patients have already demonstrated that the presence of dissections, significant residual stenosis, total length of the implanted stent, and the luminal diameter are important predictors of subacute thrombosis. Intracoronary ultrasound has proven to be a sensitive technique for detecting dissections, and its use could add additional information that was not taken into account in this analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Alexandre Schaan de Quadros</p>
          <p> Unidade de Pesquisa do IC/FUC</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395</p>
          <p> Cep 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS &#150; Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 2/25/2003</p>
      <p>Accepted: 9/29/2003</p>
      <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o de Fotografias Art&#237;sticas:</bold> C&#237;cero Piva de Albuquerque</p>
      <p><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: </bold>InCor - Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44 - 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - E-mail: <ext-link xlink:href="mailto:delcicero@incor.usp.br" ext-link-type="email">delcicero@incor. usp.br</ext-link> </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
