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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TNTgsZxS3dXrYtdpXdWq9zS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000600005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana e conduta dos cardiologistas em pacientes usando amiodarona</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuks</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Gabriela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vaisman</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buescu</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandru</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cardiologia de Laranjeiras</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>523</fpage>
      <lpage>527</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana em pacientes usando amiodarona e os poss&#237;veis fatores associados. Verificar atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio aplicado a cardiologistas, a import&#226;ncia do f&#225;rmaco causar altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana. M&#201;TODO: Avaliados 56 pacientes em uso cr&#244;nico (&gt; 3 meses) de amiodarona com dosagens s&#233;ricas de TSH, T4 livre, T3 total e Anti-TPO e definidos como portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana (DT) pacientes com TSH alterado. RESULTADOS: A preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana foi de 33,9%. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre este grupo e os pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o, exceto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia de anti-TPO positivo maior nos pacientes com DT (p=0,02). Hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico foi diagnosticado em 10 (17,9%) pacientes e hipotireoidismo cl&#237;nico em 6 (10,7%). A preval&#234;ncia de hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico foi de 3,6% e de hipertireoidismo cl&#237;nico de 1,8%. Anticorpos anti-TPO foram positivos em 5 (8%) pacientes (dos quais 4 apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o). Quando comparados aos doentes sem anti-TPO positivo este grupo teve maior preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o (80% vs 29,4%; p=0,04). Verificado que apenas 49,2% dos cardiologistas faziam acompanhamento da fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana rotineiramente e a preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o referida na experi&#234;ncia da maioria era de 1 a 10%. CONCLUS&#195;O: A preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi elevada, mostrando a necessidade de implementa&#231;&#227;o de uma rotina laboratorial. Houve grande diverg&#234;ncia entre os cardiologistas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de acompanhamento utilizado nos pacientes em uso de amiodarona.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>amiodarona</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana</kwd>
        <kwd>hipotireoidismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana e conduta dos cardiologistas em pacientes usando amiodarona</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Anna Gabriela Fuks; M&#225;rio Vaisman; Alexandru Buescu</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho &#150; UFRJ e Hospital de Cardiologia de Laranjeiras Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana em pacientes usando amiodarona e os poss&#237;veis fatores associados. Verificar atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio aplicado a cardiologistas, a import&#226;ncia do f&#225;rmaco causar altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODO: </bold>Avaliados 56 pacientes em uso cr&#244;nico (&gt; 3 meses) de amiodarona com dosagens s&#233;ricas de TSH, T4 livre, T3 total e Anti-TPO e definidos como portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana (DT) pacientes com TSH alterado. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana foi de 33,9%. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre este grupo e os pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o, exceto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia de anti-TPO positivo maior nos pacientes com DT (p=0,02). Hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico foi diagnosticado em 10 (17,9%) pacientes e hipotireoidismo cl&#237;nico em 6 (10,7%). A preval&#234;ncia de hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico foi de 3,6% e de hipertireoidismo cl&#237;nico de 1,8%. Anticorpos anti-TPO foram positivos em 5 (8%) pacientes (dos quais 4 apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o). Quando comparados aos doentes sem anti-TPO positivo este grupo teve maior preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o (80% vs 29,4%; p=0,04). Verificado que apenas 49,2% dos cardiologistas faziam acompanhamento da fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana rotineiramente e a preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o referida na experi&#234;ncia da maioria era de 1 a 10%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi elevada, mostrando a necessidade de implementa&#231;&#227;o de uma rotina laboratorial. Houve grande diverg&#234;ncia entre os cardiologistas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de acompanhamento utilizado nos pacientes em uso de amiodarona.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>amiodarona, disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, hipotireoidismo</p>
    <p>A amiodarona possui estrutura qu&#237;mica semelhante a dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos <sup>1</sup>. Em doses habituais (200-600 mg/dia), o f&#225;rmaco libera 6 a 12 mg/dia de iodeto, quantidade muito superior &#224; preconizada pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (0,15 a 0,3 mg/dia) <sup>2</sup>. Al&#233;m da sobrecarga de iodo, a droga tamb&#233;m pode causar disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana por outros mecanismos, como inibi&#231;&#227;o da convers&#227;o perif&#233;rica de T4 em T3, atividade antagonista &#224; a&#231;&#227;o do T3 no seu receptor <sup>2</sup>, rea&#231;&#227;o auto-imune <sup>3</sup> e a&#231;&#227;o t&#243;xica direta da desetilamiodarona (DEA - principal metab&#243;lito ativo da amiodarona)<sup>4</sup>. As altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais mais comuns s&#227;o aumento dos n&#237;veis de T4 (total e livre) e T3 reverso e diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de T3 (total e livre). Os n&#237;veis de TSH podem estar levemente aumentados inicialmente, tendendo a normalizar com o uso cr&#244;nico (&gt; 3 meses) da droga<sup>5</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0523-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o varia de 2 a 24% podendo