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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fVMs96t8xx5YhpT9xSNQwtp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000500006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200506</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000500006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate e prim&#225;ria realizadas no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio: relato multic&#234;ntrico de 9.371 pacientes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda G.M.R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim M.F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Expedito R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Klauber</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Armando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bueno</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>434</fpage>
      <lpage>439</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: An&#225;lise comparativa dos resultados hospitalares em pacientes infartados reperfundidos por meio de uma interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate ou prim&#225;ria. M&#201;TODOS: Selecionados pacientes consecutivos, submetidos a uma interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (&lt; 24h), entre 1997 e 2000, inclu&#237;dos no registro nacional multic&#234;ntrico CENIC, comparando os resultados hospitalares, entre aqueles submetidos ao procedimento de resgate (n=840) ou prim&#225;rio (n=8.531). RESULTADOS: Os pacientes que realizaram interven&#231;&#227;o de resgate eram significativamente mais jovens, com infarto anterior, associado &#224; presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, por&#233;m com menor porcentual de doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial, comparados aos prim&#225;rios. As taxas de implante de stents foram similares (56,9% vs. 54,9%; p=0,283), mas o sucesso do procedimento foi menor nos casos de resgate (88,1% vs. 91,2%; p&lt;0,001), cursando com maior mortalidade (7,4% vs. 5,6%; p=0,034), comparado &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria; nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (&lt; 0,5%), cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia (&lt; 0,3%) e reinfarto (&lt; 2,6%) foram similares. A an&#225;lise multivariada identificou o procedimento de resgate como preditor de mortalidade ao final da fase hospitalar [RC (IC=95%) = 1,60 (1,17-2,19); p=0,003]. CONCLUS&#195;O: Neste registro nacional, a interven&#231;&#227;o de resgate apresentou uma maior mortalidade hospitalar, comparada ao procedimento prim&#225;rio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>angioplastia</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>reperfus&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>tromb&#243;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>stent</kwd>
        <kwd>antiplaquet&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate e prim&#225;ria realizadas no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Relato multic&#234;ntrico de 9.371 pacientes</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Alberto Mattos; Amanda G.M.R. Sousa; Ibraim M.F. Pinto; Expedito R. Silva; Jos&#233; Klauber Carneiro; J. Eduardo Sousa; Jos&#233; Armando Mangione; Paulo Caramori; Valter Lima; Ronaldo L. Bueno </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil - em nome dos investigadores CENIC/SBHCI. S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>An&#225;lise comparativa dos resultados hospitalares em pacientes infartados reperfundidos por meio de uma interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate ou prim&#225;ria. </p>
    <p>M&#201;TODOS: Selecionados pacientes consecutivos, submetidos a uma interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (<underline>&lt;</underline> 24h), entre 1997 e 2000, inclu&#237;dos no registro nacional multic&#234;ntrico CENIC, comparando os resultados hospitalares, entre aqueles submetidos ao procedimento de resgate (n=840) ou prim&#225;rio (n=8.531). </p>
    <p>RESULTADOS: Os pacientes que realizaram interven&#231;&#227;o de resgate eram significativamente mais jovens, com infarto anterior, associado &#224; presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, por&#233;m com menor porcentual de doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial, comparados aos prim&#225;rios. As taxas de implante de stents foram similares (56,9% vs. 54,9%; p=0,283), mas o sucesso do procedimento foi menor nos casos de resgate (88,1% vs. 91,2%; p&lt;0,001), cursando com maior mortalidade (7,4% vs. 5,6%; p=0,034), comparado &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria; nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (<underline>&lt;</underline> 0,5%), cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia (<underline>&lt;</underline> 0,3%) e reinfarto (<underline>&lt;</underline> 2,6%) foram similares. A an&#225;lise multivariada identificou o procedimento de resgate como preditor de mortalidade ao final da fase hospitalar [RC (IC=95%) = 1,60 (1,17-2,19); p=0,003]. </p>
    <p>CONCLUS&#195;O: Neste registro nacional, a interven&#231;&#227;o de resgate apresentou uma maior mortalidade hospitalar, comparada ao procedimento prim&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>Palavras-chave: angioplastia, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, reperfus&#227;o, tromb&#243;lise, stent, antiplaquet&#225;rios</p>
    <p>A terapia fibrinol&#237;tica e a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria s&#227;o m&#233;todos efetivos utilizados para a reperfus&#227;o coronariana em pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST<sup>1</sup>. Um porcentual vari&#225;vel de pacientes n&#227;o obt&#233;m restabelecimento do fluxo coronariano epic&#225;rdico normal (TIMI classe 3) ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de fibrinol&#237;ticos<sup>2,3</sup>. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate &#233; uma das estrat&#233;gias utilizadas frente ao insucesso da fibrin&#243;lise. Contudo, os resultados previamente relatados s&#227;o inferiores quando comparados com aqueles observados ap&#243;s a efetiva&#231;&#227;o de uma interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria, isto &#233;, aquela realizada sem o uso de fibrinol&#237;tico pr&#233;vio<sup>4-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nosso objetivo foi analisar comparativamente a mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes admitidos consecutivamente com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate ou prim&#225;ria, inclu&#237;dos em registro multic&#234;ntrico brasileiro.