<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SDJhCRDk8p3Kkdxxyrs8wcx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000500010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200510</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000500010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O papel da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido na avalia&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o reno-vascular: acur&#225;cia da t&#233;cnica direta de avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias renais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Engelhorn</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Engelhorn</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pullig</surname>
            <given-names>Renata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo Vascular Perif&#233;rico </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>473</fpage>
      <lpage>476</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acur&#225;cia da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; arteriografia digital por subtra&#231;&#227;o de imagens, na identifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas, nas art&#233;rias renais. M&#201;TODOS: Estudados, prospectivamente, pelo exame ultra-sonogr&#225;fico, 137 art&#233;rias renais de 69 pacientes adultos, com suspeita de hipertens&#227;o arterial reno-vascular. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados, de maneira duplo-cega, ao estudo arteriogr&#225;fico digital por subtra&#231;&#227;o de imagens, e calculados a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia geral do exame para crit&#233;rios previamente definidos. RESULTADOS: Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos, excluindo-se os laudos inconclusivos (7 art&#233;rias), das 130 art&#233;rias restantes, 116 (89,2%) art&#233;rias tiveram laudos concordantes e 14 (10,8%) discordantes. Os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia geral da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido foram respectivamente 95,33%, 88,14%, 89,86%, 94,55% e 91,94%. CONCLUS&#195;O: Existiu boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os dois exames na avalia&#231;&#227;o das estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas das art&#233;rias renais, tornando-se a ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo &#250;til na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com suspeita de hipertens&#227;o reno-vascular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>art&#233;ria renal</kwd>
        <kwd>ultra-som</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O papel da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido na avalia&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o reno-vascular. Acur&#225;cia da t&#233;cnica direta de avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias renais</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carlos Alberto Engelhorn; Ana Luiza Engelhorn; Renata Pullig </bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#250;cleo Vascular Perif&#233;rico da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica - PR - Curitiba, PR</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a acur&#225;cia da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; arteriografia digital por subtra&#231;&#227;o de imagens, na identifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas, nas art&#233;rias renais. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudados, prospectivamente, pelo exame ultra-sonogr&#225;fico, 137 art&#233;rias renais de 69 pacientes adultos, com suspeita de hipertens&#227;o arterial reno-vascular. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados, de maneira duplo-cega, ao estudo arteriogr&#225;fico digital por subtra&#231;&#227;o de imagens, e calculados a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia geral do exame para crit&#233;rios previamente definidos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos, excluindo-se os laudos inconclusivos (7 art&#233;rias), das 130 art&#233;rias restantes, 116 (89,2%) art&#233;rias tiveram laudos concordantes e 14 (10,8%) discordantes. Os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia geral da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido foram respectivamente 95,33%, 88,14%, 89,86%, 94,55% e 91,94%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Existiu boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os dois exames na avalia&#231;&#227;o das estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas das art&#233;rias renais, tornando-se a ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo &#250;til na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com suspeita de hipertens&#227;o reno-vascular.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>hipertens&#227;o, art&#233;ria renal, ultra-som</p>
    <p>A import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico precoce dos pacientes com suspeita de hipertens&#227;o reno-vascular adv&#233;m do risco de progress&#227;o para insufici&#234;ncia renal devido a isquemia nefrop&#225;tica causada por les&#245;es limitantes de fluxo na art&#233;ria renal.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o arterial decorrente de estenose da art&#233;ria renal pode ser feito por diferentes exames complementares, entre eles: a determina&#231;&#227;o da renina seletiva na veia renal; estudo funcional com radiois&#243;topos; urografia excretora; determina&#231;&#227;o da renina perif&#233;rica estimulada com captopril; angiorresson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica; angiografia e, mais recentemente, a ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido.</p>
    <p>A arteriografia apresenta-se como o m&#233;todo mais preciso para o diagn&#243;stico da estenose da art&#233;ria renal, por&#233;m possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, como rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica e risco de nefrotoxicidade pelo agente de contraste, al&#233;m de complica&#231;&#245;es ligadas ao pr&#243;prio procedimento e o seu alto custo. Outro fator importante reside no fato da arteriografia, por ser um estudo anat&#244;mico, n&#227;o fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas das les&#245;es renais.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a acur&#225;cia da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; arteriografia, na identifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas nas art&#233;rias renais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo prospectivo, duplo-cego, realizado no Laborat&#243;rio Vascular N&#227;o Invasivo do Hospital de Caridade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba/PUCPR, para testar a acur&#225;cia da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido no diagn&#243;stico das les&#245;es estenosantes ou obstrutivas nas art&#233;rias renais, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; arteriografia, considerada como exame padr&#227;o ouro.</p>
