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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qyXGQTh87CHhXPKLYhGFg5q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000500009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200509</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000500009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Os ramos ventriculares posteriores das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias no homem</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortale</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Keiralla</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Carolina Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>463</fpage>
      <lpage>467</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Descrever os ramos ventriculares posteriores no tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico e propor um novo crit&#233;rio de an&#225;lise da distribui&#231;&#227;o desses ramos, conforme a classifica&#231;&#227;o tradicional, a fim de determinar a predomin&#226;ncia ou o equil&#237;brio entre as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias no suprimento arterial do cora&#231;&#227;o. M&#201;TODOS: Dissecados 40 cora&#231;&#245;es obtidos de necroscopias de adultos, fixados em solu&#231;&#227;o de formol e a face posterior de cada ventr&#237;culo dividida em oito &#225;reas, aproximadamente iguais, para a classifica&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Foram considerados os tr&#234;s tipos tradicionais: A) domin&#226;ncia da direita, B) tipo balanceado e C) domin&#226;ncia da esquerda e analisados o n&#250;mero, o di&#226;metro e as &#225;reas de termina&#231;&#227;o dos ramos ventriculares posteriores no epic&#225;rdio. RESULTADOS: Os ramos verificados e sua freq&#252;&#234;ncia foram: ramo marginal esquerdo - 100%; ramos posteriores do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo: lateral - 75%, interm&#233;dio - 82,5% e medial - 87,5%; ramo interventricular posterior - 95%; ramos posteriores do ventr&#237;culo direito: medial - 40%, interm&#233;dio - 32,5% e lateral - 40%; ramo diagonal posterior do ventr&#237;culo direito - 17,5%; ramo marginal direito - 95%. Foram encontrados 62,5% de domin&#226;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, 25% de tipo balanceado e 12,5% de domin&#226;ncia da coron&#225;ria esquerda. CONCLUS&#195;O: O m&#233;todo adotado permitiu-nos uma classifica&#231;&#227;o mais precisa dos casos analisados nos tipos de distribui&#231;&#227;o coronariana. O tipo de domin&#226;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita foi o prevalente, seguido do equil&#237;brio e da domin&#226;ncia esquerda.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>anatomia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os ramos ventriculares posteriores das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias no homem</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Roberto Ortale; Luisa Carolina Borges Keiralla; Luciana Sacilotto </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas - Campinas, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>OBJETIVO: Descrever os ramos ventriculares posteriores no tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico e propor um novo crit&#233;rio de an&#225;lise da distribui&#231;&#227;o desses ramos, conforme a classifica&#231;&#227;o tradicional, a fim de determinar a predomin&#226;ncia ou o equil&#237;brio entre as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias no suprimento arterial do cora&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>M&#201;TODOS: Dissecados 40 cora&#231;&#245;es obtidos de necroscopias de adultos, fixados em solu&#231;&#227;o de formol e a face posterior de cada ventr&#237;culo dividida em oito &#225;reas, aproximadamente iguais, para a classifica&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Foram considerados os tr&#234;s tipos tradicionais: A) domin&#226;ncia da direita, B) tipo balanceado e C) domin&#226;ncia da esquerda e analisados o n&#250;mero, o di&#226;metro e as &#225;reas de termina&#231;&#227;o dos ramos ventriculares posteriores no epic&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>RESULTADOS: Os ramos verificados e sua freq&#252;&#234;ncia foram: ramo marginal esquerdo - 100%; ramos posteriores do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo: lateral - 75%, interm&#233;dio - 82,5% e medial - 87,5%; ramo interventricular posterior - 95%; ramos posteriores do ventr&#237;culo direito: medial - 40%, interm&#233;dio - 32,5% e lateral - 40%; ramo diagonal posterior do ventr&#237;culo direito - 17,5%; ramo marginal direito - 95%. Foram encontrados 62,5% de domin&#226;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, 25% de tipo balanceado e 12,5% de domin&#226;ncia da coron&#225;ria esquerda. </p>
    <p>CONCLUS&#195;O: O m&#233;todo adotado permitiu-nos uma classifica&#231;&#227;o mais precisa dos casos analisados nos tipos de distribui&#231;&#227;o coronariana. O tipo de domin&#226;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita foi o prevalente, seguido do equil&#237;brio e da domin&#226;ncia esquerda.</p>
    <p>Palavras-chave: circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana, cora&#231;&#227;o, anatomia.</p>
