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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mYVhPkz3tQFcJZtPncFSnYq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000600003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000600003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Como o ecocardiograma pode ser &#250;til em predizer a morte em crian&#231;as com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Manuel Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albanesi F&#186;</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Manes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castier</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Bueno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Rangel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>505</fpage>
      <lpage>509</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores preditores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de morte em crian&#231;as com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 148 crian&#231;as com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica diagnosticadas entre setembro/1979 a mar&#231;o/2003. Crit&#233;rios para inclus&#227;o: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade no ecocardiograma, na aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita ou secund&#225;ria. Foram analisados 470 exames, durante 244,8 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Par&#226;metros analisados: dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (DAE), rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio esquerdo/aorta (DAE/Ao), dimens&#227;o sist&#243;lica (DSVE) e diast&#243;lica (DDVE) do VE, massa do VE (massa), dimens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (DVD), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FE), percentagem de encurtamento do VE (%EC), gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia das valvas atrioventriculares e da valva pulmonar e medida da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (PsVD) e diast&#243;lica (PdVD) do VD. Foi considerado significativo erro alfa &lt;0,05. RESULTADOS: Idade m&#233;dia de 2,37 anos, ocorridos 35 &#243;bitos (23,7% - IC95=17,1% a 31,2%). ANOVA demonstrou: DAE (p&lt;0,0001), DAE/Ao (p&lt;0,0001), DSVE (p=0,0061), DDVE (p=0,0086), massa (p&lt;0,0001), FE (p=0,0074), %EC (p=0,0072) e DVD (p&lt;0,0001). O agravamento da insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) (p=0,0113) e tric&#250;spide (IT) (p=0,0044) foram marcadores de &#243;bito e a presen&#231;a de IM, IT e insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar moderada/grave foram delet&#233;rias &#224; sobrevida. A an&#225;lise de Cox demonstrou como preditores independentes da morte: DAE/Ao (p=0,0487), FE (&lt;0,0001) e presen&#231;a de IM moderada/grave (p=0,0419). CONCLUS&#195;O: Os pacientes com aumento progressivo da DAE/Ao, redu&#231;&#227;o da FE e agravamento progressivo da IM, a despeito do tratamento cl&#237;nico, devem ser considerados precocemente em programa de transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograma</kwd>
        <kwd>preditores de morte</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como o ecocardiograma pode ser &#250;til em predizer a morte em crian&#231;as com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo; Francisco Manes Albanesi F&#186;; Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos; M&#225;rcia Bueno Castier; Bernardo Rangel Tura</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras e Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro </p>
    <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar os fatores preditores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de morte em crian&#231;as com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Estudo retrospectivo de 148 crian&#231;as com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica diagnosticadas entre setembro/1979 a mar&#231;o/2003. Crit&#233;rios para inclus&#227;o: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade no ecocardiograma, na aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita ou secund&#225;ria. Foram analisados 470 exames, durante 244,8 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Par&#226;metros analisados: dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (DAE), rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio esquerdo/aorta (DAE/Ao), dimens&#227;o sist&#243;lica (DSVE) e diast&#243;lica (DDVE) do VE, massa do VE (massa), dimens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (DVD), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FE), percentagem de encurtamento do VE (%EC), gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia das valvas atrioventriculares e da valva pulmonar e medida da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (PsVD) e diast&#243;lica (PdVD) do VD. Foi considerado significativo erro alfa &lt;0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> Idade m&#233;dia de 2,37 anos, ocorridos 35 &#243;bitos (23,7% - IC95=17,1% a 31,2%). ANOVA demonstrou: DAE (p&lt;0,0001), DAE/Ao (p&lt;0,0001), DSVE (p=0,0061), DDVE (p=0,0086), massa (p&lt;0,0001), FE (p=0,0074), %EC (p=0,0072) e DVD (p&lt;0,0001). O agravamento da insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) (p=0,0113) e tric&#250;spide (IT) (p=0,0044) foram marcadores de &#243;bito e a presen&#231;a de IM, IT e insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar moderada/grave foram delet&#233;rias &#224; sobrevida. A an&#225;lise de Cox demonstrou como preditores independentes da morte: DAE/Ao (p=0,0487), FE (&lt;0,0001) e presen&#231;a de IM moderada/grave (p=0,0419). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Os pacientes com aumento progressivo da DAE/Ao, redu&#231;&#227;o da FE e agravamento progressivo da IM, a despeito do tratamento cl&#237;nico, devem ser considerados precocemente em programa de transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica, ecocardiograma, preditores de morte, crian&#231;a</p>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica na crian&#231;a &#233; causa importante de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. Antes dos 2 anos de idade &#233; respons&#225;vel por at&#233; 29% dos atendimentos <sup>1</sup>, com taxas de mortalidade variando de 16% <sup>2</sup> em 10 anos, at&#233; 49% <sup>3</sup><sub>,</sub> 66% <sup>4</sup> e 80% <sup>5</sup>, em 5 anos.</p>
