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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jbJ9JYL8HXMn9J874s9YDdL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000600004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000600004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A ecocardiografia com contraste no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em candidatos ao transplante hep&#225;tico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pavarino</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corbucci</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lio Augusto dos Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchi</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mata</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Fernanda da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>515</fpage>
      <lpage>518</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a import&#226;ncia da ecocardiografia com contraste no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em portadores de doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas graves, candidatos a transplante. M&#201;TODOS: Estudados 76 pacientes com doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas cr&#244;nicas, sem evid&#234;ncias de doen&#231;as intr&#237;nsecas pulmonares, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas com comunica&#231;&#245;es intracard&#237;acas, submetidos ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, sendo que em 32 realizou-se, consecutivamente, o estudo transesof&#225;gico. O resultado da ecocardiografia com contraste foi positivo quando detectada a presen&#231;a de contraste em c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas, 4 a 6 ciclos card&#237;acos, ap&#243;s opacifica&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas. RESULTADOS: A preval&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares foi de 53,9% (41/76 pacientes). A sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico em rela&#231;&#227;o ao transesof&#225;gico, na confirma&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades vasculares pulmonares em hepatopatas foi, respectivamente, de 75%, 100%, 100%, 80% e 87,5%. O grau de oxigena&#231;&#227;o arterial n&#227;o apresentou qualquer correla&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico positivo. CONCLUS&#195;O: A ecocardiografia com contraste mostrou-se eficaz, de utiliza&#231;&#227;o f&#225;cil e segura em candidatos ao transplante hep&#225;tico. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico pode ser empregado na rotina diagn&#243;stica das dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares, reservando-se o estudo transesof&#225;gico para os casos inconclusivos com suspeita cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>ecocardiografia com contraste</kwd>
        <kwd>dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares</kwd>
        <kwd>transplante hep&#225;tico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia com contraste no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em candidatos ao transplante hep&#225;tico </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo Roberto Pavarino; H&#233;lio Augusto dos Reis Corbucci; Carlos Henrique de Marchi; Paula Fernanda da Mata; Moacir Fernandes de Godoy</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital de Base de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - SP e Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - SP </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar a import&#226;ncia da ecocardiografia com contraste no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em portadores de doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas graves, candidatos a transplante. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Estudados 76 pacientes com doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas cr&#244;nicas, sem evid&#234;ncias de doen&#231;as intr&#237;nsecas pulmonares, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas com comunica&#231;&#245;es intracard&#237;acas, submetidos ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, sendo que em 32 realizou-se, consecutivamente, o estudo transesof&#225;gico. O resultado da ecocardiografia com contraste foi positivo quando detectada a presen&#231;a de contraste em c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas, 4 a 6 ciclos card&#237;acos, ap&#243;s opacifica&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A preval&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares foi de 53,9% (41/76 pacientes). A sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico em rela&#231;&#227;o ao transesof&#225;gico, na confirma&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades vasculares pulmonares em hepatopatas foi, respectivamente, de 75%, 100%, 100%, 80% e 87,5%. O grau de oxigena&#231;&#227;o arterial n&#227;o apresentou qualquer correla&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico positivo. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A ecocardiografia com contraste mostrou-se eficaz, de utiliza&#231;&#227;o f&#225;cil e segura em candidatos ao transplante hep&#225;tico. