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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">59QLJXs8jXXhVF9TmSJCmzP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000500004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas angiogr&#225;ficas na atresia pulmonar com septo interventricular &#237;ntegro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Manuel Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>413</fpage>
      <lpage>419</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar as altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais do ventr&#237;culo direito na atresia pulmonar com septo &#237;ntegro (APSI) para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de candidatos aos diversos procedimentos terap&#234;uticos atualmente dispon&#237;veis. M&#201;TODOS: Submetidos ao estudo cineangiocardiogr&#225;fico utilizando-se proje&#231;&#245;es axiais, 31 pacientes com idades variando de 1 a 50 dias (x=9,6), sendo que 28 foram estudados no 1&#186; m&#234;s de vida. Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foram empregados o X&#178; e calculado o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95), o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para a m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e a regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla. Considerado significativo quando alfa &lt; 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com a morfologia angiogr&#225;fica do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD): grupo A - VD tripartide (n=16); grupo B - VD bipartide (n=9) e grupo C - VD unipartide (n=6). O di&#226;metro da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide foi de 10,28 &#177; 2,67 mm (A); 7,82 &#177; 3,41 (B) e 5,27 &#177; 0,57 (C) (p=0,0005). A atresia pulmonar foi da v&#225;lvula em todos do grupo A e infundibular em todos do grupo C (p&lt;0,0001). As conex&#245;es coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias foram infreq&#252;entes (2/16) no grupo A e em todos do grupo C (p=0,0006), com opacifica&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada da aorta (fluxo do VD para a aorta) em 2 pacientes do grupo A e em todos os do grupo C (p=0,0003). Em 3 pacientes (2 do grupo C e 1 do grupo A) observou-se circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana VD dependente. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide moderada/grave isolada teve tend&#234;ncia de ser mais freq&#252;ente no grupo A (p=0,0525). O &#226;ngulo que o ductus arteriosus faz com a aorta descendente foi: 104,06 &#177; 8,98 no grupo A; 79,17 &#177; 33,08 no grupo B e 39,0 &#177; 6,52 no grupo C (p=0,0016). A correla&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide e o &#226;ngulo entre o ductus arteriosus com a aorta descendente foi 0,6568 (p=0,0002). CONCLUS&#195;O: Em fun&#231;&#227;o da heterogeneidade da morfologia do VD nos pacientes com atresia pulmonar com septo &#237;ntegro, torna-se necess&#225;rio o conhecimento de todas essas informa&#231;&#245;es na sele&#231;&#227;o de candidatos aos diversos procedimentos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>atresia pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>ductus arteriosus</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatia cong&#234;nita</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores progn&#243;sticos</kwd>
        <kwd>valvulotomia pulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas angiogr&#225;ficas na atresia pulmonar com septo interventricular &#237;ntegro</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos; Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO<italic>: </italic> </bold>Determinar as altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais do ventr&#237;culo direito na atresia pulmonar com septo &#237;ntegro (APSI) para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de candidatos aos diversos procedimentos terap&#234;uticos atualmente dispon&#237;veis. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Submetidos ao estudo cineangiocardiogr&#225;fico utilizando-se proje&#231;&#245;es axiais, 31 pacientes com idades variando de 1 a 50 dias (x=9,6), sendo que 28 foram estudados no 1&#186; m&#234;s de vida. Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foram empregados o X&#178; e calculado o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95), o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para a m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e a regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla. Considerado significativo quando alfa <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os pacientes foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com a morfologia angiogr&#225;fica do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD): grupo A &#150; VD tripartide (n=16); grupo B &#150; VD bipartide (n=9) e grupo C &#150; VD unipartide (n=6). O di&#226;metro da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide foi de 10,28 &#177; 2,67 mm (A); 7,82 &#177; 3,41 (B) e 5,27 &#177; 0,57 (C) (p=0,0005). A atresia pulmonar foi da v&#225;lvula em todos do grupo A e infundibular em todos do grupo C (p&lt;0,0001). As conex&#245;es coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias foram infreq&#252;entes (2/16) no grupo A e em todos do grupo C (p=0,0006), com opacifica&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada da aorta (fluxo do VD para a aorta) em 2 pacientes do grupo A e em todos os do grupo C (p=0,0003). Em 3 pacientes (2 do grupo C e 1 do grupo A) observou-se circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana VD dependente. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide moderada/grave isolada teve tend&#234;ncia de ser mais freq&#252;ente no grupo A (p=0,0525). O &#226;ngulo que o ductus arteriosus faz com a aorta descendente foi: 104,06 &#177; 8,98 no grupo A; 79,17 &#177; 33,08 no grupo B e 39,0 &#177; 6,52 no grupo C (p=0,0016). A correla&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide e o &#226;ngulo entre o ductus arteriosus com a aorta descendente foi 0,6568 (p=0,0002). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O<italic>: </italic></bold>Em fun&#231;&#227;o da heterogeneidade da morfologia do VD nos pacientes com atresia pulmonar com septo &#237;ntegro, torna-se necess&#225;rio o conhecimento de todas essas informa&#231;&#245;es na sele&#231;&#227;o de candidatos aos diversos procedimentos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
    <p>Palavras-chave: atresia pulmonar; ductus arteriosus; cardiopatia cong&#234;nita;fatores progn&#243;sticos; valvulotomia pulmonar.</p>
