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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">X3jM3ZGdbHptbdWdCRxMgNG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000400010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200410</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000400010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quiloperic&#225;rdio isolado ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pitol</surname>
            <given-names>Ranieli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pederiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pasin</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vitola</surname>
            <given-names>Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia RS </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>384</fpage>
      <lpage>386</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Quiloperic&#225;rdio como complica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; raro. Pode ser causado por les&#227;o no ducto tor&#225;cico, de tribut&#225;rias do ducto ou pela trombose da conflu&#234;ncia das veias jugular e subcl&#225;via esquerda, obstruindo a drenagem do ducto tor&#225;cico. O tratamento pode ser conservador ou cir&#250;rgico, dependendo da dura&#231;&#227;o e do volume drenado. Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher de 24 anos que no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de troca da valva mitral (biopr&#243;tese) foi internada com quadro de tamponamento card&#237;aco devido &#224; presen&#231;a de quiloperic&#225;rdio. S&#227;o comentados os aspectos cl&#237;nicos e o tratamento institu&#237;do.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Quiloperic&#225;rdio isolado ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ranieli Pitol; Jos&#233; Renato Pederiva; Fernando Pasin; Domingos Vitola</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia RS / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quiloperic&#225;rdio como complica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; raro. Pode ser causado por les&#227;o no ducto tor&#225;cico, de tribut&#225;rias do ducto ou pela trombose da conflu&#234;ncia das veias jugular e subcl&#225;via esquerda, obstruindo a drenagem do ducto tor&#225;cico. O tratamento pode ser conservador ou cir&#250;rgico, dependendo da dura&#231;&#227;o e do volume drenado. Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher de 24 anos que no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de troca da valva mitral (biopr&#243;tese) foi internada com quadro de tamponamento card&#237;aco devido &#224; presen&#231;a de quiloperic&#225;rdio. S&#227;o comentados os aspectos cl&#237;nicos e o tratamento institu&#237;do. </p>
    <p>O ac&#250;mulo de l&#237;quido quiloso no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico foi descrito pela primeira vez em 1888 por Hasebrock<sup>1</sup>. Em 1935 Yater, revisando 100 casos de quilot&#243;rax n&#227;o traum&#225;tico, encontrou tr&#234;s casos de quiloperic&#225;rdio<sup>2</sup>. Em 1971, Thomas e McGoon descreveram o primeiro caso de quiloperic&#225;rdio ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estima-se que o quiloperic&#225;rdio represente 0,0004 a 0,15% das complica&#231;&#245;es de cirurgias card&#237;acas<sup>1,4</sup>. Em 1985 treze casos encontravam-se descritos desde a primeira comunica&#231;&#227;o por Thomas e McGoon, com mortalidade de 15,4%, sendo apenas um caso subsequente &#224; troca valvar na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. Nessa ocasi&#227;o, Grinberg e cols. relataram o primeiro caso ap&#243;s substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>O tratamento do quiloperic&#225;rdio pode ser cir&#250;rgico ou conservador, dependendo do volume e da dura&#231;&#227;o da drenagem. O conservador &#233; constitu&#237;do de drenagem peric&#225;rdica associada a dieta de triglicer&#237;deos de cadeia m&#233;dia (TCM) e o cir&#250;rgico de ligadura do ducto tor&#225;cico, atrav&#233;s de explora&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou toracoscopia<sup>5</sup> e pericardiectomia parcial<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nosso relato &#233; o segundo caso encontrado na literatura m&#233;dica de quiloperic&#225;rdio ap&#243;s substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral, manejado de forma conservadora, com bom resultado. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente de 24 anos, feminino, foi transferida para o Instituto de Cardiologia do RS / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do RS em outubro de 2001 ap&#243;s drenagem de hematoma intracerebral, com diagn&#243;stico de endocardite estafiloc&#243;cica em valva mitral reum&#225;tica, disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. Submetida &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral (biopr&#243;tese) apresentou boa evolu&#231;&#227;o nos per&#237;odos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e de tratamento da endocardite. </p>