ocorrer desde o in&#237;cio do tratamento ou at&#233; tr&#234;s anos ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o do medicamento. O desenvolvimento de hipotireoidismo &#233; maior nas &#225;reas onde a ingest&#227;o de iodo &#233; suficiente, enquanto nas &#225;reas carentes de iodo prevalece a tireotoxicose<sup>6-9</sup>. Alguns fatores, como hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a tireoidiana, presen&#231;a de anticorpos antitireoidianos e n&#237;veis basais elevados de TSH podem estar associados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana cl&#237;nica<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mesmo conhecendo os efeitos da amiodarona sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, muitos m&#233;dicos n&#227;o fazem uma monitoriza&#231;&#227;o adequada. Um estudo recente com 39 cardiologistas mostrou que apenas 37% daqueles que a prescreviam solicitavam dosagens hormonais antes de prescrever a amiodarona e apenas 10% pesquisavam algum marcador de auto-imunidade<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo principal deste estudo foi determinar a preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana desconhecida em pacientes em uso de amiodarona. Analisamos tamb&#233;m poss&#237;veis fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Atrav&#233;s de um estudo prospectivo, avaliamos pacientes em uso cr&#244;nico (&gt; 3 meses) de amiodarona, independente da dose utilizada. Os dados analisados foram idade, sexo, b&#243;cio &#224; palpa&#231;&#227;o, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a tireoidiana pr&#233;via (tireoidite, n&#243;dulo, hipotireoidismo ou hipertireoidismo) e doen&#231;a auto-imune (pr&#233;via ou presente). Al&#233;m da dose di&#225;ria, calculamos a dose total de amiodarona desde o in&#237;cio do tratamento. Foram realizadas dosagens s&#233;ricas de anti-TPO (VR: &lt; 35 UI), T4 livre (VR: 0,8 - 1,9 ng/dL), T3 total (VR: 82 - 179 ng/dL) e TSH (VR: 0,4 &#150; 4,0 &#181;UI/ml). O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho - UFRJ / Faculdade de Medicina.</p>
    <p>Exclu&#237;mos pacientes em uso de l&#237;tio ou glicocortic&#243;ides em doses supra-fisiol&#243;gicas, assim como aqueles com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, e indiv&#237;duos que j&#225; possu&#237;am o diagn&#243;stico de hipo ou hipertireoidismo devido &#224; falta de informa&#231;&#245;es fidedignas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao fato da disfun&#231;&#227;o ter aparecido antes ou depois do in&#237;cio da amiodarona.</p>
    <p>Definimos como portador de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana todos os pacientes que apresentavam o TSH fora dos limites da normalidade (0,4-4,0 &#181;UI/ml), acompanhados ou n&#227;o de altera&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de T3, T4L e/ou anti-TPO e de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Analisamos separadamente os pacientes com hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (TSH &gt; 4,0 e T4L normal), hipotireoidismo (TSH &gt; 4,0 e T4L &lt; 0,8), hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (TSH &lt; 0,4 e T4livre normal) e hipertireoidismo (TSH &lt; 0,4 e T4livre &gt;1,9).</p>
    <p>O question&#225;rio foi aplicado a 63 cardiologistas, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; amiodarona, a fim de verificar sua import&#226;ncia, era recolhido imediatamente sem a identifica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico. A escolha dos cardiologistas foi feita de forma aleat&#243;ria, isto &#233;, participaram da pesquisa aqueles que estavam presentes no servi&#231;o do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho -UFRJ e Hospital de Cardiologia de Laranjeiras - RJ no momento em que o investigador entregou o question&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita no EPI-INFO (vers&#227;o 6.04). Foram calculadas m&#233;dias, desvios-padr&#227;o e medianas para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e propor&#231;&#245;es com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%) para as categ&#243;ricas. Utilizamos teste do qui-quadrado para compara&#231;&#227;o de propor&#231;&#245;es, teste t para compara&#231;&#227;o de duas m&#233;dias (quando as vari&#226;ncias eram homog&#234;neas pelo teste de Bartlett) e Kruskal-Wallis (quando n&#227;o eram homog&#234;neas). Foram considerados significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Analisamos 56 pacientes, sendo 31 (55,4%) mulheres e 25 (44,6%) homens, com idade de 58,0 &#177; 14,3 anos. Ao exame cl&#237;nico, quatro (6%) apresentavam b&#243;cio (um estava com hipertireoidismo, 2 com hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico e o um com todas as dosagens hormonais normais).</p>
    <p>Anti-TPO positivo foi encontrado em 5 (7,5%) pacientes: dois tinham hipotireoidismo, um hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico, um hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico e um estava eutireoidiano (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>). A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana nesses pacientes era superior &#224; encontrada nos doentes com anti-TPO negativo (80% vs 29,4%; p=0,04).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0523-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Observamos que 19 (33,9%) pacientes tinham disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana (DT). N&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a significativa entre este grupo e os pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana exceto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia de anti-TPO positivo maior nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana (p = 0,02) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. III</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0523-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Hipotireoidismo cl&#237;nico foi diagnosticado em 6 (10,7%) pacientes sendo 4 mulheres e 2 homens. O n&#250;mero de doentes com anti-TPO positivo tamb&#233;m foi maior neste grupo quando comparado com os pacientes eutiroidianos (33,3% vs 2,7%; p=0,006). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, dose (di&#225;ria e cumulativa) e tempo de uso de amiodarona.</p>
    <p>Dez (17,9%) pacientes estavam com hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo, idade, dose (di&#225;ria e cumulativa), tempo de tratamento e preval&#234;ncia de anti-TPO quando comparado com os pacientes eutireoidianos. Hipertireoidismo cl&#237;nico foi diagnosticado em um (1,8%) paciente e hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nico em 2 (3,6%).</p>