    <p>Foram estudadas 137 art&#233;rias renais de 69 pacientes adultos, 30 homens e 39 mulheres, com m&#233;dia de idade de 54 anos, sem distin&#231;&#227;o de complei&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica ou biotipo, com suspeita de hipertens&#227;o arterial reno-vascular, sendo que um dos pacientes fora submetido &#224; nefrectomia pr&#233;via ao estudo.</p>
    <p>Inclu&#237;dos no estudo, casos com hipertens&#227;o arterial, de in&#237;cio recente, de pacientes: jovens sem hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o; &gt; 55 anos com hipertens&#227;o arterial, de in&#237;cio recente ou descontrole abrupto; hipertensos refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento; hipertensos com sopro abdominal; com hipertens&#227;o arterial predominantemente diast&#243;lica (&gt; 120 mmHg); e exclu&#237;dos os com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de les&#227;o na art&#233;ria renal; hist&#243;rico de alergia a contraste iodado e com desvio de conduta impedindo a colabora&#231;&#227;o durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames complementares.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes aceitos no estudo foram submetidos ao exame ultra-sonogr&#225;fico e ao estudo arteriogr&#225;fico, sem que os radiologistas e ultra-sonografistas vasculares tivessem conhecimento pr&#233;vio do diagn&#243;stico. Os exames ultra-sonogr&#225;ficos e arteriogr&#225;ficos, do mesmo paciente, foram interpretados, de maneira duplo-cega, segundo crit&#233;rios de interpreta&#231;&#227;o previamente definidos. O intervalo na realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames ultra-sonogr&#225;fico e arteriogr&#225;fico n&#227;o foi superior a 30 dias.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica e hemodin&#226;mica das les&#245;es nas art&#233;rias renais pela ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido foi realizada pela t&#233;cnica direta, com os pacientes examinados em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, com transdutores curvos de baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia (2 a 3,5 MHz) para permitir uma maior penetra&#231;&#227;o (10-12cm) do feixe de ultra-som.</p>
    <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de fluxo foi mantida uma caixa de cor pequena, com profundidade adequada para maximizar o n&#250;mero de quadros por minutos <italic>(frame rate)</italic> e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de repeti&#231;&#227;o de pulsos adequada para a estrutura a ser analisada. O ganho e o filtro da cor foram ajustados para permitir o mapeamento em cores do fluxo adequado.</p>
    <p>O Doppler puls&#225;til foi posicionado na &#225;rea de interesse no centro do vaso nas art&#233;rias normais ou no local da altera&#231;&#227;o hemodinamicamente significativa, representada pelo aumento de velocidades e turbilhonamento do fluxo. A amostra de volume foi ajustada para o tamanho do vaso, evitando-se a contamina&#231;&#227;o com informa&#231;&#227;o de outras estruturas vizinhas, principalmente a movimentos respirat&#243;rios. Para a aorta abdominal e as art&#233;rias renais principais foi mantido o &#226;ngulo de incid&#234;ncia do Doppler puls&#225;til pr&#243;ximo de 60&#186;. Foram ajustados o ganho, filtro e escala das curvas de velocidade do Doppler puls&#225;til, a fim de proporcionar uma curva adequada para a mensura&#231;&#227;o das velocidades.</p>
    <p>Anatomicamente, as art&#233;rias renais originam-se, perpendicularmente, do segmento proximal da aorta abdominal em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; loja renal em uma angula&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;xima a 60&#186;. Portanto, a origem e segmento proximal das art&#233;rias renais foram avaliadas, longitudinalmente, atrav&#233;s de corte transversal da aorta abdominal na regi&#227;o epig&#225;strica, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>). Pelo corte na regi&#227;o epig&#225;strica, na depend&#234;ncia da anatomia e biotipo do paciente pode-se, muitas vezes, avaliar quase toda a extens&#227;o das art&#233;rias renais. Os segmentos distais e o hilo das art&#233;rias renais, assim como a mensura&#231;&#227;o do tamanho renal, nas respectivas regi&#245;es lombares, foram avaliados por cortes longitudinais e transversais.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0473-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Uma vez identificadas as art&#233;rias renais pelo mapeamento em cores do fluxo, em sec&#231;&#227;o longitudinal, foi localizada a amostra de volume do Doppler puls&#225;til para a obten&#231;&#227;o das an&#225;lise espectral e a mensura&#231;&#227;o das velocidades sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, rotineiramente, na origem ou em qualquer outro segmento do vaso, que apresente altera&#231;&#245;es de fluxo no mapeamento colorido, sempre com corre&#231;&#227;o do &#226;ngulo de insona&#231;&#227;o do Doppler para 60&#186;.</p>
    <p>A velocidade sist&#243;lica na aorta abdominal foi obtida, em corte longitudinal, no seu segmento proximal, em n&#237;vel da origem da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior, tamb&#233;m respeitando um &#226;ngulo de insona&#231;&#227;o do Doppler de 60&#186;, para efetua&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice renal-aorta, isto &#233;, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as velocidades sist&#243;licas das art&#233;rias renais e da aorta abdominal.</p>
    <p>Considerando-se os crit&#233;rios de Strandness Jr e cols<sup>1</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>) para valores absolutos da velocidade sist&#243;lica nas art&#233;rias renais, o &#237;ndice renal-aorta e o tamanho renal, as art&#233;rias renais foram consideradas normais, com estenoses moderadas (&lt;60%), com estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas (&gt;60%) e obstru&#237;das.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0473-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Preferencialmente os exames foram realizados no per&#237;odo da manh&#227; e os pacientes orientados a permanecer em jejum nas 12h antecedentes ao exame.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica das obstru&#231;&#245;es arteriais, pela imagem arteriogr&#225;fica, foi realizada pela t&#233;cnica de subtra&#231;&#227;o digital, por cateterismo arterial seletivo, via pun&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral, estudando-se as art&#233;rias renais e do par&#234;nquima renal, assim como, a excre&#231;&#227;o do agente de contraste.</p>