    <p>O estudo anat&#244;mico dos ramos ventriculares das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias encontra aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na execu&#231;&#227;o e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de exame e no planejamento e realiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>1-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 1940, Schlesinger<sup>1</sup> fundamentou o conceito anat&#244;mico de balanceamento ou predomin&#226;ncia na circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana na face diafragm&#225;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o, utilizando como refer&#234;ncia a regi&#227;o da <italic>crux cordis</italic>, definida como o ponto de encontro do sulco coronariano com os sulcos interatrial e interventricular. De acordo com o autor<sup>1</sup>, a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita era predominante quando fornecia o ramo interventricular posterior e supria sangue para a maior parte da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Entretanto, esse crit&#233;rio n&#227;o quantifica o limite dessa maior parte. No tipo balanceado, a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita irrigava somente o ventr&#237;culo direito e parte posterior do septo interventricular, n&#227;o fornecendo ramos significantes para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, enquanto este era irrigado pela art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. O crit&#233;rio permaneceu subjetivo, pois n&#227;o definiu o conceito de ramos significantes, uma vez que na domin&#226;ncia esquerda, a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda fornecia, juntamente com a direita, ramos interventriculares posteriores paralelos, ou apenas a esquerda originava um ramo interventricular posterior e, em alguns casos, enviava ramos para o ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
    <p>Blunk e DiDio<sup>7</sup> consideraram domin&#226;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita todos os casos em que ela fornecia ramos para a face posterior do ventr&#237;culo direito. H&#225; trabalhos mais recentes de Falci J&#250;nior e cols.<sup>8</sup> , segundo os quais na domin&#226;ncia direita, a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita atingia e ultrapassava a <italic>crux cordis,</italic> dando um ou mais ramos para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; na circula&#231;&#227;o balanceada, atingindo esse ponto, mas n&#227;o o ultrapassando e, na domin&#226;ncia esquerda, a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda atingia a <italic>crux cordis</italic>, originando ou n&#227;o ramos para o ventr&#237;culo direito<italic>.</italic> Dessa maneira, n&#227;o consideram a possibilidade de os ramos que ultrapassavam a <italic>crux cordis</italic>, serem pouco significativos.</p>
    <p>Essas classifica&#231;&#245;es, ademais, n&#227;o consideravam o fato de que, em alguns casos, o ramo interventricular anterior contornava o &#225;pice do cora&#231;&#227;o e ascendia no sulco interventricular posterior, o que, segundo Cavalcanti e cols.<sup>9</sup> ocorria em 28,18% dos casos e Lima J&#250;nior e cols.<sup>10</sup> em 50%. Assim, julgamos pertinente incluir a an&#225;lise do ramo interventricular anterior entre nossos crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Pino e cols<sup>6</sup> elaboraram uma divis&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos entre o sulco coronariano e o &#225;pice do cora&#231;&#227;o em ter&#231;os superior, m&#233;dio e inferior. No entanto, julgamos que o acr&#233;scimo de uma subdivis&#227;o de cada ter&#231;o tornaria mais rigorosa a determina&#231;&#227;o dos limites de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos ramos interventriculares posteriores.</p>
    <p>Assim, nosso objetivo foi descrever os ramos coronarianos na face diafragm&#225;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o e propor um crit&#233;rio para classificar a predomin&#226;ncia ou o equil&#237;brio da circula&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com base no conjunto de estudos citados, acrescentando a divis&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos em &#225;reas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram dissecadas as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e seus ramos ventriculares posteriores no epic&#225;rdio da face diafragm&#225;tica de 40 cora&#231;&#245;es obtidos de necroscopias de adultos, fixados a 5% e conservados a 10% em solu&#231;&#227;o de formol, provenientes do Instituto M&#233;dico Legal de Campinas e do Laborat&#243;rio de Anatomia do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Vida da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas.</p>
    <p>Para classificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos ramos ventriculares posteriores das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, de acordo com o seu trajeto superficial, a face posterior de cada ventr&#237;culo foi dividida em 8 &#225;reas, por meio de duas linhas longitudinais, que separavam os ter&#231;os medial, interm&#233;dio e lateral e duas linhas transversais, que subdividiam cada ter&#231;o em &#225;reas superior, m&#233;dia e inferior, aproximadamente iguais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b">fig.1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1b"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0463-00009-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig1a">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0463-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Conforme a sua distribui&#231;&#227;o para o ter&#231;o medial, interm&#233;dio ou lateral, os ramos posteriores de cada ventr&#237;culo receberam o respectivo nome<sup>11</sup>. Quando havia mais de um ramo para a mesma &#225;rea, eram acrescidos ao nome algarismos romanos<sup>12</sup>. Por exemplo: ramo posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo interm&#233;dio I, ramo posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo interm&#233;dio II e assim por diante. J&#225; os ramos que se originavam da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e cruzavam obliquamente a face posterior do ventr&#237;culo direito em dire&#231;&#227;o ao sulco interventricular foram nomeados ramo diagonal posterior do ventr&#237;culo direito<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram medidos os di&#226;metros no ponto de origem das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias direita e esquerda, dos ramos interventricular anterior e circunflexo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda e de cada ramo superficial presente na face posterior dos ventr&#237;culos, bem como feito o registro das &#225;reas em que os ramos aprofundavam no mioc&#225;rdio. Foi verificada a exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de anastomose por inoscula&#231;&#227;o entre os ramos interventriculares anterior e posterior.</p>
