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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pDs7G5hWDFfDH6KYgxQQ6vQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000500007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200507</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000500007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento cir&#250;rgico para claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente em pacientes que n&#227;o melhoram com o tratamento cl&#237;nico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wolosker</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Munia</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosoky</surname>
            <given-names>Ruben</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fidelis</surname>
            <given-names>Ronald J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakano</surname>
            <given-names>Livio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kauffman</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Puech-Le&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>445</fpage>
      <lpage>449</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar prospectivamente os resultados obtidos com o tratamento cir&#250;rgico de portadores de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente que n&#227;o obtiveram melhora cl&#237;nica com o tratamento conservador, acompanhados, em m&#233;dia, por 6 anos. M&#201;TODOS: De janeiro/1992 a janeiro/2002 foram acompanhados 26 pacientes tratados cirurgicamente de um grupo de 1380 portadores de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, admitidos num ambulat&#243;rio de doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica e claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, representando 1,88% do total. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o referiam limita&#231;&#227;o para deambular ap&#243;s a cirurgia 16 pacientes. Experimentaram melhora nove, por&#233;m com algum grau de limita&#231;&#227;o, e dois, pequena melhora na dist&#226;ncia m&#225;xima de marcha. N&#227;o houve mortalidade intra-operat&#243;ria. Tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram trombose da art&#233;ria tratada 6,48 e 60 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento e passaram a apresentar claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente para as dist&#226;ncias pr&#233;vias &#224; cirurgia. Durante o seguimento a longo prazo observamos uma mortalidade de 23,0% devido a infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (4 casos), insufici&#234;ncia renal (um) e acidente vascular cerebral (um). Dois pacientes foram submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio 2 e 4 anos ap&#243;s a reconstru&#231;&#227;o arterial e um ainda necessitou angioplastia coronariana com 3 anos de seguimento. O tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 73 meses. CONCLUS&#195;O: O tratamento cir&#250;rgico diminuiu sintomas isqu&#234;micos da claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente em muitos pacientes, com excelente taxa de pat&#234;ncia (88,4%) dos enxertos, tornando-se em pacientes que n&#227;o apresentam melhora com tratamento cl&#237;nico, boa alternativa com baixas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es e bons resultados a longo prazo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>tratamento cir&#250;rgico</kwd>
        <kwd>claudica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>tratamento cl&#237;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tratamento cir&#250;rgico para claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente em pacientes que n&#227;o melhoram com o tratamento cl&#237;nico</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Nelson Wolosker; Marco Antonio S. Munia; Ruben Rosoky; Ronald J. Fidelis; Livio Nakano; Paulo Kauffman; Pedro Puech-Le&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Disciplina de Cirurgia Vascular do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar prospectivamente os resultados obtidos com o tratamento cir&#250;rgico de portadores de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente que n&#227;o obtiveram melhora cl&#237;nica com o tratamento conservador, acompanhados, em m&#233;dia, por 6 anos. </p>
    <p>M&#201;TODOS: De janeiro/1992 a janeiro/2002 foram acompanhados 26 pacientes tratados cirurgicamente de um grupo de 1380 portadores de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, admitidos num ambulat&#243;rio de doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica e claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, representando 1,88% do total. </p>
    <p>RESULTADOS: N&#227;o referiam limita&#231;&#227;o para deambular ap&#243;s a cirurgia 16 pacientes. Experimentaram melhora nove, por&#233;m com algum grau de limita&#231;&#227;o, e dois, pequena melhora na dist&#226;ncia m&#225;xima de marcha. N&#227;o houve mortalidade intra-operat&#243;ria. Tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram trombose da art&#233;ria tratada 6,48 e 60 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento e passaram a apresentar claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente para as dist&#226;ncias pr&#233;vias &#224; cirurgia. Durante o seguimento a longo prazo observamos uma mortalidade de 23,0% devido a infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (4 casos), insufici&#234;ncia renal (um) e acidente vascular cerebral (um). Dois pacientes foram submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio 2 e 4 anos ap&#243;s a reconstru&#231;&#227;o arterial e um ainda necessitou angioplastia coronariana com 3 anos de seguimento. O tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 73 meses. </p>
    <p>CONCLUS&#195;O: O tratamento cir&#250;rgico diminuiu sintomas isqu&#234;micos da claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente em muitos pacientes, com excelente taxa de pat&#234;ncia (88,4%) dos enxertos, tornando-se em pacientes que n&#227;o apresentam melhora com tratamento cl&#237;nico, boa alternativa com baixas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es e bons resultados a longo prazo.</p>