    <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o do grau de estenose na art&#233;ria renal foi obtida pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria normal e o segmento comprometido do vaso. As art&#233;rias renais normais apresentaram-se contrastadas em toda a extens&#227;o com paredes regulares, incluindo a visibiliza&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias intra-parenquimatosas. As estenoses foram quantificadas em moderadas, inferiores a 60% de redu&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica do di&#226;metro da luz arterial, e significativas, superiores a 60% de redu&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica do di&#226;metro da luz arterial, com diminui&#231;&#227;o da excre&#231;&#227;o renal do contraste. Nas obstru&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o foi contrastada a art&#233;ria renal na sua topografia habitual e aus&#234;ncia de contraste no par&#234;nquima renal.</p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o arterial ultra-sonogr&#225;fica, foi utilizado o equipamento de imagem e fluxo (eco-Doppler) com mapeamento em cores do fluxo Doppler: <italic>Siemes- Sonoline Elegra</italic><sup>&#174;</sup>. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o arteriogr&#225;fica, foi utilizado o aparelho com subtra&#231;&#227;o digital de imagens: <italic>Siemens Angioscopy</italic><sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os achados do diagn&#243;stico ultra-sonogr&#225;fico das estenoses e obstru&#231;&#245;es nas art&#233;rias renais foram comparados aos achados arteriogr&#225;ficos. O tamanho m&#237;nimo amostral foi calculado para a inclus&#227;o de 50 art&#233;rias renais no estudo.</p>
    <p>Foram calculados os &#237;ndices de qualidade (sensibilidade, especificidade, acur&#225;cia, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo) para a ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido na diferencia&#231;&#227;o da estenose hemodinamicamente significativa (&gt;60%) das estenoses moderadas e das art&#233;rias normais, considerando a arteriografia como padr&#227;o ouro.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Baseados nos crit&#233;rios previamente definidos, das 137 art&#233;rias renais avaliadas pela ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido, 43 (31,3%) foram consideradas normais, 11 (8,1%) com estenoses moderadas, 70 (51,1%) com estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas, 7 (5,1%) obstru&#237;das e 6 (4,4%) art&#233;rias cujos laudos foram inconclusivos.</p>
    <p>Os achados da arteriografia demonstraram 50 (36,5%) art&#233;rias renais normais, 10 (7,3%) com estenoses moderadas, 67 (48,9%) com estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas, 9 (6,6%) oclu&#237;das e uma (0,7%) art&#233;ria considerada inconclusiva.</p>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos, excluindo-se os laudos inconclusivos (7 art&#233;rias), das 130 restantes, 116 (89,2%) art&#233;rias tiveram laudos concordantes e 14 (10,8%) discordantes.</p>
    <p>Das 116 art&#233;rias com laudos concordantes 40 foram consideradas normais, 6 com estenoses moderadas, 63 com estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas e 7 obstru&#237;das (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0473-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Das 14 art&#233;rias renais com laudos discordantes, 9 apresentaram resultados falso-positivos e 5 falso-negativos da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; arteriografia. Em todas as 9 art&#233;rias consideradas como resultado falso-positivo, a velocidade sist&#243;lica detectada foi superior a 200 cm/s e em 5 delas o &#237;ndice renal-aorta foi superior a 4. As art&#233;rias consideradas como resultado falso-negativo apresentaram &#237;ndices renal-aorta inferiores a 3.5, com velocidades sist&#243;licas pr&#243;ximas a 200 cm/s.</p>
    <p>Os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo na diferencia&#231;&#227;o da estenose hemodinamicamente significativa (&gt;60%) das estenoses moderadas e das art&#233;rias normais, considerando a arteriografia como padr&#227;o ouro e obedecendo os crit&#233;rios pr&#233;-definidos da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido foram respectivamente 95,33 %, 88,14%, 89,86% e 94,55%. A acur&#225;cia geral do procedimento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; arteriografia foi de 91,94%</p>
    <p>Nas 6 (4,4%) situa&#231;&#245;es consideradas inconclusivas pela ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido, houve limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas na identifica&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise da origem, segmento proximal em 4 art&#233;rias e dificuldades na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de velocidades elevadas em 2. Em um caso, a presen&#231;a de aneurisma na aorta abdominal justa-renal causou dificuldades no estudo das art&#233;ria renal pela arteriografia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O objetivo principal dos exames complementares na investiga&#231;&#227;o de portadores de hipertens&#227;o reno-vascular &#233; identificar as les&#245;es anat&#244;micas nas art&#233;rias renais e seus ramos, bem como determinar quais dessas les&#245;es ser&#227;o fisiologicamente significativas, isto &#233;, respons&#225;veis pela ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina. Haimovici e Zinicola<sup>2</sup> demonstraram que estenoses maiores que 60% de redu&#231;&#227;o de di&#226;metro, nas art&#233;rias renais de c&#227;es, causaram diminui&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o renal, e aus&#234;ncia de nefrograma na urografia excretora, portanto les&#245;es fisiologicamente significativas.</p>
    <p>Apesar de apresentar varia&#231;&#227;o interobservador entre 79 e 87%, a arteriografia &#233; considerada o exame de escolha para o diagn&#243;stico anat&#244;mico das les&#245;es estenosantes ou obstrutivas das art&#233;rias renais. Contudo, sabe-se que al&#233;m de n&#227;o fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, existe o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; arteriografia, quer sist&#234;micas ou locais, entre 1,8 a 9%<sup>3-7</sup>. Por isso, faz-se necess&#225;ria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um m&#233;todo de sele&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasivo, que possa identificar as les&#245;es anat&#244;micas e, hemodinamicamente, significativas nas art&#233;rias renais.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido no diagn&#243;stico das doen&#231;as vasculares tem sido ampliada nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, com a melhoria na sensibilidade do equipamento e com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do mapeamento em cores do fluxo. Os crit&#233;rios diretos dos exames para o diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o reno-vascular s&#227;o baseados na mensura&#231;&#227;o das velocidades nas art&#233;rias renais, no &#237;ndice renal-aorta e na medida do tamanho renal.</p>
    <p>O pico de velocidade sist&#243;lica tem sido proposto por v&#225;rios autores entre os valores de 100 a 200 cm/s. Autores que consideraram como par&#226;metro uma velocidade &gt; 100 cm/s, apresentaram baixos &#237;ndices de acur&#225;cia, por&#233;m, um alto &#237;ndice de exames inconclusivos, denotando limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas individuais no estudo das art&#233;rias renais com a ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Autores com melhores &#237;ndices de acur&#225;cia e limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas menores utilizaram valores de pico de velocidade sist&#243;lica &gt; 180 cm/s. Hansen e cols.<sup>10</sup> consideram o valor de 180 cm/s como base das altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas nas art&#233;rias renais<sup>10</sup>. Mirales e cols.<sup>11</sup> consideraram a velocidade de 198 cm/s; Ollin e cols.<sup>12</sup> e Kohter e cols.<sup>13</sup>, a velocidade de 200 cm/s.</p>
