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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3KVvD6TYwsYNTyCSYhFBmRk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000600007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000600007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estrat&#233;gia para individualizar uma dose eficiente de betabloqueador em pacientes idosos com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serro-Azul</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wajngarten</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nussbacher</surname>
            <given-names>Amit</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giorgi</surname>
            <given-names>Maria C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghetti</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marco A. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abe</surname>
            <given-names>Rubens</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dal B&#243;</surname>
            <given-names>Creusa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pierri</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gebara</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>551</fpage>
      <lpage>554</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar estrat&#233;gia de titula&#231;&#227;o para prescrever uma dose de propranolol que seria eficiente em reduzir isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio em idosos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 14 homens idosos (73,6 &#177; 5,3 anos), portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel, documentada pela cinecoronariografia, com resposta isqu&#234;mica ao teste ergom&#233;trico e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada. O propranolol foi titulado a fim de atingir redu&#231;&#227;o de 15% na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ao final da carga de 50 W (correspondente &#224;s atividades di&#225;rias normais de idosos), em testes ergom&#233;tricos semanais e feito estudo cintilogr&#225;fico sincronizado das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, em repouso e durante exerc&#237;cio, antes e ap&#243;s seu uso. RESULTADOS: As redu&#231;&#245;es da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na carga de 50 W e em repouso foram semelhantes (21% vs 20%; p=0,5100). O propranolol melhorou a dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio (12,2 &#177; 2,0 min vs 13,1 &#177; 1,8 min; p=0,0313) e aboliu as altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio em 8 (57%) pacientes. Em repouso, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi modificada pelo betabloqueador. Durante o exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo, o propranolol reduziu o &#237;ndice de volume sist&#243;lico final e aumentou a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. CONCLUS&#195;O: A estrat&#233;gia de empregar betabloqueadores para reduzir a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 15% na carga de 50 W &#233; segura e ben&#233;fica nos idosos com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada. A dose utilizada reduziu a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e melhorou a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, sem prejudicar o desempenho ventricular durante exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>betabloqueador</kwd>
        <kwd>idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estrat&#233;gia para individualizar uma dose eficiente de betabloqueador em pacientes idosos com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jo&#227;o Batista Serro-Azul; Mauricio Wajngarten; Amit Nussbacher; Maria C. Giorgi; Jos&#233; C. Meneghetti; Marco A. de Oliveira; Rubens Abe; Creusa Dal B&#243;; Humberto Pierri; Ot&#225;vio Gebara </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar estrat&#233;gia de titula&#231;&#227;o para prescrever uma dose de propranolol que seria eficiente em reduzir isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio em idosos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Foram estudados 14 homens idosos (73,6 &#177; 5,3 anos), portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel, documentada pela cinecoronariografia, com resposta isqu&#234;mica ao teste ergom&#233;trico e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada. O propranolol foi titulado a fim de atingir redu&#231;&#227;o de 15% na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ao final da carga de 50 W (correspondente &#224;s atividades di&#225;rias normais de idosos), em testes ergom&#233;tricos semanais e feito estudo cintilogr&#225;fico sincronizado das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, em repouso e durante exerc&#237;cio, antes e ap&#243;s seu uso. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>As redu&#231;&#245;es da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na carga de 50 W e em repouso foram semelhantes (21% vs 20%; p=0,5100). O propranolol melhorou a dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio (12,2 &#177; 2,0 min vs 13,1 &#177; 1,8 min; p=0,0313) e aboliu as altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio em 8 (57%) pacientes. Em repouso, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi modificada pelo betabloqueador. Durante o exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo, o propranolol reduziu o &#237;ndice de volume sist&#243;lico final e aumentou a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A estrat&#233;gia de empregar betabloqueadores para reduzir a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 15% na carga de 50 W &#233; segura e ben&#233;fica nos idosos com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada. A dose utilizada reduziu a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e melhorou a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, sem prejudicar o desempenho ventricular durante exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>betabloqueador, idoso, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</p>
