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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CXb5DhXLmKdZpm7xq9mPfkR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200408</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000400008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade ap&#243;s implementa&#231;&#227;o de condutas consensuais em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bordon</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Inoue</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto M. T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsui</surname>
            <given-names>Mirna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gut</surname>
            <given-names>Ana L&#250;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana L&#250;cia A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>370</fpage>
      <lpage>373</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar a mortalidade em 30 dias com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de determinados grupos de medicamentos por pacientes, entre 1992-1997, quando n&#227;o se dispunham de condutas consensuais para tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, e de 2000-2002, ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o dessas condutas em nosso servi&#231;o. M&#201;TODOS: Avaliados, retrospectivamente, no 1&#186; e 2&#186; per&#237;odos, 172 e 143 pacientes respectivamente, admitidos com diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio: foram realizados os testes estat&#237;sticos: c&#178; para comparar propor&#231;&#245;es, teste t de Student e o de Mann-Whitney para compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias ou medianas. RESULTADOS: A an&#225;lise n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens, brancos e a idade m&#233;dia de 61 anos, nos dois per&#237;odos. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos, foi observada diferen&#231;a apenas na incid&#234;ncia de dislipidemia (17 e 29%) e, quanto &#224; estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica, aumento significativo do uso de: trombol&#237;ticos (39 e 61,5%), &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (70,9 e 96,5%), betabloqueadores (34,8 e 67,8%), inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina (45,9 e 74,8%), nitratos (61 e 85,3%) e a redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de bloqueadores de c&#225;lcio (16,8 e 5,3%), antiarr&#237;tmicos (29,1 e 9,7%) e diur&#233;ticos (50,6 e 26,6%). O uso de inotr&#243;picos n&#227;o diferiu entre os per&#237;odos (29,6 e 32,1%). A mortalidade em 30 dias apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante de 22,7 para 10,5%. CONCLUS&#195;O: A implementa&#231;&#227;o das condutas consensuais para o tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi acompanhada por significante redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>tratamento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade ap&#243;s implementa&#231;&#227;o de condutas consensuais em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Juliana G. Bordon; S&#233;rgio A. R. Paiva; Luiz S. Matsubara; Roberto M. T. Inoue; Mirna Matsui; Ana L&#250;cia Gut; Ana L&#250;cia A. Ferreira; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Comparar a mortalidade em 30 dias com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de determinados grupos de medicamentos por pacientes, entre 1992-1997, quando n&#227;o se dispunham de condutas consensuais para tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, e de 2000-2002, ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o dessas condutas em nosso servi&#231;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Avaliados, retrospectivamente, no 1&#186; e 2&#186; per&#237;odos, 172 e 143 pacientes respectivamente, admitidos com diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio: foram realizados os testes estat&#237;sticos: c<sup>2</sup> para comparar propor&#231;&#245;es, teste t de Student e o de Mann-Whitney para compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias ou medianas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A an&#225;lise n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens, brancos e a idade m&#233;dia de 61 anos, nos dois per&#237;odos. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos, foi observada diferen&#231;a apenas na incid&#234;ncia de dislipidemia (17 e 29%) e, quanto &#224; estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica, aumento significativo do uso de: trombol&#237;ticos (39 e 61,5%), &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (70,9 e 96,5%), betabloqueadores (34,8 e 67,8%), inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina (45,9 e 74,8%), nitratos (61 e 85,3%) e a redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de bloqueadores de c&#225;lcio (16,8 e 5,3%), antiarr&#237;tmicos (29,1 e 9,7%) e diur&#233;ticos (50,6 e 26,6%). O uso de inotr&#243;picos n&#227;o diferiu entre os per&#237;odos (29,6 e 32,1%). A mortalidade em 30 dias apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante de 22,7 para 10,5%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A implementa&#231;&#227;o das condutas consensuais para o tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi acompanhada por significante redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, mortalidade, tratamento</p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as card&#237;acas est&#227;o entre as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade na maioria dos pa&#237;ses, destacando-se entre elas, a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Al&#233;m do grande n&#250;mero de recursos financeiros representado pelo sistema de sa&#250;de, os portadores de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio t&#234;m risco substancialmente elevado de evoluir com alguma complica&#231;&#227;o, por exemplo, sofrer um segundo evento cardiovascular ou apresentar insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
    <p>O controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular &#233; fundamental para diminuir a preval&#234;ncia do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Os fatores de risco se dividem, atualmente, em n&#227;o control&#225;veis, como o envelhecimento e a hereditariedade, e os control&#225;veis, como tabagismo, hipercolesterolemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial, inatividade f&#237;sica, obesidade e diabetes mellitus. </p>