    <p>De acordo com os trabalhos iniciais da Universidade de Washington, o &#237;ndice renal-aorta <underline>&gt;</underline> a 3,5 indica estenose de art&#233;ria renal hemodinamicamente significativa<sup>13-15</sup>. Mirales e cols.<sup>11</sup> prop&#245;em um valor &gt; 3,3 para este crit&#233;rio, no entanto, com valores de sensibilidade e especificidade semelhantes ao grupo de Washington<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados da ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido, neste trabalho, comparados &#224; arteriografia, na identifica&#231;&#227;o das estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas mostraram &#237;ndices de qualidade, indicando sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia geral de 95,38%, 88,14%, 89,86%, 94,55% e 91,94% respectivamente, com crit&#233;rios referenciais de velocidade de 180 cm/s e &#237;ndice renal-aorta de 3.5. Tais valores assemelham-se &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es descritas na literatura, de sensibilidade entre 67 a 98%, especificidade entre 89 a 100%, valor preditivo positivo entre 85,7 a 98% e valor preditivo negativo entre 92,5 a 98%<sup>3,5,6,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ainda neste estudo, foram observadas 14 art&#233;rias renais com laudos discordantes entre ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido e arteriografia, 9 apresentaram resultados falso-positivos e 5 falso-negativos. Em todas 9 art&#233;rias, consideradas como resultado falso-positivo, a velocidade sist&#243;lica detectada foi superior a 200 cm/s e, em 5 delas, o &#237;ndice renal-aorta foi superior a 4, portanto, com valores dentro dos crit&#233;rios exigidos para o diagn&#243;stico de estenose, hemodinamicamente significativa, apesar de n&#227;o confirmados pela arteriografia. As art&#233;rias consideradas como resultado falso-negativo apresentaram &#237;ndices renal-aorta inferiores a 3.5, com velocidades sist&#243;licas pr&#243;ximas a 200 cm/s, compat&#237;veis com estenose moderada, por&#233;m a interpreta&#231;&#227;o arteriogr&#225;fica as considerou como estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas.</p>
    <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas do eco-Doppler em cores, relatadas em at&#233; 15% dos casos na literatura, podem estar relacionadas a varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas da vasculariza&#231;&#227;o renal, como ramifica&#231;&#227;o precoce, art&#233;ria renal acess&#243;ria e art&#233;rias polares; assim como, &#224; dificuldade da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame em portadores de arritmias card&#237;acas, doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias graves, obesidade m&#243;rbida ou na presen&#231;a excessiva de gases. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de preparo gastrintestinal pr&#233;vio, habilidade do examinador e tempo para realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame s&#227;o fatores que contribuem para redu&#231;&#227;o da porcentagem de exames inconclusivos<sup>11</sup>. Nossos casos inconclusivos (4,4%), compat&#237;veis com a literatura, referem-se aos fatores anteriormente citados. Como o objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a acur&#225;cia do m&#233;todo na diferencia&#231;&#227;o das estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas, a inclus&#227;o desses casos poderia alterar a acur&#225;cia geral do m&#233;todo (apesar de ser somente 5% da casu&#237;stica total), por&#233;m, sem interfer&#234;ncia direta no estudo espec&#237;fico das estenoses, hemodinamicamente, significativas.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, a experi&#234;ncia do ultra-sonografista vascular com a t&#233;cnica direta de avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias renais, o uso adequado dos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de equipamentos sens&#237;veis, possibilitam o estudo da maioria dos pacientes com suspeita de hipertens&#227;o reno-vascular, com confiabilidade e, por ser um m&#233;todo de diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo direto e apresentar uma boa acur&#225;cia, a ultra-sonografia vascular com Doppler colorido pode ser utilizada como exame de rotina na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com suspeita de hipertens&#227;o reno-vascular para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de arteriografia.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Dr. Carlos Alberto Engelhorn </p>
        <p> Rua Dep. Heitor Alencar Furtado, 1720/901 </p>
        <p> Curitiba - PR Cep 81200-110 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="engelhor@bsi.com.br">engelhor@bsi.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 6/3/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 5/6/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Strandeness    DE Jr. Duplex scanning in diagnosis of renovascular hypertension. Surg Clin    North Am 1990, 70: 109-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Duplex scanning in diagnosis of renovascular hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Surg Clin North Am</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>109</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Strandeness</surname>
              <given-names>DE Jr</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Haimovici    H, Zinicola N. Experimental renal artery stenosis: diagnostic significance of    arterial hemodinamics. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1962, 3: 259-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Experimental renal artery stenosis: diagnostic significance of arterial hemodinamics</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1962</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>259</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haimovici</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zinicola</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Jaarsveld    BC, Pierterman H, Dijik LC, Seijen AJ, Krijinen P et al. Inter-observer variability    in the angiographic assessment of renal artery stenosis. J Hyperten 1999, 17:    1731-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Inter-observer variability in the angiographic assessment of renal artery stenosis</article-title>
          <source>J Hyperten</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1731</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jaarsveld</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pierterman</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dijik</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seijen</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krijinen</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Sigstedt    B, Lunderquist A. Complications of angiography examinations. Am J Roentegenol    1978, 130: 455-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Complications of angiography examinations</article-title>