    <p>Admite-se que as drogas bloqueadoras beta-adren&#233;rgicas, freq&#252;entemente utilizadas na terap&#234;utica da doen&#231;a coronariana e da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>1,2</sup>, s&#227;o capazes de reduzir o risco de mortalidade por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e de reinfarto<sup>3</sup>. Apesar dos reconhecidos benef&#237;cios, seu emprego no idoso - condi&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria mais acometida pela doen&#231;a coronariana - &#233; menos comum do que no indiv&#237;duo mais jovem, devido ao receio de ocorr&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos, inclusive desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>De fato, no indiv&#237;duo jovem, em repouso e durante exerc&#237;cio, est&#225; bem estabelecido que h&#225; significante redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e aumento dos volumes diast&#243;lico final, sist&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final sob a a&#231;&#227;o de droga bloqueadora beta-adren&#233;rgica<sup>5</sup>. Por outra, tanto o envelhecimento <italic>per se,</italic> como a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica est&#227;o associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na capacidade de eleva&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo durante o exerc&#237;cio<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A metaboliza&#231;&#227;o e a elimina&#231;&#227;o das drogas costumam estar alteradas nos idosos devido a redu&#231;&#245;es nas fun&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;tica e renal. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; heterogeneidade das respostas farmacol&#243;gicas s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por uma ampla variabilidade interindividual nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos dos betabloqueadores. Ademais, pacientes mais velhos s&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis a efeitos adversos de droga e o conhecimento da dose ideal torna-se necess&#225;rio, muito embora estudos importantes sobre betabloqueadores ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o tenham inclu&#237;do ajustes de dosagem<sup>7-10</sup>, permanecendo desconhecida a dose ideal de betabloqueadores nos idosos. Um estudo mostrou que doses mais altas de betabloqueadores podem ser associadas a um risco maior de desenvolver insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em idosos<sup>11</sup>. Assim, definir uma estrat&#233;gia para prescrever betabloqueadores para pacientes idosos seria de significativo valor cl&#237;nico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar uma estrat&#233;gia de titula&#231;&#227;o para prescrever dose de propranolol eficiente em reduzir a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em idosos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e com fun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudados 14 indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino, com idade superior a 65 (idade m&#233;dia = 73,6 &#177; 5,3) anos, portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana documentada pela cinecoronariografia, com sintomatologia de angina de peito est&#225;vel e exibindo resposta isqu&#234;mica ao teste ergom&#233;trico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. I</xref>). As Comiss&#245;es de &#201;tica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o e do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP aprovaram o estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: uso pr&#233;vio de betabloqueadores; impossibilidade de suspender nitratos e antagonistas de c&#225;lcio; infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio; n&#237;vel de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> a 120 mmHg; valvopatia com repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 50%; freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso &lt; 55 bpm; bloqueio atrioventricular de 2&#186; ou 3&#186; grau; doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0551-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes selecionados receberam, durante duas semanas, como medica&#231;&#227;o anti-anginosa: dinitrato de isossorbida, 40 mg duas vezes ao dia, por via oral e/ou dinitrato de isossorbida, 5 mg por via sublingual. Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, realizava-se um primeiro teste ergom&#233;trico at&#233; o final do est&#225;gio correspondente &#224; carga de 50 W e ap&#243;s 48h, estudo cintilogr&#225;fico das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, em repouso e durante exerc&#237;cio. A partir desses exames, foi prescrito a cada paciente propranolol, por via oral, em dose di&#225;ria inicial de 30 a 40 mg ao dia. O controle da dose administrada baseou-se na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ao final da carga de 50 W, em testes ergom&#233;tricos semanais. Considerou-se como efeito eficiente do bloqueador beta-adren&#233;rgico, a redu&#231;&#227;o em 15% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; obtida no primeiro teste. Quando n&#227;o era observado o efeito pretendido, aumentava-se a dose di&#225;ria de propranolol para 80 mg ao dia na 2&#170; semana e para 120 mg ao dia na 3&#170; semana. Esse efeito foi obtido na 1&#170; semana em quatro casos, na 2&#170; em oito casos e na 3&#170; semana em dois casos. Atingida a redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca desejada, os pacientes submetiam-se a um novo estudo cintilogr&#225;fico das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, em repouso e durante exerc&#237;cio. Todos os exames foram realizados ap&#243;s interrup&#231;&#227;o do uso do nitrato durante pelo menos 48h.</p>