    <p>Para o estabelecimento dos tr&#234;s tipos b&#225;sicos de circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana, seguimos fundamentalmente os crit&#233;rios de Schlesinger<sup>1</sup>, para o estudo da domin&#226;ncia ou equil&#237;brio na distribui&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias: A) domin&#226;ncia da direita, B) tipo balanceado e C) domin&#226;ncia da esquerda.</p>
    <p>No tipo de circula&#231;&#227;o dominantemente direita, a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita fornecia o ramo interventricular posterior, ultrapassava a <italic>crux cordis</italic> e emitia ramos para, no m&#237;nimo, a parte medial m&#233;dia (&#225;reas 1 e 4) da face posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">fig. 1A</xref>).</p>
    <p>Nos casos de circula&#231;&#227;o balanceada e de domin&#226;ncia esquerda, consideramos necess&#225;ria a elabora&#231;&#227;o de novos crit&#233;rios que tornaram mais acurada a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos tipos de distribui&#231;&#227;o coronariana. No tipo balanceado determinaram-se dois subtipos: B1) a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita fornecia o ramo interventricular posterior, que se estendia at&#233; o 1/3 inferior do sulco interventricular posterior, sendo que em alguns casos ela fornecia raminhos para a &#225;rea superior medial (&#225;rea 1) da face posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b">fig.1 B1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">B2</xref>) a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita terminava bifurcando-se em ramo interventricular posterior para a metade do sulco e ramo posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo medial para as &#225;reas 1 e 4 da face posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, enquanto o ramo interventricular anterior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda terminava no 1/3 inferior do sulco interventricular posterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">fig. 1 B2</xref>).</p>
    <p>O tipo de domin&#226;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda tamb&#233;m compreendia dois subtipos: C1) a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda fornecia o ramo interventricular posterior, independentemente de dar ou n&#227;o ramos para a face posterior do ventr&#237;culo direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b">fig. 1 C1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">C2</xref>) o ramo interventricular anterior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda ultrapassava o &#225;pice do cora&#231;&#227;o e terminava no 1/3 inferior do sulco interventricular posterior, enquanto os 2/3 superiores do sulco eram irrigados por ramos terminais da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita: ramo diagonal do ventr&#237;culo direito e ramo interventricular posterior, podendo ou n&#227;o dar raminhos para a &#225;rea medial superior (&#225;rea 1) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">fig. 1 C2</xref>).</p>
    <p>Por fim, quantificamos em cada tipo espec&#237;fico de circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana, o n&#250;mero de ramos das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias direita ou esquerda, que ultrapassavam a <italic>crux</italic> <italic>cordis</italic>, e percorriam a face diafragm&#225;tica do ventr&#237;culo oposto.</p>
    <p>As medidas foram efetuadas com paqu&#237;metro digital Mitutoyo e os valores relatados como m&#237;nimo, m&#225;ximo, m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Para cada pe&#231;a foi feita uma representa&#231;&#227;o diagram&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, presente em todos os casos, originou-se do seio a&#243;rtico direito e os di&#226;metros foram de 1,8-5,3 mm; 3,6&#177;0,8 mm. A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, presente em todos os casos, originou-se do seio a&#243;rtico esquerdo, sendo que os di&#226;metros foram de 3,1-7,1 mm; 4,6&#177;0,9 mm e os comprimentos de 4,5-18,4 mm; 11,5&#177;3,9 mm. Em todos os casos esteve presente seu ramo interventricular anterior, cujos di&#226;metros foram de 2,4-5,9 mm; 3,6&#177;0,8mm e seu ramo circunflexo, cujos di&#226;metros foram de 1,9-6,2 mm; 3,5&#177;0,9 mm. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela I</xref> mostra a freq&#252;&#234;ncia, a origem, o di&#226;metro e o n&#250;mero dos ramos ventriculares posteriores.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0463-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Com base na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos ramos das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias situadas no epic&#225;rdio da face posterior dos ventr&#237;culos, foram considerados tr&#234;s tipos de circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana: A-dominantemente direita; B- balanceada e C- dominantemente esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela II</xref> apresenta a origem e o di&#226;metro dos ramos ventriculares posteriores nos tipos de domin&#226;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, balanceada e de domin&#226;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2 A a D</xref> resume a localiza&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de penetra&#231;&#227;o no mioc&#225;rdio dos ramos ventriculares posteriores nos tr&#234;s tipos de circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0463-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0463-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Nos casos de domin&#226;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">Fig 1A</xref>) encontrados em 25/40 casos ou 62,5%, esta ultrapassava a <italic>crux cordis</italic> e fornecia em 21/25 casos o ramo posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo medial, em 19/25 casos o ramo posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo interm&#233;dio e em 4/25 casos o ramo posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo lateral.</p>