    <p>O transplante card&#237;aco &#233; o tratamento de escolha nos pacientes que n&#227;o responderam ao tratamento cl&#237;nico. As taxas de sobrevida no transplante card&#237;aco s&#227;o 75 a 80% em 1 ano e 60 a 75 % em 5 anos <sup>6-8</sup>. Foram feitos diversos estudos internacionais <sup>2-4, 9-11</sup> a fim de determinar par&#226;metros que indicassem o progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel, auxiliando na indica&#231;&#227;o precoce de transplante card&#237;aco. O ecocardiograma &#233; ferramenta importante no diagn&#243;stico e no acompanhamento da cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica e auxiliar na indica&#231;&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco, muito embora n&#227;o haja consenso nos resultados <sup>12-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Objetivando determinar preditores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de &#243;bito em crian&#231;as com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica, foi realizado estudo retrospectivo de todas as crian&#231;as admitidas no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras ao longo de 24 anos, e analisados os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos evolutivos do per&#237;odo. Fatores de risco suspeitos foram selecionados e submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi consultado banco de dados para an&#225;lise retrospectiva de 148 pacientes consecutivos com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica diagnosticados entre setembro/1979 e mar&#231;o/2003, e analisados os laudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, associada a cardiomegalia na telerradiografia de t&#243;rax e/ou dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) com redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade visibilizada ao ecocardiograma modo M nos primeiros 8 pacientes e bidimensional nos demais 140 casos, sendo que nestes &#250;ltimos foram utilizados transdutores de 5 e 7,5 MHz que viabilizaram a visibiliza&#231;&#227;o da origem e bifurca&#231;&#245;es iniciais das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, origem an&#244;mala das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, doen&#231;a de Kawasaki, cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica ventricular, les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica por asfixia neonatal ou ap&#243;s ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, uso de droga antineopl&#225;sica, erro inato do metabolismo, arritmias prim&#225;rias, les&#245;es orovalvares por doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, doen&#231;as neuromusculares, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, septicemia, infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV, doen&#231;a de Chagas e difteria. Nos pacientes em que o ecocardiograma bidimensional apresentou limita&#231;&#245;es no descarte da origem an&#244;mala das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e nos primeiros 8 pacientes que realizaram ecocardiograma modo M, foi realizado estudo hemodin&#226;mico para exclu&#237;-la.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de miocardite n&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Os crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos sugestivos de miocardite utilizados foram: febre; dor tor&#225;cica; eletrocardiograma com baixa voltagem do complexo QRS ou anormalidades de condu&#231;&#227;o ou de ritmo e eleva&#231;&#227;o laboratorial da creatinafosfoquinase (CK) e sua fra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CKmb) <sup>1</sup>. N&#227;o foram realizadas biopsias endomioc&#225;rdicas (BEM) para o diagn&#243;stico de miocardite, uma vez que apresentam certos riscos, especialmente nos lactentes; a amostra retirada pode ser de &#225;rea s&#227;<sup>1</sup>; uma propor&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica recupera-se espontaneamente e no momento n&#227;o h&#225; tratamento espec&#237;fico dispon&#237;vel para miocardite ou cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica<sup>3, 17</sup>. Atualmente, a bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica vem sendo substitu&#237;da com sucesso pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com galium 67, que apresenta alta correla&#231;&#227;o, sem apresentar os riscos inerentes &#224; mesma <sup>17</sup>. N&#227;o foi empregada terapia imunossupressora nos pacientes diagnosticados como portadores de miocardite, j&#225; que na literatura h&#225; controv&#233;rsias em sua efic&#225;cia <sup>18-20</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento medicamentoso empregado foi otimizado durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, e utilizado o cl&#225;ssico no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que incluiu: digoxina oral, furosemide, espironolactona, captopril e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. A an&#225;lise da influ&#234;ncia do tratamento na evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente, contudo, n&#227;o foi o objetivo deste estudo.</p>
    <p>Os dados analisados foram: dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (DAE), rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio esquerdo/aorta (DAE/Ao), rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio esquerdo/superf&#237;cie corporal (DAE/SC), dimens&#227;o sist&#243;lica (DSVE) e diast&#243;lica (DDVE) do VE, as rela&#231;&#245;es DSVE/SC e DDVE/SC, massa do VE (massa), rela&#231;&#227;o massa do VE/superf&#237;cie corporal (massa/SC), dimens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (DVD), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FE) e percentagem de encurtamento do VE (%EC). A FE foi obtida a partir do registro DSVE e DDVE no corte paraesternal esquerdo transversal ou longitudinal pela f&#243;rmula: FE={[(DDVE)&#179; - (DSVE)&#179;]/(DDVE)&#179;} x 100 e a %EC foi calculada atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula: % EC=[(DDVE-DSVE)/DDVE] x 100, utilizada na an&#225;lise de todos os exames. Al&#233;m do exposto foi detectada e avaliada a gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia das valvas atrioventriculares e da valva pulmonar atrav&#233;s do Doppler, classificando-as em les&#227;o ausente/leve e moderada/grave. Nos 148 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram analisados 470 exames ao longo de at&#233; 244,8 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o programa Epi Info 6.04 do CDC (<italic>Centers for Disease Control &amp; Prevention</italic>) e o programa Statistica 6.0 da Statsoft Inc. Os dados dicot&#244;micos foram avaliados pelo <italic>X</italic>&#178; (qui quadrado) e quando aplicado foi calculado o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95). Os dados descritivos foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e faixa de valores, analisados pelo teste t de Student. An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas foi utilizada para comparar grupos. A an&#225;lise de sobrevida foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e os grupos comparados pelo teste de <italic>log-rank</italic>. O m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o de Cox foi utilizado para determinar os preditores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos independentes de morte. O par&#226;metro temporal foi a idade para DAE, DSVE, DDVE e massa. Tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o foi usado para DVD, FE, %EC e para as rela&#231;&#245;es DAE/Ao, DAE/SC, DSVE/SC, DDVE/SC e massa/SC. Qualquer valor foi considerado significativo quando alfa &lt;0,05 e o poder utilizado foi de 80%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas da amostra, o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% e a signific&#226;ncia encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 2,37 &#177; 3,46 anos (1 dia a 15,4 anos), a maioria tinha menos de 2 anos de idade com m&#233;dia de 0,66 &#177; 0,44 anos (p&lt;0,0001) e achavam-se na classe funcional III e IV pelos crit&#233;rios da <italic>New York Heart</italic> <italic>Association</italic> (p&lt;0,0001). O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 3,79 &#177; 4,33 anos (0 a 20,1 anos). Ao t&#233;rmino do estudo 60 (40,5% - IC95=32,5% a 48,9%) pacientes apresentaram recupera&#231;&#227;o plena, 53 (35,8% - IC95=28,1% a 44,1%) evolu&#237;ram com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica e 35 (23,7% - IC95=17,1% a 31,2%) faleceram.