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico pode ser empregado na rotina diagn&#243;stica das dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares, reservando-se o estudo transesof&#225;gico para os casos inconclusivos com suspeita cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>ecocardiografia com contraste, dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares, transplante hep&#225;tico</p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica e dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares vem sendo enfatizada por diversos autores h&#225; v&#225;rios anos, permitindo conhecer aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da hipoxemia arterial encontrada em alguns pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, denominada s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar. Esta condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; caracterizada pela tr&#237;ade de disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, dilata&#231;&#227;o vascular intrapulmonar e hipoxemia<sup>1-11</sup>. A vasodilata&#231;&#227;o capilar pulmonar &#233; complica&#231;&#227;o extra-hep&#225;tica de doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica grave, provavelmente por media&#231;&#227;o vasoativa do &#243;xido n&#237;trico<sup>2,7,11-13</sup>, promovendo a ocorr&#234;ncia de shunt direita-esquerda intrapulmonar, com conseq&#252;ente altera&#231;&#227;o na difus&#227;o alveolo-capilar e desequil&#237;brio ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o pulmonar. <sup>1,9,11,14,15</sup> Em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, tanto a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o arterial, como as comunica&#231;&#245;es arteriovenosas pulmonares verdadeiras podem estar presentes<sup>1,15</sup>. Os pacientes podem apresentar gasometria arterial normal ou hipoxemia arterial em 9-29% dos casos, que pode ser grave e estar associada &#224; cianose e dispn&#233;ia. <sup>1,3,7,16,17</sup> Condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas com d&#233;bito card&#237;aco elevado, resist&#234;ncias vasculares sist&#234;mica e pulmonar baixas, e redu&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do de oxig&#234;nio arterial e venoso misto, podem, tamb&#233;m, estar presentes<sup>1,5-7,10-12,18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dentre os m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos utilizados para identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em pacientes com doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas cr&#244;nicas, incluem-se a ecocardiografia com contraste, a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o pulmonar com macroagregado de albumina marcado com tecn&#233;cio99 e a angiografia pulmonar. A ecocardiografia com contraste &#233; considerada padr&#227;o-ouro no diagn&#243;stico desta condi&#231;&#227;o, apresentando in&#250;meras vantagens sobre outros m&#233;todos, permitindo, inclusive, detectar <italic>shunts</italic> intrapulmonares em pacientes com estudo angiogr&#225;fico e/ou gasometria arterial normais. Estudos recentes destacam a superioridade diagn&#243;stica da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica com contraste na pesquisa de altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares neste grupo de pacientes<sup>3,6,12,16-19-26</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os resultados da ecocardiografia com contraste, nas modalidades transtor&#225;cica e transesof&#225;gica, al&#233;m de determinar sua import&#226;ncia no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em candidatos ao transplante hep&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia com contraste foi realizada, consecutivamente, em 76 pacientes que apresentavam doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas graves e avan&#231;adas, inclu&#237;dos no protocolo de transplante hep&#225;tico. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as pulmonares cr&#244;nicas, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas com comunica&#231;&#245;es intracard&#237;acas. O estudo foi realizado ap&#243;s esclarecimento individual sobre os objetivos da investiga&#231;&#227;o e consentimento escrito, p&#243;s-informado. O protocolo de pesquisa foi avaliado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 44 &#177; 14,6 anos, sendo 59 (77,6%) homens e 18 (22,4%) mulheres. Dos 76 pacientes com hepatopatia avan&#231;ada, 72 apresentavam diagn&#243;stico de cirrose hep&#225;tica e 4 de fibrose hep&#225;tica. Entre os pacientes com les&#227;o hepatocelular, 12 apresentavam cirrose alco&#243;lica, 9 hepatite B, 16 hepatite C, 3 hepatite B e C, 15 cirrose mista (hepatite B e/ou C associada ao &#225;lcool), 9 cirrose criptog&#234;nica, 2 cirrose auto-imune, 3 cirrose biliar (obstru&#231;&#227;o biliar prim&#225;ria), 1 hemocromatose, 1 esteato-hepatite n&#227;o alco&#243;lica e 1 com doen&#231;a de Wilson. Dos pacientes com fibrose intra-hep&#225;tica ou extra-hep&#225;tica, 1 apresentava esquistossomose, 1 paracoccidiodomicose e 2 doen&#231;as veno-oclusivas (1 trombose de veia porta, 1 s&#237;ndrome de Budd-Chiari).</p>
    <p>Foram utilizados equipamentos da marca ATL (<italic>Advanced Technology Laboratories Inc.,Bothel,</italic> USA) para obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens bidimensionais, de acordo com t&#233;cnicas e cortes previamente estabelecidos, com o paciente em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo<sup>27</sup>. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com contraste foi realizada em aparelho HDI 5000 com transdutor <italic>phased array</italic> eletr&#244;nico de banda larga, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 2 a 4 MHz, utilizando-se a imagem em segunda harm&#244;nica em todos os exames, a fim de reduzir artefatos de imagem e aumentar a resolu&#231;&#227;o do contraste. A ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica com contraste foi realizada em aparelho Apogee CX 200, com introdu&#231;&#227;o de sonda esof&#225;gica multiplanar de 5,0 MHz a uma profundidade de aproximadamente 30cm da arcada dent&#225;ria superior, ap&#243;s anestesia local da orofaringe. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do corte ecocardiogr&#225;fico de 4 c&#226;maras permitiu a visibiliza&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea dos &#225;trios e, quando poss&#237;vel, das veias pulmonares superiores esquerda e direita<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram realizadas medidas do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, dimens&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, obten&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pelo m&#233;todo de cubagem dos di&#226;metros e estimativa da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito pela regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide, utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o modificada de Bernoulli<sup>28,30-33</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi desenvolvido seguindo os m&#233;todos publicados por Krowka e cols.<sup>11</sup> e Aller e cols<sup>3</sup>. As microbolhas foram produzidas manualmente, promovendo-se a transfer&#234;ncia de 10mL de solu&#231;&#227;o salina entre 2 seringas conectadas em equipo de tr&#234;s vias, por 10 a 15 vezes, e, a seguir, administrada rapidamente em acesso venoso perif&#233;rico. O estudo foi considerado positivo, quando detectada a presen&#231;a anormal de contraste em c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas, com um atraso de 4 a 6 ciclos card&#237;acos, ap&#243;s opacifica&#231;&#227;o inicial das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>). Em geral foram feitas tr&#234;s inje&#231;&#245;es para determinar a reprodutibilidade; os resultados foram gravados em fitas de videocassete e analisados por dois observadores. As inje&#231;&#245;es subseq&#252;entes foram iniciadas somente ap&#243;s completa remo&#231;&#227;o das microbolhas das cavidades direita e esquerda. De acordo com a opacifica&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo, realizou-se an&#225;lise semiquantitativa das microbolhas, seguindo os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos por Aller e cols<sup>3</sup>. A compara&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da intensidade m&#225;xima das imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas produzidas pelas microbolhas entre as cavidades card&#237;acas direita e esquerda, permitiu considerar como grau 1 a aus&#234;ncia de microbolhas; grau 2 a passagem de poucas microbolhas isoladas; grau 3 a passagem de numerosas microbolhas isoladas; grau 4 a passagem de numerosas microbolhas resultando em aumento da ecogenicidade; grau 5 a opacifica&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo, mas em grau menor que o &#225;trio direito; grau 6 a opacifica&#231;&#227;o completa do &#225;trio esquerdo similar ao &#225;trio direito. Os graus 1 e 2 foram considerados normais ou aus&#234;ncia de vasodilata&#231;&#245;es pulmonares; o grau 3, como presen&#231;a de discretas vasodilata&#231;&#245;es pulmonares, e finalmente, os graus 4 a 6 como vasodilata&#231;&#245;es pulmonares significativas ou importantes.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0515-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio (PaO<sub>2</sub>) foi determinada em amostras de sangue arterial, colhidas da art&#233;ria radial, em ar ambiente, o mais pr&#243;ximo poss&#237;vel do dia do estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico (1-3 dias). O valor da PaO<sub>2</sub>, quando inferior a 70 mmHg, foi considerado indicativo de hipoxemia arterial.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas com aux&#237;lio do teste t de Student empregando-se a corre&#231;&#227;o de Tukey, caso necess&#225;rio. A compara&#231;&#227;o das freq&#252;&#234;ncias foi realizada com aux&#237;lio do teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. Admitiu-se erro alfa de 5%, sendo considerados significantes os valores de P <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos foram bem tolerados, e o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico realizado sem complica&#231;&#245;es. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia com contraste, transtor&#225;cica e transesof&#225;gica, permitiu demonstrar a presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares em 53,9% (41/76) dos pacientes. No estudo transtor&#225;cico, isoladamente, observou-se uma preval&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em 48,7% (37/76) dos casos. Dos 32 pacientes submetidos, consecutivamente, ao estudo transesof&#225;gico, 16 apresentaram ecocardiograma com contraste positivo (50%); (P = 1,0; teste exato de Fisher). Quatro pacientes com estudo transtor&#225;cico, inicialmente inconclusivo, foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico e considerados positivos. A s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar esteve presente em apenas 4 (5,3%) pacientes. Seguindo os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos por Aller e cols.<sup>3</sup>, 16 (21%) pacientes apresentavam vasodilata&#231;&#245;es pulmonares discretas; 25 (33%) vasodilata&#231;&#245;es pulmonares significantes e os 35 (46%) estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico normal. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou sensibilidade de 75%, especificidade de 100%, valor preditivo positivo de 100%, valor preditivo negativo de 80% e acur&#225;cia de 87,5%, no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares, quando comparado ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, considerado padr&#227;o ouro.</p>
