<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xwCmZFZH8KSgBrgMfCHwPTG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200409</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000400009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endocardite de Libmann-Sacks e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiano Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>T&#243;fani</surname>
            <given-names>Magali LMC</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>T&#243;fani</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio &#193;vila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kakehasi</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lanna</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Costa Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio Parreiras</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>378</fpage>
      <lpage>380</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Paciente de 34 anos, com l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico e s&#237;ndrome de anticorpo antifosfol&#237;pide secund&#225;ria, evoluiu com crises convulsivas, parcialmente controladas com anticonvulsivante, e ausculta de sopro card&#237;aco, cuja proped&#234;utica mostrou a presen&#231;a de vegeta&#231;&#227;o em valva mitral. Diante do diagn&#243;stico de endocardite de Libman-Sacks foi iniciada terapia com warfarina s&#243;dica, e ap&#243;s seis meses de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, a paciente apresentava controle total das crises convulsivas e desaparecimento da vegeta&#231;&#227;o valvar ao ecocardiograma. S&#227;o discutidas a ocorr&#234;ncia da endocardite de Libman-Sacks no l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a s&#237;ndrome de anticorpo antifosfol&#237;pide e a terap&#234;utica anticoagulante, e feita uma revis&#227;o da literatura.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Endocardite de Libmann-Sacks e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fabiano Almeida Brito; Magali LMC T&#243;fani; F&#225;bio &#193;vila T&#243;fani; Adriana Maria Kakehasi; Cristina Costa Duarte Lanna; Marco Antonio Parreiras Carvalho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente de 34 anos, com l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico e s&#237;ndrome de anticorpo antifosfol&#237;pide secund&#225;ria, evoluiu com crises convulsivas, parcialmente controladas com anticonvulsivante, e ausculta de sopro card&#237;aco, cuja proped&#234;utica mostrou a presen&#231;a de vegeta&#231;&#227;o em valva mitral. Diante do diagn&#243;stico de endocardite de Libman-Sacks foi iniciada terapia com warfarina s&#243;dica, e ap&#243;s seis meses de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, a paciente apresentava controle total das crises convulsivas e desaparecimento da vegeta&#231;&#227;o valvar ao ecocardiograma. S&#227;o discutidas a ocorr&#234;ncia da endocardite de Libman-Sacks no l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a s&#237;ndrome de anticorpo antifosfol&#237;pide e a terap&#234;utica anticoagulante, e feita uma revis&#227;o da literatura. </p>
    <p>A endocardite de Libman-Sacks, foi descrita inicialmente em 1924 como vegeta&#231;&#245;es valvares livres de bact&#233;rias<sup>1</sup>, e mais tarde relatada como manifesta&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico<sup>2</sup>. Sua incid&#234;ncia &#233; vari&#225;vel, podendo chegar at&#233; 60% em estudos <italic>post-mortem</italic><sup>3</sup>. Geralmente &#233; assintom&#225;tica, mas pode ocorrer fragmenta&#231;&#227;o das vegeta&#231;&#245;es com embolia sist&#234;mica e predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; endocardite infecciosa<sup>4</sup>. A presen&#231;a concomitante de anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides &#233; relatada em pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos, e sua associa&#231;&#227;o ainda &#233; controversa<sup>5,6</sup>. Sabe-se que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cortic&#243;ide e imunossupressores n&#227;o t&#234;m efeito sobre as les&#245;es valvares da endocardite de Libman-Sacks. Por outro lado, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pode ser utilizada no tratamento da s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pide e alguns autores sugerem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desta modalidade terap&#234;utica quando h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o entre a s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pide e endocardite de Libmann-Sacks. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, s&#237;ndrome de anticorpo antifosfol&#237;pide secund&#225;ria e endocardite de Libman-Sacks, cujas vegeta&#231;&#245;es desapareceram ap&#243;s a institui&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato de Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 34 anos, em acompanhamento no Servi&#231;o de Reumatologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG, desde maio/1994, devido ao diagn&#243;stico de l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, segundo crit&#233;rios do Col&#233;gio Americano de Reumatologia<sup>5</sup>, por apresentar eritema malar, fotossensibilidade, les&#227;o cut&#226;nea disc&#243;ide, poliartrite sim&#233;trica, &#250;lcera oral, fator antinuclear positivo em t&#237;tulo de 1:1024, havendo, tamb&#233;m, acometimento renal, confirmado por bi&#243;psia, que revelou glomerulonefrite proliferativa difusa (classe IV da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de). Foram iniciadas prednisona 1mg/kg/dia e pulsoterapia mensal com ciclofosfamida (1 g/m&#234;s), com melhora progressiva do quadro cl&#237;nico e posterior redu&#231;&#227;o das medica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Evolu&#237;a com estabilidade at&#233; mar&#231;o/1998, quando passou a apresentar crises convulsivas t&#244;nico-cl&#244;nicas generalizadas. A tomografia computadorizada de enc&#233;falo e o exame do l&#237;quor mostraram-se normais, e a pesquisa de anticardiolipina revelou IgG de 12,2 GPL (&lt;10) e IgM de 0,5 MPL (&lt;10). Entretanto, a pesquisa do anticoagulante l&#250;pico, pelas t&#233;cnicas do teste