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os valores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos m&#233;dios, o desvio padr&#227;o e a signific&#226;ncia entre grupos, est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela II</xref>. O teste t de Student demonstrou diferen&#231;a entre grupos (vivo <italic>vs</italic> &#243;bito) para todas as vari&#225;veis estudadas.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quando o fator tempo foi considerado e realizada a ANOVA para medidas repetidas. Foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre grupos: DAE (p&lt;0,0001), DAE/Ao (p&lt;0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>), DSVE (p=0,0061), DDVE (p=0,0086), massa (p&lt;0,0001), FE (p=0,0074) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>), %EC (p=0,0072) e DVD (p&lt;0,0001). Entretanto a rela&#231;&#227;o DAE/SC (p=0,0667), a DSVE/SC (p=0,5742), a DDVE/SC (p=0,4752) e a massa/SC (p=0,1980) n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a evolutiva entre grupos.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia das valvas atrioventriculares e da valva pulmonar atrav&#233;s do Doppler por grupo est&#225; na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela III</xref>. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada/grave foi mais freq&#252;ente no grupo &#243;bito.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Graduando a regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar em ausente, leve, moderada e grave e realizando a ANOVA, observou-se ao longo de 72 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o que a insufici&#234;ncia mitral no grupo &#243;bito evoluiu de leve a moderada, no in&#237;cio da observa&#231;&#227;o atingindo moderada a grave, a partir do 2&#186; ano de observa&#231;&#227;o, enquanto no grupo sobrevivente n&#227;o ultrapassou a intensidade leve (p=0,0113) e n&#227;o se observou sobreposi&#231;&#227;o dos grupos, considerando o IC95 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>). Observa&#231;&#227;o semelhante ocorreu quanto &#224; insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide (p=0,0044), a partir de 12 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As intera&#231;&#245;es entre DAE/Ao, CF e gravidade da IM podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">figura 4</xref>. O aumento da DAE/Ao na IM moderada a grave foi independe da CF (p=0,7214), por&#233;m na IM ausente ou leve, o aumento da DAE/Ao ocorreu dependente da CF (p=0,0053).</p>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Atrav&#233;s da regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvular direita foi poss&#237;vel calcular a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (PsVD) (100 medidas: vivo=63 e &#243;bito=37) e diast&#243;lica (PdVD) (52 medidas: vivo=31 e &#243;bito=21) do ventr&#237;culo direito. A PsVD foi superior no grupo &#243;bito (45,4 &#177; 15,8 mmHg <italic>vs</italic> 32,8 &#177; 14,5 mmHg) (p&lt;0,0001), o mesmo sendo observado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PdVD (25,5 &#177; 8,8 mmHg <italic>vs</italic> 14,0 &#177; 9,9 mmHg) (p&lt;0,0001).</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e do teste de <italic>log-rank</italic> a presen&#231;a em qualquer momento da evolu&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) moderada/grave (p=0,0118), insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide (IT) moderada/grave (p=0,0007) e de insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar (IP) moderada/grave (p=0,0177) mostraram-se delet&#233;rias &#224; sobrevida. A an&#225;lise multivariada de regress&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Cox confirmou o valor preditivo da IM moderada/grave (p&lt;0,0001) e da IT moderada/grave (p=0,0024), descartando a IP moderada/grave (p=0,9037).</p>
    <p>Foi realizada a an&#225;lise multivariada de regress&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Cox, tendo como vari&#225;veis independentes: DAE/Ao, a massa do VE; FE; DSVE; DDVE, DVD e a presen&#231;a de IM e IT moderada/grave, sendo a vari&#225;vel dependente o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma. A an&#225;lise demonstrou como preditor ecocardiogr&#225;ficos independente da morte a DAE/Ao (p=0,0487), a FE (p&lt;0,0001) e a presen&#231;a de IM moderada/grave (p=0,0419) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. IV</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia do estudo foi de 2,37 anos<sup>21</sup> sendo semelhante a maioria dos relatos da literatura <sup>3, 4,</sup><sup>10, 22, 23-28</sup>, apesar de alguns autores encontrarem m&#233;dias superiores<sup>2, 5, 14, 24</sup>. Na amostra estudada foi observada prefer&#234;ncia do in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a pela faixa et&#225;ria &lt; 2 anos (73,0%), comparado ao grupo <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 anos <sup>21</sup>. Tend&#234;ncia encontrada nos trabalhos de Griffin e cols.<sup>9</sup> e Burch e cols.<sup>10</sup>, mas n&#227;o em outros relatos<sup>11, 25</sup>. Pode-se especular que esta prefer&#234;ncia seja devida a maior suscetibilidade dos menores de 2 anos apresentarem doen&#231;a viral respirat&#243;ria com mais freq&#252;&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o aos <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 anos.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo <sup>21</sup>, concordando com a literatura <sup>1-5, 9, 11, 26-28</sup>. A etnia n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia, sendo que outras refer&#234;ncias bibliogr&#225;ficas n&#227;o foram obtidas.</p>
    <p>No momento inicial do diagn&#243;stico, a maioria dos pacientes, foi considerada grave (CF III e IV), e todos os 35 &#243;bitos ocorreram neste grupo. No relato de Ciszewski e cols.<sup>24</sup> n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o da gravidade dos pacientes (p=0,8274) e no relato de Silva e cols.<sup>11</sup> houve predom&#237;nio dos pacientes menos graves, em CF I e II.</p>