    <p>A circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana balanceada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b">fig. 1 B1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">B2</xref>) foi verificada em 10/40 casos (25%) sendo que 9/10 eram do subtipo B1 e 1/10 casos do subtipo B2. A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita ultrapassava a <italic>crux cordis</italic> e fornecia em 8/10 casos o ramo posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo medial, que se ramificava na &#225;rea superior medial (&#225;rea 1) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Em 2/10 casos esse ramo se originava da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda e percorria at&#233; a &#225;rea 4 do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>A domin&#226;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b">fig. 1 C1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">C2</xref>) foi observada em 5/40 casos (12,5%) sendo 3/5 do subtipo C1 e 2/5 do subtipo C2, dos quais em 1/2 casos ocorreram raminhos desta art&#233;ria destinados &#224; &#225;rea 1 da face posterior do ventr&#237;culo direito. Em 3/5 casos a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda fornecia o ramo interventricular posterior, o qual percorria em 2/3 casos o ter&#231;o superior do sulco e em 1/3 casos, at&#233; o ter&#231;o m&#233;dio; em 2/5 casos o ramo interventricular anterior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda contornava o &#225;pice do cora&#231;&#227;o e irrigava o ter&#231;o inferior do sulco interventricular posterior. Nesses 2/5 casos, em 1/2 casos o ramo interventricular posterior originou-se da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e percorreu o ter&#231;o superior do sulco, enquanto o ramo diagonal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita se dirigiu para o seu ter&#231;o m&#233;dio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">fig. 1 C2</xref>); em 1/2 casos n&#227;o havia o ramo interventricular posterior e o ramo diagonal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita percorria o ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do sulco. Quanto ao ramo posterior do ventr&#237;culo direito medial nos casos de domin&#226;ncia esquerda, ele esteve presente na &#225;rea superior medial (&#225;rea 1) do ventr&#237;culo direito em 2/5 casos, sendo que se originou em um caso da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e em outro do ramo circunflexo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda.</p>
    <p>Em 4/25 casos de domin&#226;ncia da &#225;rea coron&#225;ria direita havia uma anastomose por inoscula&#231;&#227;o entre os ramos interventriculares anterior e posterior.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em nossos resultados, a m&#233;dia dos di&#226;metros da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda foi maior que a m&#233;dia dos di&#226;metros da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, em concord&#226;ncia com James<sup>3</sup>. O ramo circunflexo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda forneceu o ramo interventricular posterior em 3/40 ou 7,5% dos casos, freq&#252;&#234;ncia intermedi&#225;ria entre as obtidas pelos outros autores<sup>3,5,7,10,14</sup>. O ramo interventricular anterior terminou anastomosando-se boca a boca com o ramo interventricular posterior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita em freq&#252;&#234;ncia de valor intermedi&#225;rio entre os verificados por Hadziselimovic e Secerov<sup>15</sup> e Cavalcanti e cols.<sup>9</sup></p>
    <p>Em nenhum dos casos observados, verificamos a varia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda &#250;nica, irrigando todo o cora&#231;&#227;o com aus&#234;ncia de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, segundo Koizumi e cols.<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o dos tipos de circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana em domin&#226;ncia direita, balanceada e esquerda, a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela III</xref> estabelece compara&#231;&#245;es entre a freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos tipos de circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana verificados por n&#243;s e por diversos autores<sup>1,6-8,10</sup>. Encontramos percentuais pr&#243;ximos aos relatados por Pino e cols.<sup>6</sup>, provavelmente devido esses autores terem estabelecido uma divis&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0463-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia obtida por n&#243;s para a domin&#226;ncia direita foi menor que as mencionadas por Blunk e DiDio<sup>7</sup>, Lima Jr. e cols.<sup>10</sup> e Falci Jr. e cols.<sup>8</sup>, pois os autores inclu&#237;ram neste tipo todos os casos em que a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita forneceu ramos para a face posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, enquanto exclu&#237;mos os casos em que esse suprimento se restringia &#224; &#225;rea medial superior (&#225;rea 1), j&#225; que tais ramos apresentavam pequeno calibre, exercendo pouca influ&#234;ncia na distribui&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a Schlesinger<sup>1</sup> cremos que a nossa maior percentagem obtida seja devida ao fato de termos fixado para a domin&#226;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, o suprimento de, no m&#237;nimo, a parte medial m&#233;dia (&#225;rea 4) da face posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, enquanto o autor baseou-se na maior parte dessa face, sem especific&#225;-la.</p>
    <p>No tipo balanceado, segundo Schelesinger<sup>1</sup>, a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita n&#227;o fornecia ramos significantes para a metade posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, enquanto consideramos ramos pouco significantes aqueles que se restringiam &#224; &#225;rea medial superior ou &#225;rea 1 (subtipo B1), assim como Falci Jr. e cols.<sup>8</sup>, justificando nossa percentagem menor em rela&#231;&#227;o a Schelesinger<sup>1</sup> e pr&#243;ximas &#224;s de Falci Jr. e cols.<sup>8</sup>. Provavelmente, nossa freq&#252;&#234;ncia foi pouco maior que a desses autores, pois acrescentamos ao tipo balanceado, os cora&#231;&#245;es nos quais, apesar da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita fornecer ramos para as &#225;reas 1 e 4 do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o ramo interventricular anterior ascendia no sulco posterior e irrigava as &#225;reas &#237;nfero-mediais dos ventr&#237;culos ou &#225;rea 7 (subtipo B2).</p>