coagula&#231;&#227;o com kaolin e do teste de inibi&#231;&#227;o da tromboplastina tissular, mostrou-se positiva. Em sua hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via, havia relato de tr&#234;s perdas fetais no segundo trimestre de gesta&#231;&#227;o, confirmando, assim, o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome de anticorpo antifosfol&#237;pide secund&#225;ria. Iniciou-se anticonvulsivante (difenilhidanto&#237;na) na dose de 300mg ao dia e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico na dose de 200mg ao dia, com controle parcial das crises convulsivas. Em janeiro/2000, o exame f&#237;sico revelou a presen&#231;a de sopro card&#237;aco de regurgita&#231;&#227;o em borda esternal esquerda inferior e, o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico, a presen&#231;a de vegeta&#231;&#227;o em valva mitral, com hemoculturas negativas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Levantada a hip&#243;tese de endocardite de Libman-Sacks, foi iniciado anticoagulante oral (10mg de warfarin ao dia), mantendo-se o RNI acima de 2,0. Em julho/2000, a paciente encontrava-se assintom&#225;tica, sem apresentar crises convulsivas e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novo ecocardiograma de controle (transesof&#225;gico e transtor&#225;cico) n&#227;o revelou presen&#231;a da vegeta&#231;&#227;o em v&#225;lvula mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Atualmente est&#225; em uso de prednisona, azatioprina e warfarin, em doses de manuten&#231;&#227;o, evoluindo com doen&#231;a inativa. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0378-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0378-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As valvopatias s&#227;o as mais freq&#252;entes e importantes manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas do l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico<sup>4,8</sup>. As altera&#231;&#245;es valvares podem se manifestar como massas ou vegeta&#231;&#245;es de Libmann-Sacks, espessamento valvar, regurgita&#231;&#227;o e, raramente, estenose. A principal valva afetada &#233; a mitral, seguida pela valva a&#243;rtica. O envolvimento das valvas tric&#250;spide e pulmonar raramente &#233; relatado<sup>5-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mais da metade dos pacientes com l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, quando avaliada atrav&#233;s de ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico apresenta altera&#231;&#245;es valvares, de pouca repercuss&#227;o anat&#244;mica e funcional, e clinicamente silenciosas<sup>9</sup>. A despeito disso, esses pacientes apresentam uma incid&#234;ncia maior de acidente vascular cerebral, embolia perif&#233;rica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, endocardite infecciosa e morte, quando comparados a pacientes sem valvopatia<sup>9</sup>. Parece n&#227;o haver rela&#231;&#227;o temporal entre a presen&#231;a de acometimento valvar e atividade, dura&#231;&#227;o e terapia do l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, embora um estudo tenha relacionado a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es valvares com a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>As vegeta&#231;&#245;es de Libmann-Sacks consistem em ac&#250;mulos est&#233;reis de imunocomplexos, c&#233;lulas mononucleares, corpos de hematoxilina e trombos de fibrina e plaquetas. Podem se desenvolver em qualquer lugar da superf&#237;cie endoc&#225;rdica, por&#233;m mais comumente encontradas nas valvas do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo, particularmente na superf&#237;cie atrial da valva mitral. Sua cicatriza&#231;&#227;o leva &#224; fibrose e, em alguns casos, calcifica&#231;&#227;o. Se as vegeta&#231;&#245;es forem extensas, o processo cicatricial pode produzir deformidade valvar, possivelmente levando &#224; regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral ou a&#243;rtica<sup>6-10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ecocardiograficamente, essas massas geralmente t&#234;m menos de um cent&#237;metro quadrado, apresentam bordas irregulares, ecodensidade heterog&#234;nea e n&#227;o se movimentam. A maioria das valvas com massas tem espessamento ou regurgita&#231;&#227;o associados<sup>6,9</sup>. </p>
    <p>A patog&#234;nese da endocardite de Libmann-Sacks n&#227;o est&#225; completamente elucidada. Os principais mecanismos propostos s&#227;o: 1) forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos de fibrina e plaquetas sobre as valvas alteradas, cuja organiza&#231;&#227;o leva &#224; fibrose, distor&#231;&#227;o e subseq&#252;ente disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar. Os fen&#244;menos tromb&#243;ticos seriam conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de v&#225;rios efeitos biol&#243;gicos dos anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides: aumento da atividade plaquet&#225;ria, redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de antitrombina III, inibi&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o de prostaciclina pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais, inibi&#231;&#227;o do sistema trombomodulina prote&#237;na C-prote&#237;na S e atividade diminu&#237;da do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio tecidual liberado pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais; 2) inj&#250;ria imunol&#243;gica como insulto inicial ao aparelho valvar, desencadeando a seq&#252;&#234;ncia de eventos patogen&#233;ticos. Dep&#243;sitos de imunoglobulinas e complemento foram demonstrados na camada subendotelial das valvas dos pacientes com anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides<sup>6,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos sugerem associa&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a valvar e a presen&#231;a de anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides, embora outros estudos n&#227;o tenham confirmado essa rela&#231;&#227;o<sup>5,6</sup>. Tais diverg&#234;ncias s&#227;o, em parte, conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de diferentes m&#233;todos utilizados na detec&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides, assim