    <p>Em fevereiro de 2002, a paciente retornou &#224; emerg&#234;ncia com quadro cl&#237;nico de tamponamento card&#237;aco. O radiograma de t&#243;rax mostrou um aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>) e o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico um derrame peric&#225;rdico volumoso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Foi realizada drenagem peric&#225;rdica com a retirada de 800ml de l&#237;quido leitoso. A an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica do l&#237;quido evidenciou: colesterol de 98mg/dL, triglicer&#237;deos de 1017mg/dL e presen&#231;a de quilom&#237;crons. O exame citopatol&#243;gico foi negativo para c&#233;lulas malignas. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0384-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0384-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Estabelecido o diagn&#243;stico de quiloperic&#225;rio foi institu&#237;da uma dieta sem gorduras e com TCM associada ao acompanhamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico seriado. No 11&#186; dia refez-se o derrame peric&#225;rdico sendo realizada nova drenagem peric&#225;rdica associada a suspens&#227;o da alimenta&#231;&#227;o por via oral e in&#237;cio de nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral total. </p>
    <p>A drenagem de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico cessou ap&#243;s 12 dias, possibilitando a retirada do dreno e rein&#237;cio da alimenta&#231;&#227;o oral com TCM por mais seis dias. Recebeu alta no 31&#186; dia de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o com resolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A linfa &#233; constitu&#237;da de um material rico em prote&#237;nas e gorduras, que &#233; conduzido desde a periferia dos tecidos e intestino ao sistema vascular, inicialmente por pequenos canal&#237;culos at&#233; a cisterna magna e ducto tor&#225;cico<sup>6-8</sup>. Toda a linfa captada no organismo segue esse trajeto, chegando na veia inominada junto &#224; desembocadura da veia jugular interna. A linfa proveniente da metade direita da cabe&#231;a e membro superior direito drena em um ducto acess&#243;rio, &#224; direita, na veia cava superior. Cerca de 1,5 a 2,0 litros de linfa s&#227;o conduzidos diariamente pelo ducto tor&#225;cico e desembocam na veia cava superior<sup>6-8</sup>. Quando a linfa est&#225; com maiores teores lip&#237;dicos e prot&#233;icos denomina-se quilo e quando isto ocorre h&#225; aumento do volume total<sup>6-8</sup>. </p>
    <p>A etiologia do quiloperic&#225;rdio pode ser decorrente de traumas, pancreatites, cirurgias tor&#225;cicas, linfangiomatose cong&#234;nita secund&#225;ria a obstru&#231;&#245;es no ducto tor&#225;cico ou na drenagem da veia subcl&#225;via esquerda, por neoplasias e tuberculose. Pode tamb&#233;m estar associado a s&#237;ndromes cong&#234;nitas como a s&#237;ndrome de Noonan<sup>8,9</sup>. </p>
    <p>A fisiopatologia para o ac&#250;mulo de quilo no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico pode ser decorrente de uma comunica&#231;&#227;o linfoperic&#225;rdica direta, com presen&#231;a de f&#237;stulas; resultar de refluxo de quilo por hipertens&#227;o linf&#225;tica, ocasionando perda do papel valvular com fal&#234;ncia em estabelecer drenagem linf&#225;tica colateral; ou tamb&#233;m secund&#225;ria a aumento da permeabilidade das paredes dos vasos linf&#225;ticos<sup>1,8,10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Verificam-se duas express&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do quiloperic&#225;rdio. A primeira, menos freq&#252;ente (30,8%), mais precoce, ocorrendo algumas horas (24 a 98h) ap&#243;s o ato cir&#250;rgico e percept&#237;vel pela sa&#237;da de l&#237;quido, inicialmente seroso e, a seguir, com aspecto leitoso pelo dreno tor&#225;cico ainda presente. A segunda, mais comum (69,2%), mais tardia (m&#233;dia de 25 dias) manifesta-se, como em nossa paciente, por tamponamento card&#237;aco ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo subcl&#237;nico de ac&#250;mulo de quilo no peric&#225;rdio. Dispn&#233;ia, cianose, hipofonese de bulhas, hepatomegalia dolorosa e edema acentuado em membros inferiores caracterizam a s&#237;ndrome de