    <p>Palavras-chave: tratamento cir&#250;rgico, claudica&#231;&#227;o, tratamento cl&#237;nico</p>
    <p>Pacientes com isquemia grave decorrente de obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial cr&#244;nica em membros inferiores encontram, nas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es, os procedimentos de escolha, a fim de salvar o membro, sendo os m&#233;todos utilizados<sup>1,2</sup> os enxertos arteriais e os procedimentos endovasculares. J&#225; nos pacientes com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, o tratamento tem como objetivo a melhora da sua qualidade de vida atrav&#233;s do aumento das dist&#226;ncias de marcha, sem dor.</p>
    <p>A relativa benignidade da claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente<sup>3</sup>, no que diz respeito &#224; sua evolu&#231;&#227;o natural, e os resultados cir&#250;rgicos duvidosos obtidos nas d&#233;cadas de 60 e 70<sup>4</sup> t&#234;m justificado uma conduta conservadora para a maioria dos casos. Assim, no nosso servi&#231;o, a abordagem cl&#237;nica &#233; a conduta escolhida. No est&#225;gio inicial de tratamento &#233; indicado o tratamento cl&#237;nico, e ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de treinamento f&#237;sico, a resposta terap&#234;utica &#233; reavaliada. Quando n&#227;o ocorre melhora na dist&#226;ncia de marcha, e o paciente encontra-se em boas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o &#233; indicada, permitindo benef&#237;cios imediatos<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>O emprego de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es em casos de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente vem aumentando progressivamente, por&#233;m os trabalhos prospectivos que estudam os seus resultados em indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o obtiveram melhora com o tratamento cl&#237;nico n&#227;o s&#227;o freq&#252;entes e muito menos em nosso meio, especialmente aqueles com seguimento a longo prazo.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; estudar, prospectivamente, os resultados obtidos com o tratamento cir&#250;rgico de portadores de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente que n&#227;o obtiveram melhora cl&#237;nica com o tratamento conservador, acompanhados por um longo per&#237;odo de tempo (m&#233;dia de 6 anos).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de janeiro/1992 a janeiro/2002 foram acompanhados 26 pacientes tratados cirurgicamente, de um grupo de 1380 portadores de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, admitidos num ambulat&#243;rio de doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica e claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, representando 1,88% do total.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes tratados em nosso servi&#231;o obedeceram &#224; seq&#252;&#234;ncia de alternativas terap&#234;uticas apresentadas no <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="d1">diagrama 1</xref>.</p>
    <p>
      <undefined id="d1"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0445-00007-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>A abordagem cl&#237;nica (treinamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o supervisionado e corre&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco da doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica) foram utilizadas na fase inicial do tratamento. Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de tratamento cl&#237;nico de, no m&#237;nimo, 6 meses de dura&#231;&#227;o, observou-se a resposta terap&#234;utica. Quando insatisfat&#243;ria e as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do paciente permitiam, a abordagem cir&#250;rgica passou a ter seu papel<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Seguindo essa seq&#252;&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica, observamos que dos 1380 pacientes tratados por claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, apenas 380 (27,5%) evolu&#237;ram sem aumento nas dist&#226;ncias de marcha ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 6 meses de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico n&#227;o supervisionado. Desses 380 com mau resultado, evolu&#237;ram para isquemia grave 55 (4%) pacientes, e indicada a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, como forma terap&#234;utica para salvamento de membro. Para os 325 (23,5%) restantes foi sugerida a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o para melhoria das dist&#226;ncias de marcha. A maioria desses pacientes (237 ou 17,2%) preferiu continuar o tratamento cl&#237;nico, para evitar riscos inerentes aos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e os 88 (6,2%) restantes aceitaram essa alternativa. Foram realizados 62 (4,4%) procedimentos endovasculares e 26 (1,8%) procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, apresentados neste trabalho.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 56,4 (43 a 68) anos sendo 88,4% tabagistas, 38,4% hipertensos e 26,9% diab&#233;ticos. Dezenove eram do sexo masculino.</p>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio da claudica&#231;&#227;o, desde o seu aparecimento at&#233; o momento da cirurgia, foi de 25 meses. variando de 7 a 72 meses.</p>
    <p>Nenhum paciente inclu&#237;do neste estudo apresentava dor isqu&#234;mica de repouso, perda tecidual ou gangrena de causa isqu&#234;mica. O &#237;ndice tornozelo-bra&#231;o m&#233;dio foi de 0,55. Nenhum paciente apresentava press&#227;o arterial em art&#233;rias tibiais &lt; 40mmHg.</p>
    <p>Todos pacientes foram submetidos &#224; arteriografia digital pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria para determinar, em cada caso, o tipo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o arterial a ser empregado. Foram operados os pacientes que apresentavam doen&#231;a obstrutiva em segmento arterial com extens&#227;o superior a 5cm. J&#225; os casos que apresentavam les&#245;es com extens&#227;o inferior a 5cm foram tratados por m&#233;todos endovasculares. Foram constatadas doen&#231;a aorto-il&#237;aca em 21 casos e doen&#231;a f&#234;moro-popl&#237;tea nos outros 5.</p>
