<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4jks35jc6ZzmrF7TzRvLPym</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000600008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000600008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Casos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipovolemia grave como causa de insufici&#234;ncia mitral aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peter</surname>
            <given-names>Arley Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chakko</surname>
            <given-names>Simon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Willens</surname>
            <given-names>Howard</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchena</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Miami</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Miami</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Cardiovascular </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="">EUA</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>559</fpage>
      <lpage>560</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hipovolemia grave como causa de insufici&#234;ncia mitral aguda </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alexandre C. Ferreira; Arley Arrais Peter; Simon Chakko; Howard Willens; Eduardo de Marchena</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Departamento de Medicina, Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia do Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Miami. </p>
    <p> Miami, EUA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <italic>Relatamos um caso de hipovolemia grave, acarretando obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e grave regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral. Ap&#243;s restaurada a normovolemia, essas anomalias foram completamente revertidas. Salientamos que diferentemente de outros casos, previamente relatados, o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral em nosso paciente foi grave.</italic>
    </p>
    <p>O estado hiperdin&#226;mico pode ser causado por n&#237;veis elevados de catecolaminas e hipovolemia, acarretando obstru&#231;&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de hipertrofia septal<sup>1</sup>. Em relatos anteriores, o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, quando presente, era leve<sup>2</sup>. Descrevemos um caso no qual o paciente com hipovolemia grave apresentou grave regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, restaurada, ap&#243;s normovolemia revertida.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 67 anos de idade com hist&#243;ria de cirrose por hepatite C cr&#244;nica, recentemente submetida a transplante conjunto de rim e f&#237;gado. Depois do transplante, a paciente recuperou a fun&#231;&#227;o renal com massiva diurese. Secundariamente &#224; cirurgia, desenvolveu uma fistula biliar de alto fluxo. Na admiss&#227;o, queixava-se de tonturas e fraqueza. O ecocardiograma e o teste de esfor&#231;o realizados antes da cirurgia eram normais.</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, a paciente tinha press&#227;o de 95/60mmHg e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 98 bpm. O impulso apical era normal. Foi observado um novo sopro sist&#243;lico com intensidade de 4/6, irradiando da &#225;rea mitral para a axila. O eletrocardiograma mostrou bloqueio de ramo esquerdo intermitente dependente da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e, o ecocardiograma, valva mitral, &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo esquerdos estruturalmente normais. A espessura do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era normal sem evidencia de hipertrofia septal e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 70%. No Doppler havia insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave e evid&#234;ncia de fluxo revertido nas veias pulmonares. Havia fluxo turbulento no trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com gradiente m&#225;ximo de 57,2mmHg. N&#227;o foi observado movimento sist&#243;lico anterior da valva mitral, atrav&#233;s de modo M da ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p>Foi sugerido que a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave pudesse ser secund&#225;ria ao estado hiperdin&#226;mico da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda causado pela hipovolemia. Durante monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica um litro de solu&#231;&#227;o salina foi infundido num per&#237;odo de 30min e observados progressivo decr&#233;cimo da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 96 para 64, diminui&#231;&#227;o do gradiente da VSVE (de 57,2mmHg para 10,1mmHg), e a aus&#234;ncia total da insufici&#234;ncia mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">fig. 1a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig1b">b</xref>, <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig2a">2a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig2b">b</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1a">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0559-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <fn id="fig1b">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0559-00008-e01.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="fig2a">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0559-00008-e02.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="fig2b">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0559-00008-e03.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O efeito da hipovolemia no aparelho valvar mitral j&#225; foi observado<sup>1,2</sup>. A hipovolemia pode causar obstru&#231;&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, movimento sist&#243;lico anterior da valva mitral e disfun&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral<sup>3</sup>. Nossa paciente tinha um gradiente no trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave durante estado hiperdin&#226;mico causado por hipovolemia. Embora n&#227;o tivesse sido notado movimento anterior sist&#243;lico da valva mitral, a restaura&#231;&#227;o da normovolemia levou &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do gradiente e resolu&#231;&#227;o completa da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral.</p>
    <p>O mecanismo da insufici&#234;ncia mitral em nossa paciente n&#227;o est&#225; claro. Postulamos que a insufici&#234;ncia funcional da valva mitral foi devido a aumento das velocidades do fluxo de sa&#237;da, afetando o fechamento valvar apropriado<sup>4-6</sup>. Aumento da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular, causando aumento do gradiente transvalvar, tamb&#233;m poderia ter contribu&#237;do para o grau grave de insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo ou isquemia, tamb&#233;m poderia levar &#224; insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Entretanto, acreditamos que n&#227;o seriam as prov&#225;veis causas em nossa paciente j&#225; que o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral n&#227;o teve rela&#231;&#227;o com o bloqueio de ramo esquerdo intermitente e o teste de esfor&#231;o pr&#233;vio era negativo.</p>
    <p>Sumarizando, este &#233; um caso raro que ilustra os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos da hipovolemia na fun&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral. Na presen&#231;a de hipovolemia grave, particularmente quando presente gradiente de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, pode ser observada regurgita&#231;&#227;o funcional da valva mitral. Processo que pode ser facilmente revertido, com reposi&#231;&#227;o de flu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Levisman J. Systolic Anterior motion of the mitral valve due to hypovolemia and anemia. Chest 1976; 70: 687-8.</p>
