<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GjSkt9D63Smr5V3MQ8NZ6xy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000400011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200411</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000400011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anomalia de Ebstein detectada in utero e s&#237;ndrome de Down: diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal de uma combina&#231;&#227;o rara</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de F&#225;tima M.P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gianisella</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>390</fpage>
      <lpage>392</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A anomalia de Ebstein &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara, embora seja a malforma&#231;&#227;o mais comum da valva tric&#250;spide. A associa&#231;&#227;o com outras s&#237;ndromes e anomalias extracard&#237;acas &#233; muito incomum e mat&#233;ria de poucos relatos de caso. Apresenta-se um caso de diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal de anomalia de Ebstein em um paciente com s&#237;ndrome de Down.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Anomalia de Ebstein detectada <italic><bold>in utero </bold></italic>e s&#237;ndrome de Down. Diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal de uma combina&#231;&#227;o rara</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria de F&#225;tima M.P. Leite; Roberto B. Gianisella; Paulo Zielinsky</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal - Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A anomalia de Ebstein &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara, embora seja a malforma&#231;&#227;o mais comum da valva tric&#250;spide. A associa&#231;&#227;o com outras s&#237;ndromes e anomalias extracard&#237;acas &#233; muito incomum e mat&#233;ria de poucos relatos de caso. Apresenta-se um caso de diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal de anomalia de Ebstein em um paciente com s&#237;ndrome de Down. </p>
    <p>Descrita pela primeira vez como resultado de necropsia por Wilhelm Ebstein<sup>1</sup> em 1866, a anomalia card&#237;aca definida como ader&#234;ncia de por&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel das c&#250;spides posterior e septal de uma valva tric&#250;spide redundante para o interior da parede ventricular direita e implantada mais caudalmente em dire&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;pice, a anomalia de Ebstein, embora rara, &#233; a doen&#231;a cong&#234;nita mais comum da valva tric&#250;spide e corresponde a 0,5% das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas<sup>2</sup>. N&#227;o existe associa&#231;&#227;o com qualquer s&#237;ndrome particular e s&#227;o raramente descritos defeitos extracard&#237;acos<sup>3</sup>. Em trabalho com aproximadamente 500 casos relatados por Watson<sup>4</sup>, 48% dos pacientes cateterizados e 81% dos levados &#224; necropsia apresentavam malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas associadas. A maioria dos defeitos associados foi do septo interatrial, transposi&#231;&#227;o corrigida dos grandes vasos e hipoplasia do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. Nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos existem somente 3 relatos na literatura indexada da associa&#231;&#227;o da anomalia de Ebstein com s&#237;ndrome de Down<sup>5-7</sup>. Descreve-se um caso de anomalia de Ebstein com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal associada a s&#237;ndrome de Down. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato de Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente 39 anos, GII PI, encaminhada com 35 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o para a Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (UCF-IC/FUC) por apresentar ecocardiograma fetal suspeito de hipoplasia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O ecocardiograma fetal realizado demonstrou <italic>situs solitus</italic>, conex&#227;o atrioventricular concordante, importante aumento do &#225;trio direito, valva tric&#250;spide displ&#225;sica, implantada caudalmente (anomalia de Ebstein severa), com regurgita&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica massiva para a por&#231;&#227;o atrializada do ventr&#237;culo direito e para o &#225;trio direito gigante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>). O ventr&#237;culo direito era de tamanho reduzido, por diminui&#231;&#227;o de sua via de entrada atrializada. O tronco e os ramos da art&#233;ria pulmonar eram confluentes, de calibre diminu&#237;do, com valva im&#243;vel e fluxo retr&#243;grado pelo canal arterial (atresia pulmonar funcional) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig.3</xref>). O forame oval era pequeno, com abaulamento fixo do septo interatrial da direita para a esquerda, com aus&#234;ncia de fluxo bif&#225;sico atrav&#233;s do mesmo. As cavidades esquerdas tinham fun&#231;&#227;o e morfologia normais, por&#233;m com recha&#231;o do septo interventricular para o interior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Havia presen&#231;a de pequeno derrame peric&#225;rdico. N&#227;o havia sinais de descompensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. A ecografia obst&#233;trica revelou feto &#250;nico, em posi&#231;&#227;o longitudinal e apresenta&#231;&#227;o cef&#225;lica, com volume normal de l&#237;quido amni&#243;tico. A gesta&#231;&#227;o era compat&#237;vel com 35-36 semanas, no percentil 50 e peso fetal estimado em 2610g. N&#227;o havia sinais sist&#234;micos de descompensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Acompanhado at&#233; a 38<sup>a </sup>semana, quando foi indicada a interrup&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o