    <p>Nos exames para o controle da dose de propranolol utilizou-se bicicleta ergom&#233;trica MFE, modelo 400L, consistindo em dois est&#225;gios de exerc&#237;cio - 25 e 50 W &#150; com dura&#231;&#227;o de 4min cada, mantendo-se velocidade constante de 70 rota&#231;&#245;es/minuto. Considerou-se como resposta isqu&#234;mica durante o esfor&#231;o a ocorr&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o do segmento ST, com morfologia horizontal ou descendente, <underline>&gt;</underline> a 1 mm, a 80 ms do ponto J.</p>
    <p>Nos estudos cintilogr&#225;ficos foi utilizado cicloerg&#244;metro eletromagn&#233;tico <italic>Nuclear associates/Collins</italic>, modelo 17571, com inclina&#231;&#227;o aproximada de 45&#186;.</p>
    <p>Imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas, em proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda (aproximadamente 40&#186;), foram obtidas em repouso e a cada est&#225;gio de exerc&#237;cio, com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. A marca&#231;&#227;o das hem&#225;cias foi realizada por meio da administra&#231;&#227;o venosa de 12,0 mg de pirofosfato estanoso e 3,4 mg de cloreto estanoso dilu&#237;dos em 2 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica, e seguida, 20 a 30min ap&#243;s, pela administra&#231;&#227;o de 1.111 MBq de pertecnetato de s&#243;dio. Utilizou-se c&#226;mara cintilogr&#225;fica <italic>Siemens,</italic> modelo LEM +, com cristal de iodeto de s&#243;dio ativado com t&#225;lio, campo &#250;til de 25,9 cm de di&#226;metro e colimador de furos paralelos e de alta sensibilidade. As imagens foram armazenadas em disco magn&#233;tico e, ulteriormente, submetidas a processamento, sempre pelo mesmo observador.</p>
    <p>As determina&#231;&#245;es dos volumes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, diast&#243;lico final e sist&#243;lico final, foram feitas a partir da convers&#227;o das contagens do respectivo ventr&#237;culo em unidades de volume, utilizando-se uma amostra de sangue, coletada com o paciente em repouso, submetida &#224; contagem com o mesmo sistema c&#226;mara-colimador<sup>12</sup>. A contagem da amostra foi corrigida para o tempo decorrido entre a coleta e o in&#237;cio da contagem. Corre&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o das contagens foi efetuada individualmente com o uso de uma imagem est&#225;tica obtida em proje&#231;&#227;o &#226;ntero-posterior. Essa imagem tamb&#233;m foi utilizada para medir a dist&#226;ncia entre o centro do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e uma fonte de tecn&#233;sio colocada sobre o t&#243;rax do paciente ao n&#237;vel da regi&#227;o correspondente ao centro deste ventr&#237;culo, em proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda.</p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a press&#227;o arterial, o &#237;ndice do volume diast&#243;lico final (IVDF), o &#237;ndice do volume sist&#243;lico final (IVSF), o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco (IC), o &#237;ndice de contratilidade (ICTR) - obtido pelo quociente entre o valor da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e o valor do IVSF &#150; e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foram analisados por meio do c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. Esses dados foram comparados pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas com m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es em repouso e durante exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo. Teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise da dura&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio e utilizado teste de Wilcoxon para comparar a redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso e em 50 W. Para os testes considerou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Os c&#225;lculos foram realizados pelo <italic>Statistical Analysis System</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a titula&#231;&#227;o da dose de propranolol, m&#233;dia = 73,6 &#177; 27,6 mg ao dia, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca reduziu similarmente em repouso e na carga de 50 W (21% versus 24%, respectivamente; p=0,272). Durante a cintilografia, a redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m foi similar em repouso e na carga de 50 W (21% versus 20%, respectivamente; p=0,510). Observou-se que o propranolol promoveu redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia durante exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo (140,4 &#177; 18,5 mmHg versus 130,0 &#177; 14,3 mmHg; p=0,0100). Na fase p&#243;s-propranolol, observou-se que oito pacientes (57%), &#224; eletrocardiografia de esfor&#231;o, n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o compat&#237;vel com isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio, ao passo que essa altera&#231;&#227;o foi verificada nos seis pacientes restantes, sendo que, em dois deles (14%), surgiu apenas em cargas superiores &#224;s da fase pr&#233;-propranolol. Demonstrou-se, assim, que 71% dos pacientes apresentaram melhora da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s o emprego do propranolol. Verificou-se aumento significante (p=0,0313) da dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio entre as fases pr&#233; (12,2 &#177; 2,0 min) e p&#243;s o emprego de propranolol (13,1 &#177; 1,8 min).</p>