como varia&#231;&#245;es na t&#233;cnica ecocardiogr&#225;fica empregada e na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados<sup>6</sup>. Parece haver correla&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo e o t&#237;tulo de anticorpos anticardiolipina e a probabilidade de desenvolver valvopatia, sendo que os pacientes com anticorpos anticardiolipina do tipo IgG em t&#237;tulos moderados a altos apresentam maior incid&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es valvares quando comparados com pacientes com t&#237;tulos baixos de anticardiolipina IgG e IgM. Contudo, h&#225; pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar nos quais o l&#250;pus anticoagulante &#233; o &#250;nico anticorpo antifosfol&#237;pides detectado<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento ideal dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pide ainda n&#227;o est&#225; definido, em parte devido &#224;s poucas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a em pacientes n&#227;o tratados. A maioria dos autores recomenda anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em alta intensidade (RNI&gt;3) como preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos. Devido ao alto risco de recorr&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios tromb&#243;ticos, especialmente nos primeiros seis meses ap&#243;s interrup&#231;&#227;o da terapia anticoagulante, anticoagula&#231;&#227;o indefinida &#233; indicada em pacientes com t&#237;tulos de anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides persistentemente elevados<sup>12</sup>. A preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de epis&#243;dios tromb&#243;ticos em pacientes com anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides ou anticardiolipina em t&#237;tulos moderados a altos &#233; controversa. Esses pacientes geralmente recebem &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico em baixas doses, embora n&#227;o haja evid&#234;ncia da efic&#225;cia desta abordagem. Corticoster&#243;ides e imunossupressores n&#227;o s&#227;o usados em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pides por n&#227;o influirem sobre o estado de hipercoagulabilidade<sup>11-16</sup>. Nossa paciente apresentava s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pide secund&#225;ria ao l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, sendo o uso de imunossupressor justificado para o controle das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a prim&#225;ria n&#227;o relacionadas &#224; s&#237;ndrome. </p>
    <p>H&#225; relatos na literatura de cinco casos de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de anticorpo antifosfol&#237;pide prim&#225;ria manifestada como acidente vascular cerebral ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, os quais foram submetidos &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. Tais pacientes apresentavam vegeta&#231;&#245;es em valva mitral, sem evid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o, como no caso citado. Ap&#243;s cerca de seis semanas a quatro meses de tratamento, todos os pacientes evolu&#237;ram com resolu&#231;&#227;o das vegeta&#231;&#245;es<sup>17-19</sup>. </p>
    <p>Um recente estudo descreveu as caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de 29 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de anticorpo antifosfol&#237;pide prim&#225;rio<sup>20</sup>. Foi realizado ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico em todos os pacientes no in&#237;cio do estudo, sendo que 22 apresentavam les&#245;es valvares que consistiam na presen&#231;a de n&#243;dulos irregulares na face atrial da v&#225;lvula mitral e na face vascular da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica. Al&#233;m das anormalidades valvares, dois pacientes apresentavam evid&#234;ncias de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e um defeito do septo atrial. Todos os pacientes iniciaram o uso de anticoagulante oral ou antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio durante um ano, finalizando com um novo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico realizado em 13 deles. O segundo exame mostrou les&#245;es inalteradas em seis pacientes e novas les&#245;es nos outros sete. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o tratamento com o anticoagulante oral ou antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio n&#227;o contribua para o desaparecimento de vegeta&#231;&#245;es valvares n&#227;o-infecciosas, apesar dos relatos espor&#225;dicos da resolu&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#245;es com o uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral em alta intensidade e por tempo inferior a 1 ano. Nosso paciente evoluiu com desaparecimento das vegeta&#231;&#245;es com 6 meses de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral e, ainda mais, foi obtido o controle das crises convulsivas, at&#233; ent&#227;o parcial. </p>
    <p>Uma das complica&#231;&#245;es do l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico s&#227;o fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos, sendo o c&#233;rebro o territ&#243;rio mais acometido<sup>8,21</sup>. Sabe-se que na maioria dos casos os epis&#243;dios de embolia s&#227;o subcl&#237;nicos, por&#233;m algumas vezes eles podem se manifestar atrav&#233;s de sinais e sintomas de isquemia do &#243;rg&#227;o afetado<sup>8,21</sup>. Crises convulsivas podem ser um sinal de isquemia cerebral<sup>22</sup>. No nosso paciente, o controle das crises convulsivas coincidiu com o in&#237;cio da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, podendo-se inferir que a medica&#231;&#227;o tenha agido sobre um dos processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos (hipercoagulabilidade) envolvidos na forma&#231;&#227;o e libera&#231;&#227;o de trombos da vegeta&#231;&#227;o<sup>21</sup>. Entretanto, a epilepsia &#233; uma das manifesta&#231;&#245;es neuropsiqui&#225;tricas mais comuns do l&#250;pus, associada a uma alta preval&#234;ncia de anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides, e em cuja patog&#234;nese est&#225; implicada a oclus&#227;o de pequenos vasos da circula&#231;&#227;o cerebral, como resultado do estado de hipercoagulabilidade<sup>23</sup>. Portanto, no nosso caso, h&#225; mais de uma etiologia poss&#237;vel para as crises convulsivas, todas relacionadas &#224; presen&#231;a de anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides e a um estado de hipercoagulabilidade, sobre as quais a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral pode ter agido terapeuticamente, controlando as crises convulsivas. </p>