    <p>Em 1839, Peacock, em sua casu&#237;stica j&#225; havia documentado 7 casos de atresia pulmonar com septo interventricular intacto; entretanto o primeiro caso descrito foi, pelo pr&#243;prio Peacock, atribu&#237;do a John Hunter<sup>1</sup>, em 1783. A atresia pulmonar com septo interventricular &#237;ntegro representa 1 a 3% das malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, por&#233;m, no per&#237;odo neonatal, ela &#233; respons&#225;vel por 1/3 das cardiopatias cian&#243;ticas<sup>2-5</sup>. Sua etiologia n&#227;o se encontra totalmente esclarecida, muito embora alguns investigadores postulem causas inflamat&#243;rias e infecciosas, bem como alguma incid&#234;ncia familiar<sup>6-8</sup>. As anomalias extracard&#237;acas s&#227;o pouco freq&#252;entes, apesar de que comunica&#231;&#245;es entre as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e o ventr&#237;culo direito possam ocorrer em aproximadamente 50% dos casos<sup>9-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A primeira abordagem cir&#250;rgica da atresia pulmonar com septo interventricular &#237;ntegro, foi, segundo Kirklin e Barrat-Boyes, atribu&#237;da a Greenwold e cols.<sup>15</sup> que propuseram um estrat&#233;gia de tratamento baseada na morfologia ventricular. O tratamento tinha como objetivo a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma valvulotomia pulmonar naqueles lactentes com cavidade ventricular direita de dimens&#245;es normais. Os procedimentos paliativos desenvolvidos por Glenn, Blalock-Taussig e Waterston foram, posteriormente, substitu&#237;dos por t&#233;cnicas corretivas no sentido de desobstruir a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito e valva pulmonar, aumentando o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar<sup>16-18</sup> e restabelecendo, assim, a continuidade do ventr&#237;culo direito com a art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
    <p>Todos os esfor&#231;os e tentativas cir&#250;rgicas v&#234;m sofrendo, desde o in&#237;cio, in&#250;meras modifica&#231;&#245;es, por&#233;m sempre a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes para a cirurgia tem se baseado no tamanho da cavidade ventricular direita, a anatomia e fun&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide e na presen&#231;a de conex&#245;es coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias <sup>3, 19-30</sup>. As t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas que t&#234;m sido empregadas foram valvotomia com hipotermia ou cardioplegia com <italic>by-pass</italic> cardiopulmonar; valvectomia pulmonar e <italic>patch</italic> transanular<sup>3, 19-30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com o desenvolvimento das t&#233;cnicas de procedimento intervencionistas em idade pedi&#225;trica surgiu, atrav&#233;s do cateterismo card&#237;aco, uma nova alternativa para o tratamento desta malforma&#231;&#227;o e que, por sua efetividade e pequena incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es, cada vez mais, vem se afirmando como uma forma de tratamento bastante atrativa para um grande n&#250;mero de investigadores<sup>31-41</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do nosso trabalho foi procurar, atrav&#233;s do estudo angiogr&#225;fico, fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es que fossem imprescind&#237;veis para a sele&#231;&#227;o de candidatos &#224;s diversas alternativas de tratamento que, atualmente, se apresentam dispon&#237;veis a esta malforma&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Num per&#237;odo de 10 anos, foram estudados, sob o ponto de vista angiocardiogr&#225;fico, 31 pacientes portadores de atresia pulmonar com septo interventricular &#237;ntegro. Dezenove pacientes eram do sexo masculino com idade variando de 1 a 50 dias (x=9,6), sendo que 28 foram estudados no primeiro m&#234;s de vida.</p>
    <p>A ventriculografia direita realizada em posi&#231;&#227;o cr&#226;nio-caudal e lateral, objetivava demonstrar: 1) grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; 2) di&#226;metro da valva tric&#250;spide<sup>42</sup>; 3) presen&#231;a de conex&#245;es coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias e de circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana ventr&#237;culo direito dependente (estenoses graves, proximais, em territ&#243;rio coronariano nativo, principalmente descendente anterior e circunflexa &#150; obstru&#231;&#245;es completas em pontos proximais da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana nativa &#150; f&#237;stula entre territ&#243;rio coronariano nativo e o ventr&#237;culo direito &#150; aus&#234;ncia de conex&#227;o da coron&#225;ria esquerda com aorta, com origem da art&#233;ria pulmonar) e 4) morfologia ventricular direita, segundo Goor e Lillehei<sup>43</sup> e Bull e cols<sup>44</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ventriculografia esquerda realizada em obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda alongada objetivava: 1) avalia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho e configura&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; 2) opacifica&#231;&#227;o da aorta e a partir de sua visibiliza&#231;&#227;o determinar o &#226;ngulo que o <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> formava com a aorta descendente; 3) visibiliza&#231;&#227;o das coron&#225;rias direita e esquerda e estabelecimento do tipo de perfus&#227;o ventricular (anter&#243;grada: da aorta para o ventr&#237;culo direito na di&#225;stole).</p>
    <p>Os dados dicot&#244;micos foram avaliados pelo X&#178; (qui quadrado) sendo calculado o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95). Os dados descritivos foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram correlacionadas utilizando a regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla. Foi considerado significativo quando alfa = 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade na ocasi&#227;o do cateterismo card&#237;aco foi distribu&#237;da: em 23 pacientes, nos primeiros 7 dias de vida; 5, entre o 8&#186; e 30&#186; dia de vida; e, somente 3, entre o 31&#186; e 50&#186; dia de vida.</p>
    <p>De acordo com o tipo de morfologia ventricular direita obtida no estudo angiocardiogr&#225;fico<sup>44</sup>, os 31 pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: grupo A) composto por 16 pacientes, apresentando morfologia ventricular direita tripartide (por&#231;&#227;o de entrada, por&#231;&#227;o trabecular e por&#231;&#227;o de sa&#237;da). Em 1 paciente a v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide era displ&#225;sica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1-C</xref>). Somente em 1 paciente do grupo n&#227;o se observou regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2-A</xref>). Os &#250;nicos pacientes em que se visualizou a presen&#231;a de conex&#245;es coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias, tinham di&#226;metro da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide menor (7,2 e 8,7 mm) que a m&#233;dia do grupo. Em 1 paciente a opacifica&#231;&#227;o da aorta se fez dominantemente atrav&#233;s da coron&#225;ria direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2-A</xref>). Em todos os pacientes a atresia pulmonar foi por imperfura&#231;&#227;o valvar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>) e o &#226;ngulo que o <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> faz com a aorta descendente foi, tamb&#233;m em todos, obtuso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3-A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">4</xref>). Nesse grupo somente 8 pacientes fizeram uso de prostaglandina; grupo B) composto por 9 pacientes com morfologia ventricular direita bipartide (por&#231;&#227;o de entrada e por&#231;&#227;o de sa&#237;da). Em 6 pacientes a regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide foi ausente ou leve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">fig. 5-A</xref>). Em 2 pacientes a opacifica&#231;&#227;o da aorta foi retr&#243;grada (do ventr&#237;culo direito para a aorta) e se fez atrav&#233;s de ambas as coron&#225;rias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">fig. 5-B</xref>), sendo que, em um deles, observou-se importante estenose na conex&#227;o coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria/coron&#225;ria esquerda e foi considerada como circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana VD