    <p>O emprego do propranolol promoveu aumento significante nos volumes ventriculares. O IVDF aumentou de 67,5 &#177; 12,9 ml/m<sup>2</sup> para 76,2 &#177; 11,6 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (p=0,0088) e o IVSF de 29,1 &#177; 8,2 ml/m<sup>2</sup> para 33,8 &#177; 9,7 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (p=0,0440). Observou-se, ainda, redu&#231;&#245;es no IC, de 2,9 &#177; 0,4 l/min/m<sup>2</sup> para 2,6 &#177; 0,3 l/min/m<sup>2</sup> (p=0,0172), e no ICTR, de 5,7 &#177; 1,6 mmHg/ml/m<sup>2</sup> para 4,9 &#177; 1,8 mmHg/ml/m<sup>2</sup> (p=0,0044). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se modificou: 57,8 &#177; 6,4% versus 58,4 &#177; 7,3% (p=0,4395) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0551-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Durante o exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo, o uso de propranolol reduziu o IVSF de 37,6 &#177; 10,6 ml/m<sup>2</sup> para 34,5 &#177; 8,9 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (p=0,0224), aumentou a FE de 56,2 &#177; 6,5 % para 60,2 &#177; 7,2 % (p=0,0033) e n&#227;o modificou o IVDF (84,8 &#177; 21,0 ml/m<sup>2</sup> versus 86,5 &#177; 20,6 ml/m<sup>2</sup>; p=0,5990), o IC (6,0 &#177; 1,4 l/min/m<sup>2</sup> versus 5,5 &#177; 1,5 l/min/m<sup>2</sup>; p=0,0866), nem o ICTR (6,0 &#177; 2,0 mmHg/ml/m<sup>2</sup> versus 6,3 &#177; 2,8 mmHg/ml/m<sup>2</sup>; p=0,3779) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. III</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0551-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar do reconhecido benef&#237;cio do emprego de betabloqueadores em pacientes com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, at&#233; na presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>1-3</sup>, esta classe de drogas &#233; subutilizada em pacientes idosos<sup>4</sup>, como decorr&#234;ncia do medo de ocorr&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Al&#233;m do mais, em pacientes mais velhos, a dose precisa n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida. &#201; pr&#225;tica comum prescrever-se empiricamente doses mais baixas de medicamentos em pacientes idosos devido ao aumento na biodisponibilidade e &#224;s redu&#231;&#245;es nas depura&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;tica e renal. Entretanto, o uso de doses mais baixas geralmente n&#227;o tem efic&#225;cia comprovada. Nosso estudo sugere uma estrat&#233;gia pr&#225;tica e simples para prescrever betabloqueadores, em dose eficiente e segura, a pacientes idosos com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e fun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada. Um protocolo de titula&#231;&#227;o foi projetado para determinar a dose de propranolol que reduziria em 15% a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em carga de exerc&#237;cio, que corresponde &#224;s atividades di&#225;rias normais da vida de indiv&#237;duos idosos (50 W). O betabloqueio n&#227;o comprometeu o desempenho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em repouso, melhorou a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, reduziu a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica durante o exerc&#237;cio, e melhorou a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo durante exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados confirmam os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos esperados do propranolol em idosos com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Em repouso, o uso do propranolol determinou dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo como forma de adapta&#231;&#227;o para manter o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em decorr&#234;ncia de seu efeito cronotr&#243;pico e inotr&#243;pico negativo<sup>13</sup>. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi assim mantida pelo aumento da pr&#233;-carga. Durante o exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo, o propranolol melhorou o desempenho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, aumentando a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e reduzindo o &#237;ndice do volume sist&#243;lico final. Esse comportamento refletiu o efeito anti-isqu&#234;mico do propranolol confirmado clinicamente pela aboli&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio em oito pacientes, pelo aparecimento das altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio em cargas mais elevadas em dois pacientes, e por um aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>A a&#231;&#227;o anti-isqu&#234;mica dos betabloqueadores &#233; decorrente principalmente da redu&#231;&#227;o no consumo de oxig&#234;nio mioc&#225;rdico. Esse efeito &#233; avaliado clinicamente pela observa&#231;&#227;o das redu&#231;&#245;es da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da press&#227;o arterial. Freq&#252;entemente, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso &#233; utilizada como um par&#226;metro para titular a dose destas drogas. Entretanto, o comportamento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso e durante exerc&#237;cio &#233; heterog&#234;neo entre indiv&#237;duos idosos<sup>14</sup>. Ademais, a dose m&#237;nima efetiva de betabloqueadores em idosos ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecida. Apesar da crescente evid&#234;ncia que os betabloqueadores devem ser utilizados em pacientes com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, um estudo mostrou que o emprego de doses elevadas em pacientes idosos associou-se a maior risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o devido a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o de 15% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na carga de 50 W reduziu a isquemia e melhorou a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e o desempenho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Apesar da grande heterogeneidade, o objetivo em obter esta redu&#231;&#227;o em 50 W correspondeu ao mesmo grau de redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso. Redu&#231;&#227;o que foi alcan&#231;ada com uma dose habitualmente utilizada de propranolol, segura e bem tolerada. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre a resposta da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso e a obtida em 50 W, mostra que, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, n&#227;o seria necess&#225;rio a titula&#231;&#227;o da dose durante exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Como foram inclu&#237;dos apenas idosos com angina est&#225;vel e com fun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada, os resultados n&#227;o podem ser aplic&#225;veis a outras popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes. A aus&#234;ncia de placebo torna-se outra limita&#231;&#227;o. Assim, a melhora na resposta ao exerc&#237;cio pode ser devida mais ao efeito de condicionamento do que ao efeito de betabloqueio. Embora a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada tenha sido bem homog&#234;nea, fortalecendo os resultados, n&#227;o se pode desconsiderar que a casu&#237;stica tenha sido pequena.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a estrat&#233;gia de empregar betabloqueadores numa dose suficiente para reduzir a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 15% na carga de 50 W &#233; segura e ben&#233;fica no grupo de pacientes idosos com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e fun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada. Dose que reduziu a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e melhorou a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, sem prejudicar o desempenho de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo durante exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo. A redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na carga de 50 W correspondeu &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o em repouso. Esta correla&#231;&#227;o entre o comportamento em 50 W e em repouso sugere que reduzir a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso em 15% &#233; uma boa estrat&#233;gia a ser empregada em pacientes idosos com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e fun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Jo&#227;o Batista Serro-Azul </p>
        <p> R. Itacolomi, 601/11 - Cep 01239-020 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="serro@uol.com.br">serro@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 16/1/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 7/7/03</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Strategy for identifying an efficient dosage of beta-blocker for elderly patients with myocardial ischemia and preserved left ventricular function</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the strategy of titration for prescribing an efficient dosage of propranolol to reduce myocardial ischemia in the elderly. METHODS: The study comprised 14 elderly men (73.6 &#177; 5.3 years) with stable coronary heart disease documented on coronary cineangiography, ischemic response to exercise testing, and preserved left ventricular function. Titration was performed to identify the dosage of propranolol that would cause a 15% reduction in heart rate at the end of a 50 W load (corresponding to normal daily activities in the elderly) in weekly exercise tests. Synchronous scintigraphic study of the cardiac chambers was performed at rest and during exercise prior to and after propranolol use. RESULTS: The reductions in heart rate with the 50 W load and at rest were similar (21% vs 20%; P=0.5100). Propranolol improved the duration of exercise (12.2 &#177; 2.0 min vs 13.1 &#177; 1.8 min; P=0.0313) and abolished the changes in the ST segment induced by exercise in 8 (57%) patients. At rest, the ejection fraction was not modified by the beta-blocker. During maximum exercise, propranolol reduced the end-systolic volume index and increased ejection fraction. CONCLUSION: The strategy of using beta-blockers to reduce heart rate by 15% with a 50 W load is safe and beneficial in the elderly patient with myocardial ischemia and preserved ventricular function. The dose of beta-blocker used reduced myocardial ischemia and improved tolerance to exercise without hampering ventricular performance during maximum exercise.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>beta-blocker</kwd>
