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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">X5gKbgT3FctKRVDC345K64c</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000400012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200412</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000400012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica em g&#234;meos monozig&#243;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Aloir Q.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arteaga</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>396</fpage>
      <lpage>397</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>IMAGEM</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica em g&#234;meos monozig&#243;ticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aloir Q. Araujo; Edmundo Arteaga; Charles Mady</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p> G&#234;meos monozig&#243;ticos (GM) com 19 anos de idade, portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva, sintomas iniciados em torno dos 13 anos (dispn&#233;ia CF II) e apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica similar (sopro sist&#243;lico de eje&#231;&#227;o 3/6 na borda esternal esquerda, eletrocardiograma com sinais evidentes de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda). Nos dois pacientes, ao ecocardiograma, havia aumento moderado do &#225;trio esquerdo, hipertrofia septal acentuada (&gt;30mm) e gradiente obstrutivo severo na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre ambos. Algumas discord&#226;ncias foram observadas nos aspectos bidimensionais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). O Doppler colorido demonstrou dilata&#231;&#227;o importante de ramos coronarianos septais no g&#234;meo G (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>), o que n&#227;o foi evidenciado no g&#234;meo V. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o, o g&#234;meo G teve piora importante da sintomatologia (angina e dispn&#233;ia), refrat&#225;ria &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o, sendo encaminhado para realiza&#231;&#227;o de miectomia cir&#250;rgica. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0396-00012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0396-00012-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia hipetr&#243;fica &#233; uma doen&#231;a prim&#225;ria do mioc&#225;rdio causada por um grande n&#250;mero de muta&#231;&#245;es em genes codificadores para prote&#237;nas sarcom&#233;ricas<sup>1</sup>, e o fen&#243;tipo pode sofrer influ&#234;ncia de genes modificadores<sup>2</sup> e fatores ambientais. Assim, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e morfol&#243;gicas da doen&#231;a s&#227;o muito variadas, indo da aus&#234;ncia de sintomas at&#233; a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, mesmo entre portadores da muta&#231;&#227;o em uma determinada fam&#237;lia. </p>
    <p>GM s&#227;o considerados geneticamente id&#234;nticos (genes causadores e modificadores), e qualquer discord&#226;ncia fenot&#237;pica entre eles tem sido creditada &#224; a&#231;&#227;o de fatores ambientais. Nos GM com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, seriam esperadas express&#245;es similares da doen&#231;a, como observado por Maron e cols.<sup>3</sup>, admitindo-se pequenas diferen&#231;as. Entretanto, os casos relatados na literatura n&#227;o d&#227;o sustenta&#231;&#227;o a essa premissa. H&#225; relatos de pares com fen&#243;tipos concordantes<sup>3-6</sup> e discordantes<sup>4,7</sup>. Nossos pacientes, em termos gerais, apresentaram a doen&#231;a com o mesmo espectro, mas alguns aspectos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, os diferenciaram parcialmente. </p>
    <p>Os casos que estamos relatando e a revis&#227;o da literatura trazem mais d&#250;vidas do que respostas a respeito dos mecanismos patogen&#233;ticos implicados no desenvolvimento da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. N&#227;o h&#225; uma explica&#231;&#227;o razo&#225;vel para tantos contrastes encontrados, ou seja, pares de GM com apresenta&#231;&#245;es muito similares e pares com express&#245;es fenot&#237;picas t&#227;o diferentes, incluindo severidade dos sintomas, grau e distribui&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia, presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o, idade de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e curso a longo prazo. </p>
    <p>Podemos assumir que a base gen&#233;tica em GM &#233; absolutamente id&#234;ntica? A maioria deles se desenvolve a partir da separa&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas do embri&#227;o &#250;nico no est&#225;gio de 2 c&#233;lulas mas, em humanos, a separa&#231;&#227;o pode ocorrer em est&#225;gios t&#227;o tardios quanto 7 dias de gesta&#231;&#227;o, e o tempo em que ocorre a separa&#231;&#227;o poderia determinar diferen&#231;as umbelicais e anastom&#243;ticas placent&#225;rias, levando a ambientes intra-uterinos diferentes<sup>8</sup>. Adicionalmente, existem discuss&#245;es sobre mecanismos que resultariam em diferen&#231;as genot&#237;picas e epigen&#233;ticas em g&#234;meos id&#234;nticos<sup>9</sup>, mas s&#227;o fen&#244;menos raros e n&#227;o devem ser assumidos como causas coadjuvantes importantes das discord&#226;ncias aqui discutidas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p> 1. Marian AJ, Roberts R. The molecular genetic basis for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001; 33: 655-70. </p>
    <p>2. Marian AJ. Modifiers genes for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Curr Opin Cardiol 2002;17:242-52. </p>