    <p>Para se estudar objetivamente a intensidade da claudica&#231;&#227;o, foi medida a distancia m&#225;xima de marcha, realizada atrav&#233;s de teste de esteira com esfor&#231;o progressivo, em velocidade constante de 3,2 Km/h, inicialmente no est&#225;gio 0, com um aumento progressivo de 2% na inclina&#231;&#227;o a cada 2min. O teste era realizado at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia de dor que impedisse a marcha<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Antes do tratamento cir&#250;rgico, os pacientes apresentavam dist&#226;ncia m&#225;xima de marcha m&#233;dia de 135m, variando de 10 a 200m.</p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o vascular foi determinada por valores de dist&#226;ncia percorrida, obtida em teste de esfor&#231;o progressivo realizado em todos os retornos e considerada evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel (F) quando houve aumento da dist&#226;ncia percorrida de mais de 50m. Os demais casos foram considerados como apresentando evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>As t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas empregadas encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref>. Os pacientes foram reavaliados ap&#243;s 3, 6 e a cada 6 meses. O seguimento variou de 6 a 123 meses, com m&#233;dia de 73 meses. A cada retorno era realizado o teste de esteira, e determinada a dist&#226;ncia m&#225;xima de marcha. O funcionamento dos enxertos foi confirmado pelo exame f&#237;sico e pelo <italic>dupplex-scan</italic> colorido.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0445-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram o funcionamento do enxerto e a evolu&#231;&#227;o na dist&#226;ncia m&#225;xima de marcha.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ocorreu apenas um caso de fal&#234;ncia prim&#225;ria do enxerto, em paciente submetido a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o aorto-bi-femoral e imediatamente submetido a trombectomia da pr&#243;tese associada a enxerto f&#234;moro-popl&#237;teo supragenicular, para melhora do des&#225;g&#252;e distal (<italic>runoff</italic>). N&#227;o houve nenhum caso de piora do n&#237;vel de isquemia. nem necessidade de amputa&#231;&#227;o neste grupo.</p>
    <p>Quanto aos resultados imediatos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s dist&#226;ncias de marcha, observamos que 16 pacientes n&#227;o referiam limita&#231;&#227;o remanescente para deambular ap&#243;s a cirurgia (completaram o teste de marcha com uma dist&#226;ncia de 1000m). Oito pacientes experimentaram melhora significativa (media de 650m e desvio padr&#227;o de 200m), por&#233;m com algum grau de limita&#231;&#227;o e dois apresentaram pequena melhora (menos de 50m) na dist&#226;ncia m&#225;xima de marcha. Assim sendo, 24 pacientes apresentaram evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel e, apenas 2, desfavor&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Durante o seguimento, 3 pacientes apresentaram trombose da art&#233;ria tratada, 6, 48 e 60 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento e passaram a apresentar claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente para as dist&#226;ncias pr&#233;vias &#224; cirurgia, sem afetar suas atividades b&#225;sicas di&#225;rias. Observamos recidiva aos n&#237;veis pr&#233;vios de claudica&#231;&#227;o em outros tr&#234;s pacientes por progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a em segmento f&#234;moro-popl&#237;teo em casos previamente submetidos a enxertos aorto-bi-femorais.</p>
    <p>Quatro pacientes sofreram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e faleceram 21, 48, 52 e 72 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Um paciente faleceu por insufici&#234;ncia renal, 48 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento, e outro devido a acidente vascular cerebral, 32 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Dois pacientes foram submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, 2 e 4 anos ap&#243;s, e um paciente necessitou de angioplastia coronariana com 3 anos de seguimento. Os 3 casos obtiveram sucesso cir&#250;rgico e cl&#237;nico. Os resultados da pat&#234;ncia dos enxertos a longo prazo est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela II</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0445-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0445-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No in&#237;cio da era das revasculariza&#231;&#245;es (d&#233;cadas de 60 e 70), acreditava-se que a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente era a progress&#227;o inexor&#225;vel da isquemia at&#233; a conseq&#252;ente perda de membro, justificando o tratamento cir&#250;rgico precoce. No entanto, as t&#233;cnicas e equipamentos cir&#250;rgicos naquele momento tinham menor desenvolvimento que atualmente, e os resultados eram ent&#227;o menos satisfat&#243;rios que nos dias de hoje<sup>4</sup>. Embora o risco de perda de membro no tratamento conservador exista, estudos com grandes casu&#237;sticas demonstraram que essa progress&#227;o &#233; incomum. Boyd e cols. estudaram 1440 pacientes com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente e verificaram que depois de 10 anos 12,2% necessitaram amputa&#231;&#227;o<sup>10</sup>. No estudo de Framingham, apenas 1,6% de claudicantes necessitaram amputa&#231;&#227;o em um per&#237;odo de 8,3 anos<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma vez que os pacientes tratados clinicamente apresentavam baixos &#237;ndices de amputa&#231;&#227;o, essa abordagem passou a ser empregada com mais tranq&#252;ilidade, seguran&#231;a e freq&#252;&#234;ncia, a partir da d&#233;cada de 70<sup>3</sup>, relegando o tratamento cir&#250;rgico a um segundo plano. Reduzir o risco de perda de membro passou a n&#227;o ser o objetivo principal do tratamento, mas sim a melhora da qualidade de vida dos portadores de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, reduzindo suas limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas, sempre respeitando os riscos e benef&#237;cios de cada procedimento<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Baseados nestas premissas, no nosso servi&#231;o passamos a utilizar a seq&#252;&#234;ncia de alternativas terap&#234;uticas apresentadas no <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="d1">diagrama 1</xref>.</p>