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O registro CENIC (Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares) &#233; uma iniciativa da SBHCI (Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista), criado em 1991. O envio de dados &#233; espont&#226;neo, por parte dos s&#243;cios titulares e habilitados para a pr&#225;tica da cardiologia invasiva, membros efetivos da SBHCI. A consist&#234;ncia dos dados pode ser julgada por meio das publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias<sup>10-13</sup>. Os procedimentos de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea foram coletados a partir de 1992; os novos instrumentos percut&#226;neos, diversos da angioplastia coronariana com o bal&#227;o, foram incorporados, iniciando-se em 1996. De janeiro de 1997 at&#233; dezembro de 2000 a CENIC recebeu informa&#231;&#227;o consecutiva de 68.236 pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea no Brasil, seja com angioplastia coronariana com o bal&#227;o ou com o implante de stents, realizados por 215 cardiologistas intervencionistas diferentes, em 185 hospitais, compreendendo todas as cinco regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas brasileiras. O perfil demogr&#225;fico e o resultado do procedimento (sucesso e ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos adversos ao final da fase hospitalar) foram enviados para o centro coordenador da CENIC, localizado na sede da SBHCI em S&#227;o Paulo, por correio ou de forma eletr&#244;nica, em ficha pr&#233;-especificada e id&#234;ntica para todos os centros participantes, podendo informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais serem obtidas no endere&#231;o eletr&#244;nico da SBHCI (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sbhci.org.br">www.sbhci.org.br</ext-link>).</p>
    <p>Analisamos apenas as fichas com dados completos, que indicavam a realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea na vig&#234;ncia do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (<underline>&lt;</underline> 24h do in&#237;cio dos sintomas), de resgate ou prim&#225;ria, itens estes, com preenchimento espec&#237;fico na ficha de coleta de dados. Foram apresentados todos os dados dispon&#237;veis na ficha de coleta de dados. Informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais n&#227;o encontravam-se dispon&#237;veis ou exibiam preenchimento incorreto, n&#227;o permitindo sua an&#225;lise. O diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi efetivado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios conhecidos, pelo centro participante.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes que realizaram interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate, a fibrin&#243;lise foi efetivada com a estreptoquinase, alteplase ou combina&#231;&#245;es. A indica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento de resgate seguiu crit&#233;rios utilizados em cada centro. Inclu&#237;mos apenas aqueles enfermos que realizaram o procedimento em per&#237;odo <underline>&lt;</underline> &#224;s primeiras 24h do infarto associado a porcentual de estenose coronariana no vaso-alvo <underline>&gt;</underline> a 90% na cinecoronariografia. A interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria compreende os pacientes submetidos a um procedimento de reperfus&#227;o coronariana sem o uso pr&#233;vio de fibrinol&#237;ticos. Durante este per&#237;odo 9.371 (13,7% do total de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;neas) pacientes preencheram estes crit&#233;rios e tiveram seus dados analisados de forma comparativa: 840 (1,2%) submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate e 8.531 (12,5%) ao procedimento prim&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>Em mais de 90% dos pacientes submetidos &#224;s modalidades de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea, foi administrado o &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, associado a um tienopirid&#237;nico, em caso de implante de stent coronariano. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de abciximab foi uma decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico operador; o momento ou local da sua administra&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi discriminado. At&#233; o per&#237;odo desta an&#225;lise, este inibidor da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa foi o &#250;nico aferido pelo registro CENIC. Classificamos os infartos como anteriores ou n&#227;o, correlacionando com o tratamento percut&#226;neo da art&#233;ria descendente anterior, fosse nativa ou por meio de um enxerto cir&#250;rgico. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e o di&#226;metro da estenose do vaso-alvo foram analisados qualitativamente, nos centros participantes, sem a interfer&#234;ncia do centro coordenador da CENIC.</p>
    <p>As defini&#231;&#245;es utilizadas foram: sucesso do procedimento (porcentual do di&#226;metro da estenose do vaso-alvo <underline>&lt;</underline> 50% e fluxo coronariano no vaso-alvo TIMI classe <underline>&gt;</underline> 2<sup>14</sup>) e ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos adversos maiores at&#233; o final da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar: reinfarto, nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo [necessidade de realizar uma nova interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea para o vaso-alvo ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o], cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia (procedimento efetivado em per&#237;odo <underline>&lt;</underline> 24h ap&#243;s o final do procedimento percut&#226;neo) e mortalidade. Estas defini&#231;&#245;es foram julgadas pelos centros participantes sem interfer&#234;ncia da CENIC.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa de software SPSS vers&#227;o 10.0. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o; as categ&#243;ricas em n&#250;meros absolutos e seu porcentual. A an&#225;lise univariada das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi efetivada por meio do teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher; vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas por meio do teste t-Student. A influ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas (cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas) na mortalidade hospitalar foi avaliada pelo teste de <italic>log rank</italic>. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica proporcional de Cox foi utilizada para determinar os preditores independentes relacionados &#224; mortalidade hospitalar. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estreptoquinase foi o fibrinol&#237;tico mais utilizado nos pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate [n=733 (87,3%)], seguido da alteplase [n=61 (7,3%)]. Em 46 (5,4%) pacientes, foi utilizada uma combina&#231;&#227;o. A interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate foi efetivada em pacientes mais jovens, mais freq&#252;entemente do sexo masculino, com infarto de localiza&#231;&#227;o anterior, quando comparados com a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. I</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis angiogr&#225;ficas, aqueles submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate exibiam uma pior qualifica&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m com menor incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial. Trombo coronariano foi observado em um grande porcentual de casos (&gt;69%), para ambas as formas de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea, predominando o tratamento de um vaso-alvo nativo, que exibiam oclus&#227;o, em mais de 90% dos mesmos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. I</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0434-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O abciximab foi administrado em porcentual inferior a 15% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>), mas foi ainda menor naqueles submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate, comparados &#224; prim&#225;ria (4,6% vs. 15,2%; p&lt;0,001). Em mais da metade dos pacientes tratados, um stent coronariano foi implantado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>), em taxas similares para ambas &#224;s estrat&#233;gias percut&#226;neas (56,9% vs. 54,9%; p=0,283). O sucesso do procedimento foi significativamente menor nos casos submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>), comparados ao procedimento prim&#225;rio (88,1% vs. 91,2%; p=0,003) e o porcentual m&#233;dio final da estenose coronariana foi significativamente menor nos casos de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate (13,2&#177;12% vs. 15,9&#177; 14%; p&lt;0,001).