    <p>Outro aspecto relevante &#233; que a evolu&#231;&#227;o de um paciente com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; o resultado da intera&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de seu evento card&#237;aco, somado a determinados fatores progn&#243;sticos, que podem ser devidamente avaliados para que se fa&#231;a uma estimativa acurada de seu risco<sup>3,4</sup>. O conhecimento dos principais fatores de risco para o evento coronariano, bem como dos fatores respons&#225;veis pela mortalidade precoce, pode ser determinante na interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica e outros recursos cl&#237;nicos aplicados aos pacientes com infarto. </p>
    <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os no tratamento de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, os &#237;ndices de mortalidade permanecem substancialmente elevados<sup>5,6</sup>. Alguns estudos indicam que pode ser decorrente do fato de que muitos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio podem n&#227;o estar recebendo, de maneira, integral, o tratamento preconizado, sugerindo uma dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre os grande estudos cl&#237;nicos e a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<sup>7-10</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o impacto que o uso dos tratamentos preconizados teria na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica ainda n&#227;o est&#225; suficientemente estudado. </p>
    <p>Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar o perfil cl&#237;nico, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos principais grupos de medicamentos e a mortalidade em 30 dias, quando n&#227;o se dispunha de protocolo de condutas para o tratamento de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (entre 1992 e 1997) e ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o dessas condutas (de 2000 e 2002) em hospital terci&#225;rio universit&#225;rio do interior do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, os prontu&#225;rios de pacientes admitidos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de nosso servi&#231;o, de janeiro/1992 a dezembro/1997, per&#237;odo no qual n&#227;o se dispunha de protocolo de condutas para o tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, e de mar&#231;o/2000 a agosto/2002, ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o desse protocolo. As informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas referem-se tanto ao per&#237;odo em que os pacientes permaneceram na sala de emerg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica (SEC), como na UTI. No 1&#186; e 2&#186; per&#237;odos foram avaliados 172 e 143 pacientes respectivamente, admitidos com o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, confirmado por combina&#231;&#245;es de dor precordial e/ou altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e eleva&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica das enzimas card&#237;acas. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil cl&#237;nico, os dados foram obtidos a partir da anamnese e do exame f&#237;sico, &#224; admiss&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, localiza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica do infarto e o tempo de dor precordial, do in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; o momento da primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o na sala de emerg&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>Quanto aos fatores de risco, foram investigados hist&#243;ria familiar, tabagismo e ocorr&#234;ncia de: hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus e dislipidemia, vari&#225;veis classificadas como fatores de risco tradicionais. Hist&#243;ria familiar positiva inclu&#237;a aqueles que apresentassem familiares de primeiro grau, at&#233; duas gera&#231;&#245;es pregressas; tabagistas, os pacientes com o h&#225;bito de fumar, diariamente, n&#227;o importando o n&#250;mero de cigarros fumados; diab&#233;ticos aqueles que, em exames pr&#233;vios ou durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, tivessem n&#237;veis de glicemia de jejum compat&#237;veis com o diagn&#243;stico; hipertensos aqueles que apresentaram o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a previamente ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; dislipidemia determinada pela presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados das lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade e/ou n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos baixos de lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade. Obesidade n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;da, devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia desta vari&#225;vel no prontu&#225;rio. </p>
    <p>As classes de medicamentos analisadas foram: trombol&#237;ticos, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, betabloqueadores, bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio, antiarr&#237;tmicos, nitratos, inotr&#243;picos e diur&#233;ticos, avaliadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; porcentagem de uso, levando-se em conta apenas drogas utilizadas, por pelo menos 48h. </p>
    <p>Para a formula&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, foram realizadas reuni&#245;es semanais com as equipes cl&#237;nica das unidades (SEC e UTI). Para a implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, foi preciso uma reestrutura&#231;&#227;o do Pronto Socorro para que pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica fossem encaminhados rapidamente &#224; sala de emerg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica, sendo que esta foi idealizada para r&#225;pida avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, como coleta de exames e realiza&#231;&#227;o imediata do eletrocardiograma. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis proporcionais foram analisadas por meio do teste do c<sup>2</sup>, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas testadas quanto &#224; normalidade; quando as vari&#225;veis passaram por este teste, foram calculados os valores m&#233;dios e os desvios padr&#227;o dos grupos estudados. No caso de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis. Para as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas, calcularam-se os valores da mediana e os intervalos interquartis dos grupos estudados. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparar os grupos. Empregou-se, para estes testes, o pacote estat&#237;stico <italic>SigmaStat for Windows v 2.0 </italic>da<italic> Jandel Co (San Rafael, CA).</italic> O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% para todos os testes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes, no momento do diagn&#243;stico do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre os pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio durante os dois per&#237;odos. Prevaleceram homens, da cor branca e com m&#233;dia de idade &gt; 60 anos. Nos dois per&#237;odos, o tempo de dor precordial, em mediana, do in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; o momento da primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, foi relativamente longo: 4 (2,3-11 h) de 1992-1997 e 5 (2,1-12 h) entre 2000-2002. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0370-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref> est&#227;o apresentados os dados relativos aos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Entre os fatores de risco analisados, a hipertens&#227;o arterial foi a vari&#225;vel mais prevalente nos dois per&#237;odos (63% entre 1992-1997 e 66% entre 2000-2002). Um dado adicional foi que a maioria dos pacientes estudados apresentava, pelo menos, um fator de risco cl&#225;ssico (93,7% no per&#237;odo de 1993-1997 e 95,8% no per&#237;odo de 2000-2002). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0370-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref> encontram-se os dados relativos ao tratamento utilizado pelos pacientes, durante a interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI. Foi verificada substancial mudan&#231;a na abordagem terap&#234;utica do paciente acometido por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Considerando os per&#237;odos de 1992-1997 e 2000-2002, houve aumento na percentagem de uso de diversas medica&#231;&#245;es: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (71 x 97%), trombol&#237;ticos (39 x 62%), inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (46 x 75%), betabloqueadores (35 x 68%), nitratos (61 x 85%). Por outro lado, algumas medica&#231;&#245;es foram menos utilizadas de 1992-1997 para 2000-2002: diur&#233;ticos (51 x 27%) e antiarr&#237;tmicos (29 x 10%). O uso de inotr&#243;picos n&#227;o diferiu entre os dois per&#237;odos (30 x 32%). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0370-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A mortalidade em 30 dias, apresentada pelos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, no per&#237;odo de 2000-2002, apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante (10,5% vs. 22,7%; p &lt; 0,001; redu&#231;&#227;o de 53%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o per&#237;odo de 1992-1997 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o impacto na mortalidade, da implementa&#231;&#227;o de condutas, recomendadas por associa&#231;&#245;es nacionais e internacionais, no tratamento de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Nossos resultados indicam que a ader&#234;ncia &#224;s condutas consensuais est&#225; associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de 53% na mortalidade, em 30 dias. </p>
    <p>O perfil cl&#237;nico descrito por outros autores que estudaram pacientes provenientes de grandes centros<sup>(5,6,11,12)</sup> foi semelhante ao evidenciado pelo presente trabalho, mesmo sendo nossa amostra oriunda, predominantemente, de regi&#245;es do interior do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. O fato de mais de 90% dos pacientes apresentarem, pelo menos, um fator de risco tradicional facilita a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de risco e refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia de medidas preventivas contra os fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Um aspecto fundamental de nosso trabalho &#233; que mudan&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes poderiam explicar a redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade observada entre os per&#237;odos de 1992-1997 e 2000-2002. Comparando os dois per&#237;odos, entretanto, n&#227;o foi identificada mudan&#231;a no perfil cl&#237;nico dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Outro dado que chama a aten&#231;&#227;o em nossa casu&#237;stica foi que o tempo de dor precordial, em mediana, foi relativamente longo (&gt; 4h) nos dois per&#237;odos. Esse achado pode ser explicado pelo fato que nosso servi&#231;o &#233; centro de refer&#234;ncia terci&#225;rio de uma grande regi&#227;o do interior do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o h&#225; um programa de educa&#231;&#227;o comunit&#225;ria em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; necessidade em procurar o servi&#231;o m&#233;dico t&#227;o logo apare&#231;am os sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana. Do mesmo modo que as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, os fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana n&#227;o diferiram substancialmente entre os dois per&#237;odos. A &#250;nica diferen&#231;a observada foi um aumento na incid&#234;ncia de dislipidemia entre 2000-2002, em rela&#231;&#227;o a 1992-1997. Assim, podemos inferir que mudan&#231;as no perfil cl&#237;nico n&#227;o justificam a redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade entre os diferentes per&#237;odos de an&#225;lise. </p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, uma variedade de medica&#231;&#245;es foi introduzida para o manejo do infarto<sup>13,14</sup>. Atualmente, n&#227;o h&#225; raz&#227;o para se questionar o efeito ben&#233;fico dos betabloqueadores para pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, j&#225; que existem evid&#234;ncias de que essa classe de medicamento pode reduzir o tamanho da les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, atenuar o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, diminuir a freq&#252;&#234;ncia na forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas, reduzir o n&#250;mero de rupturas ventriculares e diminuir a mortalidade, mesmo em situa&#231;&#245;es