restri&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<sup>1,4,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Linfangiografia, nos casos de quiloperic&#225;rdio p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, n&#227;o &#233; recomendada, pois, n&#227;o &#233; essencial para o diagn&#243;stico e a poss&#237;vel localiza&#231;&#227;o da f&#237;stula n&#227;o altera o tratamento<sup>1,11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terap&#234;utica do quiloperic&#225;rdio, quando &#233; identificado em paciente assintom&#225;tico, observa&#231;&#227;o e manejo cl&#237;nico podem ser suficientes<sup>12</sup>. Caso o derrame peric&#225;rdico aumente, evidenciado atrav&#233;s de controles ecocardiogr&#225;ficos seriados, ou desenvolva comprometimento cardiorespirat&#243;rio a pericardiocentese diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica deve ser realizada da maneira tradicional ou pela videopericardioscopia<sup>13</sup>, al&#233;m da institui&#231;&#227;o de uma dieta hipolip&#237;dica<sup>12,14</sup>. Utilizam-se TCM, cuja finalidade &#233; diminuir a forma&#231;&#227;o de linfa. Sabe-se que a absor&#231;&#227;o dos TCM &#233; feita atrav&#233;s da veia porta, diferentemente dos triglicer&#237;deos de cadeia longa que passam por um processo de estearifica&#231;&#227;o e forma&#231;&#227;o de quilomicrons, os quais s&#227;o absorvidos por via linf&#225;tica. Com isso, a forma&#231;&#227;o de linfa seria diminu&#237;da e o derrame tenderia a desaparecer<sup>4,6,8,12</sup>. No caso relatado foi realizada pericardiocentese diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica e institu&#237;da dieta com TCM, ocorrendo recidiva dos sintomas e do derrame peric&#225;rdico em 10 dias. </p>
    <p>Havendo recorr&#234;ncia dos sintomas, outra op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica que pode ser utilizada &#233; a drenagem peric&#225;rdica associada ao jejum e a nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral prolongada<sup>4,6,8,11</sup>. Nos casos refrat&#225;rios, a toracotomia exploradora ou a toracoscopia <sup>5</sup> s&#227;o indicadas, procurando-se realizar a ligadura do ducto tor&#225;cico acima do diafragma, combinada &#224; pericardiectomia parcial. A pericardiectomia &#233; utilizada para realizar drenagem completa e evitar a evolu&#231;&#227;o para pericardite constritiva<sup>8,15</sup>. No presente relato foi realizada drenagem peric&#225;rdica subxif&#243;ide e institu&#237;da nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral total com cessa&#231;&#227;o da drenagem peric&#225;rdica no 12&#186; dia, sendo retirado o dreno no 14&#186; dia e mantida, posteriormente, por mais seis dias dieta exclusiva com TCM, apresentando boa evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. </p>
    <p>Pollard e cols.<sup>1</sup> relataram quatro casos de quiloperic&#225;rdio isolado ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca: de um homem de 23 anos p&#243;s-miotomia e miectomia devido miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, que apresentou aumento de drenagem do mediastino depois de iniciada dieta sem restri&#231;&#245;es (3&#186; dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio) sendo submetido a reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e ligadura do ducto tor&#225;cico; de uma crian&#231;a de 4 anos p&#243;s valvotomia pulmonar por estenose pulmonar com quadro de tamponamento card&#237;aco no 10&#186; dia p&#243;s operat&#243;rio, submetida a drenagem peric&#225;rdica e dieta com TCM com resolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro; de um homem de 57 anos ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com drenagem persistente ap&#243;s institui&#231;&#227;o da alimenta&#231;&#227;o sem restri&#231;&#245;es, tratado com dieta sem gorduras com resolu&#231;&#227;o do quadro ap&#243;s 8 dias; de um homem de 22 anos submetido a corre&#231;&#227;o de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular com aumento da drenagem ap&#243;s institui&#231;&#227;o da alimenta&#231;&#227;o sem restri&#231;&#245;es, realizada restri&#231;&#227;o de gorduras e, posteriormente, nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral total sem sucesso, sendo submetido &#224; ligadura do ducto tor&#225;cico.</p>