    <p>Considerando a facilidade da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ecodopplercardiograma transtor&#225;cico e transesof&#225;gico e da dificuldade atual de indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulante a longo prazo para pacientes com l&#250;pus eritomatoso sist&#234;mico, &#233; importante relatar este caso onde a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pode ter tido eficiente papel terap&#234;utico, principalmente considerando-se a presen&#231;a de anticoagulante l&#250;pico. Novos esfor&#231;os devem ser direcionados ao estudo da preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a, associa&#231;&#227;o com anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides e suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es, bem como a terap&#234;utica e o tempo de tratamento mais adequados.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Fabiano de Almeida Brito </p>
        <p> Servi&#231;o de Reumatologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG </p>
        <p> Rua Timbiras, 832/701 </p>
        <p> Bairro Funcion&#225;rios </p>
        <p> Cep 30140-060 </p>
        <p> Belo Horizonte, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fabdoc@globo.com">fabdoc@globo.com </email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 24/1/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 10/3/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Libman E, Sacks B. A hitherto undescribed    form of valvular and mural endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 1924; 33: 701-37. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A hitherto undescribed form of valvular and mural endocarditis</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1924</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>701</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Libman</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sacks</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Galvi E, Candell-Rivera J, Pigaro C, Permanyer-Miralda    G, Garcia-Del-Castillo H, Soler-Soler J. Prevalence morphologic types end evolution    of cardiac valvular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 1988;    1988: 817-23. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence morphologic types end evolution of cardiac valvular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>817</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <volume>1988</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Galvi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Candell-Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pigaro</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Permanyer-Miralda</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Del-Castillo</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soler-Soler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Bulkcley BH, Roberts WC. The heart in systemic    lupus erythematosus and the changes induced in it by corticosteroid therapy.    Am J Med, 1975; 58: 243-64. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The heart in systemic lupus erythematosus and the changes induced in it by corticosteroid therapy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>243</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bulkcley</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roberts</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Mandell BF. Cardiovascular involvement in    systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1987; 17: 126-41. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiovascular involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus</article-title>
          <source>Semin Arthritis Rheum</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>126</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mandell</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Hojnik M, George J, Ziporen L, Shoenfeld Y.    Heart valve involvment (Libman-Sacks endocarditis) in the antiphospholipid antibody    syndrome. Circulation 1996; 93: 1579-87. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart valve involvment (Libman-Sacks endocarditis) in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1579</fpage>
          <lpage>87</lpage>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hojnik</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>George</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ziporen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shoenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Gabrielli F, Alcini E, Di Prima MA et al.    Cardiac valve involvement em SLE and primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome:    lack of correlation with antiphospholipid antibodies. Int J Cardiol, 1995; 51:    117-26. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac valve involvement em SLE and primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: lack of correlation with antiphospholipid antibodies</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>117</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gabrielli</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alcini</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Prima</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Hochberg MC. Updating the American College    of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus eruthematosus.    Arthritis Rheum, 1997; 40: 1725. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus eruthematosus</article-title>