    <p>Analisando-se a etiologia da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, 28 (46,7%) dos 60 pacientes com cirrose por destrui&#231;&#227;o hepatocelular, 8 (88,9%) de 9 pacientes com cirrose criptog&#234;nica, 3 com cirrose biliar e 2 com cirrose por doen&#231;as veno-oclusivas apresentaram ecocardiograma positivo. Comparando-se os resultados de pacientes com cirrose criptog&#234;nica com dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares aos pacientes com todas as outras etiologias, pelo teste do c<sup>2,</sup> n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre os grupos (P = 0,059). Entretanto, ao se comparar a cirrose criptog&#234;nica isoladamente, com as que cursam com destrui&#231;&#227;o hepatocelular, a diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significativa (P = 0,044).</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis gasom&#233;tricas e ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela I</xref>. A hipoxemia arterial esteve presente em 9 (15,9%) dos 76 pacientes, sendo que, apenas 4 (44,4%) apresentaram evid&#234;ncias de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares. Dos 67 pacientes sem hipoxemia arterial, 37 (55,2%) apresentaram ecocardiograma positivo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0515-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As mudan&#231;as vasculares pulmonares encontradas em hepatopatas cr&#244;nicos s&#227;o vasodilata&#231;&#245;es disseminadas com di&#226;metros variando de 15 a 150 &#181;m, mais not&#225;vel em n&#237;vel capilar e pr&#243;ximo &#224;s &#225;reas de trocas gasosas. O desvio de fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar para os capilares dilatados, evita unidades alveolares funcionantes, comprometendo a rela&#231;&#227;o difus&#227;o-perfus&#227;o pulmonar, com conseq&#252;ente queda da satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio<sup>1,5,7,9-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>As anormalidades vasculares intrapulmonares n&#227;o s&#227;o detectadas rotineiramente, por sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o incomum na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e por apresentar aspectos inespec&#237;ficos em exames de rotina<sup>34</sup>. Estudos com ecocardiografia de contraste em pacientes com cirrose hep&#225;tica grave mostram exist&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em 13 a 47% dos pacientes, mesmo em estudos angiogr&#225;ficos normais<sup>1,3,4,7,11,16,17,35,36</sup>. Em nossso estudo, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares, utilizando-se a ecocardiografia com contraste, foi poss&#237;vel em 41 dos 76 pacientes estudados, ou seja, 53,9% dos casos, resultado semelhante aos da literatura.</p>
    <p>Estudos de Vedrinne e cols.<sup>24</sup> e Aller e cols.<sup>3</sup> demonstraram a superioridade da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica com contraste no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em candidatos a transplante hep&#225;tico<sup>3,24,25</sup>. A ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, considerada padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares, em nosso estudo, permitiu demonstrar a presen&#231;a desta condi&#231;&#227;o em 50% (16/32) dos casos. Em quatro pacientes com estudo transtor&#225;cico previamente inconclusivo, por janela ac&#250;stica inadequada, somente foi poss&#237;vel a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares ap&#243;s utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de imagem em segunda harm&#244;nica no ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, em nosso estudo, contribuiu de forma significativa para obten&#231;&#227;o de resultados satisfat&#243;rios e semelhantes ao estudo transesof&#225;gico. Ao se comparar a propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares diagnosticada pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e transesof&#225;gico, pelo teste de Fisher, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os achados (P=1), mostrando que a efic&#225;cia dos dois m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos &#233; equivalente. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados da ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e transesof&#225;gica com contraste, realizada consecutivamente em 32 pacientes, demonstrou sensibilidade de 75%, especificidade de 100%, valor preditivo positivo de 100%, valor preditivo negativo de 80% e acur&#225;cia de 87,5%, o que valida a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com contraste e imagem em segunda harm&#244;nica como um teste diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido, seguro, incruento, confi&#225;vel e barato, no estudo destes pacientes.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar, geralmente relatada em 9 a 29% dos casos de insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica<sup>1,3,7,16,17</sup>, em nosso estudo foi encontrada em 5,3% (4 casos). No presente estudo, o grau de oxigena&#231;&#227;o arterial n&#227;o apresentou qualquer correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica com a ocorr&#234;ncia de ecocardiograma positivo. Estes achados s&#227;o semelhantes aos de Krowka e cols.<sup>18</sup>, que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o entre anormalidades vasculares pulmonares e gases sang&#252;&#237;neos, em pacientes com ecocardiograma positivo (13,2% dos casos) comparado &#224;queles com estudo normal. Mimidis e cols.<sup>4</sup> tamb&#233;m encontraram gasometria arterial normal em 56 indiv&#237;duos cirr&#243;ticos, sendo que apenas 8 (14,3%) apresentavam ecocardiograma com contraste positivo. Vedrinne e cols.<sup>24</sup>, entretanto, encontraram hipoxemia em 56% e 33% dos pacientes, com <italic>shunts</italic> intrapulmonares diagnosticados pela ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica e transtor&#225;cica, respectivamente. Quanto aos valores da PaO<sub>2</sub> m&#233;dia encontrados neste estudo, foram semelhantes nos diferentes graus de opacifica&#231;&#227;o de cavidades card&#237;acas esquerdas (P = 0,859), a despeito dos resultados de Hopkins e cols.