pelo aparecimento de sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva fetal. Nasceu de parto cesariano, APGAR 7 e 7 no 1<sup>0</sup> e 5<sup>0</sup> minutos respectivamente e com peso de 2,680g. No primeiro exame f&#237;sico foi diagnosticado s&#237;ndrome de Down, confirmado posteriormente por cari&#243;tipo. Apresentou cianose nas primeiras horas de vida, tendo sido iniciado oxig&#234;nio por oxitenda com o objetivo de melhorar a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial e diminuir a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar. Apesar das medidas de suporte, evoluiu com piora progressiva da cianose e acidose metab&#243;lica. No 3<sup>0</sup> dia de vida necessitou ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica com FIO<sub>2</sub> de 1,0, sendo iniciado &#243;xido n&#237;trico e milrinone para otimizar o fluxo anter&#243;grado pulmonar. Houve melhora progressiva do quadro cl&#237;nico, com evid&#234;ncias de uma situa&#231;&#227;o hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel. Como complica&#231;&#245;es apresentou icter&#237;cia, necessitando fototerapia a partir do 2&#186; dia de vida e atelectasia &#224; esquerda, melhorada com fisioterapia respirat&#243;ria. O ecocardiograma realizado na ocasi&#227;o do nascimento confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de anomalia de Ebstein com valva atrioventricular direita displ&#225;sica e com deslocamento inferior - abaixo do &#226;nulo valvar - das c&#250;spides posterior e septal, ocasionando regurgita&#231;&#227;o grave; havia aumento acentuado do &#225;trio direito, e o tronco arterial pulmonar e seus ramos bem desenvolvidos com fluxo anter&#243;grado e fluxo retr&#243;grado atrav&#233;s de um canal arterial patente de pequenas dimens&#245;es; o forame oval estava patente com fluxo bidirecional; o &#225;trio e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdos eram pequenos, por&#233;m com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada. No eletrocardiograma havia sobrecarga de &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo direitos, com intervalo PR normal sem sinais de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). A radiografia de t&#243;rax demonstrou grande aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca, ocasionando hipoplasia pulmonar. Ap&#243;s a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica nos primeiros dias o paciente evoluiu sem novas complica&#231;&#245;es estando agora com 7 meses de vida e sem intercorr&#234;ncias neste per&#237;odo. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0390-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0390-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0390-00011-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0390-00011-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Down est&#225; associada a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita em 50% dos casos<sup>8</sup>, por&#233;m, as associa&#231;&#245;es mais comuns s&#227;o com os defeitos septais e a tetralogia de Fallot. Em revis&#227;o da literatura dos &#250;ltimos dez anos foram encontradas 3 descri&#231;&#245;es de casos cl&#237;nicos de associa&#231;&#227;o da anomalia de Ebstein com s&#237;ndrome de Down e somente em um o diagn&#243;stico foi realizado no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-natal<sup>6</sup>. Nos dois casos restantes a anomalia de Ebstein foi descoberta na idade adulta, aos 55 anos<sup>7</sup> e durante necropsia<sup>5</sup>. Nesses a doen&#231;a apresentava-se de forma pouco sintom&#225;tica, revelando forma leve da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Nosso caso enfatiza o importante papel da ecocardiografia fetal no diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal de cardiopatias graves, como a anomalia de Ebstein, que tem uma incid&#234;ncia de 1:20,000 na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e corresponde a 0,5% das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas encontradas no per&#237;odo neonatal<sup>3</sup>. Com o advento da ecocardiografia fetal poder&#225; haver mudan&#231;as nessas taxas, j&#225; que a anomalia de Ebstein causa morte fetal em um n&#250;mero significativo de casos, quando n&#227;o tratada, e seu diagn&#243;stico muitas vezes n&#227;o &#233; realizado, n&#227;o sendo inclu&#237;da na estat&#237;stica de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. O diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal e o tratamento desses pacientes, assim como a interrup&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o, para atendimento perinatal, nos casos em que h&#225; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave e intrat&#225;vel, pode melhorar o progn&#243;stico dos fetos. A taxa de mortalidade de pacientes com esta doen&#231;a na forma grave, no per&#237;odo neonatal, &#233; alta, chegando a 85%, mesmo em grandes centros, principalmente quando h&#225; sintomatologia precoce e necessidade de cirurgia<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente caso, o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome de Down n&#227;o foi realizado no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-natal, devido ao encaminhamento tardio, n&#227;o tendo sido a gestante submetida &#224; medida da transluc&#234;ncia nucal fetal nem a estudo ultra-sonogr&#225;fico morfol&#243;gico fetal no segundo trimestre. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de anomalia de Ebstein em feto com s&#237;ndrome de Down &#233; infreq&#252;ente, devendo-se reenfatizar a import&#226;ncia de realizar avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica de pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. Portadores de s&#237;ndrome de Down devem ser sistematicamente submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica completa com exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, devido &#224; alta incid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia, lembrando que um exame cardiol&#243;gico com ausculta sugestiva de sopro inocente, num paciente sindr&#244;mico, n&#227;o significa aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia, uma vez existir certo n&#250;mero de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas que mimetizam sopro inocente, entre elas a forma leve da anomalia de Ebstein, com grande dificuldade de diagn&#243;stico diferencial somente por ausculta card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome de Down com anomalia de Ebstein &#233; rara e a ecocardiografia fetal &#233; um poderoso aliado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o desses fetos, tendo como principal fun&#231;&#227;o estudar a sua estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica durante a vida intra-uterina, permitindo acompanhamento, tratamento e indica&#231;&#227;o de interrup&#231;&#227;o de gesta&#231;&#227;o para terap&#234;utica neonatal, quando necess&#225;ria. O diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal &#233; extremamente valioso tamb&#233;m para oferecer ao pediatra condi&#231;&#245;es de atendimento ideais a esses rec&#233;m-nascidos, a partir da realiza&#231;&#227;o do parto.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Dr. Paulo Zielinsky </p>
        <p> Unidade de Pesquisa do IC/FUC </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 </p>
        <p> Santana </p>
        <p> Cep 90620-001 - </p>
        <p> Porto Alegre - RS </p>
        <p> E-mail:</p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em: 2/12/02 </p>
    <p> Aceito em: 2/9/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Ebstein W. Uber einen sehr seltenen fall    von insufficienz der valvula tricuspidalis, bedingt durch eine angeborene hochgradige    missbikdung derselben. Arch Anat Physiol 1866; 33: 238-54. <italic>Apud</italic>: Epstein    ML. Congenital stenosis and insufficiency of the tricuspid valve. In: Emmanuilides    A, Riemenschneider G. Moss and Adams Heart Disease in Infants Children and Adolescents.    Maryland: Williams &amp; Wilkins; 1995; 907-21. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Moss and Adams Heart Disease in Infants Children and Adolescents</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>907</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ebstein</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emmanuilides</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riemenschneider</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Epstein ML. Congenital stenosis and insufficiency    of the tricuspid valve. In: Emmanuilides A, Riemenschneider G. Moss and Adams.    Heart Disease in Infants Children and Adolescents. Maryland: Williams &amp;    Wilkins; 1995; 907-21. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Moss and Adams: Heart Disease in Infants Children and Adolescents</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>907</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Epstein</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emmanuilides</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riemenschneider</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Davison DL, Bando K, Helfer M et al. Ebstein's    anomaly. In: Nichols DG. Critical Heart Disease in Infants and Children. St    Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1995. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Critical Heart Disease in Infants and Children</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davison</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bando</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helfer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nichols</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Watson H. Natural history of Ebstein's anomaly    of tricuspid valve in childhood and adolescence. An international co-operative    study of 505 cases. Br Heart J 1974; 36: 417-27. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Natural history of Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve in childhood and adolescence: An international co-operative study of 505 cases</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1974</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>417</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Watson</surname>
              <given-names>H.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Johnson CD, Ortiz Colom PM, Sainz de la Pe&#241;a    H et al. Ebstein's anomaly in a patient with Down's syndrome. Bol Asoc Med P    R 1989; 81: 221-22 </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ebstein's anomaly in a patient with Down's syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Bol Asoc Med P R</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>221</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ortiz Colom</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sainz de la Pe&#241;a</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Silva SR, Bruner JP, Moore CA. Prenatal diagnosis    of Down's syndrome in the presence of isolated Ebstein's anomaly. Fetal Diagn    Ther 1999; 14: 149-51. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prenatal diagnosis of Down's syndrome in the presence of isolated Ebstein's anomaly</article-title>
          <source>Fetal Diagn Ther</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>149</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruner</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moore</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Venturini E, Musaio L, Strzzeri R et al. Ebstein's    tricuspid anomaly and Down's syndrome. A clinical case report. Recenti Prog    Med 1992; 83: 556-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ebstein's tricuspid anomaly and Down's syndrome: A clinical case report</article-title>