          <source>Am J Roentegenol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>455</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
          <volume>130</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sigstedt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lunderquist</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Hessel    SJ, Adams DF, Abrams HL. Complications of angiography. Radiology 1981, 138:    273-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Complications of angiography</article-title>
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>273</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hessel</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abrams</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Vaugh    JR, Sacharias N. Arteriography complications in DAS era. Radiology 1992, 182:    243-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Arteriography complications in DAS era</article-title>
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>243</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>182</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vaugh</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sacharias</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Egglin    T, O'Moore PV, Feinstein AR, Waltman AC. Complications of peripheral arteriography:    A new system to identify patients at increased risk. J Vasc Surg 1995, 22: 787-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Complications of peripheral arteriography: A new system to identify patients at increased risk</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>787</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Egglin</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Moore</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feinstein</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waltman</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Desberg    A, Pausther DM, Lammert GK, Hale J, Troy RB, et al. Radiology, 1990, 12: 227-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>227</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Desberg</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pausther</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lammert</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hale</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Troy</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Berland    LL, Koslin DB, Routh WD, Keller FS. Renal artery stenosis: prospective evoluation    of diagnosis with color duplex ultrasound compared with angiography. Radiology.    1990, 174: 421-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Renal artery stenosis: prospective evoluation of diagnosis with color duplex ultrasound compared with angiography</article-title>
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>421</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <volume>174</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berland</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koslin</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Routh</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keller</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Hansen    KJ, Tribble RW, Reavis SW, Canzanello VJ, Creaven TE, et al. Renal duplex sonography:    evaluation of clinical utility. J Vasc Surg. 1990, 12: 250-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Renal duplex sonography: evaluation of clinical utility</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>250</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tribble</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reavis</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Canzanello</surname>
              <given-names>VJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Creaven</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Mirales    M, Cairols M, Cotillas J, Gimenez A, Santiso A. Vallue of doppler parameters    in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 1996, 23: 428-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Vallue of doppler parameters in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>428</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mirales</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cairols</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cotillas</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gimenez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santiso</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Ollin    JW, Piedmonte MR, Yoing JR, DeAnna S, Grubb M et al. The utility of duplex ultrasound    scannining of the renal arteries for diagnosing significant renal artery stenosis.    Ann Intern Med 1995, 122: 833-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The utility of duplex ultrasound scannining of the renal arteries for diagnosing significant renal artery stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>833</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ollin</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piedmonte</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoing</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeAnna</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grubb</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Kohler    TR, Zieler, Martin RL, Nichols SC, Bergelin RO, et al. Non invasive diagnosis    of renal artery by ultrasonic duplex scanning. J Vasc Surg 1986, 4: 450-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Non invasive diagnosis of renal artery by ultrasonic duplex scanning</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>450</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kohler</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zieler</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nichols</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>RO</surname>