<sup>36</sup>, em que os valores foram significativamente menores em indiv&#237;duos com opacifica&#231;&#227;o maior das cavidades esquerdas (P &lt; 0,01). Diante de nossos resultados, &#233; poss&#237;vel afirmar que eventuais anormalidades da oxigena&#231;&#227;o arterial em pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica n&#227;o devem ser consideradas indicadoras de <italic>shunts</italic> intrapulmonares e, isoladamente, n&#227;o fazem o diagn&#243;stico desta condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Frente a uma prov&#225;vel condi&#231;&#227;o circulat&#243;ria hiperdin&#226;mica existente em indiv&#237;duos com <italic>shunts</italic> vasculares intrapulmonares, que pudesse ocasionar altera&#231;&#245;es de di&#226;metro e volume das cavidades esquerdas ou de press&#227;o no leito vascular pulmonar, o presente estudo n&#227;o encontrou qualquer correla&#231;&#227;o entre estas vari&#225;veis e o diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares &#224; ecocardiografia com contraste. Quanto aos achados da etiologia da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, apesar de interessantes, n&#227;o apresentam suporte fisiopatol&#243;gico que permita afirmar que dist&#250;rbios vasculares pulmonares sejam mais freq&#252;entes em determinados grupos de pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com contraste por microbolhas, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de imagem em segunda harm&#244;nica, deve ser recomendada na avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina e seguimento evolutivo de pacientes com doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas graves, candidatos ao transplante hep&#225;tico, para identifica&#231;&#227;o de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares ou diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar. Os casos inconclusivos, com forte suspeita cl&#237;nica, devem ser submetidos ao estudo transesof&#225;gico. O significado cl&#237;nico destes achados no progn&#243;stico de pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica terminal aguarda estudos futuros.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Dr. Paulo Roberto Pavarino </p>
        <p> Rua Jos&#233; Felipe Antonio, 303/32 - Bl.07 </p>
        <p> Jd. Vivendas S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - Cep 15090-430 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pavarino@cardiol.br">pavarino@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 10/3/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 20/10/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilations in candidates for liver transplantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the importance of contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilations in patients with severe liver disease, who are candidates for liver transplantation. METHODS: The study comprised 76 patients with chronic liver disease and no evidence of intrinsic pulmonary disease, heart failure, or congenital heart disease with intracardiac communications, who underwent transthoracic echocardiography with second harmonic imaging. Thirty-two of them underwent consecutive transesophageal study. The result of contrast echocardiography was considered positive when the presence of contrast was detected in the left cardiac chambers with a delay of 4 to 6 cardiac cycles after initial opacification of the right cardiac chambers. RESULTS: The prevalence of intrapulmonary vascular dilations was 53.9% (41/76 patients). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of transthoracic echocardiography as compared with those of transesophageal echocardiography for confirming pulmonary vascular abnormalities in patients with liver disease were, respectively, 75%, 100%, 100%, 80%, and 87.5%. The degree of arterial oxygenation showed no correlation with the occurrence of a positive echocardiographic study. Arterial hypoxemia (PaO2 &lt; 70 mm Hg) was observed in 9 (15.9%) of the 76 patients. The echocardiographic study was positive in 37 (55.2%) of the 67 nonhypoxemic patients and in 4 (44.4%) of the 9 hypoxemic ones. CONCLUSION: Contrast echocardiography proved to be effective, easy, and safe to use in candidates for liver transplantation. Transthoracic echocardiography may be used in the diagnostic routine of intrapulmonary vascular dilations, the transesophageal study being reserved for inconclusive cases with clinical suspicion.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>contrast echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>intrapulmonary vascular dilations</kwd>
        <kwd>liver transplantation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilations in candidates for liver transplantation</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo Roberto Pavarino; H&#233;lio Augusto do Reis Corbucci; Carlos Henrique de Marchi; Paula Fernanda da Mata; Moacir Fernandes de Godoy</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Hospital de Base de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto and Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To determine the importance of contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilations in patients with severe liver disease, who are candidates for liver transplantation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The study comprised 76 patients with chronic liver disease and no evidence of intrinsic pulmonary disease, heart failure, or congenital heart disease with intracardiac communications, who underwent transthoracic echocardiography with second harmonic imaging. Thirty-two of them underwent consecutive transesophageal study. The result of contrast echocardiography was considered positive when the presence of contrast was detected in the left cardiac chambers with a delay of 4 to 6 cardiac cycles after initial opacification of the right cardiac chambers.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The prevalence of intrapulmonary vascular dilations was 53.9% (41/76 patients). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of transthoracic echocardiography as compared with those of transesophageal echocardiography for confirming pulmonary vascular abnormalities in patients with liver disease were, respectively, 75%, 100%, 100%, 80%, and 87.5%. The degree of arterial oxygenation showed no correlation with the occurrence of a positive echocardiographic study. Arterial hypoxemia (PaO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 70 mm Hg) was observed in 9 (15.9%) of the 76 patients. The echocardiographic study was positive in 37 (55.2%) of the 67 nonhypoxemic patients and in 4 (44.4%) of the 9 hypoxemic ones.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> Contrast echocardiography proved to be effective, easy, and safe to use in candidates for liver transplantation. Transthoracic echocardiography may be used in the diagnostic routine of intrapulmonary vascular dilations, the transesophageal study being reserved for inconclusive cases with clinical suspicion.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>contrast echocardiography, intrapulmonary vascular dilations, liver transplantation</p>
      <p>The association of liver disease and pulmonary vascular dilations has been emphasized by several authors for years, allowing for greater knowledge of the pathophysiological aspects of the arterial hypoxemia found in some patients with the chronic liver disease called hepatopulmonary syndrome. This clinical condition is characterized by the triad of liver dysfunction, intrapulmonary vascular dilation, and hypoxemia<sup>1-11</sup>. Pulmonary capillary vasodilation is an extrahepatic complication of severe liver disease, probably due to the vasoactive mediation of nitric oxide<sup>2,7,11-13</sup>, causing the occurrence of an intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt with a consequent alteration in alveolar-capillary diffusion and pulmonary ventilation/perfusion imbalance<sup>1,9,11,14,15</sup>. In advanced stages of liver disease, both arterial vasodilation and true pulmonary arteriovenous communications may be present<sup>1,15</sup>. The patients may have normal arterial blood gas analysis or arterial hypoxemia in 9-29% of the cases, which may be severe and associated with cyanosis and dyspnea<sup>1,3,7,16,17</sup>. Hemodynamic conditions with elevated cardiac output, low systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, and a reduction in the mixed arterial and venous oxygen content may also be present<sup>1,5-7,10-12,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Contrast echocardiography, lung perfusion scan with technetium99-labeled macroaggregated albumin, and pulmonary angiography are some of the diagnostic methods used for identifying intrapulmonary vascular alterations in patients with chronic liver disease. Contrast echocardiography is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of this condition with numerous advantages as compared with other methods, allowing the detection of intrapulmonary shunts in patients with normal angiographic study or arterial blood gas analysis, or both. Recent studies have emphasized the diagnostic superiority of contrast transesophageal echocardiography in the research for pulmonary vascular alterations in this group of patients<sup>3,6,12,16-19-26</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to compare the results of contrast echocardiography in the transthoracic and transesophageal modalities, in addition to determining its importance in the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilations in candidates for liver transplantation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Contrast echocardiography was consecutively performed in 76 patients with severe and advanced liver diseases, who had been included in the protocol for liver transplantation. Patients diagnosed with chronic pulmonary diseases, heart failure, and congenital heart diseases with intracardiac communications were excluded from the study. The study was conducted after an individual explanation about the objectives of the investigation was provided and informed written consent was obtained. The research protocol was evaluated and approved by the Committee on Ethics in Research of the institution.</p>
      <p>The patients' mean age was 44 &#177; 14.6 years, 59 (77.6%) were males and 18 (22.4%) were females. Of the 76 patients with advanced liver disease, 72 had been diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and 4 with liver fibrosis. Of the patients with hepatic cell damage, 12 had alcoholic cirrhosis, 9 had hepatitis B, 16 had hepatitis C, 3 had hepatitis B and C, 15 had mixed cirrhosis (hepatitis B or C, or both, associated with alcohol), 9 had cryptogenic cirrhosis, 2 had autoimmune cirrhosis, 3 had biliary cirrhosis (primary biliary obstruction), 1 had hemochromatosis, 1 had nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and 1 had Wilson's disease. Of the patients with intrahepatic or extrahepatic fibrosis, 1 had schistosomiasis, 1 had paracoccidiodomycosis, and 2 had veno-occlusive diseases (1 thrombosis of the portal vein and 1 Budd-Chiari syndrome).</p>
      <p>For obtaining 2-dimensional images, an ATL device (Advanced Technology Laboratories Inc., Bothel, WA, USA) was used according to previously established techniques and sections, with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position <sup>27</sup>. Contrast transthoracic echocardiography was performed in an HDI 5000 device with an electronic broadband phased-array transducer with a frequency of 2 to 4 MHz. Second harmonic imaging was used in all examinations to reduce imaging artifacts and to increase contrast resolution. Contrast transesophageal echocardiography was performed in a CX 200 Apogee device with the introduction of a multiplanar esophageal probe of 5.0 MHz at a depth of approximately 30 cm from the superior dental arch after local anesthesia of the pharynx. The use of 4-chamber echocardiographic view allowed for the simultaneous visualization of the atria and, when possible, of the left and right superior pulmonary veins<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