    <p>No que se refere &#224; domin&#226;ncia esquerda, Schelesinger<sup>1</sup> a verificou em 18% dos casos, enquanto a encontramos em 12,5% dos casos. Em nenhum dos cora&#231;&#245;es por n&#243;s analisados, a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e o ramo circunflexo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda terminaram em ramos interventriculares posteriores paralelos conforme relatou o autor<sup>1</sup>. Al&#233;m dos casos de domin&#226;ncia esquerda, devido &#224; presen&#231;a do ramo interventricular posterior origin&#225;rio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, enviando ou n&#227;o ramos para o ventr&#237;culo direito (subtipo C1), inclu&#237;mos nessa classifica&#231;&#227;o as pe&#231;as nas quais o ramo interventricular posterior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita era insuficiente para irrigar toda a extens&#227;o do sulco, sendo o seu ter&#231;o inferior ocupado pela termina&#231;&#227;o do ramo interventricular anterior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (subtipo C2).</p>
    <p>Assim, ap&#243;s desenvolver uma divis&#227;o padronizada do cora&#231;&#227;o em &#225;reas, tornou-se mais fidedigna a classifica&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Jos&#233; Roberto Ortale </p>
        <p> Rua Francisco de Assis Pupo, 245/32 </p>
        <p> 13035-000 Campinas, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ortalejr@uol.com.br">ortalejr@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 30/4/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 5/8/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The posterior ventricular branches of the coronary arteries in the human heart</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To describe the trajectory of the posterior ventricular branches of the coronary arteries in the epicardial adipose tissue, and to propose a new criterion for analyzing the distribution of these branches, according to the traditional classification, to determine the predominance or balance of the coronary arteries in the arterial supply to the heart. METHODS: Forty hearts obtained from autopsies of adults were dissected and fixed in a formol solution. The posterior face of each ventricle was divided into 8 approximately equal areas for the morphological classification of the coronary circulation. The following 3 traditional types were considered: A) right dominance, B) balanced, and C) left dominance. The number, diameter, and terminal areas of the posterior ventricular branches in the epicardium were analyzed. RESULTS: The following branches and respective frequencies were found: left marginal branch - 100%; posterior left ventricular branches: lateral - 75%, intermediate - 82.5%, and medial - 87.5%; interventricular posterior branch - 95%; posterior right ventricular branch: medial - 40%, intermediate - 32.5%, and lateral - 40%; posterior diagonal branch of the right ventricle - 17.5%; right marginal branch - 95%. In regard to dominance, the following values were found: dominance of the right coronary artery - 62.5%; balanced type - 25%; and dominance of the left coronary artery - 12.5%. CONCLUSION: The method adopted allowed a more precise classification of the types of coronary artery distribution found. The right coronary artery dominance type was the most prevalent, followed by the balanced type and the left coronary artery dominance.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>coronary circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>heart</kwd>
        <kwd>anatomy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The posterior ventricular branches of the coronary arteries in the human heart</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Roberto Ortale; Luisa Carolina Borges Keiralla; Luciana Sacilotto </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas - Campinas, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>OBJECTIVE: To describe the trajectory of the posterior ventricular branches of the coronary arteries in the epicardial adipose tissue, and to propose a new criterion for analyzing the distribution of these branches, according to the traditional classification, to determine the predominance or balance of the coronary arteries in the arterial supply to the heart.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Forty hearts obtained from autopsies of adults were dissected and fixed in a formol solution. The posterior face of each ventricle was divided into 8 approximately equal areas for the morphological classification of the coronary circulation. The following 3 traditional types were considered: A) right dominance, B) balanced, and C) left dominance. The number, diameter, and terminal areas of the posterior ventricular branches in the epicardium were analyzed.</p>
      <p>RESULTS: The following branches and respective frequencies were found: left marginal branch - 100%; posterior left ventricular branches: lateral - 75%, intermediate - 82.5%, and medial - 87.5%; interventricular posterior branch - 95%; posterior right ventricular branch: medial - 40%, intermediate - 32.5%, and lateral - 40%; posterior diagonal branch of the right ventricle - 17.5%; right marginal branch - 95%. In regard to dominance, the following values were found: dominance of the right coronary artery - 62.5%; balanced type - 25%; and dominance of the left coronary artery - 12.5%.</p>
      <p>CONCLUSION: The method adopted allowed a more precise classification of the types of coronary artery distribution found. The right coronary artery dominance type was the most prevalent, followed by the balanced type and the left coronary artery dominance.</p>
      <p>Key words: coronary circulation, heart, anatomy</p>