    <p>Dos question&#225;rios analisados, 39,7% dos m&#233;dicos prescreviam amiodarona com freq&#252;&#234;ncia (1 vez / semana ou mais), a mesma propor&#231;&#227;o, ocasionalmente (1-2 vezes / m&#234;s), e 20,6% raramente. A rotina de avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial da fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana antes de prescrever o antiarr&#237;tmico era muito heterog&#234;nea entre os cardiologistas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. IV</xref>). As dosagens mais solicitadas eram TSH (100%), T4L (74%) e T3 (52%). Apenas um (2%) m&#233;dico solicitava anti-TPO. Al&#233;m das dosagens hormonais, 68% faziam regularmente uma anamnese dirigida para pesquisa de doen&#231;a tireoidiana pr&#233;via, 24%, ocasionalmente, e 8% nunca indagavam.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0523-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ap&#243;s iniciarem o tratamento com amiodarona, 49,2% dos entrevistados monitorizavam sempre a fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, 28,6% ocasionalmente (em alguns pacientes) e 20,6% somente em pacientes com sinais cl&#237;nicos de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana. Durante o acompanhamento, as dosagens mais solicitadas eram TSH (98,4%), T4L (74,6%) e T3 (41,3%). Anti-TPO era dosado por 6,3% dos m&#233;dicos.</p>
    <p>Outra quest&#227;o analisada foi a conduta dos cardiologistas diante dos diferentes casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana. No hipotireoidismo 85,7% dos m&#233;dicos suspendiam a medica&#231;&#227;o e no hipertireoidismo 82,4%. Nas disfun&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas este percentual era de 54% e 52,4% no hipotireoidismo e no hipertireoidismo respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Grande parte dos cardiologistas entrevistados (42,9%) referiu que a disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana cl&#237;nica e/ou laboratorial est&#225; presente em 1 a 10 % dos pacientes que usam amiodarona (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tab. V</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0523-00005-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A substitui&#231;&#227;o da droga por outro antiarr&#237;tmico &#233; sempre um problema para 36,5% dos cardiologistas e para 46% somente em alguns pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amiodarona &#233; um antiarr&#237;tmico muito utilizado e apesar de ser uma droga cujos efeitos colaterais s&#227;o bem conhecidos, s&#227;o numerosos os pacientes que fazem uso cr&#244;nico da medica&#231;&#227;o e deixam de ser investigados quanto &#224;s poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es, em particular na esfera tireoidiana. Na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana encontrada, os m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos utilizados e as condutas tra&#231;adas s&#227;o extremamente vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>Em nossos pacientes, a preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana laboratorial foi elevada. Ressaltamos que exclu&#237;mos aqueles que j&#225; tinham o diagn&#243;stico de hipo ou hipertireoidismo, podendo assim dizer que a preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana real nesta popula&#231;&#227;o seria superior a 33,9%. Houve dificuldade em comparar este valor com o da literatura, pois n&#227;o existe defini&#231;&#227;o para disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana em doentes usando amiodarona, comum aos trabalhos publicados, resultando em preval&#234;ncia vari&#225;vel (2 a 24%)<sup>7,12-19</sup>.O fato de nossa preval&#234;ncia ser semelhante a de alguns trabalhos, que avaliaram pacientes antes e durante o uso do f&#225;rmaco, permite-nos acreditar que houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o causal entre o desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana e uso de amiodarona. Al&#233;m disso, nossa preval&#234;ncia foi muito superior a da popula&#231;&#227;o geral que &#233; de 7% a 10%, quando se utiliza tamb&#233;m como diagn&#243;stico apenas o TSH alterado<sup>20,21</sup>. Trabalho realizado com os funcion&#225;rios da UFRJ verificou que 7,3% da amostra tinham TSH alterado (Reis, 2001).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, em rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo, idade, tempo de uso e dose de amiodarona, semelhante ao encontrado na literatura <sup>7,15-17,18,22,23</sup>. Alguns autores mostram que o sexo feminino &#233; um fator de risco para desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana associada ao uso do antiarr&#237;tmico, ocorrido provavelmente pelo fato das mulheres terem um risco maior de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as tireoidianas auto-imunes, como tireoidite de Hashimoto e doen&#231;a de Graves<sup>14,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia encontrada de hipotireoidismo cl&#237;nico foi de 10,7%. O valor descrito na literatura em trabalhos que acompanharam pacientes antes e durante o uso de amiodarona &#233; de 3,6% a 19,2%. Alguns autores consideraram, como tendo hipotireoidismo induzido por amiodarona, pacientes apenas com altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais<sup>14,18,24-26</sup> enquanto outros utilizaram para crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico associa&#231;&#227;o com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de hipofun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana <sup>7,13,16,27-28</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia de hipotireoidismo na popula&#231;&#227;o geral varia de 0,5 a 2% <sup>29-32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apenas um (1,8%) paciente teve o diagn&#243;stico de hipertiroidismo cl&#237;nico. Este valor foi semelhante ao da literatura e, conforme outros trabalhos com doentes em uso de amiodarona, realizados em &#225;rea onde n&#227;o h&#225; car&#234;ncia de iodo, foi menor que a preval&#234;ncia de hipotireoidismo cl&#237;nico<sup>18,22,27,33</sup>. &#201; importante ressaltar que a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desses pacientes pode ser apenas a recidiva de uma arritmia que j&#225; havia sido controlada anteriormente com amiodarona<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Hipotireoidismo e hipertireoidismo subcl&#237;nicos foram diagnosticados em 21,5% da amostra. Como esperado em &#225;reas iodo-suficientes, o hipotireoidismo foi mais prevalente que o hipertireoidismo (17,9% vs 3,6%). A preval&#234;ncia de hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, conforme publicada em recente trabalho que utilizou crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos e valores de refer&#234;ncia iguais aos utilizados em nossa pesquisa foi de 10,8% <sup>34</sup>. Tunbridge e cols.<sup>35</sup> realizaram um dos principais trabalhos sobre doen&#231;as tireoidianas na popula&#231;&#227;o normal e definiram como hipotireoidismo leve pacientes com TSH acima de 6,0 UI/ml, encontrando uma preval&#234;ncia de 5%. Comparamos esse valor com o que encontramos em nosso trabalho, utilizando o mesmo ponto de corte (TSH &gt; 6 UI/ml) e encontramos uma diferen&#231;a significativa (5% vs 17,9%; p=0,000073). Conclu&#237;mos que na popula&#231;&#227;o em uso de amiodarona a preval&#234;ncia de hipotireoidismo pode ser 3 a 4 vezes superior.</p>