    <p>Na nossa casu&#237;stica, observamos que 80,7% dos pacientes apresentavam doen&#231;a aorto-il&#237;ca e apenas 19,3% no segmento infra-inguinal, devendo esse fato &#224;s revasculariza&#231;&#245;es em segmentos mais proximais (aorto-femorais) que favorecem a boa evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup>, motivo pelo qual a indica&#231;&#227;o desses procedimentos est&#225; balizada em melhores progn&#243;sticos e &#233; feita com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>A deriva&#231;&#227;o arterial com pr&#243;tese &#233; o procedimento cir&#250;rgico mais freq&#252;entemente utilizado nos pacientes com les&#245;es arteriais obstrutivas extensas no segmento aorto-il&#237;aco. De modo geral, o substituto sint&#233;tico &#233; colocado em posi&#231;&#227;o aorto-bi-femoral ou aorto-bi-il&#237;aca ou il&#237;aco-femoral, fato observado em 76,9% dos nossos casos.</p>
    <p>Na doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva f&#234;moro-popl&#237;tea, tem-se demonstrado que enxertos f&#234;moro-popl&#237;teos acima do joelho feitos com veia safena invertida ou n&#227;o invertida, pr&#243;tese de dacron ou politetrafluoretileno e endarterectomia de art&#233;ria femoral superficial t&#234;m resultados semelhantes. J&#225; o enxerto f&#234;moro-popl&#237;teo abaixo do joelho tem resultados, evidentemente melhores, com substituto arterial aut&#243;geno, em compara&#231;&#227;o com substitutos sint&#233;ticos<sup>14</sup>. Observamos que dos 4 enxertos f&#234;moro-popl&#237;teos, 2 foram realizados com pr&#243;tese e os outros dois, al&#233;m do enxerto f&#234;moro-tibial, com veia safena invertida.</p>
    <p>As t&#233;cnicas e os materiais cir&#250;rgicos v&#234;m apresentando grande melhora no passar dos anos, permitindo melhora nos resultados cir&#250;rgicos imediatos, observada na literatura em geral<sup>15,16</sup> e tamb&#233;m em nossa casu&#237;stica, onde tivemos pat&#234;ncia prim&#225;ria de 96%, secund&#225;ria de 100%, e 88,4% de enxertos patentes ap&#243;s 73 meses de seguimento m&#233;dio.</p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista evolutivo, deve-se ficar atento para complica&#231;&#245;es tardias obstrutivas e n&#227;o obstrutivas (infec&#231;&#227;o e pseudo-aneurisma). Complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o obstrutivas ainda n&#227;o foram observadas nesta casu&#237;stica. O fato de terem sido operados pacientes sem isquemia grave, sugere tratar-se de pacientes com leitos arteriais menos acometidos pela doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica e, possivelmente, com melhor progn&#243;stico do que aqueles com comprometimento e manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais severas. Por outro lado, como todas as opera&#231;&#245;es neste estudo foram realizadas em car&#225;ter eletivo, em todas, os pacientes se apresentavam nas suas melhores condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas poss&#237;veis.</p>
    <p>Progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; uma raz&#227;o importante da recorr&#234;ncia de sintomas isqu&#234;micos nos membros inferiores<sup>17</sup>. Em nossas s&#233;ries, mesmo com controle dos fatores de risco e seguimento rigoroso; tr&#234;s (11,5%) pacientes apresentaram trombose da art&#233;ria tratada, tr&#234;s (11,5%) sofreram oclus&#227;o distal, provavelmente devido ao longo per&#237;odo de seguimento, o que permitiu a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>Apesar desses pacientes serem considerados como de risco para cirurgia, n&#227;o observamos mortalidade intra-operat&#243;ria na nossa casu&#237;stica, provavelmente por ser pequena. J&#225; durante o seguimento a longo prazo observamos, como em outras casu&#237;sticas<sup>18</sup>, uma mortalidade de 23,0% num tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio de 73 meses. A principal causa de &#243;bito foi o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (15,3%). Al&#233;m disso, 3 pacientes ainda foram submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nesse per&#237;odo. Nossos dados confirmam aqueles encontrados em literatura e confirmam o consenso de que a doen&#231;a oclusiva de membros inferiores &#233; um importante marcador de doen&#231;a coronariana associada.</p>
    <p>O tratamento da claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente vem evoluindo e sendo aprimorado com o conhecimento da hist&#243;ria natural e com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas de treinamento f&#237;sico e t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas cada vez mais desenvolvidas.</p>
    <p>A abordagem cl&#237;nica tem a seu favor o car&#225;ter n&#227;o-invasivo, com baixa incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es<sup>19</sup>, al&#233;m de a&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, tende a melhorar as dist&#226;ncias de marcha de forma lenta e gradual, traz benef&#237;cios a todo o sistema cardiovascular, interrompendo ou, pelo menos, diminuindo a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>20-24</sup>. Entretanto para se obter o efeito desejado &#233; necess&#225;rio grande esfor&#231;o por parte do paciente e longo tempo de tratamento.</p>