      <p>The clinical application of the anatomical study of the ventricular branches of coronary arteries is the execution and interpretation of examination methods and the planning and performing of cardiovascular disease treatment <sup>1-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 1940, Schlesinger <sup>1</sup> developed the anatomical concept of balance or predominance in coronary artery circulation in the diaphragmatic face of the heart, using the crux cordis region as a reference. The crux cordis is defined as the point where the coronary sulcus meets the interatrial and interventricular sulci. According to the author <sup>1</sup>, the right coronary artery was predominant when it provided the posterior interventricular branch and supplied blood for most of the left ventricular posterior wall. However, this criterion did not quantify the limit of this region in the posterior wall. In the balanced type, the right coronary artery irrigated only the right ventricle and the posterior part of the interventricular septum, and did not provide significant branches for the left ventricle, which was irrigated by the left coronary artery. The criterion remained subjective, because it did not define the concept of significant branches, because, for example, in left dominance, the left coronary artery provided, along with the right coronary artery, parallel posterior interventricular branches, or only the left coronary artery provided a posterior interventricular branch, sometimes sending branches to the right ventricle.</p>
      <p>Blunk and DiDio <sup>7</sup> considered dominance of the right coronary artery to be all cases in which the right coronary artery provided branches for the posterior face of the right ventricle. More recent studies by Falci Junior et al <sup>8</sup> reported that in right dominance, the right coronary artery reached and extended beyond the crux cordis, providing 1 or more branches to the left ventricle; in balanced circulation, the right coronary artery reached that point, but did not extend beyond it; and, in left dominance, the left coronary artery reached the crux cordis, originating, or not, branches to the right ventricle. For this reason, they did not consider the possibility that the branches extending beyond the crux cordis were of little significance.</p>
      <p>In addition, these classifications did not consider the fact that sometimes the anterior interventricular branch surrounded the apex of the heart and extended upward in the posterior interventricular sulcus, which, according to Cavalcanti et al <sup>9</sup> occurred in 28.18% of the cases, and according to Lima J&#250;nior et al <sup>10</sup> in 50%. Therefore, we found it pertinent to include the analysis of the anterior interventricular branch among our classification criteria.</p>
      <p>Pino et al <sup>6</sup> reported a division of the ventricles between the coronary sulcus and the apex of the heart into superior, middle, and inferior thirds. However, we believe that the addition of 1 subdivision to each third would make the determination of the limits of distribution of the posterior interventricular branches more precise.</p>
      <p>Therefore, our objective was to describe the trajectory of coronary artery branches in the diaphragmatic face of the heart, and to propose a criterion for classifying the predominance or balance of the coronary circulation based on the studies cited, adding the division of the ventricles into areas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The coronary arteries and their posterior ventricular branches in the epicardium of the diaphragmatic face of 40 hearts obtained from autopsies of adults were dissected, fixed in a 5% formol solution and conserved in a 10% formol solution. These hearts came from the Legal Medical Institute of Campinas and from the Laboratory of Anatomy of the Center of Life Sciences of the Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica of Campinas, in the state of S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>For classifying the distribution of the posterior ventricular branches of the coronary arteries according to their superficial trajectory, the posterior face of each ventricle was divided into 8 areas by 2 longitudinal lines, which separated the medial, intermediate, and lateral thirds, and 2 transverse lines, which subdivided each third into approximately equal superior, middle, and inferior areas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">fig.1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1b-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0463-00009-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig1a-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0463-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>According to their distribution to the medial, intermediate, or lateral third, the posterior branches of each ventricle received their respective names <sup>11</sup>. When more than 1 branch existed in the same area, roman numerals were added to the name <sup>12</sup>. For example: left ventricular posterior intermediate I branch, left ventricular posterior intermediate II branch, and so forth. On the other hand, the branch originating from the right coronary artery and obliquely crossing the left ventricular posterior face towards the interventricular sulcus was named the right ventricular posterior diagonal branch <sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The following diameters were measured: at the point of origin of the right and left coronary arteries; of the anterior interventricular and circumflex branches of the left coronary artery; of each superficial branch present in the posterior face of the ventricles. The areas in which the branches deepened in the myocardium were recorded. The presence or absence of anastomosis due to inosculation between the anterior and posterior interventricular branches was verified.</p>
      <p>For establishing the 3 basic types of coronary circulation, we followed the criteria of Schlesinger <sup>1</sup> for studying dominance or balance in the distribution of coronary arteries: A) right dominance; B) balanced type; and C) left dominance.</p>
      <p>In the right dominance type of circulation, the right coronary artery originates the posterior interventricular branch, extends beyond the crux cordis, and branches towards at least the middle medial part (areas 1 and 4) of the left ventricular posterior face (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">fig. 1A</xref>).</p>