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0434-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A necessidade de realizar uma cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia foi incomum (&lt;0,5%), assim como uma nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo, para ambas estrat&#233;gias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. III</xref>). O reinfarto foi relatado em menos de 3% dos pacientes, em taxas similares, seja para interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate ou prim&#225;ria (2,3% vs. 2,6%; p=0,552). A mortalidade hospitalar foi significativamente maior nos pacientes que realizaram interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. III</xref>), comparados com aqueles que efetivaram um procedimento prim&#225;rio (7,4% vs. 5,6%; p=0,034). A perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi, em m&#233;dia, pr&#243;xima de uma semana, para ambas as estrat&#233;gias percut&#226;neas (7,36&#177;3,0 dias vs. 7,26&#177;3,2 dias; p=0,360).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0434-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tabela IV</xref> demonstra a influ&#234;ncia das diversas vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas relatadas, na ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito ao final da fase hospitalar. Por meio da an&#225;lise multivariada, a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate foi identificada como um dos preditores de maior mortalidade hospitalar [RC (IC=95%)=1,60 (1,17-2,19), p=0,003]. A taxa de mortalidade foi semelhante entre aqueles pacientes qualificados como insucessos da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea, seja no procedimento de resgate [23 (23,0%)] ou prim&#225;rio [173 (32,1%); p=0,977].</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0434-00006-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esta &#233; uma s&#233;rie expressiva de pacientes infartados, relatando os resultados ap&#243;s a efetiva&#231;&#227;o de uma interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate e, &#233; ainda, uma estrat&#233;gia bem menos freq&#252;ente, quando comparada &#224; pr&#225;tica do procedimento prim&#225;rio<sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste registro nacional consecutivo, os pacientes encaminhados para a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate eram mais jovens, com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio de localiza&#231;&#227;o anterior, e com maior grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, quando comparados &#224;queles submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria. Por outro lado, os pacientes que realizaram ICP prim&#225;ria eram mais idosos e mais freq&#252;entemente portadores de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria m&#250;ltipla. Ambos os grupos apresentaram um porcentual semelhante de oclus&#227;o do vaso-alvo (&gt;90%). Assim, observamos um balanceamento entre as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas analisadas, consideradas desfavor&#225;veis e relacionadas a taxas elevadas de &#243;bito imediato. Estas diferen&#231;as demogr&#225;ficas podem estar relacionadas &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o dos candidatos para cada um dos m&#233;todos em quest&#227;o, como a ICP de resgate, mais freq&#252;ente nos infartos de localiza&#231;&#227;o anterior, e a ICP prim&#225;ria, nos pacientes longevos.</p>
    <p>O abciximab foi empregado em taxas reduzidas e sua administra&#231;&#227;o associada a ICP de resgate &#233; 50% menos freq&#252;ente. A maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estreptoquinase pr&#233;via, um fibrinol&#237;tico n&#227;o-espec&#237;fico de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o, pode ter inibido seu uso, devido ao temor de elevar a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. O implante de stents foi similar para as duas estrat&#233;gias, &gt; 50%, e novamente foi reconhecido com um preditor para o sucesso do procedimento<sup>13</sup>. O sucesso imediato do procedimento foi significativamente menor nos pacientes que realizaram uma interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate, comparada ao procedimento prim&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>A taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos, ao final do per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi similar entre as duas estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o vaso-alvo, cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia e reinfarto), com exce&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade. Na an&#225;lise univariada, o grupo submetido a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate exibiu uma mortalidade quase 25% mais elevada, quando comparada &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o procedimento de resgate foi reconhecido como um dos preditores independentes de mortalidade. Uma poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre a maior taxa de insucesso no procedimento de resgate e a maior mortalidade n&#227;o foi comprovada, visto ambas serem muito semelhantes, seja frente &#224; aus&#234;ncia de sucesso na interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate ou prim&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos resultados, ap&#243;s a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria no Brasil, se assemelha &#224; de outros registros j&#225; publicados, seja em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sucesso (&gt;90%) ou &#224;s taxas de mortalidade hospitalar (&lt;6%)<sup>17-19</sup>. Contudo, esses resultados n&#227;o foram transferidos para os pacientes que necessitam um procedimento de resgate ap&#243;s a fibrin&#243;lise. Estudos randomizados j&#225; apresentados, que recrutaram pacientes submetidos a fibrin&#243;lise e foram transferidos para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (PRAGUE I e II)<sup>8,20</sup>, corroboram os achados do registro CENIC, com a evid&#234;ncia de maior mortalidade. Esses estudos se aproximam mais da nossa realidade, devido &#224; escolha da estreptoquinase, como o fibrinol&#237;tico de elei&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, essas s&#233;ries tiveram como objetivo a an&#225;lise da transfer&#234;ncia de pacientes ap&#243;s a fibrin&#243;lise, e n&#227;o somente aqueles com insucesso cl&#237;nico da fibrin&#243;lise<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>S&#233;ries consecutivas