              <given-names>Bergelin</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Hoffmann    U, Edwards JM, Carter S, Goldman ML, Harley JD et al. Role of duplex scanning    for the detection of aterosclerotic renal artery disease. Kidney Int 1991, 39:    1232-39.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Role of duplex scanning for the detection of aterosclerotic renal artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Kidney Int</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1232</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carter</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldman</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harley</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Taylor    DC, Kettler MD, Moneta GL, Kohler TR, Kazmers A et al. Follow-up of renal artery    stenosis by duplex ultrasound. J Vasc Surg. 1988, 7: 633-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Follow-up of renal artery stenosis by duplex ultrasound</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>633</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kettler</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moneta</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kohler</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kazmers</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Vascular color Doppler ultrasound for assessing renovascular hypertension: accuracy of the direct technique for assessing the renal arteries</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of vascular color Doppler ultrasound as compared with digital subtraction arteriography for identifying hemodynamically significant renal artery stenoses. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-seven renal arteries from 69 adult patients suspected of having renovascular arterial hypertension were prospectively studied with ultrasound. The results obtained were compared in a double-blind manner with those obtained on digital subtraction arteriography, and the following parameters were calculated according to previously defined criteria: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy. RESULTS: The inconclusive results (7 arteries) were excluded. The comparison of the 2 methods in regard to the 130 remaining arteries showed concordant results for 116 (89.2%) arteries and discordant results for 14 (10.8%) arteries. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy of vascular color Doppler ultrasound were, respectively, 95.33%, 88.14%, 89.86%, 94.55%, and 91.94%. CONCLUSION: A good correlation between the 2 examinations was observed in the evaluation of the hemodynamically significant renal artery stenoses, making vascular color Doppler ultrasound a noninvasive method useful for selecting patients with suspected renovascular hypertension.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>renal artery</kwd>
        <kwd>ultrasound</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Vascular color Doppler ultrasound for assessing renovascular hypertension. Accuracy of the direct technique for assessing the renal arteries</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Carlos Alberto Engelhorn; Ana Luiza Engelhorn; Renata Pullig </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica - PR - Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the accuracy of vascular color Doppler ultrasound as compared with digital subtraction arteriography for identifying hemodynamically significant renal artery stenoses.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>One hundred and thirty-seven renal arteries from 69 adult patients suspected of having renovascular arterial hypertension were prospectively studied with ultrasound. The results obtained were compared in a double-blind manner with those obtained on digital subtraction arteriography, and the following parameters were calculated according to previously defined criteria: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The inconclusive results (7 arteries) were excluded. The comparison of the 2 methods in regard to the 130 remaining arteries showed concordant results for 116 (89.2%) arteries and discordant results for 14 (10.8%) arteries. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy of vascular color Doppler ultrasound were, respectively, 95.33%, 88.14%, 89.86%, 94.55%, and 91.94%.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>A good correlation between the 2 examinations was observed in the evaluation of the hemodynamically significant renal artery stenoses, making vascular color Doppler ultrasound a noninvasive method useful for selecting patients with suspected renovascular hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>hypertension, renal artery, ultrasound</p>
      <p>The early diagnosis of patients suspected of having renovascular hypertension is important because of the risk of progression to renal insufficiency due to the nephropathic ischemia caused by lesions limiting the renal artery flow.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of arterial hypertension resulting from renal artery stenosis may be established with the following different complementary examinations: determination of selective renin in the renal vein; functional study with radioisotopes; excretory urography; determination of the peripheral renin stimulated with captopril; magnetic angioresonance; angiography; and, more recently, vascular color Doppler ultrasound.</p>
      <p>Arteriography is the most precise method for diagnosing renal artery stenosis, but it has some limitations, such as allergic reaction and the risk of nephrotoxicity due to the contrast medium, in addition to complications inherent to the procedure and its high cost. Another important factor is that arteriography is an anatomic study, and, therefore, does not provide hemodynamic information about the renal lesions.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing the accuracy of vascular color Doppler ultrasound as compared with that of arteriography in identifying hemodynamically significant renal artery stenoses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We carried out a prospective double-blind study at the Noninvasive Vascular Laboratory of the Hospital de Caridade of the Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba/PUCPR, to assess the accuracy of vascular color Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of stenotic or obstructive lesions in the renal arteries as compared with that of arteriography, which is considered the gold standard.</p>
      <p>One hundred and thirty-seven renal arteries from 69 adult patients (30 men and 39 women) suspected of having renovascular arterial hypertension, with no distinction of complexion or biotype, and a mean age of 54 years were studied. One of the patients had undergone nephrectomy prior to the study.</p>
      <p>The following patients with arterial hypertension of recent onset were included in the study: young individuals with no familial history of hypertension; individuals &gt; 55 years with arterial hypertension of recent onset or abrupt lack of control; hypertensive individuals refractory to treatment; hypertensive individuals with an abdominal murmur; and individuals with predominantly diastolic arterial hypertension (&gt; 120 mmHg). Patients with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: previous diagnosis of renal artery lesion; history of allergy to iodinated contrast medium; and behavior alterations preventing patient's collaboration during the complementary examinations.</p>
      <p>All patients accepted in the study underwent ultrasonography and arteriography, and the radiologists and ultrasonographers ignored the previous diagnosis. The ultrasound and arteriography of the same patient were interpreted in a double-blind manner according to previously defined interpretation criteria. The interval between ultrasonography and arteriography did not exceed 30 days.</p>
      <p>The anatomical and hemodynamic assessment of the lesions in the renal arteries with vascular color Doppler ultrasound was performed according to the direct technique with the patients in the supine position with low-frequency curve transducers (2 to 3.5 MHz) to allow greater penetration (10-12 cm) of the ultrasound beam.</p>