          <source>Recenti Prog Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>556</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Venturini</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Musaio</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strzzeri</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Neill CA, Zuckerberg AL. Syndromes and congenital    heart defects. In: Nichols DG. Critical Heart Disease in Infants and Children.    St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1995; 987-1012. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Critical Heart Disease in Infants and Children</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>987</fpage>
          <lpage>1012</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Neill</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zuckerberg</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nichols</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Mair DD. Ebstein's anomaly: natural history    and management. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19: 1047-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ebstein's anomaly: natural history and management</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1047</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mair</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Intrauterine detection of Ebstein's anomaly and Down's syndrome: prenatal diagnosis of a rare combination</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Ebstein's anomaly, although the most common malformation of the tricuspid valve, is a rare disease. Its association with other syndromes and extracardiac anomalies is very rare and has been reported in only a few cases. A case of prenatal diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly in a patient with Down's syndrome is reported.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intrauterine detection of Ebstein's anomaly and Down's syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis of a rare combination</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maria de F&#225;tima M.P. Leite; Roberto B. Gianisella; Paulo Zielinsky</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ebstein's anomaly, although the most common malformation of the tricuspid valve, is a rare disease. Its association with other syndromes and extracardiac anomalies is very rare and has been reported in only a few cases. A case of prenatal diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly in a patient with Down's syndrome is reported. </p>
      <p>Ebstein's anomaly was described for the first time as an autopsy finding by Wilhelm Ebstein <sup>1</sup> in 1866. The cardiac anomaly is defined as a variable adherence of the posterior and septal leaflets of a redundant tricuspid valve to the interior of the right ventricular wall, with a more caudal implantation of the valve towards the apex. Ebstein's anomaly, although rare, is the most common congenital disease of the tricuspid valve, accounting for 0.5% of the congenital heart diseases <sup>2</sup>. No association with any particular syndrome exists, and extracardiac defects have been rarely reported <sup>3</sup>. Watson, in a study <sup>4 </sup>with approximately 500 cases, reported the association of Ebstein's anomaly and congenital cardiac malformations in 48% of the patients catheterized and in 81% of autopsies. Most associated defects were related to the interatrial septum, corrected transposition of the great vessels, and hypoplasia of the right ventricular outflow tract. In the last 10 years, only 3 cases of the association of Ebstein's anomaly and Down's syndrome have been reported <sup>5-7</sup>. We report a case of prenatally diagnosed Ebstein's anomaly associated with Down's syndrome. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is a 39-year-old pregnant female, GII PI, referred at the 35th gestational week to the Unit of Fetal Cardiology of the Instituto de Cardiologia of Rio Grande do Sul/Universitary Institute of Cardiology (UCF-IC/FUC) due to a suspicion of left ventricular hypoplasia on fetal echocardiography, which showed the following: situs solitus; concordant atrioventricular connection; a significant right atrial enlargement; and dysplastic tricuspid valve, caudally implanted (severe Ebstein's anomaly), with massive systolic regurgitation to the atrialized portion of the right ventricle and to the giant right atrium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>). The right ventricle had a reduced size, due to a reduction in its atrialized inlet. The trunk and branches of the pulmonary artery were confluent, had a reduced caliber, with immobile valve and retrograde flow through the ductus arteriosus (functional pulmonary atresia) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). The oval foramen was small and had a fixed bulging of the interatrial septum from right to left, and no biphasic flow through it. The left cavities had normal function and morphology, but the interventricular septum was displaced towards the left ventricle. A small pericardial effusion was evidenced. No signs of hemodynamic decompensation were observed. An obstetrical echography revealed a single fetus in the longitudinal position and cephalic presentation, with normal amniotic fluid volume. The compatible gestational age was 35-36 weeks, with an estimated fetal weight of 2610 g in the 50th percentile. No systemic signs of hemodynamic decompensation existed. The patient was followed up until the 38th week, when interruption of the pregnancy was indicated due to signs of fetal congestive heart failure. The newborn was delivered through a cesarean