dependente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2-B</xref>). O di&#226;metro da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide desses 2 pacientes foi menor (5,3 e 5,8 mm) que a m&#233;dia do grupo. Em 3 pacientes o segmento atr&#233;sico n&#227;o estava ao n&#237;vel da v&#225;lvula imperfurada, o infund&#237;bulo terminava em fundo de saco cego (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2-B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">5-A</xref>). Em 2 pacientes o <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> apresentava morfologia completamente distinta; era fino, tortuoso e formava com a aorta descendente um &#226;ngulo agudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3-B</xref>). No 3&#186; paciente, a opacifica&#231;&#227;o da aorta n&#227;o permitiu a visualiza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic>. Dos 9 pacientes, 6 estavam em uso de prostaglandina; grupo C) este grupo se caracterizou no estudo angiogr&#225;fico pela n&#227;o opacifica&#231;&#227;o das por&#231;&#245;es infundibular e trabecular, ficando o ventr&#237;culo direito reduzido somente a sua por&#231;&#227;o de entrada (unipartide). Dois pacientes apresentaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide moderada a grave (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2-C</xref>). A perfus&#227;o coronariana retr&#243;grada em 2 pacientes, se fez por ambas as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Em 2 pacientes, somente, pela coron&#225;ria esquerda e nos 2 restantes, pela direita. A perfus&#227;o coronariana anter&#243;grada n&#227;o p&#244;de ser identificada em 1 paciente. Em outro paciente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3-C</xref>), foi poss&#237;vel a opacifica&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito a partir da aorta, pela grande dimens&#227;o da conex&#227;o coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria, formando uma f&#237;stula que permitia o roubo de fluxo desse vaso para a cavidade ventricular direita. Esta observa&#231;&#227;o foi confirmada pela constata&#231;&#227;o de um salto oxim&#233;trico entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e o &#225;trio direito. Este e outro paciente apresentavam circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana ventr&#237;culo direito dependente. Somente em 1 paciente n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a demonstra&#231;&#227;o da morfologia do <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic>. Em todos, o <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> formava, com a aorta descendente, um &#226;ngulo agudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3-C</xref>). Todos os pacientes deste grupo fizeram uso de prostaglandina.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0413-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig1b">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0413-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0413-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0413-00004-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0413-00004-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0413-00004-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os resultados est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela I</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="und20274t2">II</xref>. A insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada a grave apresentou tend&#234;ncia de ser mais freq&#252;ente no grupo A. O grupo C caracterizou-se pela presen&#231;a de conex&#245;es coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias, com perfus&#227;o coronariana retr&#243;grada do ventr&#237;culo direito para a aorta na s&#237;stole em todos os pacientes. O local da atresia pulmonar foi valvar em todos do grupo A (IC95% - 75,9% a 100%) e infundibular em todos do grupo C (IC95% - 51,7% a 100%) (p&lt;0,0001). O di&#226;metro da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide foi menor (6,66 &#177; 1,76 mm) quando ausente a insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide ou de grau leve, e maior (10,67 &#177; 3,25 mm) quando a insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide de grau moderado ou grave (p=0,0009). O &#226;ngulo entre o <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> e a aorta descendente foi obtuso (104,06&#186; &#177; 8,98&#186;) no grupo A e agudo (39,00&#186; &#177; 6,52&#186;) no grupo C (p=0,0016). A correla&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide e o &#226;ngulo entre o <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> e a aorta descendente foi 0,6568 (p=0,0002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">fig. 6</xref>).</p>
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    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As maiores altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais na atresia pulmonar com septo &#237;ntegro est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; valva tric&#250;spide, por&#231;&#227;o trabecular e sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. Como na atresia pulmonar com septo &#237;ntegro n&#227;o existe comunica&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito com o tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar, a possibilidade de um paciente sobreviver ap&#243;s o nascimento &#233; muito pequena. Sendo assim, o suprimento sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar &#233; feito pelo <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> e, excepcionalmente, por colaterais sist&#234;mico-pulmonares. O problema &#233; que, na quase totalidade dos casos, o <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> inicia o processo de fechamento logo ap&#243;s o nascimento, e, excepcionalmente, se mant&#233;m funcionante ap&#243;s o 30&#186; dia de vida extra-uterina.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, v&#225;rios investigadores<sup>45, 46</sup> v&#234;m chamando a aten&#231;&#227;o para a import&#226;ncia do desenvolvimento do <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> nas cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e, em particular, nas obstru&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas da c&#226;mara de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, onde sua persist&#234;ncia &#233; condi&#231;&#227;o imprescind&#237;vel &#224; sobreviv&#234;ncia<sup>47, 48</sup>. Ele vem sendo descrito como uma estrutura vascular de pequeno calibre, tortuosa e que forma, com a aorta descendente, um &#226;ngulo inferior &lt; 90&#186;<sup>49</sup>. Essas caracter&#237;sticas diferem completamente das observadas no rec&#233;m-nascido normal, que pela dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo fetal, apresenta um <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> de grande calibre, que, na jun&#231;&#227;o com a aorta descendente, forma um &#226;ngulo superior a 90&#186;.</p>