      <p>In the cases of balanced circulation and left dominance, the development of new criteria is required for making the classification of the types of coronary artery distribution more accurate. In the balanced type, 2 subtypes were determined: B1) the right coronary artery originates the posterior interventricular branch that extends to the inferior third of the posterior interventricular sulcus, but in some cases it originates small branches to the medial superior area (area 1) of the left ventricular posterior face (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">fig. 1 B1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">B2</xref>) the right coronary artery ends by bifurcating into the posterior interventricular branch to half of the sulcus and the posterior branch of the medial left ventricle to areas 1 and 4 of the left ventricular posterior face, while the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery ends in the inferior third of the posterior interventricular sulcus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">fig. 1 B2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The type of dominance of the left coronary artery also comprises 2 subtypes: C1) the left coronary artery originates the posterior interventricular branch, independently of originating, or not originating, branches to the right ventricular posterior face (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">fig. 1 C1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">C2</xref>) the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery extends beyond the apex of the heart and ends in the inferior third of the posterior interventricular sulcus, while the superior two thirds of the sulcus are irrigated by the terminal branches of the right coronary artery (diagonal branch of the right ventricle and posterior interventricular branch), and may or may not branch to the superior medial area (area 1) of the left ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">fig. 1 C2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Finally, in each specific type of coronary circulation, the number of branches of the right and left coronary arteries extending beyond the crux cordis and running through the diaphragmatic face of the opposite ventricle was assessed.</p>
      <p>The measurements were performed with a Mitutoyo digital pachymeter, and the values were reported as minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation. A diagrammatic representation was performed for each specimen.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The right coronary artery, present in all cases, originated from the right aortic sinus, with diameters ranging from 1.8 to 5.3 mm (mean of 3.6&#177;0.8 mm). The left coronary artery, present in all cases, originated from the left aortic sinus, with diameters ranging from 3.1 to 7.1 mm (mean of 4.6&#177;0.9 mm) and lengths ranging from 4.5 to 18.4 mm (mean of 11.5&#177;3.9 mm). In all cases, its anterior interventricular branch was present, with diameters ranging from 2.4 to 5.9 mm (mean of 3.6&#177;0.8 mm), as was its circumflex branch, with diameters ranging from 1.9 to 6.2 mm (mean of 3.5&#177;0.9 mm). <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_20279t1-body2">Table I</xref> shows the frequency, origin, diameter, and number of the posterior ventricular branches.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_20279t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0463-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Based on the distribution of the coronary artery branches located in the epicardium of the posterior face of the ventricles, 3 types of coronary circulation were considered: A -right dominant; B - balanced; and C - left dominant (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_20279t2-body2">Table II</xref> shows the origin and diameter of the posterior ventricular branches in the 3 types of coronary circulation: dominance of the right coronary artery, balanced, and dominance of the left coronary artery. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_20279f2-body2">Figures 2 A</xref> to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_20279f2-body2">D</xref> summarize the location of the points where the posterior ventricular branches penetrate the myocardium in the 3 types of coronary circulation.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_20279t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0463-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_20279f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0463-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Right coronary artery dominance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">fig. 1A</xref>) was found in 25/40 cases (62.5%). In these cases, the right coronary artery extended beyond the crux cordis. In 21/25 cases, the right coronary artery provided the posterior branch of the medial left ventricle; in 19/25 cases, it provided the posterior branch of the intermediate left ventricle; and, in 4/25 cases, it provided the posterior branch of the lateral left ventricle.</p>
      <p>Balanced coronary circulation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">fig. 1 B1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">B2</xref>) was observed in 10/40 cases (25%), being of the B1 subtype in 9/10 cases and of the B2 subtype in 1/10 cases. The right coronary artery extended beyond the crux cordis, and, in 8/10 cases, provided the posterior branch of the medial left ventricle, which branched in the medial superior area (area 1) of the left ventricle. In 2/10 cases, this branch originated from the left coronary artery and ran until area 4 of the left ventricle.</p>