e estudos randomizados pr&#233;vios relataram os resultados da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea, predominantemente com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do cateter bal&#227;o e denotaram tamb&#233;m a ocorr&#234;ncia de maior mortalidade, quando comparadas &#224;quelas obtidas com a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria<sup>4-6,22-26</sup>. Nos estudos RESCUE I e II, as taxas de mortalidade foram superiores a 5%, pr&#243;ximas de 10%<sup>7</sup>. As elevadas taxas de reoclus&#227;o (20-30%), relacionadas apenas a angioplastia coronariana com o bal&#227;o, devem explicar, em parte, a maior incid&#234;ncia de &#243;bito. O implante de stents coronariano reduz a ocorr&#234;ncia de isquemia recorrente hospitalar, que geralmente, promove a reoclus&#227;o do vaso-alvo<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>A exce&#231;&#227;o desses estudos relaciona-se aos resultados apresentados por um registro holand&#234;s, que tamb&#233;m comparou o resgate com o procedimento prim&#225;rio: 317 interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas de resgate e 442 casos de prim&#225;ria. A mortalidade hospitalar foi semelhante (4,7% vs. 6,6%, p=0,37)<sup>24</sup>, com taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de stents &lt; 40%. Os autores atribuem seus bons resultados ao retardo reduzido de tempo dispendido desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a efetiva&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (&lt;3h). Repetindo os m&#233;todos utilizados neste registro, encontramos um resultado diverso em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade imediata. A justificativa pode estar relacionada &#224; intera&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis n&#227;o pass&#237;veis de an&#225;lise, no momento atual, no registro brasileiro CENIC.</p>
    <p>Qual a justificativa para a maior mortalidade ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate? Esses pacientes possivelmente apresentavam um pior progn&#243;stico, talvez relacionado a maior extens&#227;o e severidade da ruptura na placa ateroscler&#243;tica, associado ao dano mioc&#225;rdico, especialmente &#224; microvasculatura<sup>28,29</sup>. An&#225;lise derivada de estudos randomizados recentes enfatiza a import&#226;ncia da qualidade na reperfus&#227;o coronariana, mensurada pelo &#237;ndice de perfus&#227;o coronariana tecidual, na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade imediata e tardia, ap&#243;s a efetiva&#231;&#227;o de uma interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate. No estudo TIMI 10B (n=865)<sup>30</sup>, os pacientes que apresentaram &#237;ndice de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica elevado (TMPG graus 2 ou 3), apresentaram menor mortalidade ao final de dois anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate, comparados aos &#237;ndices nulos ou de grau 1 (9,1% vs. 4,8%, p=0,038). Estes achados corroboram achados de s&#233;ries pr&#233;vias<sup>31,32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como &#233; poss&#237;vel otimizar os resultados da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate? &#201; prov&#225;vel que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o mais liberal de antiplaquet&#225;rios (inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa) possa auxiliar estes pacientes, visto sua a&#231;&#227;o ben&#233;fica na microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Seu uso ainda &#233; infreq&#252;ente, principalmente quando da administra&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de trombol&#237;ticos n&#227;o fibrino-espec&#237;ficos, como a estreptoquinase. Uma metan&#225;lise recente de 12 estudos que utilizaram fibrinol&#237;ticos de 2&#186; e 3&#186; gera&#231;&#245;es (fibrino-espec&#237;ficos), reuniu resultados associados ao uso mais liberal desta classe de antiplaquet&#225;rios<sup>3</sup>. Em 3.418 interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas de resgate, 1.032 pacientes receberam dose plena de fibrinol&#237;ticos. Esses casos obtiveram uma tend&#234;ncia para redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade aos 30 dias [4,6% vs. 6,6%; RC=0,71 (IC95%)=0,49-1,01], sem elevar as taxas de sangramente cerebral [0,4% vs. 0,9%; RC=1,64 (IC95%)=0,19-1,90], comparados com os pacientes que n&#227;o receberam um inibidor da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa. Contudo, a soma total de sangramentos definidos como moderados ou severos foi maior nesses pacientes [10,2% vs. 8,1%; RC=1,64 (IC95%)=1,24-2,16]. &#201; prov&#225;vel que o procedimento de resgate ap&#243;s o insucesso da fibrin&#243;lise necessite, com mais freq&#252;&#234;ncia, do uso de farmacologia antiplaquet&#225;ria, assim como de novos instrumentos percut&#226;neos, que agem diretamente na profilaxia da emboliza&#231;&#227;o de trombos para microcircula&#231;&#227;o (filtros) ou extratores de trombo da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana epic&#225;rdica<sup>27,33-35</sup>. Estudos futuros devem verificar estes resultados e o seu impacto associado a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate.</p>
    <p>O registro CENIC possibilita a an&#225;lise de um grande n&#250;mero consecutivo de pacientes tratados no Brasil, em curto per&#237;odo de tempo. An&#225;lises pr&#233;vias em pacientes infartados j&#225; foram publicadas e apresentadas, seja no Brasil ou em Congressos Norte-Americanos<sup>10-13</sup>. Contudo, o registro apresenta suas limita&#231;&#245;es: a ficha n&#227;o contempla uma s&#233;rie de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e hemodin&#226;micas (classe Killip), angiogr&#225;ficas (classifica&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano TIMI) e relacionadas &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es (hemorragias e suas conseq&#252;&#234;ncias), e outras que apresentam baixa aferi&#231;&#227;o (retardo, tipo e n&#250;mero de stents). Associado, o envio de dados &#233; espont&#226;neo, podendo n&#227;o contemplar todo o universo de procedimentos brasileiros, e a sua avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233; efetivada pelo pr&#243;prio operador. Uma nova fase do registro dever&#225; aperfei&#231;oar estas limita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos nesta an&#225;lise comparativa entre a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate com a prim&#225;ria, realizada na vig&#234;ncia do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, que o procedimento de resgate apresenta um menor sucesso e maior mortalidade. A interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea de resgate foi identificada como um preditor independente de maior mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aos Drs. Wilson C. Coelho pela contribui&#231;&#227;o irrestrita com o registro CENIC e aos cardiologistas intervencionistas, que contribu&#237;ram com este registro, de 1997 at&#233; 2000: Adnam Salmam, Adriano Caixeta, Alberto Najjar, Alberto Sottomayor, Alcides Zago, Aldegio Caldeira, Aldo Duarte, Alexandre Abizaid, Alexandre Azmuz, Alexandre Varela, &#193;lvaro Moura, Andr&#233; Labrunie, Andr&#233; Pessanha, &#194;ngelo de Paola, &#194;ngelo Tedeschi, Anselmo Salgado, Antenor Queiroga, Antenor Portela, Anten&#243;rio