    <p>A DAE m&#233;dia foi superior 42,5% no grupo &#243;bito, com aumento progressivo no grupo. Foi descrito na literatura aumento da DAE entre 43% e 54%, por&#233;m nenhum autor observou rela&#231;&#227;o da DAE e o &#243;bito <sup>2, 4, 12, 29</sup>. Arola e cols.<sup>3</sup> observaram aumento da DAE em 44% da amostra relacionada fracamente ao &#243;bito. A rela&#231;&#227;o AE/Ao m&#233;dia foi superior 36,5% no grupo &#243;bito ocorrendo aumento progressivo neste grupo e redu&#231;&#227;o nos sobreviventes. Cabrera e cols.<sup>27</sup> observaram rela&#231;&#227;o AE/Ao m&#233;dia de 1,50 &#177; 0,3, sem fazer men&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua import&#226;ncia evolutiva. A rela&#231;&#227;o AE/SC m&#233;dia foi superior 25,7% no grupo &#243;bito, por&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a evolutiva entre grupos. N&#227;o foi encontrada, na literatura, an&#225;lise abordando a rela&#231;&#227;o AE/SC nas crian&#231;as.</p>
    <p>A DSVE (49,3%) e a DDVE (30,7%) foram superiores no grupo &#243;bito. Hauwaert e cols.<sup>30</sup> observaram DSVE (ICC=70% <italic>vs</italic> recupera&#231;&#227;o=14%) e DDVE (44% <italic>vs</italic> 9%) aumentadas, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores esperados para a idade, enquanto Ghafour e cols.<sup>29</sup> relataram aumento da DSVE e DDVE em 50% e First e cols <sup>12</sup> aumento em 59% da DDVE. O valor m&#233;dio da DSVE foi descrito como 3,3 &#177; 1,2 cm e a DDVE entre 4,2 &#177; 0,7cm e 7,1 &#177; 2,2 cm <sup>3, 27</sup>. Na ANOVA foram observados redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva da DSVE e da DDVE no grupo de boa evolu&#231;&#227;o e aumento no de m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>3,13</sup>, observa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o compartilhada por todos os autores<sup>24</sup>. Lewis e cols. <sup>25</sup>, utilizando o &#237;ndice "<italic>z</italic>" da DDVE, relataram redu&#231;&#227;o na boa evolu&#231;&#227;o e valores inalterados no &#243;bito. Nesta amostra foi observado id&#234;ntico fen&#244;meno quanto a DSVE e DDVE com aumento progressivo no grupo &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>A massa m&#233;dia do VE (85,5%) e a massa/SC (64,6%) foram superiores no grupo &#243;bito e a ANOVA demonstrou diferen&#231;as para a massa, mas n&#227;o para massa/SC. Lipshultz e cols.<sup>31</sup> descreveram massa m&#233;dia do VE na apresenta&#231;&#227;o de 45,5g, acima dos valores esperados para a idade. Kimball e cols.<sup>13</sup> observaram diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva e significativa da rela&#231;&#227;o massa/SC no grupo recuperado (101 <italic>vs</italic> 54 g/m&#178;) e aumento progressivo, por&#233;m n&#227;o significativo no grupo de m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o (122 <italic>vs</italic> 198 g/m&#178;). Lewis e cols.<sup>25</sup> n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;a evolutiva da massa/SC nos grupos &#243;bito e recuperado.</p>
    <p>A FE m&#233;dia e a %EC foram superiores no grupo sobrevivente em 56,3% e 80,1% respectivamente, e a diferen&#231;a confirmada pela ANOVA. A FE m&#233;dia foi descrita entre 26 e 30% <sup>4, 22, 27</sup> e a % EC m&#233;dia entre 9 e 16% <sup>3-5, 10, 12, 32</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o Chen e cols.<sup>33</sup> observaram diferen&#231;a significativa da %EC na apresenta&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#243;bito (11,5 <italic>vs</italic> 20,9%), observa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o compartilhada por outros autores <sup>24, 25, 28</sup>. Hauwaert e cols<sup>30</sup> observaram % EC m&#233;dia de 22,6% nos que evolu&#237;ram com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de 32,4% nos que se recuperaram. Arola e cols.<sup>3</sup> descreveram, aumento progressivo da %EC no grupo de boa evolu&#231;&#227;o e Kimball e cols.<sup>13</sup> relataram diferen&#231;a na evolu&#231;&#227;o da %EC: recuperado (de 15% para 29%) <italic>vs</italic> m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o (de 17% para 20%). Nogueira e cols.<sup>28</sup> e Lewis e cols.<sup>25</sup>observaram aumento da %EC, seis meses ap&#243;s a apresenta&#231;&#227;o, no grupo sobrevivente.</p>
    <p>A dimens&#227;o m&#233;dia do ventr&#237;culo direito (DVD) foi superior 80,0% no grupo &#243;bito e a ANOVA demonstrou diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#243;bito. Na literatura apenas Friedman e cols.<sup>2</sup> relataram que o ventr&#237;culo direito encontrava-se aumentado.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia orovalvar moderada/grave foi marcadora de &#243;bito. A literatura apresenta freq&#252;&#234;ncia vari&#225;vel de insufici&#234;ncia mitral: 23,5% <sup>27</sup>, 48,0% <sup>3</sup> e 81,0% <sup>12</sup>, contudo nenhum autor relaciona a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia mitral ao &#243;bito. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; IT, Cabrera e cols.<sup>27</sup> observaram-na em 17,6% de sua amostra, entretanto n&#227;o a correlacionaram ao &#243;bito. A literatura n&#227;o descreve a incid&#234;ncia e influ&#234;ncia da IP na evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>&#201; interessante questionar se o aumento da DAE/Ao ocorre pela presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada a grave, secund&#225;ria &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, ou por disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Na presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada a grave o aumento da DAE/Ao n&#227;o dependeu da CF, por&#233;m na sua aus&#234;ncia ou na insufici&#234;ncia mitral leve, o aumento da DAE/Ao dependeu da CF. Pode-se inferir que a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi mais importante em determinar o aumento da DAE/Ao na insufici&#234;ncia mitral ausente ou leve e que a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi mais importante no aumento da DAE/Ao quando a insufici&#234;ncia mitral foi moderada a grave. Observa-se que o aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o DAE/Ao acompanha a piora progressiva da insufici&#234;ncia mitral no grupo &#243;bito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">3</xref>).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s press&#245;es calculadas do ventr&#237;culo direito Cabrera e cols.<sup>27</sup> observaram, atrav&#233;s de estudo hemodin&#226;mico, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito m&#233;dia igual a 96 &#177; 11 mmHg (4 pacientes), por&#233;m n&#227;o a correlacionaram ao &#243;bito. Outros estudos analisando a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica calculada do ventr&#237;culo direito n&#227;o foram encontrados na literatura.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada pelo m&#233;todo de Cox dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos permitiu determinar como preditores independentes do &#243;bito a rela&#231;&#227;o AE/Ao (p=0,0487), a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (p&lt;0,0001) e a evolu&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia mitral (p=0,0418). Akagi e cols.<sup>5</sup> relataram a FE diminu&#237;da, observa&#231;&#227;o compartilhada por Chen e cols.<sup>33</sup> e por Nogueira e cols.<sup>28</sup>; j&#225; no relato de Matitiau et al <sup>1</sup> a menor FE e a forma esf&#233;rica do VE; na an&#225;lise de Carvalho et al <sup>15</sup> a baixa rela&#231;&#227;o parede posterior do VE/DDVE influenciaria o &#243;bito e Lewis et al <sup>25</sup> consideraram a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE acima de 25 Toor.</p>