      <p>For flow assessment, a small color box was maintained with an appropriate depth for maximizing the number of frames per minute (frame rate) and a frequency of pulse repetition adequate for the structure to be analyzed. The gain and color filter were adjusted to allow adequate color-flow mapping.</p>
      <p>The pulsed Doppler was positioned in the area of interest in the center of the vessel in normal arteries or in the site of the hemodynamically significant alteration, represented by the increase in flow velocities and turbulence. The volume sample was adjusted for the size of the vessel, avoiding contamination with information from other neighboring structures, mainly respiratory movements. For the abdominal aorta and major renal arteries, the angle of incidence of the pulsed Doppler was maintained close to 60&#186;. The gain, the filter, and the scales of the velocity curves of the pulsed Doppler were adjusted to provide an adequate curve for measuring velocities.</p>
      <p>Anatomically, the renal arteries originate perpendicularly from the proximal segment of the abdominal aorta and travel towards the kidney in an angle of approximately 60&#186;. Therefore, the origin and the proximal segment of the renal arteries were longitudinally assessed on a transverse section of the abdominal aorta in the epigastric region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>). Based on the section in the epigastric region, depending on the anatomy and biotype of the patient, sometimes almost the entire extension of the renal arteries can be assessed. The distal segments and the hilum of the renal arteries, as well as the measurement of the renal size in the respective lumbar regions, were assessed with longitudinal and transverse sections.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0473-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Once the renal arteries were identified on color-flow mapping in the longitudinal section, the volume sample of pulsed Doppler was located for spectral analysis and routine measurement of the systolic and diastolic velocities in the origin or any other segment of the vessel that showed flow alterations in color-flow mapping, always with correction of the Doppler insonation angle to 60&#186;.</p>
      <p>The systolic velocity in the abdominal aorta was obtained in the longitudinal section in its proximal segment at the level of the origin of the superior mesenteric artery, also respecting the Doppler insonation angle of 60&#186;, for calculating the renal-aorta index, ie, the relation between the systolic velocities of the renal arteries and the abdominal aorta.</p>
      <p>Considering the criteria of Strandness Jr <sup>1</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. I</xref>) for the absolute values of the systolic velocity in the renal arteries, the renal-aorta index, and the renal size, the renal arteries were classified as follows: normal, with moderate stenoses (&lt; 60%), with hemodynamically significant stenoses (&gt; 60%), and obstructed.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0473-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The examinations were performed preferably in the morning, and the patients were recommended to observe a 12-hour fasting period.</p>
      <p>Anatomical assessment of the arterial obstructions based on the arteriographic image was performed with the digital subtraction technique, with selective arterial catheterization through femoral artery puncture, studying the renal arteries and the renal parenchyma, as well as the excretion of the contrast medium.</p>
      <p>Measurement of the degree of renal artery stenosis was obtained through the relation between the diameter of the normal artery and the impaired segment of the vessel. The normal renal arteries appeared contrasted in their entire extension with regular walls, including the visualization of the intraparenchymatous arteries. The stenoses were quantified as moderate, when the anatomical reduction in the diameter of the arterial lumen did not exceed 60%, and significant, when the anatomical reduction in the diameter of the arterial lumen exceeded 60%, with a reduction in the renal excretion of the contrast medium. In the obstructions, the renal artery was not contrasted in its usual topography and no contrast medium was observed in the renal parenchyma.</p>
      <p>For the arterial ultrasonographic study, the Siemes-Sonoline Elegra<sup>&#174;</sup> image and flow device (echoDoppler) with Doppler color-flow mapping was used. For the arteriographic study, the Siemens Angioscopy<sup>&#174;</sup> digital image subtraction device was used.</p>
      <p>The findings of the ultrasonographic study of the stenoses and obstructions of the renal arteries were compared with the arteriographic findings. The minimum sample size was calculated for the inclusion of 50 renal arteries in the study.</p>
      <p>The indices of quality (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values) for vascular color Doppler ultrasound were calculated for differentiating hemodynamically significant stenosis (&gt; 60%) from moderate stenoses and normal arteries, considering arteriography the gold standard.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on previously defined criteria, of the 137 renal arteries assessed on vascular color Doppler ultrasound, 43 (31.3%) were considered normal, 11 (8.1%) had moderate stenoses, 70 (51.1%) had hemodynamically significant stenoses, 7 (5.1%) were obstructed, and in 6 (4.4%) arteries the examination was inconclusive.</p>
      <p>The arteriographic findings were as follows: 50 (36.5%) renal arteries were normal, 10 (7.3%) had moderate stenoses, 67 (48.9%) had hemodynamically significant stenoses, 9 (6.6%) were occluded, and in 1 (0.7%) the examination was inconclusive.</p>
      <p>After excluding the inconclusive examinations (7 arteries), the comparison of the methods in the remaining 130 arteries showed 116 (89.2%) concordant results and 14 (10.8%) discordant results.</p>
      <p>Of the 116 arteries with concordant results, 40 were considered normal, 6 were moderately stenotic, 63 were hemodynamically significantly stenotic, and 7 were obstructed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0473-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Of the 14 renal arteries with discordant results, 9 were false-positive and 5 false-negative on vascular color Doppler ultrasound as compared with arteriography. For all 9 arteries whose results were considered false-positive, the systolic velocity detected was greater than 200 cm/s, and in 5 of them the renal-aorta index exceeded 4. The arteries whose results were considered false-negative had renal-aorta indices lower than 3.5 and systolic velocities close to 200 cm/s.</p>