          <source>Arthritis Rheum</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1725</fpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hochberg</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Roldan CA. Valvular disease associated with    systemic illness. Cardiol Clin 1998; 16: 531-50. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Valvular disease associated with systemic illness</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Clin</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>531</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roldan</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Roldan CA, Shively BK, Crawford MH. An echocardiografic    study of valvular heart disease associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.    N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1424-30. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>An echocardiografic study of valvular heart disease associated with systemic lupus erythematosus</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1424</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <volume>335</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roldan</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shively</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Longo JL, Remetz MS. Cardiovascular manifestations    of systemic autoimmune diseases. Clin Chest Med 1998; 19: 793-808. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiovascular manifestations of systemic autoimmune diseases</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chest Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>793</fpage>
          <lpage>808</lpage>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Longo</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Remetz</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Levine JS, Branch DW, Rauch J. The antiphospholipid    syndrome. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 752-63. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The antiphospholipid syndrome</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>752</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <volume>346</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levine</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Branch</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rauch</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Khamashta MA, Cuadrado MJ, Mujic F, Taub    NA, Hunt BJ, Hughes GRV. The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid    antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 993-7. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>993</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>332</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khamashta</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuadrado</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mujic</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taub</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunt</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hughes</surname>
              <given-names>GRV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Lockshin MD. Answers to the antiphospholipid    antibody syndrome? N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1025-27. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Answers to the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome?</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1025</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
          <volume>332</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lockshin</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Petri M. Pathogenesis and treatment of the    antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Med Clin North Am 1997; 81: 151-77. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pathogenesis and treatment of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Med Clin North Am</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>151</fpage>
          <lpage>77</lpage>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Petri</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Petri M. Management of thrombosis in antiphospholipid    antibody syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2001; 27: 633-42. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Management of thrombosis in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Rheum Dis Clin North Am</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>633</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Petri</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Levy RA, Vilela VS. S&#237;ndrome do Anticorpo    Antifosfol&#237;pide. In: Moreira C, Carvalho MAP. Reumatologia- Diagn&#243;stico    e Tratamento. 2ed. MEDSI, 2001; 511-22. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Reumatologia: Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>511</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vilela</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>MAP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. O'Neill D, Magaldi J, Dobkins D, Greco T.    Dissolution of intracardiac mass lesions in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome.    Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 325-7. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Dissolution of intracardiac mass lesions in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>325</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>155</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Neill</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magaldi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dobkins</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greco</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Skyrme-Jones ARP, Wardrof CAJ, Wiles CM,    Fraser AG. Transesophageal echocardiographic demonstration of resolution of    mitral vegetations after warfarin in a patient with primary antiphospholipid    syndrome. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1995; 8: 251-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Transesophageal echocardiographic demonstration of resolution of mitral vegetations after warfarin in a patient with primary antiphospholipid syndrome</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>251</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Skyrme-Jones</surname>