    <p>Considerando o conjunto de dados analisados, este estudo sugere que as crian&#231;as com estes preditores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de morte e que n&#227;o respondem &#224; terap&#234;utica convencional, necessitam de um acompanhamento de perto e que, confirmando-se os dados sugeridos por estes &#237;ndices atrav&#233;s do uso de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e dos novos par&#226;metros Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, como o &#237;ndice Tei, devem ser consideradas para o transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Este estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, sendo a primeira o desenho retrospectivo, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados do laudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel a revis&#227;o dos registros em v&#237;deo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico (&#237;ndice Tei) foi descrita recentemente <sup>34-38</sup>, n&#227;o tendo sido poss&#237;vel a sua inclus&#227;o no estudo, por car&#234;ncia dos registros das imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Foi poss&#237;vel avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica apenas indiretamente pela rela&#231;&#227;o AE/Ao e pela press&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito, pois a avalia&#231;&#227;o direta da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica historicamente s&#243; recebeu aten&#231;&#227;o, mais recentemente, quando foram introduzidos novos par&#226;metros Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> E</bold>
        </label>
        <p>
          <bold>ndere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </p>
        <p> Dr. Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo </p>
        <p> R: Visconde de Ouro Preto, 39/304 </p>
        <p> Botafogo - Cep 22250-180 Rio de Janeiro &#150; RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vitoraze@ig.com.br">vitoraze@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 9/9/02 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 11/11/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">How can the echocardiogram be useful for predicting death in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the echocardiographic predicting factors of death in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS: A retrospective study of 148 children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy diagnosed between September 1979 and March 2003 was carried out. The inclusion criteria were as follows: heart failure and a reduction in contractility on the echocardiogram in the absence of congenital or secondary heart disease. Four hundred and seventy examinations during a period of 244.8 months of evolution were analyzed. The following parameters were assessed: left atrial dimension (LAD); left atrium/aorta ratio (LAD/Ao); left ventricular systolic (LVSD) and diastolic (LVDD) dimensions; left ventricular mass (LVmass); right ventricular dimension (RVD); left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); left ventricular shortening fraction (% SH); severity of the insufficiency of the atrioventricular and pulmonary valves; and right ventricular systolic (RVSP) and diastolic (RVDP) pressures. The significance level adopted was alpha &lt; 0.05. RESULTS: The mean age was 2.37 years, and 35 patients died (23.7% - 95 CI = 17.1% to 31.2%). The analysis of variance showed the following: LAD (p&lt;0.0001); LAD/Ao (p&lt;0.0001); LVSD (p=0.0061); LVDD (p=0.0086); LVmass (p&lt;0.0001); LVEF (p=0.0074); %SH (p=0.0072); and RVD (p&lt;0.0001). Worsening of mitral (MI) (p=0.0113) and tricuspid (TI) insufficiencies (p=0.0044) were markers of death, and the presence of MI, TI, and moderate/severe pulmonary insufficiency were deleterious to survival. The Cox proportional hazards regression model showed the following independent predictors of death: LAD/Ao (p=0.0487); LVEF (&lt;0.0001); and the presence of moderate/severe MI (p=0.0419). CONCLUSION: Patients with a progressive increase in LAD/Ao, a reduction in LVEF, and progressive worsening of MI, regardless of the clinical treatment, should be considered for early heart transplantation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiogram</kwd>
        <kwd>predictors of death</kwd>
        <kwd>children</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>How can the echocardiogram be useful for predicting death in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy?</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo; Francisco Manes Albanesi Filho; Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos; M&#225;rcia Bueno Castier; Bernardo Rangel Tura </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras and Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To determine the echocardiographic predicting factors of death in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> A retrospective study of 148 children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy diagnosed between September 1979 and March 2003 was carried out. The inclusion criteria were as follows: heart failure and a reduction in contractility on the echocardiogram in the absence of congenital or secondary heart disease. Four hundred and seventy examinations during a period of 244.8 months of evolution were analyzed. The following parameters were assessed: left atrial dimension (LAD); left atrium/aorta ratio (LAD/Ao); left ventricular systolic (LVSD) and diastolic (LVDD) dimensions; left ventricular mass (LVmass); right ventricular dimension (RVD); left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); left ventricular shortening fraction (% SH); severity of the insufficiency of the atrioventricular and pulmonary valves; and right ventricular systolic (RVSP) and diastolic (RVDP) pressures. The significance level adopted was alpha &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> The mean age was 2.37 years, and 35 patients died (23.7% - 95 CI = 17.1% to 31.2%). The analysis of variance showed the following: LAD (p&lt;0.0001); LAD/Ao (p&lt;0.0001); LVSD (p=0.0061); LVDD (p=0.0086); LVmass (p&lt;0.0001); LVEF (p=0.0074); %SH (p=0.0072); and RVD (p&lt;0.0001). Worsening of mitral (MI) (p=0.0113) and tricuspid (TI) insufficiencies (p=0.0044) were markers of death, and the presence of MI, TI, and moderate/severe pulmonary insufficiency were deleterious to survival. The Cox proportional hazards regression model showed the following independent predictors of death: LAD/Ao (p=0.0487); LVEF (&lt;0.0001); and the presence of moderate/severe MI (p=0.0419).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> Patients with a progressive increase in LAD/Ao, a reduction in LVEF, and progressive worsening of MI, regardless of the clinical treatment, should be considered for early heart transplantation.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, echocardiogram, predictors of death, children</p>