Aiolfi, Ant&#244;nio Carlos Silva, Ant&#244;nio Forte, Ant&#244;nio Ferreira, Ant&#244;nio Esteves Filho, Ant&#244;nio Godinho, Ant&#244;nio Souza, Ant&#244;nio Secches, Ant&#244;nio Botelho Silva, Ant&#244;nio Azevedo, Ant&#244;nio Muniz, Ant&#244;nio Vianna, Ari Mandil, Arthur Barreto, Augusto Lima, Caio Pessoa, Carlos Zapata, Carlos Gottschall, Carlos Areas, Carlos Cardoso, Carmine Scianni, Charles Vieira, Clacir Staudt, Cl&#225;udia Alves, Celso Takimura, Celmo Souza, Clemente Greguolo, Costantino Costantini, Deborah Nercolini, D&#233;cio Salvadori, Edgar Victor, Edson Bocchi, Edson Peixoto, Ederval Key, Edmur Ara&#250;jo, Eduardo Nogueira, Eduardo Costa, Eduardo Nicolelo, Elias Ayres Neto, Enio Gueiros, Esmeralci Ferreira, Euler Mesquita, Eul&#243;gio Martinez, Evandro Osterne, Expedito Ribeiro, F&#225;bio Brito, Fausto Feres, Fernando Santana, Fernando DeVito, Fl&#225;vio Barbosa, Fl&#225;vio Leboute, Francisco Cardoso, Francisco Cruz, Francisco Falc&#227;o, Francisco Stella, Frederico Silva, Galo Maldonado, Gilberto Nunes, Gilvan Dourado, Gustavo Alvarez, Gustavo Ramalho, Haroldo Glavan, Heitor Carvalho, H&#233;lio Castello Jr, H&#233;lio Figueira, Helman Martins, Itamar Oliveira, Ivan Lessa, James Glesser, Jamil Saad, Jo&#227;o Batista Loures, Jo&#227;o Batista Guimar&#227;es, Jo&#227;o Batista Oliveira, Jo&#227;o Ot&#225;vio de Freitas, Jo&#227;o Roberto Carvalho, Jocelino Soares, Jorge Guimar&#227;es, Jorge Camargo Neto, Jorge Buchler, Jos&#233; Alfredo Sej&#243;poles, Jos&#233; Domingos Almeida, Jos&#233; Klauber Carneiro, Jos&#233; Albino Souza, Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Jatene, Jos&#233; Marin Neto, Jos&#233; Mangione, Jos&#233; Augusto de Souza, Jos&#233; Augusto Ara&#250;jo, Jos&#233; Gomes Filho, Jos&#233; Barreto, Jos&#233; Breno de Souza Filho, Jos&#233; Carlos Mello, Jos&#233; Carlos Brito, Jos&#233; Eduardo Sousa, Jos&#233; Henrique Mota, Jos&#233; Luiz Attab, Jos&#233; Marconi Souza, Jos&#233; Maiello, Jos&#233; Maria Bastos, Jos&#233; Maria Gomes, Jos&#233; Ribeiro de Souza, Jos&#233; Silv&#233;rio Guimar&#227;es, Jos&#233; Tadeu Mour&#227;o, Jos&#233; Nogueira Paes, Jos&#233; Walter Nogueira, J&#250;lio Cesar Andrea, J&#250;lio Teixeira, Klermann Lopes, La Hore Rodrigues, L&#225;zaro Garcia, L&#233;lio Silva, Le&#244;nidas Alvarenga Henriques, Leslie Aloan, Luciano Abreu, Luciano Fa&#231;anha, Ludmilla Oliveira, Luis Campos, Luis Maria Yordi, Luiz Lessa, Luiz Alberto Mattos, Luiz Alberto Maneschy, Luiz Ant&#244;nio Gubolino, Luiz Bastos, Luiz Finzi, Luiz Lavalle, Luiz S&#227;o Thiago, Luiz Fernando Morrone, Luiz Kajita, Marcelo Cantarelli, Marcelo Queiroga, M&#225;rcio Truffa, M&#225;rcio Silva, Marco Perin, Marcos Fl&#225;vio Ribeiro, Marcos Marino, Marcos Gama, M&#225;rio Salles, Maur&#237;cio Barbosa, Miguel Ratti, Milton Soares Neto, Milton Ferreira Filho, Mois&#233;s Lima, Murilo Furukawa, Nahaniel Rodrigues, Newton Stradler, N&#237;lton Machado, N&#237;lton Oliveira, N&#237;lson Ramos, Norberto Duda, Norival Rom&#227;o, Noriaki Takeshita, Paulo Jorge, Paulo Almeida, Paulo de Andrade, Paulo Caramori, Paulo Galv&#227;o, Paulo S&#233;rgio de Oliveira, Paulo Soares, Pedro Ab&#237;lio Rezek, Pedro Horta, Pedro Beltr&#227;o, Pedro de Andrade, Pedro Pascoli, Pierre Labrunie, Rafael Przytyk, Raimundo de Melo, Raul Mora, Ricardo Barbosa, Ricardo Cavalcanti, Rinaldo Carneiro, Roberto C&#233;sar, Roberto Freire, Roberto Otsubo, Roberto Botelho, Rodolfo Alencar, Rodolfo Staico, Rog&#233;rio Guimar&#227;es, Ronaldo Bueno, Ronaldo Villela, Ronei Matos, Salvador Cristov&#227;o, Samuel Silva, S&#233;rgio Berti, S&#233;rgio Leandro, S&#233;rgio Prata, Siguemituzo Arie, Valter Lima, Vasco Miller, Vicente Mota, Virg&#237;lio Mares, Walkimar Veloso, Wilson Coelho, Wilson Oliveira, Wilson Pimentel e Wilson Vieira.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Dr. Luiz A Mattos </p>
        <p>Avenida Jandira 550/121 </p>
        <p>Cep 04080-003, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
        <p>E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pivmattos@uol.com.br">pivmattos@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 11/6/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 24/11/03</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">A comparison of rescue and primary percutaneous coronary interventions for acute myocardial infarction: a multicenter registry report of 9,371 patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To perform a comparative analysis of in-hospital results obtained from AMI patients who underwent rescue or primary PTCA. METHODS: From the Brazilian Interventional National Registry (CENIC), we selected all consecutive patients who underwent a percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction (&lt; 24 hours), between 1997 and 2000, analyzing those undergoing a rescue (n=840) or a primary (n=8,531) procedure, and comparing their in-hospital results. RESULTS: Rescue patients were significantly younger males with anterior wall infarctions, associated with left ventricular dysfunction, but had less multivessel disease, compared with those treated with primary intervention. Coronary stents were implanted in at similar rates (56.9% vs. 54.9%; P=0.283). Procedural success were lower for rescue cases (88.1% vs. 91.2%; P&lt;0.001), with higher mortality (7.4% vs. 5.6%; P=0.034), compared with the primary intervention group; target vessel revascularization (&lt; 0.5%), emergency bypass surgery (&lt; 0.3%) and reinfarction (&lt; 2.6%) rates were similar for both strategies. Multivariate analysis identified the rescue procedure as a predictor of in-hospital death [OR(CI=95%) = 1.60 (1.17-2.19); P=0.003]. CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent a rescue coronary intervention had higher in-hospital death rates compared with those who underwent a primary coronary intervention.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>reperfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>thrombolysis</kwd>
        <kwd>stent</kwd>
        <kwd>platelet inhibitors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A comparison of rescue and primary percutaneous coronary interventions for acute myocardial infarction. A multicenter registry report of 9,371 patients</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Alberto Mattos, Amanda G.M.R. Sousa; Ibraim M.F. Pinto; Expedito R. Silva; Jos&#233; Klauber Carneiro; J. Eduardo Sousa; Jos&#233; Armando Mangione; Paulo Caramori; Valter Lima; Ronaldo L. Bueno</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil - in the name off all investigators CENIC/SBHCI. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To perform a comparative analysis of in-hospital results obtained from AMI patients who underwent rescue or primary PTCA.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>From the Brazilian Interventional National Registry (CENIC), we selected all consecutive patients who underwent a percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction (<underline>&lt;</underline> 24 hours), between 1997 and 2000, analyzing those undergoing a rescue (n=840) or a primary (n=8,531) procedure, and comparing their in-hospital results.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Rescue patients were significantly younger males with anterior wall infarctions, associated with left ventricular dysfunction, but had less multivessel disease, compared with those treated with primary intervention. Coronary stents were implanted in at similar rates (56.9% vs. 54.9%; P=0.283). Procedural success were lower for rescue cases (88.1% vs. 91.2%; P&lt;0.001), with higher mortality (7.4% vs. 5.6%; P=0.034), compared with the primary intervention group; target vessel revascularization (<underline>&lt;</underline> 0.5%), emergency bypass surgery (<underline>&lt;</underline> 0.3%) and reinfarction (<underline>&lt;</underline> 2.6%) rates were similar for both strategies. Multivariate analysis identified the rescue procedure as a predictor of in-hospital death [OR(CI=95%) = 1.60 (1.17-2.19); P=0.003].</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Patients who underwent a rescue coronary intervention had higher in-hospital death rates compared with those who underwent a primary coronary intervention.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>angioplasty, myocardial infarction, reperfusion, thrombolysis, stent, platelet inhibitors</p>