    <p>Ao contr&#225;rio do que tem sido descrito na literatura, temos observado portadores de atresia pulmonar com o septo interventricular intacto, apresentando no estudo angiocardiogr&#225;fico, um <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> normalmente desenvolvido e com &#226;ngulo com aorta descendente obtuso <sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nossa casu&#237;stica, 5 dos 6 pacientes do grupo C apresentaram um <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> com morfologia classicamente descrita na literatura. &#201; poss&#237;vel que, quando a obstru&#231;&#227;o pulmonar se completa precocemente na vida fetal, o <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> mude sua morfologia habitual, reduzindo seu calibre, aumentando sua tortuosidade e mudando o &#226;ngulo entre a art&#233;ria pulmonar e a aorta descendente, deixando de ser obtuso. Tal altera&#231;&#227;o em sua configura&#231;&#227;o seria explicada pela aus&#234;ncia do fluxo normal anter&#243;grado da art&#233;ria pulmonar para a aorta desde as fases mais precoces da vida fetal. O fluxo apenas dar-se-ia da aorta para a art&#233;ria pulmonar. Esta morfologia ductal anormal tamb&#233;m &#233; observada em portadores de atresia pulmonar com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, nos quais postula-se que a atresia pulmonar ocorra em fases ainda mais precoces na vida fetal. J&#225; todos os 16 pacientes do grupo A apresentaram <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> de maior calibre e que formava, com a aorta descendente, um &#226;ngulo obtuso. Nesses casos certamente a obstru&#231;&#227;o, ao n&#237;vel da v&#225;lvula pulmonar, tornou-se progressivamente mais severa durante a vida fetal e, ao nascimento, encontre-se imperfurada como o resultado final desse processo.</p>
    <p>Portanto, &#233; mais prov&#225;vel o encontro de uma atresia pulmonar do tipo membranosa, com valva imperfurada em pacientes com atresia pulmonar com septo &#237;ntegro que apresentam um <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> com morfologia habitual, formando um &#226;ngulo obtuso com a aorta descendente. Em contraste, nos portadores de <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> de morfologia aberrante, &#233; mais prov&#225;vel o encontro da atresia tipo muscular infundibular. &#201; interessante notar a diferen&#231;a de idade entre os pacientes do grupo A (mais velhos) e os do grupo B e C, provavelmente, ocorrida devido a maior gravidade do quadro cl&#237;nico nos pacientes dos &#250;ltimos grupos, que apresentavam anatomias mais desfavor&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>Como todos os neonatos com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas com atresia pulmonar onde o fluxo pulmonar depende da permeabilidade do <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic>, os pacientes com atresia pulmonar com septo &#237;ntegro devem ser mantidos sob infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de prostaglandina at&#233; defini&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica<sup>50-53</sup>. Os efeitos da a&#231;&#227;o das prostaglandinas sobre a morfologia angiogr&#225;fica s&#227;o pouco conhecidos e n&#227;o podem ser descartados. Especula-se, em fun&#231;&#227;o do grande efeito vasodilatador pulmonar e do <italic>ductus arteriosus,</italic> exercido pelas prostaglandinas, que haja uma tend&#234;ncia para diminui&#231;&#227;o do &#226;ngulo formado pelo <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> com a aorta descendente, conseq&#252;ente &#224; reorienta&#231;&#227;o do fluxo aumentado da aorta para a art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
    <p>Na atresia pulmonar com septo &#237;ntegro, o objetivo principal do tratamento &#233; promover a desobstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, seja por toracotomia ou por via percut&#226;nea, com a finalidade de estimular o fluxo intracavit&#225;rio, reduzir o grau de hipertrofia, melhorando a complac&#234;ncia ventricular, e possibilitar o crescimento da cavidade ventricular para viabilizar uma corre&#231;&#227;o biventricular. Em termos pr&#225;ticos, por&#233;m, toda a literatura atual est&#225; de acordo que, nem todos os pacientes estes procedimentos s&#227;o indicados. Essa limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; justificada pelo espectro morfofuncional que esses pacientes apresentam; da&#237;, a necessidade do conhecimento da heterogeneidade, existente entre os portadores da enfermidade.</p>
    <p>Na sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, toda a aten&#231;&#227;o inicial dever&#225; estar voltada para o tamanho ou dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito. Entretanto, a dificuldade est&#225; na valoriza&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do ventr&#237;culo direito, pois, diferente do esquerdo, ele n&#227;o apresenta um modelo geom&#233;trico em que se possa calcular fidedignamente o seu volume. Al&#233;m disso, na atresia pulmonar com septo &#237;ntegro, o grau de opacifica&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o trabecular &#233; vari&#225;vel e, portanto, todas as medidas utilizadas para o c&#225;lculo do seu real volume ir&#227;o, certamente, apresentar erro na sua estimativa correta. Em fun&#231;&#227;o das distor&#231;&#245;es na morfologia ventricular direita, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de seu volume &#233; aceita com algumas restri&#231;&#245;es, j&#225; que a aplica&#231;&#227;o da f&#243;rmula de Simpson ou Dodge n&#227;o seria corretamente utilizada em cora&#231;&#245;es com geometria bizarra. Diante do obst&#225;culo para inferir-se o volume ventricular direito, par&#226;metro importante na sele&#231;&#227;o dos candidatos aos diversos procedimentos terap&#234;uticos dispon&#237;veis, Zuberbuhler e cols.<sup>54</sup>, em estudo anat&#244;mico, encontraram rela&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro da valva tric&#250;spide e o tamanho do ventr&#237;culo direito, sendo o aumento de di&#226;metro da valva tric&#250;spide considerado um indicador do crescimento do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, os investigadores v&#234;m utilizando um &#237;ndice denominado z que fornece subs&#237;dios dos tamanhos do ventr&#237;culo direito e da valva tric&#250;spide. O &#237;ndice z &#233; obtido pela equa&#231;&#227;o: z=di&#226;metro medido &#150; valor normal m&#233;dio/desvio padr&#227;o do di&#226;metro normal m&#233;dio <sup>27, 29</sup>. Assim, a presen&#231;a de &#237;ndice z do anel da valva tric&#250;spide ou o di&#226;metro da valva tric&#250;spide &lt; 70% do normal ou ent&#227;o 70% do di&#226;metro do anel mitral representa um fator de risco ou de insucesso para uma corre&#231;&#227;o biventricular<sup>15, 22</sup>.</p>
    <p>No nosso material, observamos uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro da valva tric&#250;spide e o &#226;ngulo formado pela jun&#231;&#227;o do <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> com a aorta descendente. Com isso &#233; poss&#237;vel, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise das dimens&#245;es da valva tric&#250;spide, inferir-se o local da atresia pulmonar (valvar ou infundibular). Em nosso conhecimento esta correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi ainda descrita na literatura.</p>