      <p>Considering arteriography as the gold standard and meeting the predefined criteria of vascular color Doppler ultrasound, the differentiation of the hemodynamically significant stenosis (&gt; 60%) from the moderate stenoses and from the normal arteries showed the following values of sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values, respectively, 95.33%, 88.14%, 89.86%, and 94.55%. The overall accuracy of the procedure as compared with that of arteriography was 91.94%.</p>
      <p>The 6 (4.4%) cases considered inconclusive on vascular color Doppler ultrasound had technical limitations in the identification and analysis of the origin and proximal segment in 4 arteries, and difficulties occurred in interpreting the elevated velocities in 2 arteries. In 1 case, the presence of an aneurysm of the juxtarenal abdominal aorta caused difficulties in the study of the renal artery on arteriography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The major objective of the complementary examinations in the investigation of patients with renovascular hypertension is to identify the anatomic lesions in the renal arteries and their branches, and to determine which of these lesions will be physiologically significant, ie, responsible for the activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Haimovici and Zinicola <sup>2</sup> reported that stenoses greater than 60% of the diameter of the renal arteries of dogs caused a reduction in the renal perfusion pressure and the absence of a nephrogram on excretory urography, being, therefore, physiologically significant lesions.</p>
      <p>Although arteriography has an interobserver variation between 79 and 87%, it is considered the examination of choice for the anatomical diagnosis of stenotic or obstructive lesions of the renal arteries. However, in addition to not providing hemodynamic information, a 1.8 to 9% risk of complications related to arteriography, both systemic and local, exists <sup>3-7</sup>. Therefore, a noninvasive method of selection that may identify the anatomic and hemodynamically significant lesions of the renal arteries is required.</p>
      <p>The use of vascular color Doppler ultrasound for the diagnosis of vascular diseases has been extended in recent decades with improvement in the sensitivity of the equipment and use of color-flow mapping. The direct criteria of the examinations for the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension are based on measurement of the velocities in the renal arteries, on the renal-aorta index, and on renal size.</p>
      <p>Several authors have proposed values between 100 and 200 cm/s for the peak systolic velocity. Authors, who considered a velocity &gt; 100 cm/s as a parameter, had low accuracy indices, but a high index of inconclusive examinations, denoting individual technical limitations in the study of the renal arteries on vascular color Doppler ultrasound <sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Authors using values of peak systolic velocity &gt; 180 cm/s had better accuracy indices and fewer technical limitations. Hansen et al <sup>10</sup> considered the value of 180 cm/s as the base of hemodynamic alterations in the renal arteries<sup>10</sup>. Mirales et al <sup>11</sup> considered the velocity of 198 cm/s; Ollin et al <sup>12</sup> and Kohler et al <sup>13</sup> considered the velocity of 200 cm/s.</p>
      <p>According to the initial studies at Washington University, a renal-aorta index <underline>&gt;</underline> 3.5 indicates hemodynamically significant renal artery stenosis <sup>13-15</sup>. Mirales et al <sup>11</sup> proposed a value &gt; 3.3 for this criterion, but with values of sensitivity and specificity similar to those of the Washington group <sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our results of vascular color Doppler ultrasound compared with those of arteriography for identifying hemodynamically significant stenoses showed indices of quality, indicating sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and overall accuracy of 95.38%, 88.14%, 89.86%, 94.55%, and 91.94%, respectively, with referential criteria of velocity of 180 cm/s and renal-aorta index of 3.5. These values are similar to the following variations reported in the literature: sensitivity between 67 and 98%, specificity between 89 and 100%, positive predictive value between 85.7 and 98%, and negative predictive value between 92.5 and 98% <sup>3,5,6,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Still in our study, the results of 14 renal arteries found on vascular color Doppler ultrasound and arteriography disagreed, 9 being false-positive and 5 false-negative. In all 9 arteries whose results were false-positive, the systolic velocity detected exceeded 200 cm/s, and, in 5 of them, the renal-aorta index was greater than 4. These values, therefore, met the criteria required for the diagnosis of hemodynamically significant stenosis, although they were not confirmed on arteriography. The arteries whose results were false-negative had renal-aorta indices lower than 3.5 and systolic velocities close to 200 cm/s, compatible with moderate stenoses; on arteriographic interpretation, however, they were considered hemodynamically significant stenoses.</p>
      <p>The technical limitations of color Doppler ultrasound reported in up to 15% of the cases in the literature may relate to the anatomic variations in renal vascularization, such as early ramification, accessory renal artery, and polar arteries, or may relate to difficulties in performing the examination in patients with cardiac arrhythmias, severe respiratory diseases, morbid obesity, or an excessive amount of gases. Previous gastrointestinal preparation, ability of the examiner, and time for performing the examination are factors that contribute to reducing the percentage of inconclusive examinations <sup>11</sup>. Our inconclusive cases (4.4%), compatible with the figures in the literature, relate to the previously cited factors. As the objective of the study was to assess the accuracy of the method in differentiating the hemodynamically significant stenoses, the inclusion of these cases could alter the overall accuracy of the method (although they represent only 5% of the total case series) without directly interfering with the specific study of the hemodynamically significant stenoses.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the experience of the vascular ultrasonographer with the direct technique for renal artery evaluation, the adequate use of diagnostic criteria and the use of sensitive equipment enable the reliable study of most patients suspected of having renovascular hypertension. Because vascular color Doppler ultrasound is a direct noninvasive diagnostic method that has good accuracy, it may be used as a routine examination for selecting patients suspected of having renovascular hypertension for undergoing arteriography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Carlos Alberto Engelhorn</p>
          <p> Rua Dep. Heitor Alencar Furtado, 1720/901</p>
          <p> Cep 81200-110 - Curitiba, PR, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="engelhor@bsi.com.br">engelhor@bsi.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 3/6/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 6/5/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