      <p>Fibrinolytic therapy and primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty are effective methods used to promote myocardial reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) <sup>1</sup>. However, the re-establishment of normal epicardial flow (TIMI grade 3) is not achieved in a significant number of patients who undergo fibrinolytic treatment <sup>2,3</sup>. The strategy of a rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) early after failure of fibrinolytic treatment has a logical indication; however, the clinical impact and the selection of the precise strategy is still controversial and still has inferior results when compared with the results of a primary procedure <sup>4-8</sup>. Therefore, primary PCI, when available, is considered the gold standard for coronary reperfusion <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of in-hospital results obtained from AMI patients who underwent rescue or primary PTCA, consecutively included in a national registry of interventional cardiology (CENIC - Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The CENIC registry was created in 1991 and sponsored by the Brazilian Society of Interventional Cardiology (SBHCI). The procedures were established in a spontaneous fashion. The consistency of the results have been analyzed in former publications<sup>10-13</sup>. The PCI procedures started being gathered in a central nationwide database in 1992; the new coronary percutaneous device technology was incorporated in 1996. From January 1997 until December 2000, the CENIC databank received consecutive information on 68,236 patients who underwent PCI, either with balloon or coronary stent implantation, performed by 215 invasive cardiologist members of SBHCI, in 185 different hospitals, encompassing all 5 different geographic regions in Brazil. The PCI procedure report was sent to the CENIC coordinating center in Sao Paulo, by conventional or electronic mail, on a prespecified and equal database sheet. This file contains the clinical and angiographic baseline plus the procedural results, as well as the occurrence of major in-hospital adverse cardiac events. Additional information may be obtained at the SBHCI Web site (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sbhci.org.br">www.sbhci.org.br</ext-link>).</p>
      <p>We analyzed files that indicated that a primary or a rescue PCI had been performed in the first 24 hours after AMI onset. Only complete files were analyzed. All the information obtained from the files was displayed. Data with consistent and frequent flaws were discarded. The diagnosis of AMI was performed in each center. During this period, 9,371 (13.7% of the total) patients fulfilled these criteria, and their data were then analyzed in a comparative fashion: 840 (1.2%) underwent a rescue and 8,531 (12.5%) a primary PCI.</p>
      <p>In the rescue group, patients were previously treated with streptokinase, alteplase, or with a combination. Patients underwent rescue PCI according to the discretion of the clinician, during the first 24 hours of the acute event. We analyzed only patients with a culprit AMI vessel clearly identified and with a visual estimation of a lesion <underline>&lt;</underline> 90%. All primary PCI patients were analyzed (patients who did not receive previous fibrinolytics).</p>
      <p>In more than 90% of the patients, aspirin were administered plus ticlopidine or clopidogrel, in the event of a coronary stent implantation. Abciximab was administered at the operator's discretion, and was the only IIb/IIIa blocker recorded in the registry. We classified the AMI location as being anterior or nonanterior related to the culprit AMI vessel presentation, either the left anterior descending or a surgical graft. The left ventricular ejection fraction and the diameter of stenosis of the vessels were analyzed with a qualitative method (visual), performed in each center without interference from the CENIC center.</p>
      <p>The PCI success was defined as a final stenosis diameter less than 50% with TIMI flow grade 2 or 3 <sup>14</sup>, and major adverse events were considered until hospital discharge: reinfarction as recurrent chest pain associated with any secondary increase in the creatinine kinase, new target vessel-revascularization (TVR) as the performance of a new PCI of the culprit vessel or coronary bypass surgery in patients with recurrent ischemic symptoms, emergency surgical revascularization as the need for the patient to undergo a coronary bypass revascularization within the first 24 hours after the index procedure, and all-cause deaths were considered.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was done with SPSS 10.0 statistical software. All continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; SD. Univariate analysis included the chi-square test for evaluating dichotomous variables and the Student <italic>t</italic> test for continuous variables. Cox progressive regression analysis was performed to identify the independent influence of each baseline variable in the in-hospital death rate. P values <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Streptokinase was the fibrinolytic agent more frequently administered before rescue PCI was performed [n=733 (87.3%)], followed by alteplase [n=61 (7.3%)]. In 46 (5.4%) patients, the fibrinolytic strategy was combination of these. Rescue PCI procedures were performed in younger patients, more frequently men, with significantly more infarctions located in the anterior wall, when compared with those who underwent a primary procedure, without previous fibrinolytic therapy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_20276t1-body2">tab. I</xref>). The angiographic variables demonstrated that by the time of the rescue procedure, significantly more patients had a severe reduction in ejection fraction, but with fewer diagnoses of multivessel coronary heart disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_20276t1-body2">tab. I</xref>). A higher incidence of visible thrombi (<underline>&gt;</underline>70%) was noted for both PCI strategies, with the treatment of a native coronary artery in the vast majority of the cases (&gt;90%), represented by complete occlusion (TIMI 0-1) of the culprit vessel (<underline>&gt;</underline>90%), in either forms of PCI in AMI. Overall, abciximab usage was below 15%, but even lower in the rescue PCI group compared with its use in primary procedures (4.6% vs. 15.2%, P&lt;0.001). At least half of the patients received a coronary stent implant, in similar rates either for rescue or primary intervention (56.9% vs. 54.9%, P=0.283) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_20276t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0434-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0434-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The achievement of procedural success was significantly higher in patients who had not received previous fibrinolytic therapy (91.2% vs. 88.1%, P=0.003). The final diameter of stenosis was significantly lower in patients who underwent primary versus rescue PCI (13.2&#177;12% vs. 15.9&#177;14%, P&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