      <p>Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in children is an important cause of heart failure in the absence of congenital heart disease. It accounts for up to 29% of the medical interventions before the age of 2 years <sup>1</sup>, and its mortality rates range from 16% <sup>2</sup> in 10 years to 49% <sup>3</sup><sub>,</sub> 66% <sup>4</sup>, and 80% <sup>5</sup> in 5 years.</p>
      <p>Cardiac transplantation is the treatment of choice in patients who do not respond to clinical treatment. The survival rates in cardiac transplantation range from 75 to 80% in 1 year, and from 60 to 75% in 5 years <sup>6-8</sup>. Several international studies <sup>2-4,9-11</sup> were carried out to determine the indicators of an unfavorable prognosis, helping in the early indication of cardiac transplantation. The echocardiogram is an important tool not only for the diagnosis and follow-up of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, but also for the indication of cardiac transplantation, despite the lack of consensus in the results <sup>12-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Aiming at determining echocardiographic predictors of death in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, a retrospective study was carried out comprising all children admitted to the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras over a period of 24 years, and their evolutional echocardiographic data in the period were analyzed. Suspected risk factors were selected and submitted to statistical analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The databank was consulted for the retrospective analysis of 148 consecutive patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy diagnosed between September 1979 and March 2003. The echocardiographic results of all patients were analyzed.</p>
      <p>The criterion of inclusion was the presence of heart failure associated with cardiomegaly on chest teleradiography or left ventricular dilation, or both, with a reduction in contractility visualized on M mode echocardiography in the first 8 patients and on 2-dimensional echocardiography in the remaining 140 cases. In the latter, 5- and 7.5-MHz transducers were used to enable the visualization of the origin and initial bifurcations of the coronary arteries. Patients with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: congenital heart diseases; anomalous origin of the coronary arteries; Kawasaki's disease; ventricular arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy; ischemic lesion due to neonatal asphyxia or following cardiopulmonary resuscitation; use of an antineoplastic drug; inborn errors of metabolism; primary arrhythmias; orovalvular lesions due to rheumatic disease; neuromuscular diseases; systemic arterial hypertension; septicemia; HIV infection; Chagas' disease; and diphtheria. In patients in whom the 2-dimensional echocardiogram showed limitations in ruling out the anomalous origin of the coronary arteries and in the first 8 patients undergoing M-mode echocardiography, a hemodynamic study was performed to exclude it.</p>
      <p>Patients with a clinical diagnosis of myocarditis were not excluded from the study. The clinical criteria suggestive of myocarditis were as follows: fever; chest pain; electrocardiogram with low-voltage QRS complex or abnormalities in conduction or rhythm; and an elevation in creatine phosphokinase (CK) and in its myocardial fraction (CK-MB) in laboratory tests <sup>1</sup>. Endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) were not performed for the diagnosis of myocarditis, because of the following reasons: they involve risks, especially in infants; the sample collected may represent a healthy area <sup>1</sup>; a portion of children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy recovers spontaneously; and, up to the present time, no specific treatment is available for myocarditis or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy <sup>3,17</sup>. Currently, the endomyocardial biopsy has been successfully replaced by gallium-67 myocardial scintigraphy, which has a high correlation without the risks of endomyocardial biopsy <sup>17</sup>. No immunosuppressive therapy was used in the patients diagnosed with myocarditis, because the literature is still controversial in regard to its efficacy <sup>18-20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The medicamentous treatment used was optimized during the study period. The classical treatment for heart failure was used as follows: oral digoxin, furosemide, spironolactone, captopril, and acetylsalicylic acid for preventing thromboembolic events. The analysis of the influence of treatment in the evolution of the patient, however, was not the objective of this study.</p>
      <p>The following parameters were analyzed: left atrial dimension (LAD); left atrium/aorta ratio (LAD/Ao); left atrium/body surface ratio (LAD/BS); left ventricular systolic (LVSD) and diastolic (LVDD) dimensions; the LVSD/BS and LVDD/BS ratios; left ventricular mass (LVmass); the LVmass/body surface ratio (LVmass/BS); right ventricular dimension (RVD); LV ejection fraction (LVEF); and the LV shortening fraction (%SH). The LVEF was obtained based on the LVSD and LVDD recordings in the transverse or longitudinal left parasternal view using the formula: EF = {[(LVDD)&#179; - (LVSD)&#179;]/(LVDD)&#179;} x 100. The %SH was calculated with the formula: %SH = [(LVDD-LVSD)/LVDD] x 100, used for analyzing all the examinations. In addition, the severity of the insufficiency of the atrioventricular and pulmonary valves was detected and assessed by using Doppler echocardiography, and classified as absent/mild lesion or moderate/severe lesion. Four hundred and seventy examinations of 148 patients performed during a period of up to 244.8 months of evolution were analyzed in this study.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was performed using the Epi Info 6.04 program from the Centers for Disease Control &amp; Prevention and the Statistica 6.0 program from Statsoft Inc. The dichotomous data were assessed by using the chi-square test, and, when applicable, the 95% confidence interval (95CI) was calculated. The descriptive data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and range of values and analyzed with the Student <italic>t</italic> test. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures was used for comparing the groups. The analysis of survival was performed with the Kaplan-Meier method, and the groups were compared using the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used for determining the independent echocardiographic predictors of death. Age was the temporal parameter for LAD, LVSD, LVDD, and LVmass. The time of evolution was used for RVD, LVEF, %SH, and for the LAD/Ao, LAD/BS, LVSD/BS, LVDD/BS, and LVmass/BS ratios. Any value was considered significant when alpha was &lt; 0.05, and the power used was 80%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The epidemiological characteristics of the sample, the 95% confidence interval, and the significance are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>. The mean age was 2.37 &#177; 3.46 years (1 day to 15.4 years), most patients were less than 2 years old (mean of 0.66 &#177; 0.44 years; P&lt;0.0001) and were in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV (p &lt; 0.0001). The mean follow-up lasted 3.79 &#177; 4.33 years (0 to 20.1 years). By the end of the study, 60 (40.5% - 95CI = 32.5% to 48.9%) patients had fully recovered, 53 (35.8% - 95CI = 28.1% to 44.1%) had evolved with chronic heart failure, and 35 (23.7% - 95CI = 17.1% to 31.2%) had died.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean echocardiographic values, the standard deviation, and the significance between groups are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">table II</xref>. The Student <italic>t</italic> test showed a difference between groups (survivor vs deceased) for all variables studied.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When the time factor was considered and ANOVA was performed for the repeated measures, significant differences were observed in the following parameters: LAD (p&lt;0.0001), LAD/Ao (p&lt;0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>), LVSD (p=0.0061), LVDD (p=0.0086), LVmass (p&lt;0.0001), LVEF (p=0.0074) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>), %SH (p=0.0072), and RVD (p&lt;0.0001). However, no difference in evolution was observed in the following ratios: LAD/BS (p=0.0667), LVSD/BS (p=0.5742), LVDD/BS (p=0.4752), and the LVmass/BS (p=0.1980). </p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The frequency of the echocardiographic alterations in regard to the severity of the atrioventricular and pulmonary valve insufficiency obtained on Doppler echocardiography in each group is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">table III</xref>. Moderate/severe regurgitation was more frequent in the deceased group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Valvular regurgitation was graded as absent, mild, moderate, and severe, and ANOVA was performed. Over a period of 72 months, the mitral insufficiency in the deceased group was observed to evolve from mild to moderate at the beginning of the observation to moderate to severe from the second year of observation onwards. On the other hand, in the survivor group, mitral insufficiency did not exceed the mild intensity (p = 0.0113), and no overlapping was observed in the groups, considering the 95CI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>). The tricuspid insufficiency had a similar behavior (p = 0.0044) from the 12th month of evolution onwards.</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The interactions between LAD/Ao, functional class, and severity of mitral insufficiency are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">figure 4</xref>. The increase in LAD/Ao in moderate to severe mitral insufficiency did not depend on the functional class (p = 0.7214); however, in absent or mild mitral insufficiency, the increase in LAD/Ao depended on the functional class (p = 0.0053).</p>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Based on right valvular regurgitation, the right ventricular systolic (RVSP) (100 measurements: survivor = 63 and deceased = 37) and diastolic (RVDP) (52 measurements: survivor = 31 and deceased = 21) pressures could be calculated. The RVSP was greater in the deceased group (45.4 &#177; 15.8 mmHg vs 32.8 &#177; 14.5 mmHg) (p &lt; 0.0001), and the same was observed in regard to RVDP (25.5 &#177; 8.8 mmHg vs 14.0 &#177; 9.9 mmHg) (p&lt;0.0001).</p>
      <p>According to the analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test, the presence of moderate/severe mitral insufficiency (MI) (p = 0.0118), moderate/severe tricuspid insufficiency (TI) (p = 0.0007), and moderate/severe pulmonary insufficiency (PI) (p = 0.0177) at any time of the evolution proved to be deleterious to survival. The regression multivariate analysis using the Cox model confirmed the predictive value of moderate/severe MI (p&lt;0.0001) and of moderate/severe TI (p = 0.0024), but ruled out moderate/severe PI (p = 0.9037).</p>
      <p>Cox proportional hazards regression model was performed with the following independent variables: LAD/Ao, LVmass; LVEF; LVSD; LVDD; RVD; and the presence of moderate/severe MI and TI. The dependent variable was the time of evolution until the moment of echocardiography. The analysis showed the following independent echocardiographic predictors of death: LAD/Ao (p = 0.0487); LVEF (p &lt; 0.0001); and the presence of moderate/severe MI (p = 0.0419) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">tab. IV</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-06-0505-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, the mean age was 2.37 years <sup>21</sup>, similar to that reported in most studies in the literature <sup>3,4,10,22,23-28</sup>, although some authors reported greater means <sup>2,5,14,24</sup>. In our sample, the disease started preferably below the age of 2 years (73.0%) <sup>21</sup>. This trend was observed in the studies by Griffin et al <sup>9</sup> and Burch et al <sup>10</sup>, but not in other reports <sup>11,25</sup>. This trend may be explained by the greatest susceptibility of children below the age of 2 years for having respiratory viral diseases more often than those aged 2 years or more.</p>
      <p>No difference in incidence was observed regarding sex <sup>21</sup>, in accordance with the literature <sup>1-5,9,11,26-28</sup>. Ethnicity showed no difference in regard to incidence, but no other bibliographic references were obtained.</p>
      <p>In an early stage of diagnosis, most patients were considered severe (FC III and IV), and all 35 deaths occurred in the same group. In the study by Ciszewski et al <sup>24</sup>, no difference was observed in the distribution of the severity of the disease (p = 0.8274), and in the study by Silva et al <sup>11</sup>, less severely ill patients (FC I and II) predominated.</p>
      <p>The mean LAD was greater than 42.5% in the deceased group, with a progressive increase. An increase in LAD between 43% and 54% has been reported in the literature, but no author observed any relation between LAD and death <sup>2,4,12,29</sup>. Arola et al <sup>3</sup> reported an increase in LAD in 44% of the sample weakly related to death. The mean LA/Ao ratio was greater than 36.5% in the deceased group, with a progressive increase in that group and a reduction in the survivors. Cabrera <sup>27</sup> reported a mean LA/Ao ratio of 1.50 &#177; 0.3, but did not mention its importance in the patient's evolution. The mean LA/BS ratio was greater than 25.7% in the deceased group, but no difference in evolution between the groups was observed. No analysis on the LA/BS ratio in children was found in the literature.</p>