        <kwd>elderly</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial ischemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Strategy for identifying an efficient dosage of beta-blocker for elderly patients with myocardial ischemia and preserved left ventricular function</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jo&#227;o Batista Serro-Azul; Mauricio Wajngarten; Amit Nussbacher; Maria C. Giorgi; Jos&#233; C. Meneghetti; Marco A. de Oliveira; Rubens Abe; Creusa Dal B&#243;; Humberto Pierri; Ot&#225;vio Gebara</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the FMUSP S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To assess the strategy of titration for prescribing an efficient dosage of propranolol to reduce myocardial ischemia in the elderly.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The study comprised 14 elderly men (73.6 &#177; 5.3 years) with stable coronary heart disease documented on coronary cineangiography, ischemic response to exercise testing, and preserved left ventricular function. Titration was performed to identify the dosage of propranolol that would cause a 15% reduction in heart rate at the end of a 50 W load (corresponding to normal daily activities in the elderly) in weekly exercise tests. Synchronous scintigraphic study of the cardiac chambers was performed at rest and during exercise prior to and after propranolol use.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The reductions in heart rate with the 50 W load and at rest were similar (21% vs 20%; P=0.5100). Propranolol improved the duration of exercise (12.2 &#177; 2.0 min vs 13.1 &#177; 1.8 min; P=0.0313) and abolished the changes in the ST segment induced by exercise in 8 (57%) patients. At rest, the ejection fraction was not modified by the beta-blocker. During maximum exercise, propranolol reduced the end-systolic volume index and increased ejection fraction.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The strategy of using beta-blockers to reduce heart rate by 15% with a 50 W load is safe and beneficial in the elderly patient with myocardial ischemia and preserved ventricular function. The dose of beta-blocker used reduced myocardial ischemia and improved tolerance to exercise without hampering ventricular performance during maximum exercise.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>beta-blocker, elderly, myocardial ischemia</p>
      <p>The beta-adrenergic blockers frequently used for the treatment of coronary heart disease and heart failure<sup>1,2</sup> are believed to reduce the risk of mortality due to acute myocardial infarction and reinfarction<sup>3</sup>. Despite the recognized benefits, its use in the elderly, the age group most frequently affected by coronary heart disease, is less common than in younger individuals, due to the fear of occurrence of adverse effects, including the development of heart failure<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In fact, in young individuals at rest and during exercise, a significant reduction in heart rate and an increase in the end-diastolic, systolic, and end-systolic volumes have been well established due to the effect of the beta-adrenergic blocker<sup>5</sup>. On the other hand, both aging per se and myocardial ischemia have been associated with a reduction in the capacity of increasing left ventricular ejection fraction during exercise<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The metabolism and elimination of drugs are usually altered in the elderly due to reductions in the liver and renal functions. These alterations associated with the heterogeneity of the pharmacological responses account for a wide range of interindividual variability in the serum levels of beta-blockers. In addition, elderly patients are more susceptible to the adverse effects of the drug, and knowledge of the ideal dosage is required, although important studies on beta-blockers after myocardial infarction did not include adjustments in dosage<sup>7-10</sup>. Therefore, the ideal dosage of beta-blockers in the elderly remains unknown. One study showed that higher dosages of beta-blockers may be associated with a greater risk of developing heart failure in the elderly<sup>11</sup>. Therefore, the definition of a strategy to prescribe beta-blockers for elderly patients has a significant clinical value. This study aimed at assessing a strategy of titration for prescribing the efficient dosage of propranolol to reduce myocardial ischemia in the elderly with coronary heart disease and preserved left ventricular function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study comprised 14 men older than 65 (mean age = 73.6 &#177; 5.3) years with coronary heart disease documented on coronary cineangiography. These patients had symptoms of stable angina pectoris and ischemic response to exercise testing (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_20705t1-body2">tab. I</xref>). The committees on ethics of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o and of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the FMUSP approved the study. The exclusion criteria were as follows: previous use of beta-blockers; impossibility of suspending nitrates and calcium antagonists; previous myocardial infarction; diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg; valvular heart disease with hemodynamic repercussion; chronic atrial fibrillation; left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 50%; heart rate at rest &lt; 55 bpm; second- or third-degree atrioventricular blockade; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_20705t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0551-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>During 2 weeks, the selected patients received the following antianginal medication: isosorbide dinitrate, 40 mg twice a day orally, or isosorbide dinitrate, 5 mg sublingually, or both. After this period, a first exercise test was performed until the end of the stage corresponding to the 50 W load, followed, after 48 hours, by a scintigraphic study of the cardiac chambers at rest and during exercise. Based on these tests, oral propranolol was prescribed to each patient at an initial daily dose of 30 to 40 mg. The control of the dose administered was based on the heart rate at the end of the 50 W load, in weekly exercise tests. A 15% reduction in heart rate in regard to that obtained in the first test was considered the efficient effect of the beta-adrenergic blocker. When the expected effect was not observed, the dose of propranolol was increased to 80 mg per day in the second week, and to 120 mg per day in the third week. The expected effect was obtained in the first week in 4 cases, in the second week in 8 cases, and in the third week in 2 cases. When the desired reduction in heart rate was obtained, the patients underwent a new scintigraphic study of the cardiac chambers at rest and during exercise. All tests were performed after suspension of the nitrate for at least 48 hours.</p>