    <p>Alguns pacientes com doen&#231;a subcl&#237;nica podem reverter o quadro espontaneamente ou se a amiodarona for suspensa<sup>25,36-38</sup>. Mesmo assim, alguns doentes necessitam de tratamento para al&#237;vio de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou redu&#231;&#227;o de alguns fatores de risco associados, como osteoporose e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no caso de hipertireoidismo, dislipidemia, disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e/ou muscular em pacientes com hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico<sup>29,39-41</sup>. Por estas raz&#245;es, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a subcl&#237;nica em uso de amiodarona &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de anticorpos anti-TPO positivos foi semelhante ao valor encontrado em trabalhos que avaliaram o desenvolvimento de anticorpos anti-tireoidianos em pacientes em uso de amiodarona<sup>42,43</sup>. A alta preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana nos pacientes com anti-TPO positivo encontrada em nossa casu&#237;stica (80%), sugere que pacientes com doen&#231;a tireoidiana auto-imune possuem um risco maior de desenvolvimento de hipotireoidismo<sup>44</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; escassas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a conduta adotada pelos cardiologistas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao acompanhamento da fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana em pacientes em uso cr&#244;nico de amiodarona. Encontramos apenas um trabalho que avaliou esses especialistas no que se refere ao bin&#244;mio amiodarona x fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana<sup>11</sup>, mostrando a necessidade da implementa&#231;&#227;o de uma rotina cl&#237;nica e laboratorial para que os pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana sejam sempre diagnosticados e conduzidos de forma mais adequada.</p>
    <p>A maior parte dos cardiologistas entrevistados (80%) prescrevia amiodarona no m&#237;nimo 1 a 2 vezes por m&#234;s, sugerindo que possu&#237;am conhecimentos te&#243;ricos e pr&#225;ticos acerca do antiarr&#237;tmico. Apesar disso, apenas 17,5% faziam avalia&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana laboratorial antes de prescrever o f&#225;rmaco. Esse n&#250;mero foi inferior ao encontrado por Binz e cols.<sup>11</sup> que mostraram que 37% dos cardiologistas de um hospital particular e 100% de hospital universit&#225;rio faziam esta avalia&#231;&#227;o. Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o houve esta divis&#227;o, pois a maioria dos entrevistados era ligado ao servi&#231;o p&#250;blico (hospital universit&#225;rio) e particular concomitantemente. A avalia&#231;&#227;o hormonal e de anticorpos antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento pode indicar os doentes que devam ser monitorizados com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia ou contra-indicar o uso da droga, mesmo que transitoriamente (at&#233; tratar a doen&#231;a tireoidiana) naqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o. Apesar de n&#227;o termos indagado sobre as indica&#231;&#245;es do uso de amiodarona, sabemos que a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial se constitui em uma delas e pode ser uma das principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es de hipertireoidismo, justificando, portanto, a dosagem de TSH nesses pacientes<sup>45</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os cardiologistas que perguntavam se o paciente tinha alguma doen&#231;a tireoidiana antes de iniciar amiodarona foram poucos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos encontrados por Binz<sup>11</sup>: 65% vs 95%. Sabemos que indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as tireoidianas auto-imunes ou TSH alterado possuem um risco maior de desenvolvimento de tireotoxicose ou hipotireoidismo induzidos por amiodarona. Em nossa opini&#227;o, todos os indiv&#237;duos deveriam ser questionados sobre este fato, uma vez que &#233; uma avalia&#231;&#227;o simples, f&#225;cil e sem custos de se identificar um fator de risco para uma poss&#237;vel complica&#231;&#227;o da droga.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos cardiologistas declarou que em casos de hiper ou hipotireoidismo n&#227;o prescreve amiodarona. O hipertireoidismo &#233; de fato uma contra-indica&#231;&#227;o ao uso do medicamento, o que n&#227;o ocorre nos casos dos pacientes com hipotireoidismo que estiverem sendo repostos adequadamente<sup>11</sup>. Pelo question&#225;rio, n&#227;o temos como saber se esses m&#233;dicos utilizam outro antiarr&#237;tmico ou se tratam a disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana e, posteriormente, introduzem a amiodarona.</p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de m&#233;dicos que referiu fazer o acompanhamento da fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana rotineiramente (49,2%) foi inferior ao esperado. A literatura mostra que todos os pacientes em uso do f&#225;rmaco devem ser avaliados periodicamente, quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana. O intervalo recomendado entre as dosagens pode variar de 3 a 12 meses <sup>2,8,10-11,28,36,38,46</sup>.</p>