    <p>3. Maron BJ, Casey AS, Almquist AK. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in monozygotic twins. Circulation 2002; 105: 22-9. </p>
    <p>4. Littler WA. Twin studies in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. British Heart Journal 1972; 34: 1147-51. </p>
    <p>5. Cir&#243; E, Nichols PF, Maron BJ. Heterogeneous morphologic expression of genetically transmitted hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Two-dimensional echocardiographic analysis. Circulation 1983; 67: 1227-33. </p>
    <p>6. Wylie L, Ramage A, MacLeod DC. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with shared morphology in identical twins: a case report. Scott Med J 2002; 47: 64-5 . </p>
    <p>7. Clarck CE, Henry WL, Epstein SE. Familial prevalence and genetic transmission of idiopathic hypetrophic subaortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 1973; 289: 709-14. </p>
    <p>8. Singh SM, Murphy B, O'Reilly R. Epigenetic contributors to the discordance of monozygotic twins. Clin Genet 2002; 62: 97-103. </p>
    <p>9. Machin GA. Some causes of genotypic and phenotypic discordances in monozygotic twin pairs. Am J Med Genet 1996; 61: 216-28.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Aloir Queiroz de Araujo </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-900 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> e-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="aloirqueiroz@cardiol.br">aloirqueiroz@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 3/3/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 25/3/04</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in monozygotic twins</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold> IMAGE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in monozygotic twins</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Aloir Q. Araujo; Edmundo Arteaga; Charles Mady</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiomyopathies Division - Heart Institute (InCor) &#150; S&#227;o Paulo University Medical School </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>Male monozygotic twins (MT), age 19 years, with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), symptoms (exertional dyspnea) started around age 13 years, and similar clinical presentation (a grade 3/6 systolic murmur heard in the left lower sternal border, typical ECG signs of left ventricular hypertrophy). In both patients, there were echocardiographic moderate left atrial enlargement, massive septal hypertrophy (&gt;30mm) and severe resting outflow tract gradient, without significant differences betweem them. Some discordances were observed in two-dimensional images (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Color Doppler showed marked septal coronary branchs in twin G (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>), which was not found in twin V. Twin G evoluted to medical refractory NYHA III/IV functional class and was referred to a surgical myectomy. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0396-00012-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0396-00012-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a primary disease of the myocardium caused by mutations in genes coding for sarcomeric proteins<sup>1</sup>, and the phenotype can be influenced by modifiers genes<sup>2</sup> and environmental factors. Then, the clinical and morphological manifestations of the disease are variable, from absence of symptoms to heart failure, even among mutation carriers of a given family. MT are considered genetically identical (causing and modifiers genes), and phenotypic discordances have been credited to the action of environmental factors. In MT with HCM, it would be expected similar expression of the disease, as observed by Maron et al<sup>3 </sup>, with limited discordances. However, the cases reported in the literature do not support this view. There are reports of MT pairs with concordant<sup>3-6</sup> and discordant<sup>4,7</sup> phenotypes. In general terms, our patients showed similar manifestations of the disease, but there were some diverse echocardiographic and clinical findings. </p>
      <p>The cases reported here and the literature review bring more questions than answers about the pathogenetic mechanisms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. There is not a reasonable explanation to understand the contrasting situation existing between MT pairs with very similar findings and pairs with absolutely different expression of the disease, including symptoms, extent and distribution of the hypertrophy, outflow obstruction, age of presentation and outcome. </p>
      <p> Can we assume that the genetic background is absolutely identical in MT? they develop from a separation of the embryonic cells of a single embryo at the two-cell stage, but human twinning can also occur at a developmental stage as late as 7 days of gestation, and this timing can determine placental anastomoses and umbilical differences, exposing the developing twins to variable intrauterine environments<sup>8</sup>. In addition, there are studies of genetic mechanisms that may result in phenotypic, genotypic, and epigenetic differences between MT<sup>9</sup>, but those phenomena are rare and cannot be assumed as a major cause of the discordances under discussion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Correspondence </p>
          <p> Aloir Q. Araujo </p>
          <p> InCor - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> 05403-900 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="aloirqueiroz@cardiol.br">aloirqueiroz@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 3/3/04</p>
      <p> Accepted 25/3/04</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