      <p>In the tests to control the propranolol dose, an MFE ergometric bicycle, 400L model, was used. The test comprised 2 exercise stages (25 and 50 W) with a duration of 4 minutes each, and a constant velocity of 70 rotations/minute was maintained. An ischemic response during effort consisted of the following: depression of the ST segment, with horizontal or descending morphology, <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 mm, 80 ms apart from the J point.</p>
      <p>In the scintigraphic studies, a Nuclear associates/Collins electromagnetic cycloergometer, 17571 model, with an approximate inclination of 45&#186; was used.</p>
      <p>Scintigraphic images in left anterior oblique projection (approximately 40&#186;) were obtained at rest and at each exercise stage with the patient in a sitting position. Labeling of red blood cells was performed through the venous administration of 12.0 mg of stannous pyrophosphate and 3.4 mg of stannous chloride diluted in 2 mL of saline solution, followed, after 20 to 30 minutes, by the administration of 1,111 MBq of sodium pertechnate. A Siemens scintigraphic camera, LEM + model, with a crystal of sodium iodide activated with thallium was used, with a useful field of 25.9 cm in diameter and collimator with parallel orifices and high sensitivity. The images were stored in a magnetic disk and later underwent processing, always with the same observer.</p>
      <p>The end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular volumes were determined based on the conversion of the countings of the respective ventricle into volume units, using one blood sample collected with the patient resting. The blood sample underwent counting with the same camera-collimator system<sup>12</sup>, and the counting was corrected for the time elapsed between blood collection and the beginning of the counting. Correction regarding the attenuation of the countings was performed individually with the use of a static image obtained in the anteroposterior projection. This image was also used to measure the distance between the center of the left ventricle and one technetium source placed on the chest of the patient at the level of the region corresponding to the center of the ventricle in the left anterior oblique projection.</p>
      <p>Heart rate, blood pressure, end-diastolic volume index (EDVI), end-systolic volume index (ESVI), cardiac index (CI), contractility index (CTRI) - obtained with the quotient between the systolic blood pressure value and the ESVI value &#150; and ejection fraction were analyzed by calculating the means and standard deviations. These data were compared by analyzing the variance for repeated measures with multiple comparisons at rest and during maximum exercise. The nonparametric test was used to assess the duration of the exercise, and the Wilcoxon test was used to compare the reduction in heart rate at rest and with the 50 W load. The significance level adopted for the tests was 5%. The calculations were performed with the Statistical Analysis System.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After titration of the propranolol dosage, mean = 73.6 &#177; 27.6 mg per day, heart rate decreased similarly at rest and with a 50 W load (21% versus 24%, respectively; P=0.272). During scintigraphy, the reduction in heart rate was also similar at rest and with a 50 W load (21% versus 20%, respectively; P=0.510). Propranolol was observed to cause a significant reduction in mean blood pressure during maximum exercise (140.4 &#177; 18.5 mmHg versus 130.0 &#177; 14.3 mmHg; P=0.0100). In the postpropranolol phase, 8 (57%) patients showed no alterations compatible with myocardial ischemia on exercise electrocardiography; on the other hand, that kind of alteration was observed in the 6 remaining patients, and, in 2 (14%) of them, the alteration appeared only in loads greater than that in the prepropranolol phase. Seventy-one percent of the patients showed an improvement in myocardial ischemia after the use of propranolol. A significant (P=0.0313) increase in exercise duration was observed between the pre- (12.2 &#177; 2.0 min) and postpropranolol (13.1 &#177; 1.8 min) phases.</p>
      <p>The use of propranolol caused a significant increase in ventricular volumes. The EDVI increased from 67.5 &#177; 12.9 mL/m<sup>2</sup> to 76.2 &#177; 11.6 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (P=0.0088) and the ESVI from 29.1 &#177; 8.2 mL/m<sup>2</sup> to 33.8 &#177; 9.7 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (P=0.0440). Reductions in the CI from 2.9 &#177; 0.4 L/min/m<sup>2</sup> to 2.6 &#177; 0.3 L/min/m<sup>2</sup> (P=0.0172) and in the CTRI from 5.7 &#177; 1.6 mm Hg/mL/m<sup>2</sup> to 4.9 &#177; 1.8 mm Hg/mL/m<sup>2</sup> (P=0.0044) were observed. The ejection fraction did not change: 57.8 &#177; 6.4% versus 58.4 &#177; 7.3% (P=0.4395) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0551-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>During maximum exercise, the use of propranolol reduced the ESVI from 37.6 &#177; 10.6 mL/m<sup>2</sup> to 34.5 &#177; 8.9 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (P=0.0224), increased the EF from 56.2 &#177; 6.5% to 60.2 &#177; 7.2% (P=0.0033), and did not change the EDVI (84.8 &#177; 21.0 mL/m<sup>2</sup> versus 86.5 &#177; 20.6 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; P=0.5990), the CI (6.0 &#177; 1.4 L/min/m<sup>2</sup> versus 5.5 &#177; 1.5 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>; P=0.0866), and the CTRI (6.0 &#177; 2.0 mm Hg/mL/m<sup>2</sup> versus 6.3 &#177; 2.8 mm Hg/mL/m<sup>2</sup>; P=0.3779) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">tab. III</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0551-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the recognized benefit of the use of beta-blockers in patients with myocardial ischemia, even in the presence of heart failure <sup>1-3</sup>, this class of drugs is underused in the elderly patients<sup>4</sup>, due to the fear of depression of left ventricular function. In addition, the precise dosage for elderly patients has not been well established. It is common practice to empirically prescribe lower doses of medications to elderly patients due to the increase in bioavailability and the reductions in the liver and renal clearances. However, the efficacy of lower doses has not been confirmed. Our study suggests a practical and simple strategy for prescribing beta-blockers at an efficient and safe dosage to elderly patients with myocardial ischemia and preserved left ventricular function. A protocol of titration was designed to determine the dosage of propranolol that would cause a 15% reduction in heart rate with an exercise load, which corresponds to the normal daily life activities of the elderly (50 W). The beta-blockade did not impair left ventricular performance at rest; however, it improved tolerance to exercise, reduced myocardial ischemia during exercise, and improved left ventricular ejection fraction during maximum exercise.</p>
      <p>Our results confirm the expected hemodynamic effects of propranolol in the elderly with myocardial ischemia. At rest, the use of propranolol caused left ventricular dilation as a form of adaptation to maintain cardiac output due to its negative chronotropic and inotropic effect<sup>13</sup>. Left ventricular ejection fraction was maintained by an increase in the preload. During maximum exercise, propranolol improved left ventricular performance, increasing left ventricular ejection fraction and reducing the end-systolic volume index. This behavior reflected the antiischemic effect of propranolol, which was clinically confirmed by the abolition of changes in the ST segment induced by exercise in 8 patients, by the appearance of changes in the ST segment induced by exercise with greater loads in 2 patients, and by an increase in exercise duration.</p>
      <p>The antiischemic action of beta-blockers results mainly from the reduction in the consumption of myocardial oxygen. This effect is clinically assessed by the reductions in heart rate and blood pressure. Frequently, heart rate at rest is used as a parameter to perform titration of the dosage of these drugs. However, the behavior of heart rate at rest and during exercise is heterogeneous among the elderly<sup>14</sup>. In addition, the effective minimum dosage of beta-blockers in the elderly has not yet been established. Despite the increasing evidence that beta-blockers should be used in patients with myocardial ischemia and heart failure, one study showed that the use of high doses in elderly patients was associated with a higher risk of hospitalization due to heart failure<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The 15% reduction in heart rate at the 50 W load reduced ischemia and improved tolerance to exercise and left ventricular performance. Despite the great heterogeneity, the objective to obtain this reduction at 50 W corresponded to the same degree of reduction in heart rate at rest. This reduction was obtained with the safe and well-tolerated dosage of propranolol usually used. The correlation between the response of heart rate at rest and that obtained with a 50 W load shows that, in daily clinical practice, titration of the dose during exercise is not required.</p>
      <p>Because only the elderly with stable angina and preserved left ventricular function were included in this study, the results cannot be applied to other populations of patients. The absence of placebo is another limitation. Therefore, the improvement in the response to exercise may be due more to the conditioning effect than to the beta-blocking effect. Although the population studied was very homogeneous, supporting the results, one cannot ignore that the case series was small.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the strategy to use beta-blockers at a dosage sufficient to reduce heart rate by 15% at the 50 W load is safe and beneficial in the group of elderly patients with myocardial ischemia and preserved left ventricular function. That dose reduced myocardial ischemia and improved tolerance to exercise, without hindering left ventricular performance during maximum exercise. The reduction in heart rate with a 50 W load corresponded to the reduction in heart rate at rest. This correlation between the behavior at 50 W load and at rest suggests that a 15% reduction in heart rate is a good strategy for elderly patients with myocardial ischemia and preserved left ventricular function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Jo&#227;o Batista Serro-Azul </p>
          <p> R. Itacolomi, 601/11 Cep 01239-020 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="serro@uol.com.br">serro@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 1/16/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 7/7/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