    <p>2. Mintz GS, Kotler MN, Segal BL, Parry WR. Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in the absence of septal hypertrophy. Circulation 1978; 57: 256.</p>
    <p>3. Kessler KM, Anzola E, Sequeira R, Serafini AN, Meyrburg RJ. Mitral Valve prolapse and systolic anterior motion: a dynamic spectrum. Am Heart J 1983; 105: 685-7.</p>
    <p>4. Lefebvre XP, Yoganathan AP, Levine RA. Insights from in vitro flow visualization into the mechanism of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy under steady flow conditions. J Biomed Eng 1992; 114: 406-13.</p>
    <p>5. Sherrid MV, Chu CK, Delia E, et al. An echocardiografic study of the fluid mechanics of obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomiopathy. J AM Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 816-25.</p>
    <p>6. Fischer SD, Eichelberger JP, Pomerantz R, Delehanty J. Transformation of mitral valve prolapse to dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and back again in a patient with acute transient myocardial depression. J Am Doc Echocardiog 2000; 13: 319-21.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> E</bold>
        </label>
        <p>
          <bold>ndere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Arley A. Peter </p>
        <p> Rua Fausto Cabral, 266 - 60155-410 </p>
        <p> Fortaleza, CE </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="arleypeter@hotmail.com">arleypeter@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 18/3/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 20/7/03</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Severe volume depletion leading to mitral insufficiency</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Severe volume depletion leading to mitral insufficiency</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alexandre C. Ferreira; Arley Arrais Peter; Simon Chakko; Howard Willens; Eduardo de Marchena </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA Miami, Florida, USA</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <italic>We report a patient with profound hypovolemia who developed dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and severe mitral regurgitation. Both the outflow tract obstruction and mitral regurgitation resolved with volume replacement. Unlike previous reports of dynamic left ventricular outflow obstruction and mitral regurgitation, the degree of mitral regurgitation was severe. Possible mechanisms are discussed.</italic>
      </p>
      <p>A hyperdynamic cardiac state secondary to severe volume depletion or catecholamine surge causes dynamic outflow obstruction even in the absence of septal hypertrophy <sup>1</sup>. In previous reports of such dynamic outflow obstruction <sup>2</sup>, the severity of mitral insufficiency, when present, was usually mild. We describe a patient with severe volume depletion in whom mitral insufficiency was severe and resolved with rapid intravenous saline infusion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 67-year-old woman with a history of chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis, who had undergone combined liver-kidney transplant 4 months prior to admission. After her liver transplant, she recovered the function of her native kidneys, which led to massive diuresis. The patient also developed a high-flow biliary fistula as a complication of her liver transplant. Despite normal oral intake, she presented with dizziness and weakness. The echocardiogram obtained prior to the liver transplant was normal, and a noninvasive ischemia workup was negative.</p>
      <p>Physical examination revealed a blood pressure of 95/60 mmHg and a heart rate of 98 beats per minute. The apical impulse was normal. A new apical systolic murmur with an intensity of 4/6, radiating to the axilla, was heard. The electrocardiogram showed an intermittent rate related left bundle-branch block. Echocardiography revealed a normal mitral valvular apparatus, left ventricle, and left atrium. Left ventricular wall thickness was normal, and the estimated ejection fraction was 70%. No septal hypertrophy was present. On Doppler, severe mitral insufficiency was revealed with evidence of flow-reversal in the pulmonary veins. Turbulent flow occurred across the left ventricular outflow tract with a peak gradient of 57.2 mmHg. Systolic anterior motion (SAM) could not be demonstrated by M mode echocardiography.</p>
      <p>It was suspected that the severe mitral insufficiency was secondary to the hyperdynamic left ventricular function and severe volume depletion. During echocardiographic monitoring, 1000 mL of normal saline was rapidly infused over a period of 30 minutes. A progressive slowing of the heart rate from 96 to 64 beats per minute, a decrease in outflow gradient (from 57.2 to 10.1 mmHg), and total resolution of the mitral insufficiency were documented (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">Fig.1a</xref>, <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig1b-body2">1b</xref>, <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig2a-body2">2a</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig2b-body2">2b</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0559-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig1b-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0559-00008-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig2a-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0559-00008-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig2b-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0559-00008-e03-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The effect of volume depletion on the mitral valvular apparatus has been previously reported <sup>1,2</sup>. Volume depletion may cause left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, SAM, and mitral valve dysfunction <sup>3</sup>. Our patient had a demonstrable gradient across the outflow tract and severe mitral regurgitation during the hyperdynamic state secondary to hypovolemia. Although SAM could not be demonstrated, volume replacement led to both a decrease in the gradient and complete resolution of the mitral insufficiency.</p>
      <p>The mechanism of the mitral insufficiency in our patient is not clear. We postulate that the functional impairment of the mitral valve was due to the increased outflow tract velocities, which affected leaflet coaptation <sup>4-6</sup>. Increased left ventricular systolic pressure causing an increased transvalvular gradient may also have contributed to the degree of mitral regurgitation. Left bundle-branch block or ischemia could conceivably cause mitral insufficiency. However, we believe these are unlikely causes in our patient because the degree of mitral regurgitation had no relationship to the intermittent left bundle-branch block, and a prior noninvasive ischemia workup was negative.</p>
      <p>In summary, this unusual case illustrates the hemodynamic effects of volume depletion on mitral valve dynamics. In the presence of severe volume depletion, particularly when an outflow gradient is present, functional mitral insufficiency may be seen. It can easily be resolved with fluid replacement.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Arley A. Peter </p>
          <p> Rua Fausto Cabral, 266 - 60155-410 </p>
          <p> Papicu &#150; Fortaleza, CE </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="arleypeter@hotmail.com">arleypeter@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 3/18/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted: 7/20/03</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