              <given-names>ARP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wardrof</surname>
              <given-names>CAJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiles</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fraser</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Agirbasli MA, Hansen DE, Byrd III BF. Resolution    of vegetations with anticoagulation after myocardial infarction in primary antiphospholipid    syndrome. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997; 10: 877-80. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Resolution of vegetations with anticoagulation after myocardial infarction in primary antiphospholipid syndrome</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>877</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Agirbasli</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byrd</surname>
              <given-names>III BF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Espinola-Zavaleta N, Vargas-Barron J, Colmenares-Galvis    T, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with primary antiphospholipid    syndrome. Am Heart J 1999; 137: 973-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>973</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>137</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Espinola-Zavaleta</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vargas-Barron</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colmenares-Galvis</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Amaral G, Santos Junior EH, de Azevedo LC,    de Azevedo LA, Pimenta J. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Arq Bras Cardiol    1997; 68(5): 373-5. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Amaral</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos Junior</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pimenta</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Cocito L, Favale E, Reni L. Epileptic seizures    in cerebral arterial occlusive disease. Stroke 1982; 13: 189-95. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Epileptic seizures in cerebral arterial occlusive disease</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>189</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cocito</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Favale</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reni</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Herranz MT, Rivier G, Khamashta MA. Association    between antiphospholipid antibodies and epilepsy in patients with systemic lupus    erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 568-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Association between antiphospholipid antibodies and epilepsy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus</article-title>
          <source>Arthritis Rheum</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>568</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Herranz</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rivier</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khamashta</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Libman-Sacks endocarditis and oral anticoagulation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The patient is a 34-year-old female with systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, who evolved with convulsive crises, partially controlled with an anticonvulsant, and auscultation of a cardiac murmur, whose investigation showed the presence of a mitral valve vegetation. Once the diagnosis of Libman-Sacks endocarditis was established, therapy with warfarin sodium was initiated, and, after 6 months of oral anticoagulation, the patient had total control of the convulsive crises and the valvular vegetation disappeared on echocardiography. This study discusses the occurrence of Libman-Sacks endocarditis in systemic lupus erythematosus, its association with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, and the anticoagulant therapy. A literature review is also provided.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Libman-Sacks endocarditis and oral anticoagulation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fabiano Almeida Brito; Magali LMC T&#243;fani; F&#225;bio &#193;vila T&#243;fani; Adriana Maria Kakehasi; Cristina Costa Duarte Lanna; Marco Antonio Parreiras Carvalho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is a 34-year-old female with systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, who evolved with convulsive crises, partially controlled with an anticonvulsant, and auscultation of a cardiac murmur, whose investigation showed the presence of a mitral valve vegetation. Once the diagnosis of Libman-Sacks endocarditis was established, therapy with warfarin sodium was initiated, and, after 6 months of oral anticoagulation, the patient had total control of the convulsive crises and the valvular vegetation disappeared on echocardiography. This study discusses the occurrence of Libman-Sacks endocarditis in systemic lupus erythematosus, its association with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, and the anticoagulant therapy. A literature review is also provided. </p>
      <p>Libman-Sacks endocarditis was initially reported in 1924 as the presence of bacterium-free valvular vegetations<sup>1</sup>, and later as a manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus<sup> 2</sup>. Its incidence varies and may even reach 60% in postmortem studies<sup> 3</sup>. It is usually asymptomatic, but fragmentation of the vegetations may occur with systemic embolization and a predisposition to infective endocarditis <sup>4</sup>. The simultaneous presence of antiphospholipid antibodies has been reported in a small number of studies, and this association is still controversial <sup>5,6</sup>. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressants are known not to have an effect on the valvular lesions of Libman-Sacks endocarditis. On the other hand, anticoagulation may be used in the treatment of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, and some authors have suggested the use of this therapeutic modality when the association of antiphospholipid syndrome and Libman-Sacks endocarditis occurs. </p>