    <p>As dosagens s&#233;ricas mais citadas em nosso question&#225;rio foram TSH (98,4%), T4L (74,6%) e T3 (41,3%). A pesquisa de anticorpos anti-TPO foi citado por 6,5% dos especialistas. N&#227;o h&#225; na literatura um consenso em rela&#231;&#227;o aos exames que devem ser feitos para o acompanhamento desses pacientes. A dosagem de TSH parece ser o melhor exame para rastreamento enquanto T4L e T3 devem ser reservados para pacientes com TSH alterado<sup>47</sup>. O anti-TPO ajuda no diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico da disfun&#231;&#227;o e na diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre tireotoxicose tipo I e tipo II<sup>48</sup>. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o feita por alguns autores &#233; de que nos casos de hipertireoidismo (mesmo subcl&#237;nico), a amiodarona deva ser suspensa enquanto que no hipotireoidismo o paciente pode permanecer usando-a desde que seja reposta adequadamente com levotiroxina <sup>11,26,46</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma das quest&#245;es mais interessantes do question&#225;rio foi a que perguntava sobre porcentagem de pacientes que desenvolvia disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana (cl&#237;nica ou laboratorial) de acordo com a experi&#234;ncia individual do m&#233;dico. Quarenta e nove cardiologistas (77,8%) referiram um valor de 1 a 10%. Esta freq&#252;&#234;ncia foi semelhante ao resultado obtido por Binz e cols.<sup>11</sup> (72 a 95% dos cardiologistas). Parece-nos que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia estimada pelos especialistas, cerca de 3 vezes menor do que a encontrada em nossa casu&#237;stica (33,9%), se deva &#224; falta de investiga&#231;&#227;o por parte dos mesmos. Um fator que refor&#231;a esta hip&#243;tese &#233; que apenas metade dos entrevistados referiu avaliar rotineiramente a fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana.</p>
    <p>No presente trabalho, verificamos uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana desconhecida em pacientes que usam amiodarona. Apesar deste dado j&#225; ser conhecido na literatura m&#233;dica, muitos pacientes n&#227;o s&#227;o investigados para esta poss&#237;vel complica&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o encontramos vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais ou epidemiol&#243;gicas associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, exceto pela presen&#231;a de anti-TPO positivo, o que refor&#231;a o fato de que todos os indiv&#237;duos em uso do f&#225;rmaco devem ser monitorizados. Houve uma grande diverg&#234;ncia entre os cardiologistas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de acompanhamento feito nesses pacientes, mostrando a necessidade de implementa&#231;&#227;o de uma rotina laboratorial.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> E</bold>
        </label>
        <p>
          <bold>ndere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </p>
        <p> Dra. Anna Gabriela Fuks </p>
        <p> Rua Engenheiro Cort&#234;s Sigaud, 100/104 &#150; Cep 22450-150 </p>
        <p> Rio de Janeiro &#150; RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="agfuks@yahoo.com.br">agfuks@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 3/6/03 </p>
    <p> ceito em 13/10/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Thyroid dysfunction and cardiological management in patients receiving amiodarone</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients receiving amiodarone, and the possible associated factors. The study also aimed at assessing the effect of amiodarone on thyroid function through the application of a questionnaire to cardiologists. METHOD: Fifty-six patients chronically (&gt; 3 months) receiving amiodarone were assessed by measurement of their serum levels of TSH, free T4, total T3, and anti-TPO antibodies. Patients with changes in TSH levels were defined as having thyroid dysfunction (TD). RESULTS: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 33.9%. No difference was observed between this group and that of patients with no dysfunction, except for the greater prevalence of anti-TPO positivity in patients with TD (P=0.02). Subclinical hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 10 (17.9%) patients and clinical hypothyroidism in 6 (10.7%). The prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism was 3.6% and that of clinical hyperthyroidism was 1.8%. Anti-TPO antibodies were positive in 5 (8%) patients (of whom, 4 had thyroid dysfunction). When compared with patients negative for anti-TPO antibodies, that group had a greater prevalence of dysfunction (80% vs 29.4%; P=0.04). Only 49.2% of the cardiologists routinely treated their patients' thyroid function, and the prevalence of the referred dysfunction for most of them ranged from 1 to 10%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in our population was high, showing the need for implementing a laboratory routine. The cardiologists disagreed greatly in regard to the type of follow-up required for patients using amiodarone.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>amiodarone</kwd>
        <kwd>thyroid dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>hypothyroidism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thyroid dysfunction and cardiological management in patients receiving amiodarone</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anna Gabriela Fuks; M&#225;rio Vaisman; Alexandru Buescu </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho &#150; UFRJ and Hospital de Cardiologia de Laranjeiras Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients receiving amiodarone, and the possible associated factors. The study also aimed at assessing the effect of amiodarone on thyroid function through the application of a questionnaire to cardiologists.</p>
      <p><bold>METHOD: </bold> Fifty-six patients chronically (&gt; 3 months) receiving amiodarone were assessed by measurement of their serum levels of TSH, free T4, total T3, and anti-TPO antibodies. Patients with changes in TSH levels were defined as having thyroid dysfunction (TD).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 33.9%. No difference was observed between this group and that of patients with no dysfunction, except for the greater prevalence of anti-TPO positivity in patients with TD (P=0.02). Subclinical hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 10 (17.9%) patients and clinical hypothyroidism in 6 (10.7%). The prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism was 3.6% and that of clinical hyperthyroidism was 1.8%. Anti-TPO antibodies were positive in 5 (8%) patients (of whom, 4 had thyroid dysfunction). When compared with patients negative for anti-TPO antibodies, that group had a greater prevalence of dysfunction (80% vs 29.4%; P=0.04). Only 49.2% of the cardiologists routinely treated their patients' thyroid function, and the prevalence of the referred dysfunction for most of them ranged from 1 to 10%.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in our population was high, showing the need for implementing a laboratory routine. The cardiologists disagreed greatly in regard to the type of follow-up required for patients using amiodarone.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>amiodarone, thyroid dysfunction, hypothyroidism</p>