    <p>A abordagem cir&#250;rgica &#233; defendida pela rapidez com que seus benef&#237;cios surgem e podem ser aproveitados<sup>25-28</sup>. Na nossa casu&#237;stica, 92% dos pacientes apresentaram melhora da sintomatologia imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Do ponto de vista s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico, a r&#225;pida reintegra&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#224;s suas atividades habituais, inclusive ao trabalho, principalmente nas faixas et&#225;rias mais jovens, justificaria a ado&#231;&#227;o deste tipo de terap&#234;utica com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia<sup>29</sup>. Outra vantagem obtida com o tratamento cir&#250;rgico reside nos benef&#237;cios adquiridos pelos pacientes com a opera&#231;&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo isento das complica&#231;&#245;es tardias. Esses pacientes obt&#233;m uma qualidade de vida adequada imediatamente ap&#243;s a cirurgia e se beneficiam at&#233; que um evento cardiovascular venha a ocorrer (46% da nossa casu&#237;stica).</p>
    <p>Os dados obtidos da literatura e de nossa experi&#234;ncia dos &#250;ltimos dez anos, permitem informar ao portador de claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, com grande margem de seguran&#231;a, dados atuais a respeito de seu progn&#243;stico com o tratamento cl&#237;nico. Por outro lado, os resultados do presente estudo e aqueles encontrados em outros trabalhos a respeito do tratamento cir&#250;rgico para claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente levam &#224; conclus&#227;o de que se trata de uma abordagem terap&#234;utica j&#225; bastante amadurecida, em decorr&#234;ncia da sofistica&#231;&#227;o e aprimoramento de t&#233;cnicas e tecnologias. Embora a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente ainda seja uma exce&#231;&#227;o, os resultados contrastam muito com aqueles que obrigaram a relegar o tratamento cir&#250;rgico a essa posi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Analisando detalhadamente nossa casu&#237;stica, nota-se que s&#243; foram tratados pacientes com resposta insatisfat&#243;ria ao tratamento cl&#237;nico e, portanto, possivelmente de progn&#243;stico mais reservado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles de melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o diante da mesma abordagem. &#201; poss&#237;vel que os pacientes aqui estudados apresentem um leito arterial mais comprometido, doen&#231;a de car&#225;ter mais agressivo ou condi&#231;&#245;es musculares menos favor&#225;veis que os pacientes que melhoram com o tratamento cl&#237;nico. Assim, considerando os bons resultados obtidos com esta casu&#237;stica, podemos inferir que o tratamento cir&#250;rgico de pacientes que n&#227;o obrigatoriamente n&#227;o apresentem melhora com o tratamento cl&#237;nico, possivelmente tragam resultados iguais ou ainda mais promissores. Acreditamos que o papel do tratamento cir&#250;rgico no tratamento da claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente deva ser reconsiderado no sentido de expandir sua abrang&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos em nosso estudo que o tratamento cir&#250;rgico diminuiu sintomas isqu&#234;micos na claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente em um significativo n&#250;mero de pacientes, com excelentes taxas de pat&#234;ncia dos enxertos. Trata-se de uma boa alternativa para os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentam melhora com tratamento cl&#237;nico, com baixas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es e bons resultados a longo prazo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Dr. Marco Antonio S. Munia </p>
        <p> Av. Ceci 1184 </p>
        <p> Cep 04065-001 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo &#150; SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="marcomunia@ig.com.br">marcomunia@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 8/5/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 22/9/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Surgical treatment for intermittent claudication in patients who do not improve with clinical treatment</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the results obtained with surgical treatment of patients with intermittent claudication (IC) who did not clinically improve with conservative treatment, accompanied by a long follow-up (average 6 years). METHODS: From January 1992 to January 2002, 26 patients treated surgically in a group of 1380 IC patient, representing 1.88% of the total. RESULTS: Sixteen patients did not experience walking limitations after the surgery. Nine patients improved, however, with some degree of limitation. No intraoperative mortalities occurred. Three patients experienced thrombosis of the treated artery 6, 48, and 60 months after the procedure and started to suffer IC with onset at the same distances as before the surgery. During the long-term follow-up, we observed a mortality rate of 23.0% due to myocardial infarctions (4 patients), renal insufficiency (1 patient), and cerebral infarction (1 patient). Two patients underwent coronary bypasses 2 and 4 years after the vascular surgery, and one underwent coronary angioplasty after 3 years of follow-up. The mean follow-up was 73 months. CONCLUSION: In our study, the results from surgical treatment of IC brought about a lasting regression of the ischemic conditions in a significant number of patients, with excellent patency rates (88.4%). We conclude that this is a good alternative for select patients, with low rates of complications and positive long-term results.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>surgical treatment</kwd>
        <kwd>claudication</kwd>