      <p>The following measurements were taken: diameter of the left atrium, diastolic and systolic dimensions of the left ventricle, the left ventricular ejection fraction using cubed diameters, and systolic pressure of the right ventricle estimated based on tricuspid regurgitation using the modified equation of Bernoulli<sup>28,30-33</sup>.</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic study was developed following the methods reported by Krowka et al<sup>11</sup> and Aller et al<sup>3</sup>. The microbubbles were manually produced by transferring 10 to 15 times 10 mL of saline solution from 1 syringe to another connected in a 3-way device, and, then, rapidly administered in a peripheral venous route. The study was considered positive when the abnormal presence of contrast was detected in left cardiac chambers with a delay of 4 to 6 cardiac cycles, after initial opacification of the right cardiac chambers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>). Three injections were usually performed to determine the reproducibility. The results were recorded in videocassette tapes and analyzed by 2 observers. The subsequent injections were initiated only after complete removal of the microbubbles from the right and left cavities. According to the opacification of the left atrium, a semiquantitative analysis of the microbubbles was performed according to the criteria established by Aller et al<sup>3</sup>. The simultaneous comparison of the maximum intensity of the echocardiographic images produced by the microbubbles between the right and left cardiac cavities provided the following classification: degree 1 - absence of microbubbles; degree 2 - passage of a few isolated microbubbles; degree 3 - passage of numerous isolated microbubbles; degree 4 - passage of numerous microbubbles resulting in an increase in echogenicity; degree 5 - opacification of the left atrium, but to a lesser extent as compared with that of the right atrium; degree 6 - complete opacification of the left atrium similar to that of the right atrium. Degrees 1 and 2 were considered normal or the absence of pulmonary vasodilations; degree 3 was considered to represent mild pulmonary vasodilations; and finally, degrees 4 to 6 were considered significant or important pulmonary vasodilations.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0515-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO<sub>2</sub>) was determined in samples of arterial blood collected from the radial artery under normal conditions, as close as possible to the day of echocardiographic study (1-3 days). A PaO<sub>2</sub> value lower than 70 mm Hg was considered an indication of arterial hypoxemia.</p>
      <p>The continuous quantitative variables were analyzed with the aid of the Student <italic>t</italic> test, and Tukey correction was used when necessary. The frequencies were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test. An alpha level of 5% was admitted, and P values <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All diagnostic procedures were well tolerated, and transesophageal echocardiography was performed with no complications. The use of transthoracic and transesophageal contrast echocardiography showed the presence of pulmonary vascular dilations in 53.9% (41/76) of the patients. In the transthoracic study in isolation, prevalence of intrapulmonary vascular dilations was observed in 48.7% (37/76) of the cases. Of the 32 patients consecutively undergoing transesophageal study, 16 (50%) had a positive contrast echocardiography (P = 1.0; Fisher exact test). Four patients with an initially inconclusive transthoracic study underwent transesophageal echocardiography and were considered positive. Hepatopulmonary syndrome was observed in only 4 (5.3%) patients. According to the criteria established by Aller et al<sup>3</sup>, 16 (21%) patients had mild pulmonary vasodilations, 25 (33%) patients had significant pulmonary vasodilations, and 35 (46%) had normal echocardiograms. Transthoracic echocardiography had a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, negative predictive value of 80%, and accuracy of 87.5% for the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilations as compared with transesophageal echocardiography, which is considered the gold standard.</p>
      <p>Analyzing the etiology of liver disease, 28 (46.7%) of the 60 patients with cirrhosis due to hepatic cell destruction, 8 (88.9%) of the 9 patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis, 3 with biliary cirrhosis, and 2 with cirrhosis due to veno-occlusive diseases had a positive echocardiogram. Comparing the results of the patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis and pulmonary vascular dilations with those of patients with cirrhosis due to all the other etiologies, by using the chi-square test, no significant statistical difference was found between the groups (P = 0.059). However, comparing cryptogenic cirrhosis in isolation with those with hepatic cell destruction, the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.044).</p>