    <p>Pereira e cols.<sup>14</sup> publicaram o caso de uma menina de 4 anos com quadro de tamponamento no 6&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de corre&#231;&#227;o de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial devido a presen&#231;a de quiloperic&#225;rdio. Foi submetida a explora&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica precoce, apresentando como argumento a diminui&#231;&#227;o do risco de desnutri&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Grinberg e cols <sup>4</sup> relataram o primeiro caso de quiloperic&#225;rdio ap&#243;s substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral tratado com pericardiostomia e TCM com resolu&#231;&#227;o da drenagem peric&#225;rdica ap&#243;s 35 dias. </p>
    <p>Nguyen e cols<sup>16</sup> descreveram a experi&#234;ncia de 10 anos no tratamento de quiloperic&#225;rdio/quilot&#243;rax no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca em crian&#231;as, constatando que 84% dos casos foram tratados com sucesso atrav&#233;s de uma dieta pobre em gorduras ou nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral total, com m&#233;dia de 15,7 dias para cessar a drenagem. </p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos ser o quiloperic&#225;rdio uma complica&#231;&#227;o pouco freq&#252;ente da cirurgia de substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral, podendo ser manejado clinicamente com &#234;xito.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Ranieli Pitol </p>
        <p> Unidade de Pesquisa do IC/FUC </p>
        <p> Dr. Ranieli Pitol </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 </p>
        <p> Cep 90.620-001 </p>
        <p> Porto Alegre - RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 25/9/02 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 29/4/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Isolated chylopericardium after cardiac surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Chylopericardium is a rare complication of cardiac surgery. It may be caused by a lesion in the thoracic duct or its tributaries or by thrombosis in the confluence of the jugular and left subclavian veins, obstructing the drainage of the thoracic duct. The treatment may be conservative or surgical, depending on the duration and on the volume of the effusion. We report the case of a 24-year-old female, who, in the late postoperative period of mitral valve replacement (bioprosthesis), was hospitalized with cardiac tamponade due to the presence of chylopericardium. The clinical findings and treatment performed are discussed.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Isolated chylopericardium after cardiac surgery</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ranieli Pitol; Jos&#233; Renato Pederiva; Fernando Pasin; Domingos Vitola</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia RS/ Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chylopericardium is a rare complication of cardiac surgery. It may be caused by a lesion in the thoracic duct or its tributaries or by thrombosis in the confluence of the jugular and left subclavian veins, obstructing the drainage of the thoracic duct. The treatment may be conservative or surgical, depending on the duration and on the volume of the effusion. We report the case of a 24-year-old female, who, in the late postoperative period of mitral valve replacement (bioprosthesis), was hospitalized with cardiac tamponade due to the presence of chylopericardium. The clinical findings and treatment performed are discussed. </p>
      <p>The accumulation of chylous fluid in the pericardial space was first described by Hasebrock in 1888 <sup>1</sup>. In 1935, Yater, reviewing 100 cases of nontraumatic chylothorax, found 3 cases of chylopericardium <sup>2</sup>. In 1971, Thomas and McGoon reported the first case of chylopericardium following cardiac surgery <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Chylopericardium has been estimated to represent 0.0004 to 0.15% of the complications of cardiac surgery <sup>1,4</sup>. By 1985, 13 cases had been reported since the first communication by Thomas and McGoon, with a mortality rate of 15.4%, and only 1 case occurring after aortic valve replacement. On that occasion, Grinberg et al <sup>4</sup> reported the first Brazilian case after mitral valve replacement. </p>
      <p>The treatment may be surgical or conservative, depending on the volume and duration of the effusion. The conservative treatment consists of pericardial drainage associated with a medium-chain-triglyceride-enriched diet (MCT), and the surgical treatment consists of ligature of the thoracic duct through surgical exploration or thoracoscopy <sup>5</sup> and partial pericardiectomy <sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Ours is the second case reported in the medical literature about chylopericardium after mitral valve replacement, and it was conservatively and successfully managed. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report the case of a 24-year-old female patient refered to the Instituto de Cardiologia of the Rio Grande do Sul of the Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia of the Rio Grande do Sul in October 2001 after drainage of an intracerebral hematoma. The patient had been diagnosed with staphylococcal endocarditis in a rheumatic mitral valve, mitral valve dysfunction, and congestive heart failure. The patient underwent mitral valve replacement (bioprosthesis) with a good evolution in the postoperative period and during the treatment for endocarditis. </p>