      <p>We report the case of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, secondary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, and Libman-Sacks endocarditis, whose vegetations disappeared after anticoagulation therapy. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is a 34-year-old female being followed up at the Rheumatology Service of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the University of Minas Gerais since May 1994 due to the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, according to the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology <sup>5</sup>. The patient had malar erythema, photosensitivity, discoid cutaneous lesions, symmetric polyarthritis, oral ulcers, and positive antinuclear factor titers (1:1024). She also had renal impairment, confirmed on biopsy, which revealed diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (class IV of the World Health Organization). Prednisone (1 mg/kg/day) and monthly pulse therapy with cyclophosphamide (1 g/month) were initiated with progressive improvement in clinical findings and later a reduction in medications. </p>
      <p>The patient evolved stably until March 1998, when she began to experience generalized tonicoclonic convulsive crises. Computerized tomography of the brain and examination of the cerebrospinal fluid were normal, and the investigation of anticardiolipin antibodies revealed an IgG of 12.2 GPL (&lt; 10) and an IgM of 0.5 MPL (&lt; 10). However, the search for lupus anticoagulant with the techniques of the kaolin coagulation test and the tissue thromboplastin inhibition test was positive. The patient had a previous history of 3 abortions in the second gestational trimester, therefore confirming the diagnosis of secondary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. An anticonvulsant (diphenylhydantoin) at a dosage of 300 mg per day and acetylsalicylic acid at a dosage of 200 mg per day were initiated, and partial control of the convulsive crises was obtained. In January 2000, the physical examination showed a regurgitation cardiac murmur in the inferior left sternal border, and the transthoracic echocardiography showed vegetation in the mitral valve. Blood cultures were negative (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). The presence of Libman-Sacks endocarditis was hypothesized, an oral anticoagulant (10 mg of warfarin per day) was initiated, and an INR above 2.0 was maintained. In July 2000, the patient was asymptomatic, with no convulsive crises, and a new control echocardiography (transesophageal and transthoracic) showed no vegetation in the mitral valve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). Currently, the patient is using prednisone, azathioprine, and warfarin, in maintenance doses, and her disease is inactive. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0378-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0378-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Valvular heart diseases are the most frequent and important cardiac manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus <sup>4,8</sup>. The valvular alterations may manifest as Libman-Sacks masses or vegetations, valvular thickening, regurgitation, and, rarely, stenosis. The mitral valve is the most frequently affected, followed by the aortic valve. Impairment of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves is rarely reported <sup>5-8</sup>. </p>
      <p>More than half of the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, when assessed through transesophageal echocardiography, have clinically silent valvular alterations with few anatomic and functional repercussions <sup>9</sup>. Despite this, these patients have a greater incidence of stroke, peripheral embolism, heart failure, infective endocarditis, and death as compared with patients with no valvular heart disease <sup>9</sup>. No temporal relation seems to exist between valvular impairment and activity, duration, and therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus, although one study related the presence of valvular alterations to the duration of the disease <sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>The Libman-Sacks vegetations are a sterile build-up of immune complexes, mononuclear cells, hematoxylin bodies, and fibrin and platelet thrombi. They may develop at any site on the endocardial surface, but are more commonly found on the left heart valves, particularly on the atrial surface of the mitral valve. Their healing leads to fibrosis, and, in some cases, to calcification. If the vegetations are large, the scarring process may cause valvular deformity, possibly leading to mitral or aortic regurgitation <sup>6-10</sup>. </p>
      <p>On echocardiography, these masses are usually less than 1 square centimeter in size and have irregular margins, heterogeneous echodensity, and do not move. Most valves with masses have associated thickening or regurgitation <sup>6,9</sup>. </p>
      <p>The pathogenesis of Libman-Sacks endocarditis has not yet been completely elucidated. The major mechanisms proposed are as follows: 1) formation of fibrin and platelet thrombi on the impaired valves, whose organization leads to fibrosis, distortion, and subsequent valvular dysfunction. The thrombotic phenomena may result from the following biological effects of antiphospholipid antibodies: an increase in platelet activity, a reduction in antithrombin III levels, inhibition of prostacyclin release by endothelial cells, inhibition of thrombomodulin protein C-protein S system, and decreased activity of the tissue plasminogen activator released by endothelial cells; 2) immunologic injury as an initial insult to the valvular apparatus, triggering the sequence of pathogenetic events. Deposits of immunoglobulins and complement were shown in the subendothelial layer of the valves in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies <sup>6,11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Some studies have suggested an association between valvular heart disease and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, although other studies have not confirmed this relation <sup>5,6</sup>. These divergencies partially result