      <p>Amiodarone has a chemical structure similar to that of thyroid hormones <sup>1</sup>. At usual doses (200-600 mg/day), amiodarone releases 6 to 12 mg/day of iodide, which is much higher than the level recommended by the World Health Organization (0.15 to 0.3 mg/day) <sup>2</sup>. In addition to iodine overload, amiodarone may also cause thyroid dysfunction by other mechanisms, such as inhibition of the peripheral conversion of T4 into T3, which is an antagonistic activity to the action of T3 in its receptor <sup>2</sup>, autoimmune reaction <sup>3</sup>, and direct toxic action of desthylamiodarone (DEA), which is the major active metabolite of amiodarone <sup>4</sup>. The most common laboratory changes are the increase in the total and free T4 and reverse T3 levels, and the reduction in the total and free T3 levels. The TSH levels may be slightly increased initially, tending towards normality with chronic use (&gt; 3 months) of the drug <sup>5</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. I</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0523-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The incidence of thyroid dysfunction ranges from 2 to 24% and may occur from the beginning of the treatment up to 3 years after suspending the drug. The development of hypothyroidism is greater in the areas where iodine ingestion is not deficient, while, in the areas of iodine deficiency, thyrotoxicosis prevails <sup>6-9</sup>. Some factors, such as familial history of thyroid disease, presence of antithyroid antibodies, and elevated baseline TSH levels may be associated with clinical thyroid dysfunction <sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Even knowing the effects of amiodarone on thyroid function, many physicians do not perform appropriate monitoring. A recent study<sup>11</sup> with 39 cardiologists showed that only 37% of those who prescribed amiodarone requested hormone measurements prior to the prescription, and only 10% sought for a marker of autoimmunity.</p>
      <p>The major objective of this study was to determine the unknown prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients receiving amiodarone. We also analyzed the possible factors associated with the development of thyroid dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A prospective study was carried out to assess patients chronically (&gt; 3 months) receiving amiodarone, independent of the dose used. The parameters studied were as follows: age; sex; goiter on palpation; presence of previous thyroid disease (thyroiditis, nodule, hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism); and autoimmune disease (previous or present). In addition to the daily dose, the total dose of amiodarone since the beginning of the treatment was calculated. The following serum measurements were taken: anti-TPO antibodies (RV: &lt; 35 IU); free T4 (RV: 0.8 - 1.9 ng/dL); total T3 (RV: 82 - 179 ng/dL); and TSH (RV: 0.4 - 4.0 &#181;UI/mL). The project was approved by the committee on ethics in research of the Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital of the medical school of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).</p>
      <p>The following patients were excluded from the study: patients receiving supra-physiological doses of lithium or glycocorticoids; patients with chronic renal failure; and individuals who had already been diagnosed with hypo- or hyperthyroidism, but lacked reliable information whether the dysfunction appeared before or after starting amiodarone.</p>
      <p>All patients with TSH levels out of the reference range values (0.4 - 4.0 &#181;IU/mL), accompanied or not by alterations in the T3, free T4, or anti-TPO levels, or both, and by clinical manifestations were defined as having thyroid dysfunction. Patients with the following characteristics were analyzed separately: subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH &gt; 4.0 and normal free T4); hypothyroidism (TSH &gt; 4.0 and free T4 &lt; 0.8); subclinical hyperthyroidism (TSH &lt; 0.4 and normal free T4); and hyperthyroidism (TSH &lt; 0.4 and free T4 &gt; 1.9).</p>
      <p>To assess the role played by amiodarone in thyroid dysfunction, a questionnaire was given to 63 cardiologists, and was immediately collected after completion without identifying the interviewee. The cardiologists were randomly chosen among those present in the service of the university-affiliated Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital (UFRJ) and the Hospital de Cardiologia de Laranjeiras, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, at the moment the researcher delivered the questionnaire.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was performed using the EPI-INFO (version 6.04) program. Means, standard deviations, and medians were calculated for the continuous variables, and proportions with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated for the categorical variables. The chi-square test was used for comparing the proportions; the <italic>t</italic> test was used for comparing 2 means, when the variances were homogeneous according to the Bartlett test; and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparing 2 means, when the variances were not homogeneous. The significance level of P &lt; 0.05 was adopted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study comprised 56 patients [31 (55.4%) females and 25 (44.6%) males] with a mean age of 58.0 &#177; 14.3 years. On clinical examination, 4 (6%) patients had goiter as follows: 1 patient had hyperthyroidism, 2 had subclinical hypothyroidism, and the other had normal readings for all hormone measurements.</p>
      <p>Positivity for anti-TPO antibodies was found in 5 (7.5%) patients as follows: 2 had hypothyroidism, 1 had subclinical hypothyroidism, 1 had subclinical hyperthyroidism, and the other had euthyroidism (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">tab. II</xref>). The frequency of thyroid dysfunction in these patients was greater than that found in patients whose anti-TPO antibody levels were negative (80% vs 29.4%; P=0.04).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0523-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Nineteen (33.9%) patients had thyroid dysfunction (TD). No significant difference was found between this group and that of patients without thyroid dysfunction, except for the greater prevalence of anti-TPO antibody positivity in patients with thyroid dysfunction (P = 0.02) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">tab. III</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0523-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Clinical hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 6 (10.7%) patients, 4 females and 2 males. The number of patients positive for anti-TPO antibodies was also greater in this group than in the euthyroid group (33.3% vs 2.7%; P=0.006). No difference between the 2 groups was observed in regard to age, daily and cumulative dose, and duration of the use of amiodarone.</p>