        <kwd>clinical treatment</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Surgical treatment for intermittent claudication in patients who do not improve with clinical treatment</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Nelson Wolosker; Marco Antonio S. Munia; Ruben Rosoky; Ronald J. Fidelis; Livio Nakano; Paulo Kauffman; Pedro Puech-Le&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Disciplina de Cirurgia Vascular do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To study the results obtained with surgical treatment of patients with intermittent claudication (IC) who did not clinically improve with conservative treatment, accompanied by a long follow-up (average 6 years).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>From January 1992 to January 2002, 26 patients treated surgically in a group of 1380 IC patient, representing 1.88% of the total.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Sixteen patients did not experience walking limitations after the surgery. Nine patients improved, however, with some degree of limitation. No intraoperative mortalities occurred. Three patients experienced thrombosis of the treated artery 6, 48, and 60 months after the procedure and started to suffer IC with onset at the same distances as before the surgery. During the long-term follow-up, we observed a mortality rate of 23.0% due to myocardial infarctions (4 patients), renal insufficiency (1 patient), and cerebral infarction (1 patient). Two patients underwent coronary bypasses 2 and 4 years after the vascular surgery, and one underwent coronary angioplasty after 3 years of follow-up. The mean follow-up was 73 months.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In our study, the results from surgical treatment of IC brought about a lasting regression of the ischemic conditions in a significant number of patients, with excellent patency rates (88.4%). We conclude that this is a good alternative for select patients, with low rates of complications and positive long-term results.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>surgical treatment, claudication, clinical treatment</p>
      <p>For patients with ischemic limb loss, the treatment of choice is revascularization with the aim of saving the limb. Arterial grafting and endovascular procedures are the methods utilized <sup>1,2</sup>. On the other hand, in patients with intermittent claudication (IC), the goal of treatment is to improve quality of life through increasing walking distances.</p>
      <p>The relative benign natural evolution of IC <sup>3</sup> and the dubious surgical results obtained in the 1960s and 1970s <sup>4</sup> have justified conservative treatment for the majority of cases. Thus, in our service, a clinical approach is used in the initial stage of treatment. After a period of physical training, the therapeutic response is evaluated. When a good response is not achieved and the patient is in good physical condition, revascularization is proposed, which allows immediate benefits to be obtained <sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The use of revascularization in cases of IC has been progressively increasing. However, few prospective studies analyze its results among individuals who have not obtained improvement through clinical treatment, and even fewer in our environment, especially among patients with long-term follow-up.</p>
      <p>The goal of this work was to prospectively study the results obtained through surgical treatment of patients with IC who did not improve clinically with conservative treatment, and with long-term follow-up (average of 6 years).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From January 1992 to January 2002, 26 patients who were surgically treated for IC were followed up. These formed part of a group of 1380 patients with this condition, who were admitted during this period to an outpatient service for peripheral obstructive arterial disease and IC. The patients operated on represented 1.88% of the total.</p>
      <p>All the patients treated in our service followed the sequence of therapeutic options presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0445-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The clinical approach (unsupervised physical training and treatment of the risk factors for peripheral obstructive arterial disease) was utilized in the initial phase of treatment. After a period of clinical treatment lasting at least 6 months, the therapeutic response was analyzed. When it was unsatisfactory and the patient's clinical condition so allowed, the surgical approach came into play <sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In following this therapeutic sequence, we observed that, of the 1380 patients treated for IC in our institution, only 380 (27.5%) progressed without increasing their walking distance capability after a minimum period of 6 months of unsupervised clinical treatment. Of these 380 with poor results, 55 patients (4%) evolved to limb loss ischemia, and for these, revascularization was indicated as a form of therapy for saving the limb. For the remaining 325 (23.5%), revascularization was suggested for improving the walking distances. The majority of these patients (237 or 17.2%) preferred to continue with the clinical treatment because they did not want to run the risks inherent in the revascularization procedures, while the other 88 (6.2%) decided to avail themselves of this alternative. Thus, 62 endovascular procedures (4.4%) and 26 surgical procedures (1.8%) were performed. The latter is presented in this work.</p>
      <p>Of these 26 patients who underwent surgical procedures, the average age was 56.4 years (43 to 68 years), with 88.4% of them smokers, 38.4% hypertensive and 26.9% diabetic. Nineteen were male.</p>
      <p>The average duration of the claudication, from its appearance until the time of the surgery was 25 months, with a range of 7 to 72 months.</p>
      <p>No patient included in this study experienced ischemic rest pain, tissue loss, or gangrene of ischemic cause. The average ankle-arm index was 0.55. No patient had arterial pressure lower than 40 mmHg in the tibial arteries.</p>
      <p>All the patients underwent preoperative digital arteriography to determine the type of arterial revascularization to be used in each case. Surgery was performed on the patients who had obstructive disease in arterial segments of lengths greater than 5 cm. Cases that had lesions of lengths less than 5 cm were treated via endovascular methods. Aortoiliac disease was observed in 21 cases and femoropopliteal disease in the other 5.</p>