      <p>The need for emergency bypass surgery or a new and urgent TVR were uncommon events, for both PCI strategies (<underline>&lt;</underline>0.5%). Reinfarctions were observed in less than 3% of the patients, similarly for rescue or primary PCI (2.3% vs. 2.6%, P=0.552). In-hospital death rates were significantly higher for patients who underwent rescue PCI, after the failure of previous fibrinolytic therapy (7.4% vs. 5.6%, P=0.034). The association of PCI failure and in-hospital mortality indicated similar casualties for both groups [23 (23.0%) vs. 173 (23.1%); P=0.977]. Hospital discharge was effective at the end of the first week either for rescue or primary PCI (7.36&#177;3.0 vs. 7.26&#177;3.2 days, p=0.360) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">tab. III</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0434-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Multivariate analysis identified independent predictors for in-hospital mortality. Patients who underwent a rescue procedure had a higher chance of suffering a fatal event until hospital discharge [OR (95%CI) = 1.60 (1.17-2.19); P=0.003]. Other demographic variables were also identified, most of them already known as independent predictors of a worse procedural and clinical outcome (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">tab. IV</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0434-00006-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Rescue PCI remains an uncommon procedure in this recent national registry analysis, when compared with primary coronary intervention in myocardial infarction <sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients who underwent a PCI after fibrinolytic failure were identified as more likely to be young, with an anterior myocardial infarction, and with more extensive left ventricular dysfunction, when compared with patients admitted for primary PCI. Otherwise, primary patients were older and with a more frequent diagnosis of multivessel coronary heart disease. More than 90% of the AMI patients had a totally occluded vessel. We observed a balance between the adversity of the baseline variable distribution between both groups, regarding the ones considered more prone to the occurrence of death. Probably they reflected the bias of the indication of each procedure, for example, the anterior MI location for rescue patients and older age for those undergoing a primary procedure.</p>
      <p>Abciximab was not used very often and even less in rescue procedures compared with its use in primary PCI. The predominance of streptokinase as the fibrinolytic of first choice might have warranted its use related to the fear of the occurrence of major bleeding events. Despite coronary stent implantation in more than half of the patients, like primary procedures, the success was significantly lower for rescue patients.</p>
      <p>In-hospital major adverse events occurred at similar rates but with the exception of mortality. In-hospital death was nearly 25% higher in rescue patients. The relationship between procedural failure and death was not demonstrated because both mechanical strategies had similar rates, up to 20%. After multivariate analysis, rescue PCI was identified as an independent predictor for higher hospital mortality.</p>
      <p>The analysis of primary PCI results resembles other results already published, either regarding procedural success (&gt;90%) or in-hospital deaths (&lt;6%) <sup>17-19</sup>. However, these results were not transferred for patients who underwent rescue PCI. Randomized trials that studied the performance of PCI after fibrinolytic treatment (PRAGUE 1 and 2 <sup>8,20</sup>) corroborate these findings, with a significant trend toward higher death rates in these patients. These trials may be a good comparison with the Brazilian registry because the fibrinolytic regimen was the same (streptokinase). A word of caution should be mentioned, regarding the inclusion criteria of the PRAGUE 1 and 2 trials in which the analysis was focused on transferring patients to PCI centers and not only on those with failure of lytic treatment <sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Former consecutive series and randomized trials reported the results obtained after rescue PCI, using in the vast majority of patients, only the balloon. These series also showed higher death rates when rescue was compared with primary PCI <sup>4-6,22-26</sup>. In the RESCUE I-II study, the death rates were greater than 5% and close to 10% <sup>7</sup>. The higher reocclusion rates (20-30%) might be responsible for that, a reflection of the balloon PCI era. Coronary stent implantation had strongly reduced the in-hospital rates of recurrent ischemia and as a consequence, vessel reocclusion <sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>One Dutch registry is the exception. This study <sup>24</sup> also compared rescue and primary PCI with similar in-hospital mortality rates (4.7% vs. 6.6%, P=0.37) in a scenario of a lower rate of stent usage (&lt;40%). The authors speculated that lower time to treatment delay might have helped them (&lt;3 hours). Our results were different, and one of the multiple explanations might be the interaction of the baseline variables, some not reported in the CENIC registry.</p>
      <p>How can we explain the higher death rate after a rescue PCI? These patients had a worse prognosis related to a more extensive and thicker atherosclerotic plaque, associated with extensive myocardial damage, especially to microvascular circulation <sup>28,29</sup>. Former analysis of randomized data emphasizes the importance of the protection of the distal coronary circulation, measured by the tissue myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG). In the TIMI 10B trial <sup>30</sup>, patients who achieved a higher TMPG score (grade 2 or 3) had a lower mortality rate in the 2-year follow-up after a rescue PCI, compared with those with lower (0 or 1) TMPG scores (9.1% vs. 4.8%, P=0.038) <sup>31,32</sup>.</p>