    <p>Um outro problema, que t&#234;m profundas implica&#231;&#245;es no progn&#243;stico e nas diversas alternativas de tratamento, diz respeito &#224; import&#226;ncia da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana na atresia pulmonar com septo &#237;ntegro<sup>55-59</sup>. Esta m&#225;-forma&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada, em 20 a 50% dos casos<sup>53</sup>, a conex&#245;es coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias entre a cavidade ventricular direita e o sistema arterial coronariano<sup>60,61</sup>. Essas conex&#245;es coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias s&#227;o consideradas comunica&#231;&#245;es persistentes, que n&#227;o involu&#237;ram, em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do desenvolvimento de press&#227;o supra-sist&#234;mica ventricular direita durante a vida intra-uterina<sup>62</sup>. Tais comunica&#231;&#245;es anormais, durante a s&#237;stole, permitem que o sangue n&#227;o oxigenado do ventr&#237;culo direito alcance uma ou ambas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, ao mesmo tempo, impedindo ou dificultando o seu enchimento diast&#243;lico, em fun&#231;&#227;o do retardo da eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita<sup>63</sup>. Existe consider&#225;vel evid&#234;ncia histopatol&#243;gica de que o mioc&#225;rdio de alguns neonatos e lactentes, por apresentar essas conex&#245;es coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e a circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana, pode apresentar danos isqu&#234;micos de gravidade vari&#225;vel<sup>64</sup>. Certamente, s&#227;o portadores de circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana ventr&#237;culo direito dependente. &#201; poss&#237;vel, que esses dist&#250;rbios de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica j&#225; existam durante a vida intra-uterina, pois essas altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas t&#234;m sido observadas em neonatos que falecem horas ap&#243;s o nascimento <sup>65</sup>.</p>
    <p>Portanto, os portadores de atresia pulmonar com septo &#237;ntegro, que apresentam conex&#245;es coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias ventr&#237;culo direito dependentes, n&#227;o devem ter o ventr&#237;culo direito descomprimido, pois a descompress&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito hipertensivo levaria o paciente a um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, pela redu&#231;&#227;o efetiva da cabe&#231;a de press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Sendo assim, as caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas delineadas pela angiografia s&#227;o fundamentais para a programa&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica a ser adotada. &#201; importante que fique claro que o tipo de estrat&#233;gia adotada depende, fundamentalmente, da experi&#234;ncia de cada grupo cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a atresia pulmonar com septo &#237;ntegro representa importante grupo de pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita cian&#243;tica no per&#237;odo neonatal. As alternativas de tratamento deste grupo heterog&#234;neo necessita meticulosa avalia&#231;&#227;o dos tamanhos do ventr&#237;culo direito e da valva tric&#250;spide e, principalmente, do estudo da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana na forma de circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana ventr&#237;culo direito dependente ou de outras anomalias coronarianas. Embora a literatura venha, recentemente, fornecendo melhores resultados n&#227;o s&#243; cir&#250;rgicos, como tamb&#233;m atrav&#233;s do cateterismo intervencionista, a mortalidade ainda permanece elevada.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Dr. Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos </p>
        <p> Rua Bulh&#245;es de Carvalho, 245/301 </p>
        <p> 22081-000 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="masantos@cardiol.br">masantos@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 07/2/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 25/8/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Angiographic morphologic characteristics in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the morphological and functional changes in the right ventricle in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PAIVS) for assessing the candidates for the different therapeutic procedures currently available. METHODS: Thirty-one patients underwent cineangiocardiographic study with axial projections. Their ages ranged from 1 to 50 days (x = 9.6), and 28 of them were studied during the first month of life. The statistical analysis comprised the following: chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test for the mean and standard deviation, multiple regression, and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was calculated. The significance level adopted was alpha &lt; 0.05. RESULTS: The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the angiographic morphology of the right ventricle (RV): group A - tripartite RV (n=16); group B - bipartite RV (n=9); and group C - unipartite RV (n=6). The diameter of the tricuspid valve was 10.28 &#177; 2.67 mm (A); 7.82 &#177; 3.41 (B); and 5.27 &#177; 0.57 (C) (P=0.0005). Pulmonary atresia was of the valvular type in all group A patients and of the infundibular type in all group C patients (P&lt;0.0001). Coronary-cavitary connections were rare (2/16) in group A patients, but occurred in all group C patients (P=0.0006), with retrograde opacity of the aorta (flow from the RV to the aorta) in 2 group A patients and in all group C patients (P=0.0003). Three patients (2 in group C and 1 in group A) had right-ventricular-dependent coronary circulation. Isolated moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation showed a tendency towards being more frequent in group A (P=0.0525). The angle of the ductus arteriosus with the descending aorta was as follows: 104.06 &#177; 8.98 in group A; 79.17 &#177; 33.08 in group B; and 39.0 &#177; 6.52 in group C (P=0.0016). The correlation between the diameter of the tricuspid valve and the angle of the ductus arteriosus with the descending aorta was 0.6568 (P=0.0002). CONCLUSION: Because of the heterogeneity of the morphology of the RV in patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, knowledge about all these data is required for selecting candidates for the different therapeutic procedures.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>pulmonary atresia</kwd>
        <kwd>ductus arteriosus</kwd>
        <kwd>congenital heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>prognostic factors</kwd>
        <kwd>pulmonary valvotomy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Angiographic morphologic characteristics in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos; Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras &#150; Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine the morphological and functional changes in the right ventricle in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PAIVS) for assessing the candidates for the different therapeutic procedures currently available.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Thirty-one patients underwent cineangiocardiographic study with axial projections. Their ages ranged from 1 to 50 days (x = 9.6), and 28 of them were studied during the first month of life. The statistical analysis comprised the following: chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test for the mean and standard deviation, multiple regression, and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was calculated. The significance level adopted was alpha <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the angiographic morphology of the right ventricle (RV): group A &#150; tripartite RV (n=16); group B &#150; bipartite RV (n=9); and group C &#150; unipartite RV (n=6). The diameter of the tricuspid valve was 10.28 &#177; 2.67 mm (A); 7.82 &#177; 3.41 (B); and 5.27 &#177; 0.57 (C) (P=0.0005). Pulmonary atresia was of the valvular type in all group A patients and of the infundibular type in all group C patients (P&lt;0.0001). Coronary-cavitary connections were rare (2/16) in group A patients, but occurred in all group C patients (P=0.0006), with retrograde opacity of the aorta (flow from the RV to the aorta) in 2 group A patients and in all group C patients (P=0.0003). Three patients (2 in group C and 1 in group A) had right-ventricular-dependent coronary circulation. Isolated moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation showed a tendency towards being more frequent in group A (P=0.0525). The angle of the ductus arteriosus with the descending aorta was as follows: 104.06 &#177; 8.98 in group A; 79.17 &#177; 33.08 in group B; and 39.0 &#177; 6.52 in group C (P=0.0016). The correlation between the diameter of the tricuspid valve and the angle of the ductus arteriosus with the descending aorta was 0.6568 (P=0.0002).