      <p>The LVSD (49.3%) and LVDD (30.7%) were greater in the deceased group. Hauwaert et al <sup>30</sup> reported increased LVSD (CHF = 70% vs recovery = 14%) and LVDD (44% vs 9%) in regard to the values expected for age. Ghafour <sup>29</sup> reported a 50% increase in LVSD and LVDD, while First <sup>12</sup> reported a 59% increase in LVDD. The mean value of LVSD reported was 3.3 &#177; 1.2 cm, and LVDD was between 4.2 &#177; 0.7cm and 7.1 &#177; 2.2 cm <sup>3,27</sup>. ANOVA showed a progressive reduction in LVSD and LVDD in the group with a good evolution and an increase in the group with a poor evolution <sup>3,13</sup>, but these findings are not shared by all authors <sup>24</sup>. Lewis <sup>25</sup>, using the "<italic>z</italic>" score of LVDD, reported a reduction in the group with good evolution and unaltered values in the deceased group. In our sample, an identical phenomenon was observed in regard to LVSD and LVDD with a progressive increase in the deceased group.</p>
      <p>The mean left ventricular mass (85.5%) and the LVmass/BS ratio (64.6%) were greater in the deceased group, and ANOVA showed differences for the LVmass, but not for the LVmass/BS ratio. Lipshultz et al <sup>31</sup> reported a mean LVmass of 45.5 g at presentation, above the values expected for age. Kimball et al <sup>13</sup> reported a progressive, significant reduction in the LVmass/BS ratio in the survivor group (101 vs 54 g/m&#178;) and a progressive, although not significant, increase in the group with a poor evolution (122 vs 198 g/m&#178;). Lewis <sup>25</sup> reported no difference in evolution in the LVmass/BS ratio in the survivor and deceased groups.</p>
      <p>The mean LVEF and the %SH were greater in 56.3% and 80.1% of the survivor group, respectively, the difference being confirmed by ANOVA. The mean LVEF was reported between 26 and 30% <sup>4,22,27</sup>, and the mean %SH was between 9 and 16% <sup>3-5,10,12,32</sup>. In regard to evolution, Chen et al <sup>33</sup> reported a significant difference in the %SH at presentation in regard to death (11.5 vs 20.9%), a finding not shared by other authors <sup>24,25,28</sup>. Hauwaert et al <sup>30</sup> reported a mean %SH of 22.6% in those who evolved with heart failure and of 32.4% in those who recovered. Arola et al <sup>3</sup> reported a progressive increase in %SH in the group with a good evolution, and Kimball et al <sup>13</sup> reported a difference in the evolution of %SH: recovered (from 15% to 29%) versus poor evolution (from 17% to 20%). Nogueira et al <sup>28</sup> and Lewis <sup>25</sup> reported an increase in %SH in the survivor group 6 months after presentation.</p>
      <p>The mean right ventricular dimension (RVD) was greater than 80.0% in the deceased group, and ANOVA showed a difference in regard to death. In the literature, only Friedman et al <sup>2</sup> reported an enlargement in the right ventricle.</p>
      <p>Moderate/severe orovalvular insufficiency was a marker of death. The literature reports a varied frequency of mitral insufficiency: 23.5% <sup>27</sup>, 48.0% <sup>3</sup>, and 81.0% <sup>12</sup>; however, no author relates the presence of mitral insufficiency to death. In regard to TI, Cabrera <sup>27</sup> reported a 17.6% incidence of TI in his sample; however, he did not correlate it to death. Reports on the incidence and influence of PI in the evolution of patients could not be found in the literature.</p>
      <p>It is worth questioning whether the increase in the LAD/Ao ratio occurs due to the presence of moderate to severe mitral insufficiency secondary to left ventricular dilation due to systolic dysfunction, or due to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. In the presence of moderate to severe mitral insufficiency, the increase in the LAD/Ao ratio did not depend on functional class; however, when mitral insufficiency was absent or mild, the increase in the LAD/Ao ratio depended on functional class. One may infer that the diastolic dysfunction was more important for determining the increase in the LAD/Ao ratio when mitral insufficiency was absent or mild, and that the systolic dysfunction was more important for determining the increase in the LAD/Ao ratio when the mitral insufficiency was moderate to severe. The increase in the LAD/Ao ratio was observed to accompany the progressive worsening of mitral insufficiency in the deceased group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">3</xref>).</p>
      <p>In regard to calculated right ventricular pressures, Cabrera <sup>27</sup>, using hemodynamic analysis, reported a mean right ventricular systolic pressure of 96 &#177; 11 mmHg (4 patients), but he did not correlate it to death. Other studies assessing the calculated right ventricular diastolic pressure could not be found in the literature.</p>
      <p>The multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression model of the echocardiographic parameters allowed for determination of the following independent predictors of death: the LA/Ao ratio (p = 0.0487); left ventricular ejection fraction (p &lt; 0.0001); and evolution of the severity of mitral insufficiency (p = 0.0418). Akagi et al <sup>5</sup> reported a decrease in the EF as an independent predictor of death, a finding shared by Chen et al <sup>33</sup> and by Nogueira <sup>28</sup>. On the other hand, still considering the independent predictors of death, Matitiau et al <sup>1</sup> reported the lower EF and the spherical form of the LV; Carvalho et al <sup>15</sup> reported that a low LV posterior wall/LVDD ratio influences death, and Lewis <sup>25</sup> considered that an LV diastolic pressure above 25 torr influences death.</p>
      <p>Considering the data analyzed, we suggest that children with these echocardiographic predictors of death, who do not respond to conventional therapy, need a closer follow-up, and, if the data suggested by these indices are confirmed through the use of clinical and new Doppler echocardiographic parameters, such as the Tei index, they should be considered for cardiac transplantation.</p>
      <p>This study has limitations, the first being its retrospective design, with the use of data from echocardiographic results, which hindered the review of video recordings. Assessment of the myocardial performance index (Tei index) has been recently reported <sup>34-38</sup>, and it could not be included in this study due to the lack of recordings of echocardiographic images. The diastolic function could only be indirectly assessed through the LA/Ao ratio and right ventricular diastolic pressure, because the direct assessment of diastolic dysfunction only recently received attention, when new Doppler echocardiographic parameters were introduced.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo</p>
          <p> Rua Visconde de Ouro Preto, 39/304 - Cep 22250-180</p>
          <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="vitoraze@ig.com.br">vitoraze@ig.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 9/9/02</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 11/11/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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