      <p>To objectively assess the severity of IC, we measured the maximum walking distance (MWD) by using a progressive treadmill test. This was done at a constant velocity of 3.2 km, initially on the level (0 degrees) with a progressive increase of 2% in the inclination every 2 minutes. The test was performed until pain prevented the patient from continuing to walk, and this formed a comparison standard during the follow-up <sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The vascular evolution was determined by means of the walking distance values obtained in progressive treadmill tests performed at all return visits. The evolution was considered favorable when an increase of more than 50 meters occurred in the distance walked. The remaining cases were considered to have unfavorable evolution.</p>
      <p>The surgical techniques used are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table I</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0445-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Patients were reevaluated after 3 months, 6 months, and every 6 months thereafter. Follow-up duration ranged from 6 to 123 months, with an average of 73 months. At each visit, the treadmill test was performed and MWD determined. The functioning of the grafts was confirmed by physical examination and color duplex scan.</p>
      <p>The variables analyzed were the functioning of the graft and the evolution in the maximum walking distance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Only 1 primary failure occurred, which was in a patient who received an aortobifemoral graft. This patient immediately underwent thrombectomy of the graft, associated with femoropopliteal grafting above the knee, to improve the runoff.</p>
      <p>No worsening of the degree of ischemia or necessity of amputation occurred in this group.</p>
      <p>Sixteen patients did not mention any remaining limitation to walking distances after the surgery. Eight patients experienced a significant improvement, although with some degree of limitation, and 2 had a little improvement in their maximum walking distance (less than 50 meters). Thus, 24 patients had a favorable evolution and only 2 had an unfavorable evolution.</p>
      <p>During the follow-up, 3 patients experienced thrombosis of the treated artery, which occurred 6, 48, and 60 months after the procedure. After this occlusion, these patients started to suffer IC with onset at the distances that applied before the surgery. These were walking distances that did not inhibit their basic activities. We observed relapse to previous claudication levels in another 3 patients, due to disease progression in the femoropopliteal segment. These were patients who had previously undergone aortobifemoral grafting.</p>
      <p>Four patients suffered acute myocardial infarctions 21, 48, 52, and 72 months after surgery, and died. One patient died because of renal insufficiency 48 months after the surgery, and 1 died 32 months after the surgery due to cerebral infarction. Two patients underwent coronary bypasses 2 and 4 years after the vascular surgery, and 1 patient required coronary angioplasty after 3 years of follow-up.</p>
      <p>Results of the long-term patency are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_20277t2-body2">table II</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_20277t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0445-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0445-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At the beginning of the revascularization era, in the 1960s and 1970s, it was thought that the natural evolution of IC would be an inexorable progression of the ischemia until consequent loss of the limb, which appeared to justify early surgical treatment. However, the surgical techniques and equipment available at that time were less developed than those of today, and the results were debatable <sup>4</sup>. Although the risk of losing the limb with conservative treatment does exist, studies using large samples have demonstrated that this progression is unusual. Boyd <sup>10</sup> studied 1440 patients with IC and saw that, after 10 years, 12.2 % had required amputation. In the Framingham study, only 1.6 % of claudication patients required amputation within a period of 8.3 years <sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Because patients treated clinically had low amputation rates, the clinical approach came to be utilized more reassuredly, safely, and frequently from the 1970s onwards <sup>3</sup>, thus relegating surgical treatment to a secondary position.</p>
      <p>Reduction in the risk of limb loss has ceased to be the main objective of treatment. Instead, the objective has become improvement in the quality of life of IC sufferers, by reducing their physical limitations while always respecting the risks and benefits of each procedure <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Based on such premises, we have begun in our service to utilize the sequence of therapeutic options presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>In our sample, we observed that 80.7% of the patients had aortoiliac disease, and only 19.3% had disease in the infra-inguinal segment. This is because revascularization in more proximal (aortofemoral) segments favors good evolution <sup>10</sup>, which is why the indication of such procedures is marked by better prognoses and is done more frequently.</p>
      <p>Bypass with an arterial prosthesis is the surgical procedure most frequently used in patients with extensive obstructive arterial lesions in the aortoiliac segment. The synthetic substitute is generally placed in an aortobifemoral, aortoiliac, or iliac-femoral position, which was observed in 76.9% of our cases.</p>
      <p>In femoropopliteal obstructive arterial disease, it has been demonstrated that femoropopliteal grafts above the knee performed using the inverted or noninverted saphenous vein, a Dacron or polytetrafluoroethylene prosthesis, and endarterectomy of the superficial femoral artery have similar results. On the other hand, femoropopliteal grafting up to just below the knee has had results that are evidently better by using an autogenous arterial substitute, in comparison with synthetic substitutes <sup>11</sup>. We observed that, of the 4 femoropopliteal grafts, 2 were performed using a prosthesis and the other 2 used an inverted saphenous vein, as well as femorotibial grafting.</p>