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Because of the heterogeneity of the morphology of the RV in patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, knowledge about all these data is required for selecting candidates for the different therapeutic procedures.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>pulmonary atresia, ductus arteriosus, congenital heart disease, prognostic factors, pulmonary valvotomy</p>
      <p>In 1839, Peacock had already reported 7 cases of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum; however, Peacock attributed the first case reported to John Hunter <sup>1</sup> in 1783. Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum accounts for 1 to 3% of the cardiac malformations; in the neonatal period, however, it accounts for 1/3 of the cyanotic heart diseases <sup>2-5</sup>. Its etiology has not yet been totally clarified, although some researchers claim inflammatory and infectious causes, as well as a certain degree of familial incidence <sup>6-8</sup>. Extracardiac anomalies are rare, although communications between the coronary arteries and the right ventricle may occur in approximately 50% of the cases <sup>9-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The first surgical approach to pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum was, according to Kirklin and Barrat-Boyes, attributed to Greenwold et al <sup>15</sup>, who proposed a strategy of treatment based on ventricular morphology. This treatment aimed at performing a pulmonary valvotomy in infants with a right ventricular cavity of normal dimensions. The palliative procedures developed by Glenn, Blalock-Taussig, and Waterston were later replaced by corrective techniques that aimed at clearing the right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary valve, increasing pulmonary blood flow <sup>16-18</sup>, and, therefore, reestablishing the continuity of the right ventricle with the pulmonary artery.</p>
      <p>Since the beginning, all surgical efforts and attempts have undergone several changes; however, the selection of patients for surgery has always been based on the size of the right ventricular cavity, anatomy and function of the tricuspid valve, and the presence of coronary-cavitary connections <sup>3,19-30</sup>. The following surgical techniques have been used: valvotomy with hypothermia or cardioplegia with cardiopulmonary by-pass; pulmonary valvectomy; and transannular patch <sup>3,19-30</sup>.</p>
      <p>With the development of interventional techniques for the pediatric patient, a new alternative for the treatment of this malformation appeared with cardiac catheterization. Due to its effectiveness and low incidence of complications, it has been increasingly regarded as a very attractive form of treatment for a great number of investigators <sup>31-41</sup>.</p>
      <p>Through angiographic analysis, our study aimed at providing indispensable information for the selection of candidates to the different alternatives of treatment currently available for this malformation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Over a period of 10 years, 31 patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum were studied from the angiocardiographic point of view. The patients' ages ranged from 1 to 50 days (x=9.6), 28 being studied in the first month of life. Nineteen patients were males.</p>
      <p>Right ventriculography performed in the caudocranial and lateral projections aimed at evidencing: 1) the degree of tricuspid regurgitation; 2) the diameter of the tricuspid valve <sup>42</sup>; 3) presence of coronary-cavitary connections and right ventricular-dependent coronary circulation (severe proximal stenoses in the native coronary territory, mainly anterior descending and circumflex arteries &#150; complete obstructions in proximal points of the native coronary circulation &#150; fistula between the native coronary territory and the right ventricle &#150; absence of connection of the left coronary artery with the aorta, and the origin of the pulmonary artery); and 4) right ventricular morphology, according to Goor and Lillehei <sup>43</sup> and Bull et al <sup>44</sup>.</p>
      <p>Left ventriculography performed in the elongated left anterior oblique projection aimed at the following: 1) assessment of the size and configuration of the left ventricle; 2) opacity of the aorta and, based on its visualization, determination of the angle formed by the ductus arteriosus and the descending aorta; 3) visualization of the right and left coronary arteries and establishment of the type of ventricular perfusion (anterograde: from the aorta to the right ventricle during diastole).</p>
      <p>The dichotomic data were assessed with the x<sup>2</sup> (chi-square) test and calculating the 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The descriptive data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used. The continuous variables were correlated using multiple regression. The significance level of alpha = 0.05 was adopted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Age at the time of cardiac catheterization was as follows: up to 7 days of life, 23 patients; between 8 and 30 days of life, 5 patients; between 31 and 50 days of life, only 3 patients.</p>
      <p>According to the type of right ventricular morphology on the angiocardiographic study <sup>44</sup>, the 31 patients were divided into 3 groups: group A) comprised 16 patients with tripartite right ventricular morphology (inlet portion, trabecular portion, and outlet portion). In 1 patient, the tricuspid valve was dysplastic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">fig. 1-C</xref>). Only 1 patient in group A did not have tricuspid regurgitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2-A</xref>). The only patients in whom coronary-cavitary connections were observed had a tricuspid valve diameter smaller (7.2 and 8.7 mm) than the mean in the group. In 1 patient, opacity of the aorta occurred mainly through the right coronary artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2-A</xref>). In all patients, pulmonary atresia was due to an imperforate valve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">fig. 1</xref>), and the angle formed by the ductus arteriosus and the descending aorta was obtuse in all patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3-A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">4</xref>). In this group, only 8 patients used prostaglandin. Group B) comprised 9 patients with bipartite right ventricular morphology (inlet and outlet portions). In 6 patients, tricuspid regurgitation was absent or mild (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">fig. 5-A</xref>). In 2 patients, the opacity of the aorta was retrograde (from the right ventricle