      <p>Is it possible to optimize rescue PCI results? There is a strong trend toward the more liberal use of potent antiplatelet agents (IIb/IIIa inhibitors) in these high-risk AMI patients, justified by their capacity to protect the microvascular coronary circulation. Their use is still not frequent, but most often is related to the administration of the nonfibrin- specific agents, like streptokinase. A recent metaanalysis of 12 trials that included AMI patients who underwent treatment with the last generation of fibrin-specific agents, demonstrated a more liberal and concomitant use of IIb/IIIa inhibitors <sup>3</sup>. In 3,418 rescue procedures, 1,032 patients had a trend toward a reduced 30-day death rate [4.6% vs. 6.6%; OR (CI=95%)=0.71 (0.49-1.01)], without significantly increasing the cerebral vascular bleeding rate [0.4% vs. 0.9%; OR (CI=95%) 1.64 (0.19-1.90)], compared with those who did not receive IIb/IIIa agents. However, the total sum of moderate or severe bleeding rates was higher in these patients [10.2% vs. 8.1%; OR=(CI=95%)= 1.64(1.24-2.16)]. The prescription of these agents (IIb/IIIa inhibitors) to patients who are undergoing rescue PCI is expanding, as is the association of new percutaneous devices that enhance distal microcirculation protection like thrombi extractors or distal vessel filters <sup>27,33-35</sup>. Ongoing trials will clarify and stratify the use of these new pharmacological and mechanical strategies for those patients undergoing rescue PCI.</p>
      <p>The CENIC registry promoted the possibility of analyzing a large cohort of patients in a short period, reflecting the real and daily practice of PCI in Brazil. Former analyses were performed and the results published, already proving the consistency of these data <sup>10-13</sup>. However, the registry has its own pitfalls. Many other clinical, angiographic, and procedural variables were not collected, such as the Killip class, AMI vessel TIMI flow, and the occurrence of other major adverse events like bleeding with their consequences. Other important variables were registered but frequently had flaws, like time to treatment delay and the size and number of percutaneous devices used. Also, it has already been mentioned that this is a spontaneous registry that might not reflect all the nationwide PCI procedures, and finally, the judgment of the PCI results was performed at each center and not by an independent center. We hope to optimize and correct these limitations in the near future.</p>
      <p>We concluded from this comparative analysis between 2 different strategies of PCI performance in AMI patients that rescue PCI had less procedural success with higher in-hospital death rates. Rescue PCI was identified as an independent predictor of a higher death rate. Future research should be focused on improving the results in this subgroup of patients who still exhibit worse results when compared with those treated with the gold standard, primary PCI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The following 215 Brazilian interventional cardiologists contributed to this registry in the following period, 1997 to 2000, data originating from 185 different invasive cardiology centers: Adnam Salmam, Adriano Caixeta, Alberto Najjar, Alberto Sottomayor, Alcides Zago, Aldegio Caldeira, Aldo Duarte, Alexandre Abizaid, Alexandre Azmuz, Alexandre Varela, &#193;lvaro Moura, Andr&#233; Labrunie, Andr&#233; Pessanha, Angelo de Paola, &#194;ngelo Tedeschi, Anselmo Salgado, Antenor Queiroga, Antenor Portela, Anten&#243;rio Aiolfi, Ant&#244;nio Carlos Silva, Ant&#244;nio Forte, Ant&#244;nio Ferreira, Ant&#244;nio Esteves Filho, Ant&#244;nio Godinho, Ant&#244;nio Souza, Ant&#244;nio Secches, Ant&#244;nio Botelho Silva, Ant&#244;nio Azevedo, Ant&#244;nio Muniz, Ant&#244;nio Vianna, Ari Mandil, Arthur Barreto, Augusto Lima, Caio Pessoa, Carlos Zapata, Carlos Gottschall, Carlos Areas, Carlos Cardoso, Carmine Scianni, Charles Vieira, Clacir Staudt, Cl&#225;udia Alves, Celso Takimura, Celmo Souza, Clemente Greguolo, Costantino Costantini, Deborah Nercolini, D&#233;cio Salvadori, Edgar Victor, Edson Bocchi, Edson Peixoto, Ederval Key, Edmur Ara&#250;jo, Eduardo Nogueira, Eduardo Costa, Eduardo Nicolelo, Elias Ayres Neto, Enio Gueiros, Esmeralci Ferreira, Euler Mesquita, Eul&#243;gio Martinez, Evandro Osterne, Expedito Ribeiro, F&#225;bio Brito, Fausto Feres, Fernando Santana, Fernando DeVito, Fl&#225;vio Barbosa, Fl&#225;vio Leboute, Francisco Cardoso, Francisco Cruz, Francisco Falc&#227;o, Francisco Stella, Frederico Silva, Galo Maldonado, Gilberto Nunes, Gilvan Dourado, Gustavo Alvarez, Gustavo Ramalho, Haroldo Glavan, Heitor Carvalho, H&#233;lio Castello Jr, H&#233;lio Figueira, Helman Martins, Itamar Oliveira, Ivan Lessa, James Glesser, Jamil Saad, Jo&#227;o Batista Loures, Jo&#227;o Batista Guimar&#227;es, Jo&#227;o Batista Oliveira, Jo&#227;o Ot&#225;vio de Freitas, Jo&#227;o Roberto Carvalho, Jocelino Soares, Jorge Guimar&#227;es, Jorge Camargo Neto, Jorge Buchler, Jos&#233; Alfredo Sej&#243;poles, Jos&#233; Domingos Almeida, Jos&#233; Klauber Carneiro, Jos&#233; Albino Souza, Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Jatene, Jos&#233; Antonio Marin Neto, Jos&#233; Armando Mangione, Jos&#233; Augusto de Souza, Jos&#233; Augusto Ara&#250;jo, Jos&#233; Gomes Filho, Jos&#233; Barreto, Jos&#233; Breno de Souza Filho, Jos&#233; Carlos Mello, Jos&#233; Carlos Brito, Jos&#233; Eduardo Sousa, Jos&#233; Henrique Mota, Jos&#233; Luiz Attab, Jos&#233; Marconi Souza, Jos&#233; Maiello, Jos&#233; Maria Bastos, Jos&#233; Maria Gomes, Jos&#233; Ribeiro de Souza, Jos&#233; Silv&#233;rio Guimar&#227;es, Jos&#233; Tadeu Mour&#227;o, Jos&#233; Nogueira Paes, Jos&#233; Walter Nogueira, J&#250;lio Cesar Andrea, J&#250;lio Teixeira, Klermann Lopes, La Hore Rodrigues, L&#225;zaro Garcia, L&#233;lio Silva, Le&#244;nidas Alvarenga Henriques, Leslie Aloan, Luciano Abreu, Luciano Fa&#231;anha, Ludmilla Oliveira, Luis Campos, Luis Maria Yordi, Luiz Lessa, Luiz Alberto Mattos, Luiz Alberto Maneschy, Luiz Ant&#244;nio Gubolino, Luiz Bastos, Luiz Finzi, Luiz Lavalle, Luiz S&#227;o Thiago, Luiz Fernando Morrone, Luiz Kajita, Marcelo Cantarelli, Marcelo Queiroga, M&#225;rcio Truffa, M&#225;rcio Silva, Marco Perin, Marcos Fl&#225;vio Ribeiro, Marcos Marino, Marcos Gama, M&#225;rio Salles, Maur&#237;cio Barbosa, Miguel Ratti, Milton Soares Neto, Milton Ferreira Filho, Mois&#233;s Lima, Murilo Furukawa, Nahaniel Rodrigues, Newton Stradler, N&#237;lton Machado, N&#237;lton Oliveira, N&#237;lson Ramos, Norberto Duda, Norival Rom&#227;o, Noriaki Takeshita, Paulo Jorge, Paulo Almeida, Paulo de Andrade, Paulo Caramori, Paulo Galv&#227;o, Paulo S&#233;rgio de Oliveira, Paulo Soares, Pedro Ab&#237;lio Rezek, Pedro Horta, Pedro Beltr&#227;o, Pedro de Andrade, Pedro Pascoli, Pierre Labrunie, Rafael Przytyk, Raimundo de Melo, Raul Mora, Ricardo Barbosa, Ricardo Cavalcanti, Rinaldo Carneiro, Roberto C&#233;sar, Roberto Freire, Roberto Otsubo, Roberto Botelho, Rodolfo Alencar, Rodolfo Staico, Rog&#233;rio Guimar&#227;es, Ronaldo Bueno, Ronaldo Villela, Ronei Matos, Salvador Cristov&#227;o, Samuel Silva, S&#233;rgio Berti, S&#233;rgio Leandro, S&#233;rgio Prata, Siguemituzo Arie, Valter Lima, Vasco Miller, Vicente Mota, Virg&#237;lio Mares, Walkimar Veloso, Wilson Coelho, Wilson Oliveira, Wilson Pimentel e Wilson Vieira.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Luiz Alberto Mattos</p>
          <p> Av. Jandira, 550/121</p>
          <p> Cep - 04080-003</p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pivmattos@uol.com.br">pivmattos@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 6/11/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 11/24/03</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