section with APGAR scores of 7 and 7 in the first and fifth minutes, respectively, and weight of 2,680 g. During the first physical examination, Down's syndrome was diagnosed, and later confirmed on a karyotype. The newborn developed cyanosis in the first hours of life, when oxygen therapy was provided to improve arterial oxygen saturation and reduce pulmonary vascular resistance. Despite the support measures, the newborn evolved with progressive aggravation of the cyanosis and metabolic acidosis. On the third day of life, the newborn required mechanical ventilation with FIO<sub>2</sub> of 1.0, and nitric oxide and milrinone were initiated to optimize the pulmonary anterograde flow. The clinical findings progressively improved, evidencing a hemodynamically stable situation. The complications were as follows: jaundice, which required phototherapy from the second day of life onwards, and left atelectasis, which improved with respiratory physiotherapy. The echocardiogram obtained at birth confirmed the diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly with a dysplastic right atrioventricular valve and downward displacement - below the valvular ring - of the septal and posterior leaflets, causing severe regurgitation. The right atrium was markedly enlarged, and the pulmonary trunk and branches were well developed with anterograde and retrograde flow through a small patent ductus arteriosus. The oval foramen was patent and had a bidirectional flow; the left atrium and ventricle were small, but had preserved systolic function. The electrocardiogram revealed right atrial and ventricular hypertrophy, with a normal PR interval and no signs of preexcitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). The chest X-ray showed a greatly enlarged cardiac area, causing pulmonary hypoplasia. After hemodynamic stabilization on the first days, the patient evolved uneventfully with no new complications and is currently 7 months of age. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0390-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0390-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0390-00011-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0390-00011-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Down's syndrome is associated with congenital heart diseases in 50% of cases <sup>8</sup>, the most common associations being septal defects and tetralogy of Fallot. A review of the literature in the past 10 years showed 3 clinical case reports on the association of Ebstein's anomaly and Down's syndrome, and, in only 1, the diagnosis was established in the prenatal period <sup>6</sup>. In the other 2 cases, Ebstein's anomaly was discovered in adulthood, at the age of 55 years <sup>7</sup> and on autopsy <sup>5</sup>. These patients had the mild form of the disease with only a few symptoms. </p>
      <p>The case here reported emphasizes the important role played by fetal echocardiography in the prenatal diagnosis of severe heart diseases, such as Ebstein's anomaly, which has an incidence of 1:20,000 in the general population and accounts for 0.5% of the congenital heart diseases found in the neonatal period <sup>3</sup>. Fetal echocardiography may change these figures, because Ebstein's anomaly, if left untreated, is an important cause of fetal death, and, without the establishment of its diagnosis, it cannot be included in the statistics of congenital heart diseases. Prenatal diagnosis and the treatment of these patients, as well as the interruption of pregnancy in the cases with severe and untreatable cardiac failure, may improve the prognosis of these fetuses. The mortality rate of patients with the severe form of the disease in the neonatal period is high, up to 85%, even in large centers, mainly when the symptoms are precocious and surgery is required <sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the present case, the diagnosis of Down's syndrome was not established in the prenatal period, because the mother did not undergo first-trimester nuchal translucency or fetal morphologic ultrasound study in the second trimester, due to her late referral to our institution. </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly in a fetus with Down's syndrome is not frequent, and it is worth reemphasizing the importance of performing the genetic assessment of patients with congenital heart disease. Patients with Down's syndrome should systematically undergo complete cardiological assessment with echocardiography, because of the high incidence of heart disease in those patients. It is worth noting that a cardiologic examination with auscultation suggestive of an innocent murmur in a syndromic patient does not mean lack of heart disease, because of the existence of some congenital heart defects that mimic an innocent murmur, such as the mild form of Ebstein's anomaly. This poses great difficulty for the differential diagnosis based only on heart auscultation. </p>
      <p>The association of Down's syndrome and Ebstein's anomaly is rare, fetal echocardiography being a powerful tool for assessing fetuses with that combination. Its major function is to evaluate fetal hemodynamic stability, allowing follow-up, treatment, and indication of interruption of pregnancy as a neonatal therapy, when necessary. Prenatal diagnosis is also extremely valuable for providing the pediatrician with ideal conditions for managing those neonates from the delivery on.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Correspondence </p>
          <p> Paulo Zielinsky </p>
          <p> Unidade de Pesquisa do IC/FUC </p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 </p>
          <p> Cep 90620-001 </p>
          <p> Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 12/2/02</p>
      <p> Accepted: 9/2/03</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