      <p>Ten (17.9%) patients had subclinical hypothyroidism. No statistical difference was observed between these patients and euthyroid patients with regards to sex, age, daily and cumulative dose, length of treatment, and prevalence of positivity for anti-TPO antibodies. Clinical hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 1 (1.8%) patient, and subclinical hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 2 (3.6%) patients.</p>
      <p>Of the questionnaires analyzed, 39.7% of the physicians prescribed amiodarone frequently (once a week or more), 39.7% of the physicians prescribed amiodarone occasionally (once or twice a month), and 20.6% of the physicians prescribed the drug rarely. The routine laboratory assessment of thyroid function prior to prescribing the antiarrhythmic drug was very heterogeneous among the cardiologists <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">(tab. IV</xref>). The most required hormone measurements were TSH (100%), free T4 (74%), and T3 (52%) levels. Only 1 (2%) physician required anti-TPO antibody levels. In addition to hormone measurements, 68% regularly conducted a targeted anamnesis in search for previous thyroid disease, 24% conducted it occasionally, and 8% never asked about it.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0523-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>After beginning the treatment with amiodarone, 49.2% of the interviewees always monitored their patients' thyroid function, 28.6% monitored it occasionally (some patients), and 20.6% monitored thyroid function only in patients with clinical signs of thyroid dysfunction. During follow-up, the most required measurements were TSH (98.4%), free T4 (74.6%), and T3 (41.3%) levels. The anti-TPO antibody measurement was required by 6.3% of the physicians.</p>
      <p>Another question analyzed was the management adopted by cardiologists in face of the different cases of thyroid dysfunction. In hypothyroidism, 85.7% of the physicians suspended the medication, and, in hyperthyroidism, 82.4% did. In subclinical dysfunctions, this percentage was 54% and 52.4% in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, respectively.</p>
      <p>Most (42.9%) cardiologists interviewed reported that clinical or laboratory thyroid dysfunction, or both, was present in 1 to 10% of the patients using amiodarone (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">tab. V</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0523-00005-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Replacement of the drug by another antiarrhythmic agent was always a problem for 36.5% of the cardiologists, and was a problem only in some cases for 46% of the cardiologists interviewed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic drug, and, despite its well-known side effects, the number of patients chronically using that drug and not investigated for possible complications is high, particularly regarding thyroid status. In medical practice, the frequency of thyroid dysfunction, the diagnostic methods used, and the managements adopted are extremely varied.</p>
      <p>Among our patients, the prevalence of laboratory thyroid dysfunction was elevated. It is worth emphasizing that those diagnosed with hypo- or hyperthyroidism were excluded, and, therefore, the prevalence of actual thyroid dysfunction in that population was greater than 33.9%. It was difficult to compare this value with that in the literature, because no definition exists for thyroid dysfunction in patients using amiodarone, which is common in published studies, resulting in a varied prevalence (2 to 24%) <sup>7,12-19</sup>. The fact that our prevalence was similar to that found in some studies assessing patients before and during the use of the drug allows us to believe that a causal association exists between the development of thyroid dysfunction and the use of amiodarone. In addition, our prevalence was much greater than that of the general population, which ranges from 7 to 10%, when only an alteration in the TSH levels is used for diagnosis <sup>20,21</sup>. A study carried out with the staff of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro found that 7.3% of the sample had an alteration in TSH levels (Reis, 2001).</p>
      <p>No difference was observed between patients with and without thyroid dysfunction in regard to sex, age, duration of use and dose of amiodarone, similarly to that which is found in the literature <sup>7,15-17,18,22,23</sup>. Some authors have shown that being female is a risk factor for the development of thyroid dysfunction associated with the use of amiodarone, probably due to the fact that females have a greater risk of developing autoimmune thyroid diseases, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease <sup>14,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of clinical hypothyroidism was 10.7%. Studies on follow-up of patients before and during the use of amiodarone reported an incidence of hypothyroidism ranging from 3.6 to 19.2%. Some authors considered as having amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism patients with only laboratory alterations <sup>14,18,24-26</sup>, while others used the association with clinical manifestations of thyroid hypofunction as a diagnostic criterion <sup>7,13,16,27-28</sup>. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the general population ranged from 0.5 to 2% <sup>29-32</sup>.</p>
      <p>Only 1 (1.8%) patient was diagnosed with clinical hyperthyroidism. This percentage was similar to that in the literature, and considering other studies with patients using amiodarone carried out in an area with no iodine deficiency, it was lower than the prevalence of clinical hypothyroidism <sup>18,22,27,33</sup>. It is worth emphasizing that the clinical manifestation of these patients may be only the recurrence of an arrhythmia that had already been previously controlled with amiodarone <sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were diagnosed in 21.5% of the sample. As expected in iodine-sufficient areas, hypothyroidism was more prevalent than hyperthyroidism (17.9% vs 3.6%). The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in the general population as reported in a recent study using diagnostic criteria and reference values equal to those used in our study was 10.8% <sup>34</sup>. Tunbridge et al <sup>35</sup> carried out one of the most important studies on thyroid disorders in the healthy population and defined as having mild hypothyroidism patients with TSH levels above 6.0 IU/mL, finding a prevalence of 5%. Comparing this value with that found in our study using the same cut point (TSH &gt; 6 IU/mL), a significant difference was observed (5% vs 17.9%; P=0.000073). We concluded that in the population using amiodarone, the prevalence of hypothyroidism may be 3 to 4 times greater.</p>