      <p>Surgical techniques and materials have provided great improvements over the years. This has allowed improvements in the immediate surgical results, and this is seen both in the literature in general <sup>12,13</sup> and in our sample, in which we had primary patency of 96% and secondary of 100%, and 88.4% of the grafts showed patency after an average of 73 months of follow-up.</p>
      <p>In relation to the evolution, attention must be paid to obstructive and nonobstructive late complications (infection and pseudo-aneurysm). Nonobstructive complications have not yet been seen in our sample. The fact that the patients operated on did not have serious ischemia suggests that these were patients with artery margins less affected by peripheral obstructive arterial disease and possibly with a better prognosis than for those that are more compromised and have more severe clinical manifestations. On the other hand, since all the operations in this study were performed on an elective basis, all our patients experienced their best possible clinical conditions.</p>
      <p>Atherosclerotic disease progression is a significant reason for recurrence of ischemic symptoms in the lower limbs <sup>14</sup>. In our series, even with the control of risk factors and close follow-up, 3 patients (11.5%) had thrombosis in the treated artery, and 3 other patients (11.5%) had distal occlusions, probably because of the longer follow-up period, which had allowed evolution of the atherosclerotic disease.</p>
      <p>Despite the fact that these patients were considered at moderate surgical risk, we did not observe intraoperative mortality among this sample, probably because it was a small sample. On the other hand, during the long-term follow-up, we observed, as in other samples <sup>15</sup>, a mortality rate of 23.0% over our average follow-up time of 73 months. The main cause of death was acute myocardial infarct (15.3%). In addition to this, 3 patients underwent cardiac revascularization during this period. These data confirm data found in the literature and confirm the consensus that occlusive disease of lower limbs is an important marker for associated coronary disease.</p>
      <p>The treatment of IC has been evolving and is being refined with knowledge of the natural history of the condition, and with the utilization of physical training techniques and surgical techniques that are steadily becoming more developed.</p>
      <p>The clinical approach has in its favor its noninvasive nature, with a low incidence of complications <sup>16</sup>, as well as its systemic action. It tends to improve walking distance capability in a slow and gradual manner, bringing benefits to the whole cardiovascular system and interrupting or at least diminishing the progression of the atherosclerotic disease <sup>17-24</sup>. Nonetheless, to obtain the desired effect, great effort is required on the part of the patient, and the treatment takes a long time.</p>
      <p>The surgical approach is defended because of the rapidity with which its benefits emerge and can be made use of <sup>18-27</sup>. In our sample, 92% of the patients experienced immediate improvement in their symptomatology after the surgical procedure. From a socioeconomic point of view, the rapid reintegration of patients into their habitual activities, including work and especially among younger patients, justifies the adoption of this type of therapy more frequently <sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The data obtained from the literature and our personal experience over the last 10 years allows us to give patients with IC up-to-date information regarding their prognosis with a large safety margin. On the other hand, the results from the present study and those from other work regarding the surgical treatment of IC lead to the conclusion that this is a therapeutic approach that is now very mature, as a result of the sophistication and refinement of techniques and technologies. Although the indication of surgery for IC is still the exception, the results contrast greatly with those that obliged the relegation of surgical treatment to a secondary position.</p>
      <p>In making a detailed analysis of our sample, it can be noted that only the patients with an unsatisfactory response to clinical treatment underwent surgery. Thus, these patients possibly had a more reserved prognosis in relation to those who had better evolution when approached in the same way. It is possible that the patients studied here had arterial margins that were more compromised, disease of a more aggressive character or muscle conditions that were less favorable than those in the patients who improved with clinical treatment. In this way, considering the good results obtained with this sample, we may infer that the surgical treatment of patients who do not necessarily experience improvement with clinical treatment will possibly bring results that are equal to or even more promising than clinical treatment. We believe that the role of surgery in the treatment of IC must be reconsidered in the sense of expanding its coverage.</p>
      <p>In our study, the results from surgical treatment of IC brought about a lasting regression of the ischemic conditions in a significant number of patients, with excellent patency rates. We conclude that this is a good alternative for select patients, with low rates of complications and positive long-term results.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Marco Antonio S. Munia </p>
          <p> Av. Ceci, 1184</p>
          <p> Cep 04065-001</p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="marcomunia@ig.com.br">marcomunia@ig.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 5/8/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 9/22/03</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