to the aorta) and occurred through both coronary arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">fig. 5-B</xref>); in one of them, significant stenosis was observed in the coronary-cavitary/left coronary connection, and was considered right ventricular-dependent coronary circulation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2-B</xref>). The tricuspid valve diameter of these 2 patients was smaller (5.3 and 5.8 mm) than the mean in the group. In 3 patients, the segment with atresia was not at the level of the imperforate valve, and the infundibulum came to a dead end (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2-B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">5-A</xref>). In 2 patients, the ductus arteriosus had a completely distinct morphology: it was thin, tortuous, and formed an acute angle with the descending aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3-B</xref>). In the 3rd patient, the opacity of the aorta did not allow visualization of the ductus arteriosus. Of the 9 patients, 6 were using prostaglandin. Group C) this group was characterized in the angiographic study by nonopacity of the infundibular and trabecular portions, the right ventricle being reduced to only its inlet portion (unipartite). Two patients had moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2-C</xref>). Retrograde coronary perfusion occurred as follows: through both coronary arteries in 2 patients; through the left coronary artery in 2 patients; and, through the right coronary artery in the 2 remaining patients. Anterograde coronary perfusion could not be identified in 1 patient. In another patient (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3-C</xref>), opacity of the right ventricle was possible starting at the aorta, due to the great dimension of the coronary-cavitary connection, forming a fistula that allowed deviation of the flow of this vessel to the right ventricular cavity. This observation was confirmed by the finding of an oximetric difference between the right ventricle and the right atrium. This and another patient had right ventricle-dependent coronary circulation. The morphology of ductus arteriosus could not be shown in 1 patient. In all patients, the ductus arteriosus formed an acute angle with the descending aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3-C</xref>). All patients in this group used prostaglandin.</p>
      <fig id="fig1a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0413-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig1b-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0413-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0413-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0413-00004-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0413-00004-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0413-00004-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_20274t1-body2">tables I</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="en_20274t2-body2">II</xref>. Moderate to severe tricuspid insufficiency showed a tendency to be more frequent in group A. Group C was characterized by the presence of coronary-cavitary connections with retrograde coronary perfusion of the right ventricle to the aorta during systole in all patients. The site of pulmonary atresia was valvular in all group A patients (95% CI &#150; 75.9% to 100%) and infundibular in all group C patients (95% CI &#150; 51.7% to 100%) (P&lt;0.0001). The tricuspid valve diameter was smaller (6.66 &#177; 1.76 mm) when tricuspid insufficiency was absent or mild, and greater (10.67 &#177; 3.25 mm) when tricuspid insufficiency was moderate or severe (P=0.0009). The angle between the ductus arteriosus and the descending aorta was obtuse (104.06&#186; &#177; 8.98&#186;) in group A and acute (39.00&#186; &#177; 6.52&#186;) in group C (P=0.0016). The correlation between the tricuspid valve diameter and the angle formed by the ductus arteriosus and the descending aorta was 0.6568 (P=0.0002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6-body2">fig. 6</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_20274t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0413-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <undefined id="en_20274t2-body2">
          <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/59QLJXs8jXXhVF9TmSJCmzP/95b054063695f23197b658b07e27b8e7f37a0f15.gif"/>
        </undefined>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-05-0413-00004-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The greatest morphofunctional changes in pulmonary atresia with intact septum are related to the tricuspid valve, trabecular portion, and right ventricular outlet. Because in pulmonary atresia with intact septum no communication between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk exists, the possibility of a patient surviving after birth is very small. Therefore, pulmonary blood is supplied through the ductus arteriosus, and, occasionally, through systemic pulmonary collaterals. The problem is that, in almost all cases, the ductus arteriosus begins the closure process right after birth, and, occasionally, it may remain functional after the 30th day of extrauterine life.</p>
      <p>In recent years, several investigators <sup>45,46</sup> have emphasized the importance of the development of ductus arteriosus in congenital heart diseases, and, particularly, in the critical obstructions of the right ventricular outflow tract, in which the persistence of ductus arteriosus is an indispensable condition for survival <sup>47,48</sup>. Ductus arteriosus has been described as a small-caliber, tortuous vascular structure, which forms with the descending aorta an angle smaller than 90&#186; <sup>49</sup>. These characteristics differ completely from those observed in the normal newborn, who, due to the direction of the fetal flow, has a large-caliber ductus arteriosus, which, in its junction with the descending aorta, forms an angle greater than 90&#186;.</p>
      <p>Contrary to that which has been reported in the literature, we have observed patients with pulmonary atresia with intact septum, who, on the angiocardiographic study, have a normally developed ductus arteriosus, forming an obtuse angle with the descending aorta <sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our case series, 5 of the 6 patients in group C had a ductus arteriosus with the classic morphology reported in the literature. When pulmonary obstruction is completed early during fetal life, the ductus arteriosus may change its usual morphology, reduce its caliber, increase its tortuosity, and the angle between the pulmonary artery and the descending aorta may change, such that it is no longer obtuse. This change in its configuration could be explained by the absence of normal anterograde flow from the pulmonary artery to the aorta since the earliest phases of fetal life. The flow would occur only from the aorta to the pulmonary artery. This abnormal ductal morphology is also observed in patients with pulmonary atresia with ventricular communication, in whom pulmonary atresia is postulated to occur in even earlier phases of fetal life. On the other hand, all the 16 group A patients had ductus arteriosus of larger caliber, which formed an obtuse angle with the descending aorta. In these cases, the obstruction at the level of the pulmonary valve certainly became progressively more severe during fetal life, and, at birth, the pulmonary valve was not perforated as a final result of this process.</p>