      <p>The variables of blood gas analysis and of Doppler echocardiography are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_20702t1-body2">table I</xref>. Arterial hypoxemia was present in 9 (15.9%) of 76 patients, but only 4 (44.4%) had evidence of pulmonary vascular dilations. Of the 67 patients with no arterial hypoxemia, 37 (55.2%) had a positive echocardiogram.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_20702t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0515-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The pulmonary vascular changes found in patients with chronic liver disease are disseminated vasodilations with diameters ranging from 15 to 150 &#181;m, which are more prominent at the capillary level and close to gas exchange areas. The deviation of pulmonary blood flow to the dilated capillaries avoids the functioning alveolar units, impairing the pulmonary diffusion-perfusion relation with a consequent decrease in arterial oxygen saturation<sup>1,5,7,9-11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The intrapulmonary vascular abnormalities are not routinely detected because of their uncommon presentation in the general population and because of their unespecific appearance on routine examinations<sup>34</sup>. Studies<sup>1,3,4,7,11,16,17,35,36</sup> with contrast echocardiography in patients with severe liver cirrhosis have revealed the existence of intrapulmonary vascular dilations in 13 to 47% of the patients, even in normal angiographic studies. In our study, the identification of pulmonary vascular dilations using contrast echocardiography was possible in 41 of 76 patients studied, ie, 53.9% of the cases, a result similar to those in the literature.</p>
      <p>Studies by Vedrinne et al<sup>24</sup> and Aller et al<sup>3</sup> showed the superiority of contrast transesophageal echocardiography for diagnosing intrapulmonary vascular dilations in candidates for liver transplantation<sup>3,24,25</sup>. Transesophageal echocardiography, considered the gold standard for diagnosing intrapulmonary vascular dilations, allowed demonstration of the presence of that condition in 50% (16/32) of our cases. In 4 patients with previously inconclusive transthoracic study, due to an inadequate acoustic window, intrapulmonary vascular dilations could only be demonstrated after using transesophageal echocardiography. In our study, the use of second harmonic imaging in transthoracic echocardiography significantly contributed to the obtainment of satisfactory results similar to those in the transesophageal study. Comparing the proportion of individuals with pulmonary vascular dilations diagnosed on transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography using the Fisher test, no statistical difference was found (P=1), showing that the efficacy of the 2 diagnostic methods is equivalent. The comparison of the results of contrast transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography consecutively performed in 32 patients showed the following results: sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 100%; positive predictive value, 100%; negative predictive value, 80%; and accuracy, 87.5%. This validates contrast transthoracic echocardiography with second harmonic imaging as a rapid, safe, noninvasive, reliable, and inexpensive diagnostic test for studying these patients.</p>
      <p>Hepatopulmonary syndrome, usually reported in 9 to 29% of liver failure cases<sup>1,3,7,16,17</sup>, was found in 4 (5.3%) of our patients. In the present study, the degree of arterial oxygenation had no statistical correlation with the occurrence of a positive echocardiography. These findings are similar to those of Krowka et al<sup>18</sup>, who also did not report a correlation between pulmonary vascular abnormalities and blood gases in patients with a positive echocardiogram (13.2% of the cases) as compared with those with a normal echocardiogram. Mimidis et al<sup>4</sup> also found normal arterial blood gas analysis in 56 cirrhotic individuals, 8 (14.3%) of whom had a positive contrast echocardiogram. Vedrinne et al<sup>24</sup>, however, found hypoxemia in 56% and 33% of the patients with intrapulmonary shunts diagnosed on transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography, respectively. In regard to the mean PaO<sub>2</sub> values found in this study, they were similar in the different degrees of opacification of the left cardiac cavities (P= 0.859), despite the results by Hopkins et al<sup>36</sup>, which were significantly lower in individuals with greater opacification of the left cavities (P &lt; 0.01). Based on our results, one may state that occasional abnormalities in arterial oxygenation of patients with chronic liver disease should not be considered indicators of intrapulmonary shunts, and, in isolation, they do not indicate that condition.</p>
      <p>In the face of a probable hyperdynamic circulatory condition existing in individuals with intrapulmonary vascular shunts, which could cause alterations in the diameter and volume of the left cavities or in pulmonary vascular bed pressure, the present study did not find any correlation between these variables and the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilations on contrast echocardiography. In regard to the findings of the etiology of liver disease, although interesting, there is no pathophysiological support for the statement that pulmonary vascular disorders are more frequent in certain groups of patients with chronic liver disease.</p>
      <p>Briefly, contrast transthoracic echocardiography with microbubbles using second harmonic imaging should be recommended for routine assessment and follow-up of patients with severe liver disease, candidates for liver transplantation, for identifying intrapulmonary vascular dilations or diagnosing hepatopulmonary syndrome. The inconclusive cases with a strong clinical suspicion should undergo transesophageal study. The clinical significance of these findings in the prognosis of patients with terminal liver disease awaits further studies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Paulo Roberto Pavarino</p>
          <p> Rua Jos&#233; Felipe Antonio, 303/32 &#150; Bl.07</p>
          <p> S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil Cep 15090-430</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pavarino@cardiol.br">pavarino@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 3/10/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 10/20/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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