      <p>In February 2002, the patient returned to the emergency department of the Instituto de Cardiologia with clinical findings of cardiac tamponade, showing an enlarged cardiac area on a chest radiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>), and voluminous pericardial effusion on a transthoracic echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). Pericardial drainage was performed with removal of 800 mL of milky pericardial fluid. The biochemical analysis of the pericardial fluid evidenced the following: cholesterol of 98 mg/dL; triglycerides of 1017 mg/dL; and the presence of chylomicrons. The cytopathologic examination was negative for malignant cells. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0384-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0384-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The diagnosis of chylopericardium was established, and a hypolipidic MCT diet was instituted in association with serial echocardiographic follow-up. On the 11th day, the pericardial effusion resumed, and pericardial drainage was again performed with maintenance of the drain. Orally ingested food was suspended, and total parenteral nutrition was initiated. </p>
      <p>Pericardial fluid production ceased after 12 days, allowing the removal of the drain and reinitiation of an oral diet with MCT for 6 more days. The patient was discharged on the 31st day of hospitalization with resolution of the clinical findings. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Lymph is composed of a material rich in proteins and fat, which is conducted from the periphery of the tissues and intestine to the vascular system, initially inside small canaliculi, and then to the cisterna magna and thoracic duct<sup>6-8</sup>. All lymph in the body follows this trajectory, reaching the innominate vein near the point where the internal jugular vein arrives. Lymph originating from the right half of the head and right upper limb drains into an accessory duct, to the right, in the superior vena cava. Approximately 1.5 to 2.0 liters of lymph flow daily inside the thoracic duct and discharge into the superior vena cava <sup>6-8</sup>. When the lipid and protein contents of lymph are increased, it is called chyle, and when this occurs, the total volume is increased <sup>6-8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Chylopericardium may result from trauma, pancreatitis, thoracic surgery, congenital lymphangiomatosis, or may be secondary to obstructions in the thoracic duct or in the drainage of the left subclavian vein due to neoplasias and tuberculosis. Chylopericardium may even be associated with congenital syndromes, such as Noonan's syndrome <sup>8,9</sup>. </p>
      <p>The physiopathology of the accumulation of chyle in the pericardial space may result from one of the following: a direct lymphopericardial communication in the presence of fistulas; reflux of chyle due to lymphatic hypertension, causing loss of valvular function with failure in establishing collateral lymphatic drainage; or secondary to an increase in the permeability of the walls of the lymphatic vessels <sup>1,8,10</sup>. </p>
      <p>Chylopericardium may have 2 clinical expressions. The first, less frequent (30.8%) and more precocious, appears a few (24 to 98) hours after surgery, being noticed by the flow of an initially serous, and then milky fluid through the still present thoracic drain. The second, more common (69.2%) and later (mean of 25 days), manifests, as in our patient, as cardiac tamponade after a subclinical period of accumulation of chyle in the pericardium. Dyspnea, cyanosis, hypophonesis of the cardiac sounds, painful hepatomegaly, and severe edema in lower limbs characterize the syndrome of diastolic restriction <sup>1,4,11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Lymphangiography, in cases of postoperative chylopericardium, is not recommended, because it is not essential for the diagnosis and the possible localization of the fistula does not change the treatment <sup>1,11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Regarding the therapy for chylopericardium, when it is identified in an asymptomatic patient, observation and clinical management may be sufficient <sup>12</sup>. If the pericardial effusion increases, which may be evidenced on serial echocardiograms, or if cardiorespiratory impairment develops, diagnostic and therapeutic pericardiocentesis should be performed in the traditional manner or through videopericardioscopy <sup>13</sup>. In addition, a hypolipidic MCT diet should be instituted <sup>12,14</sup> with the outcome being a reduction in the formation of lymph. The absorption of MCT is performed through the portal vein, differently from that of long-chain triglycerides, which undergo a process of esterification and formation of chylomicrons, which are absorbed by lymphatic means. This should reduce the formation of lymph and the effusion tends to disappear <sup>4,6,8,12</sup>. In the case reported, diagnostic and therapeutic pericardiocentesis was performed and an MCT-enriched diet was instituted, but the symptoms and pericardial effusion recurred in 10 days. </p>
      <p>Another therapeutic option when symptoms recur is pericardial drainage associated with fasting and prolonged parenteral nutrition<sup> 4,6,8,11</sup>. In refractory cases, exploratory thoracotomy or thoracoscopy <sup>5</sup> has been indicated, with ligature of the thoracic duct above the diaphragm, associated with partial pericardiectomy. Pericardiectomy has been used to perform complete drainage and to avoid the evolution to constrictive pericarditis<sup> 8,15</sup>. In the present case, subxiphoid pericardial drainage was performed and total parenteral nutrition was instituted with cessation of the pericardial drainage on the 12th day, and removal of the drain on the 14th day. The MCT-enriched diet was maintained exclusively for 6 more days, with a good hospital evolution. </p>
      <p>Pollard et al <sup>1</sup> reported 4 cases of isolated chylopericardium after cardiac surgery. The first patient was a 23-year-old male in the postoperative period of myotomy and myectomy due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with an increase in mediastinal drainage after an unrestricted diet was initiated (3rd postoperative day); then, the patient underwent surgical reintervention and ligature of the thoracic duct. The second patient was a 4-year-old child in the postoperative period of pulmonary valvotomy due to pulmonary stenosis with clinical findings of cardiac tamponade on the 10th postoperative day, who underwent pericardial drainage and a MCT diet, which resolved the problem. The third patient was a 57-year-old man in the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization with persistent drainage after institution of an unrestricted diet, who was treated with a hypolipidic diet, which resolved the problem after 8 days. The fourth patient was a 22-year-old male who underwent correction of an interventricular septal defect with an increase in drainage after institution of an unrestricted diet; then, a hypolipemic diet was instituted, followed by total parenteral nutrition, without success. The patient then underwent ligature of the thoracic duct. </p>
      <p>Pereira et al <sup>14</sup> reported the case of a 4-year-old female child with cardiac tamponade on the 6th postoperative day of correction of an interatrial septal defect due to the presence of chylopericardium. The patient underwent early surgical exploration to reduce the risk of malnutrition. </p>
      <p>Grinberg et al <sup>4</sup> reported the first case of chylopericardium after mitral valve replacement treated with pericardiostomy and MCT, which eliminated the need for pericardial drainage after 35 days. </p>
      <p>Nguyen et al <sup>16</sup> reported their 10-year experience in the treatment of chylopericardium/chylothorax after cardiac surgery in children, stressing that 84% of the cases were successfully treated with a hypolipidic diet or total parenteral nutrition, and a mean of 15.7 days were necessary for the drainage to cease. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, chylopericardium is a rare complication of mitral valve replacement that can be clinically managed with success.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Correspondence </p>
          <p> Ranieli Pitol </p>
          <p> Unidade de Pesquisa do IC/FUC </p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 </p>
          <p> Cep 90620-001 </p>
          <p> Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received 9/25/02</p>
      <p> Accepted 4/29/03</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