      <p>Therefore, pulmonary atresia of the membranous type with imperforate valve is more frequently found in patients with pulmonary atresia with intact septum, who have a ductus arteriosus of usual morphology, forming an obtuse angle with the descending aorta. On the other hand, in patients with ductus arteriosus of anomalous morphology, atresia of the infundibular muscular type is more frequently found. The difference in age between patients in group A (older) and those in groups B and C is noteworthy, and may be due to the greater severity of the clinical findings in the patients of the latter groups, who had less favorable anatomies.</p>
      <p>As all neonates with congenital heart disease with pulmonary atresia in whom the pulmonary flow depends on the permeability of the ductus arteriosus, patients with pulmonary atresia with intact septum should be maintained under continuous infusion of prostaglandin until definition of the therapeutic strategy <sup>50-53</sup>. The effects of the action of prostaglandins on the angiographic morphology are little known and cannot be ruled out. Due to the important vasodilating effect of prostaglandins on the pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus, it is speculated that a tendency exists towards a reduction in the angle formed by the ductus arteriosus and the descending aorta, consequent to reorientation of the increased flow from the aorta to the pulmonary artery.</p>
      <p>In pulmonary atresia with intact septum, the major objective of the treatment is to promote clearance of the right ventricular outflow tract, either by thoracotomy or by the percutaneous route, aiming at stimulating the intracavitary flow, reducing the degree of hypertrophy, improving ventricular compliance, and enabling enlargement of the ventricular cavity to make biventricular correction feasible. In actual practice, however, the entire current literature agrees that these procedures are not indicated for all patients. This limitation is justified by the morphofunctional spectrum of these patients, thus the need for knowing the heterogeneity existing among patients with this disease.</p>
      <p>In the selection of patients, the entire initial attention should be directed to the size or dimensions of the right ventricle. However, the difficulty resides in the importance given to the right ventricular size, because, unlike the left ventricle, the right ventricle does not have a geometrical model with which its volume can be reliably calculated. In addition, in pulmonary atresia with intact septum, the degree of opacity of the trabecular portion is variable, and, therefore, all measures used to calculate its real volume will certainly have an error in its correct estimate. Because of the distortions in right ventricular morphology, the assessment of its volume is accepted with some restrictions, as the formula by Simpson or Dodge cannot be correctly applied to hearts with a bizarre geometry. Due to the obstacle to inferring right ventricular volume, which is an important parameter in the selection of candidates for the different therapeutic procedures available, Zuberbuhler et al <sup>54</sup>, in an anatomic study, found a relation between the tricuspid valve diameter and right ventricular size, the increase in the tricuspid valve diameter being considered an indicator of right ventricular enlargement.</p>
      <p>More recently, researchers have been using the z index, which provides information about the sizes of the right ventricle and the tricuspid valve. The z index is obtained with the equation: z = measured diameter &#150; mean normal value/standard deviation of the mean normal diameter <sup>27,29</sup>. Thus, the presence of a z index of the tricuspid valve ring or a diameter of the tricuspid valve &lt; 70% of the normal or 70% of the diameter of the mitral ring represents a risk factor or failure factor for biventricular correction<sup>15,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our material, a strong correlation was observed between the diameter of the tricuspid valve and the angle formed by the junction of the ductus arteriosus with the descending aorta. It is possible, therefore, through the analysis of the dimensions of the tricuspid valve, to infer the site of pulmonary atresia (valvular or infundibular). To our knowledge, this correlation has not yet been reported in the literature.</p>
      <p>Another problem, which has significant implications in the prognosis and in the diverse alternatives of treatment, regards the importance of coronary circulation in pulmonary atresia with intact septum <sup>55-59</sup>. This malformation is associated, in 20 to 50% of cases <sup>53</sup>, with coronary-cavitary connections between the right ventricular cavity and the coronary artery system <sup>60,61</sup>. These coronary-cavitary connections are considered persistent communications, which did not involute due to the development of right ventricular suprasystemic pressure during intrauterine life <sup>62</sup>. These abnormal communications during systole allow the nonoxigenated blood of the right ventricle to reach 1 or both coronary arteries, at the same time preventing or hampering its diastolic filling, due to a delay in right ventricular ejection <sup>63</sup>. Considerable histopathologic evidence exists that the myocardium of some neonates and infants may undergo ischemic damage of variable severity, because they have these coronary-cavitary connections between the right ventricle and the coronary circulation <sup>64</sup>. They certainly have right ventricle-dependent coronary circulation. These disorders of myocardial perfusion may already exist during intrauterine life, because these histopathologic alterations have been observed in neonates who die hours after birth <sup>65</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, patients with pulmonary atresia with intact septum, who have right ventricle-dependent coronary-cavitary connections, should not have their right ventricle decompressed, because decompression of the hypertensive right ventricle could lead the patient to a myocardial infarction, due to an effective reduction in the head of perfusion pressure.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the morphologic characteristics delineated on angiography are fundamental to programming the therapeutic strategy to be adopted. It is worth noting that the type of strategy adopted fundamentally depends on the experience of each surgical group.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, pulmonary atresia with intact septum represents an important group of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease in the neonatal period. The alternatives of treatment of this heterogeneous group require meticulous assessment of the sizes of the right ventricle and the tricuspid valve, and, mainly, the study of the coronary circulation in the form of right ventricle-dependent coronary circulation or other coronary anomalies. Although better results, not only surgical but also of interventional catheterization, have been recently reported in the literature, mortality still remains elevated.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos </p>
          <p> Rua Bulh&#245;es de Carvalho, 245/301 </p>
          <p> Cep 22081-000 </p>
          <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="masantos@cardiol.br">masantos@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received 02/07/03</p>
      <p> Accepted 8/25/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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