      <p>Some patients with subclinical disease may reverse the scenario spontaneously or with the suspension of amiodarone <sup>25,36-38</sup>. Nevertheless, some patients require treatment for relieving the clinical manifestations or reducing some associated risk factors, such as osteoporosis and atrial fibrillation in the case of hyperthyroidism, or dyslipidemia, myocardial or muscle dysfunction, or both, in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism <sup>29,39-41</sup>. For these reasons, identifying patients with subclinical disease using amiodarone is extremely important.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of positivity for anti-TPO antibodies was similar to that in studies assessing the development of antithyroid antibodies in patients using amiodarone <sup>42,43</sup>. The high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in anti-TPO-positive patients found in our case series (80%) suggests that patients with autoimmune thyroid disease are at a greater risk of developing hypothyroidism <sup>44</sup>.</p>
      <p>The information on the management adopted by cardiologists regarding the follow-up of thyroid function in patients chronically using amiodarone is scarce. We found only 1 study assessing these specialists in regard to the amiodarone versus thyroid function binomial <sup>11</sup>, showing the need for implementing a clinical and laboratory routine so that patients with alterations in thyroid function can always be diagnosed and managed in the most appropriate manner.</p>
      <p>Most cardiologists interviewed (80%) prescribed amiodarone at least once or twice a month, suggesting that they had theoretical and practical knowledge about the antiarrhythmic drug. Despite this, only 17.5% asked for a laboratory thyroid evaluation before prescribing the drug. This number was lower than that found by Binz et al <sup>11</sup>, who showed that 37% of the cardiologists of a private hospital and 100% of those in a university-affiliated hospital required that evaluation. In our study, we did not find this division, because most of the interviewees belonged to both public (university-affiliated hospital) and private services concomitantly. The evaluation of hormones and antibodies before starting the treatment may identify the patients who should be monitored more frequently or may contraindicate the use of the drug, even transitorily (until treating the thyroid disease) in those with dysfunction. Although we did not ask about the indications for using amiodarone, we know that atrial fibrillation is one of them and may be one of the major manifestations of hyperthyroidism, justifying, therefore, the measurement of TSH levels in these patients <sup>45</sup>.</p>
      <p>Few cardiologists asked their patients whether they had any thyroid disease before starting amiodarone as compared with those found by Binz <sup>11</sup>: 65% vs 95%. Patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases or altered TSH levels are known to be at a greater risk of developing thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism induced by amiodarone. In our opinion, all patients should be asked about that fact, because this is a simple, easy, and costless manner to identify a risk factor for a possible complication of the drug.</p>
      <p>Most cardiologists reported that in cases of hyper- or hypothyroidism they do not prescribe amiodarone. Hyperthyroidism is an actual contraindication to the use of that drug, which is not the case of hypothyroid patients being properly medicated with thyroid hormones <sup>11</sup>. Based on the questionnaire, we cannot know whether these physicians use another antiarrhythmic agent, or whether they treat the thyroid dysfunction first and introduce amiodarone later.</p>
      <p>The number of physicians who reported routinely monitoring thyroid function (49.2%) was lower than that expected. The literature shows that all patients using a drug should be assessed periodically in regard to their thyroid function. The interval recommended between the measurements may range from 3 to 12 months <sup>2,8,10-11,28,36,38,46</sup>.</p>
      <p>The most cited serum measurements in our questionnaire were TSH (98.4%), free T4 (74.6%), and T3 (41.3%). The search for anti-TPO antibodies was reported by 6.5% of the specialists. There is no consensus in the literature in regard to the laboratory tests for the follow-up of these patients. The measurement of TSH levels seems to be the best test for screening, while the measurement of free T4 and T3 should be reserved for patients with altered TSH levels <sup>47</sup>. The measurement of anti-TPO antibody level helps in the etiological diagnosis of the dysfunction and in the differentiation between type I and type II thyrotoxicosis <sup>48</sup>. Some authors recommend that, in cases of hyperthyroidism (even subclinical), amiodarone should be suspended, and, in cases of hypothyroidism, the patient should continue to use it if they are adequately medicated with levothyroxine <sup>11,26,46</sup>.</p>
      <p>One of the most interesting questions in the questionnaire was that about the percentage of patients who developed clinical or laboratory thyroid dysfunction according to the individual experience of the physician. Forty-nine cardiologists (77.8%) reported values ranging from 1 to 10%. This frequency was similar to the result obtained by Binz et al <sup>11</sup> (72 to 95% of the cardiologists). The frequency estimated by the specialists, approximately 3 times smaller than that found in our case series (33.9%), was due to their lack of investigation. One factor reinforcing this hypothesis is that only half the interviewees reported performing a routine assessment of thyroid function.</p>
      <p>In this study, a high prevalence of unknown thyroid dysfunction was observed in patients using amiodarone. Although these data are already known in the medical literature, many patients have not been investigated for this possible complication. No clinical, laboratory, or epidemiological variables have been found in association with thyroid dysfunction, except for anti-TPO antibody positivity, which reinforces the fact that all individuals using amiodarone should be monitored. A great disagreement was found among cardiologists regarding the best type of follow-up for patients using amiodarone, showing the need for implementing a laboratory routine.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Anna Gabriela Fuks </p>
          <p> Rua Engenheiro Cort&#234;s Sigaud, 100/104 &#150; Cep 22450-150 </p>
          <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="agfuks@yahoo.com.br">agfuks@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 6/3/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 10/13/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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