from the different methods used for detecting antiphospholipid antibodies, as well as from variations in the echocardiographic technique used and in the interpretation of the results <sup>6</sup>. A correlation between the type and the titer of anticardiolipin antibodies and the probability of developing valvular heart disease seems to occur: patients with moderate to high IgG anticardiolipin antibody titers have a higher incidence of valvular alterations when compared with patients whose IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibody titers are low. However, in some patients with valvular disease, the lupus anticoagulant may be the only antiphospholipid antibody detected <sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>The ideal treatment for patients with antiphospholipid syndrome has not yet been defined, partially due to the scarcity of information on the natural history of the disease in untreated patients. Most authors recommend high-intensity (INR&gt;3) anticoagulation as secondary prevention for thromboembolic phenomena. Due to the high risk of recurrence of thrombotic episodes, especially in the first 6 months after the interruption of anticoagulant therapy, indefinite anticoagulation is indicated in patients with persistently high titers of antiphospholipid antibodies <sup>12</sup>. Primary prevention of thrombotic episodes in patients with moderate to high titers of antiphospholipid or anticardiolipin antibodies is controversial. These patients usually receive low doses of acetylsalicylic acid, although no evidence exists about the efficacy of this approach. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressants are not used in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome because they do not influence the hypercoagulable state <sup>11-16</sup>. Our patient had antiphospholipid syndrome secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus, the use of the immunosuppressant being justified for controlling the clinical manifestations of the primary disease not related to the syndrome. </p>
      <p>Five cases have been reported about patients with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome manifested as stroke or acute myocardial infarction, who underwent oral anticoagulation. These patients had vegetations in the mitral valve and no evidence of infection, as in our case. After approximately 6 weeks to 4 months of treatment, all patients evolved with resolution of the vegetations <sup>17-19</sup>. </p>
      <p>A recent study described the echocardiographic characteristics of 29 patients with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome <sup>20</sup>. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed in all patients in the beginning of the study, and 22 had valvular lesions consisting of the presence of irregular nodules on the atrial face of the mitral valve and on the vascular face of the aortic valve. In addition to valvular abnormalities, 2 patients had evidence of myocardial infarction and a defect in the atrial septum. All patients used an oral anticoagulant or antiplatelet agent for 1 year, and 13 patients ended up undergoing a new transesophageal echocardiogram. The second examination showed unchanged lesions in 6 patients and new lesions in the other 7. The authors concluded that treatment with an oral anticoagulant or antiplatelet agent does not contribute to the disappearance of noninfectious valvular vegetations, despite the sporadic reports on the resolution of vegetations with the use of high-intensity oral anticoagulation for less than 1 year. Our patient evolved with disappearance of the vegetations with oral anticoagulation for 6 months, and, in addition, control of the convulsive crises, which was partial up to then. </p>
      <p>One complication of systemic lupus erythematosus is the thromboembolic phenomenon, the brain being the most affected site <sup>8,21</sup>. In most cases, the embolic episodes are known to be subclinical, but sometimes they may manifest as signs and symptoms of ischemia of the affected organ<sup>8,21</sup>. Convulsive crises may be a sign of cerebral ischemia <sup>22</sup>. In our patient, the control of convulsive crises coincided with the beginning of oral anticoagulation, and one may infer that the medication may have acted on one of the pathophysiological processes (hypercoagulable state) involved in the formation and release of thrombi from the vegetation <sup>21</sup>. However, epilepsy is one of the most common neuropsychiatric manifestations of lupus and is associated with a high prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies, in whose pathogenesis the occlusion of small vessels of the cerebral circulation is implicated, as a result of the hypercoagulable state <sup>23</sup>. Therefore, in our case, more than 1 etiology for the convulsive crises may have existed, all of which related to the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies and to a hypercoagulable state, upon which oral anticoagulation may have therapeutically acted, controlling the convulsive crises. </p>
      <p>Considering the ease of transthoracic and transesophageal Doppler echocardiography and the current difficulty of indicating long-term anticoagulation for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, this case is worth reporting. In our patient, anticoagulation may have played an efficient therapeutic role, especially considering the presence of lupus anticoagulant. Our efforts should be directed to the study of the prevalence of the disease, its association with antiphospholipid antibodies and their manifestations, as well as to more adequate therapy and duration of treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Correspondence </p>
          <p> Fabiano Almeida Brito</p>
          <p> Servi&#231;o de Reumatologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG</p>
          <p> Rua Timbiras, 832/701 </p>
          <p> Cep 30140-060</p>
          <p> Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="fabdoc@globo.com">fabdoc@globo.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 1/24/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 3/10/03</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