      <p>Dominance of the left coronary artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">fig. 1 C1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">C2</xref>) was observed in 5/40 cases (12.5%), being of the C1 subtype in 3/5 of the cases, and of the C2 subtype in 2/5 of the cases, of which, in 1 case, branches of this artery were destined to area 1 of the posterior face of the right ventricle. In 3/5 cases, the left coronary artery originated the posterior interventricular branch, which, in 2/3 cases, ran through the superior third of the sulcus, and, in 1/3 cases, extended until the middle third. In 2/5 cases, the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery surrounded the apex of the heart and irrigated the inferior third of the posterior interventricular sulcus. Of these 2/5 cases, in 1 case, the posterior interventricular branch originated from the right coronary artery and ran through the superior third of the sulcus, while the diagonal branch of the right coronary artery ran towards its middle third (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">fig. 1 C2</xref>). In the other case, the posterior interventricular branch did not exist, and the diagonal branch of the right coronary artery ran through the middle third of the sulcus. In regard to the posterior branch of the medial right ventricle in the cases of left dominance, it was present in the medial superior area (area 1) of the right ventricle in 2/5 cases, originating, in 1 case, from the right coronary artery, and, in another, from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery.</p>
      <p>In 4/25 cases of right coronary artery dominance, 1 anastomosis due to inosculation existed between the anterior and posterior interventricular branches.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In our results, the mean diameter of the left coronary artery was greater than the mean diameter of the right coronary artery, in accordance with James' results <sup>3</sup>. The circumflex branch of the left coronary artery originated from the posterior interventricular branch in 3/40 or 7.5% of the cases, a frequency between those obtained by other authors <sup>3,5,7,10,14</sup>. The anterior interventricular branch ended in a termino-terminal anastomosis with the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery in a frequency intermediate between those reported by Hadziselimovic and Secerov <sup>15</sup> and Cavalcanti et al <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>In no case was the anatomical variation of a left single coronary artery observed irrigating the entire heart with the absence of the right coronary artery, as reported by Koizumi et al <sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>In regard to the classification of the types of coronary circulation into right or left dominance, and balanced, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_20279t3-body2">table III</xref> shows the comparison between the frequency of types of coronary circulation observed by us and other authors <sup>1,6-8,10</sup>. Our percentages were similar to those reported by Pino et al <sup>6</sup>, probably because those authors established a division of the ventricles.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_20279t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0463-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Our frequency of right dominance was lower than those reported by Blunk and DiDio <sup>7</sup>, Lima Junior et al <sup>10</sup>, and Falci Junior et al <sup>8</sup>, because these authors included in this type all cases in which the right coronary artery branched towards the posterior face of the left ventricle. We, on the other hand, excluded the cases in which this supply was restricted to the superior medial area (area 1), because these branches had a small caliber, exerting little influence on coronary circulation distribution. In regard to Schlesinger <sup>1</sup>, we believe that our greater percentage was due to the fact that we had fixed for right coronary artery dominance the minimum supply of the middle medial part (area 4) of the left ventricular posterior face. That author, on the other hand, based the supply on the largest region of that face, without specifying it.</p>
      <p>In the balanced type, according to Schlesinger <sup>1</sup>, the right coronary artery did not originate significant branches to the posterior half of the left ventricle, while we considered little significant branches those restricted to the superior medial area or area 1 (B1 subtype), like Falci Junior et al <sup>8</sup> did, which justified our smaller percentage as compared with that of Schlesinger <sup>1</sup> and close to that of Falci Junior et al <sup>8</sup>. Our frequency may have been a little greater than that of these authors <sup>8</sup>, because we added to the balanced type the hearts in which the anterior interventricular branch ascended in the posterior sulcus and irrigated the infero-medial areas of the ventricles or area 7 (B2 subtype), although the right coronary artery originated branches to the left ventricular areas 1 and 4.</p>
      <p>In regard to left dominance, Schlesinger <sup>1</sup> reported an incidence of 18%, while we found an incidence of 12.5%. In none of the hearts that we studied did the right coronary artery and the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery end in parallel posterior interventricular branches, as reported by that author <sup>1</sup>. In addition to the cases of left dominance, due to the presence of the posterior interventricular branch originating from the left coronary artery sending or not branches to the right ventricle (C1 subtype), we included into this classification the specimen in which the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery was insufficient to irrigate the entire extension of the sulcus, its inferior third being occupied by the end of the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery (C2 subtype).</p>
      <p>Thus, after developing a standardized division of the heart into areas, the classification of the distribution of the coronary circulation became more reliable.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Jos&#233; Roberto Ortale</p>
          <p> Rua Francisco de Assis Pupo, 245/32</p>
          <p> 13035-000 &#150; Campinas, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ortalejr@uol.com.br">ortalejr@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 4/30/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 8/5/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