com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>15,16</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, embora grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos apresentem inequ&#237;voco benef&#237;cio quando usados apenas em pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, existem evid&#234;ncias favor&#225;veis ao seu emprego em todos os pacientes ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>17,18</sup>. Do mesmo modo, a terapia trombol&#237;tica e o &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico tamb&#233;m est&#227;o associados com indiscut&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade<sup>19-20</sup>. Diversos relatos, entretanto, sugerem que existe baixa ader&#234;ncia a essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es<sup>7-10, 21-23</sup>. Um dos aspectos mais importantes dessa discuss&#227;o &#233; que o fen&#244;meno da n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento recomendado, parece n&#227;o se restringir a pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, mas tamb&#233;m pode ser identificado para outras importantes doen&#231;as, como a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva<sup>24,25 </sup>e o infarto sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nosso servi&#231;o, implantamos protocolo de atendimento para portadores de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio no final dos anos 90. Nesse protocolo, era eleg&#237;vel para terapia de reperfus&#227;o o paciente que apresentasse dois crit&#233;rios: dor precordial t&#237;pica com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a 20min, mas inferior a 12h associado a altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas compat&#237;veis com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, segundo recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais<sup>11</sup>. Se n&#227;o fossem identificadas contra-indica&#231;&#245;es, todos os pacientes, de rotina, receberiam &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e betabloqueador. Ap&#243;s 2-4h da administra&#231;&#227;o do betabloqueador, os pacientes receberiam inibidores de enzima conversora de angiotensina, em doses progressivas, at&#233; a dose plena. Para pacientes com pr&#233;cordialgia, congest&#227;o pulmonar e, eventualmente, hipertens&#227;o arterial, haveria indica&#231;&#227;o de nitroglicerina endovenosa. Bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio estariam indicados apenas em casos de hipertens&#227;o arterial ou angina refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento padr&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados indicam que, ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o de protocolo consensual para o tratamento de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, houve um aumento significativo na porcentagem de uso das medica&#231;&#245;es que, comprovadamente, melhoram o progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (terapia de reperfus&#227;o, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, betabloqueadores e inibidores de enzima conversora da angiotensina). De forma n&#227;o surpreendente, o uso dessas medica&#231;&#245;es foi associado com significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade, em 30 dias. Um dado, at&#233; certo ponto surpreendente, foi a alta porcentagem de uso de nitratos, nos dois per&#237;odos utilizados. Fato que pode ser uma conseq&#252;&#234;ncia das caracter&#237;sticas do nosso servi&#231;o. Como somos um hospital terci&#225;rio, recebemos pacientes mais graves do que os de uma popula&#231;&#227;o geral, com graus variados de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e isquemia recorrente, o que exigiria algumas particularidades em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento. </p>
    <p>Um aspecto a ser enfatizado foi que o mesmo fen&#244;meno observado em nossa casu&#237;stica p&#244;de ser visto em outros estudos. No estudo multic&#234;ntrico GRACE<sup>27</sup>, houve diferen&#231;a importante no tratamento de pacientes infartados, dependendo das caracter&#237;sticas do hospital e da localiza&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica. Apesar dessas diferen&#231;as, entretanto, o uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (91%) e de betabloqueador (81%) foi generalizado. Esse fen&#244;meno foi acompanhado por baixa taxa de mortalidade hospitalar (7%). Em estudo realizado no Rio de Janeiro, o uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, betabloqueador e inibidores de enzima conversora de angiotensina tamb&#233;m foi associado a menor risco de morte<sup>28</sup>. No estudo GAP, a implanta&#231;&#227;o de programa para melhorar a qualidade do atendimento de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio resultou em maior ader&#234;ncia no uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e betabloquedor durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, houve significante aumento no n&#250;mero de pacientes que abandonou o h&#225;bito de fumar, ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar<sup>29</sup>. Do mesmo modo, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, a implanta&#231;&#227;o de programa de treinamento da equipe respons&#225;vel pelo atendimento dos pacientes, conjuntamente com a ado&#231;&#227;o de protocolo de tratamento, resultou em maior ader&#234;ncia &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es, menor per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e menor custo<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nosso estudo refor&#231;a o conceito de que, mesmo em hospitais terci&#225;rios universit&#225;rios, a introdu&#231;&#227;o de protocolos de conduta aumentou a ader&#234;ncia &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es nacionais e internacionais para o tratamento de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, com conseq&#252;ente diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Leonardo A. M. Zornoff </p>
        <p> Depto. Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica. Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </p>
        <p> Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior s/n, Botucatu, SP, Brasil </p>
        <p> Cep 18618-000 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br">lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br </email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 20/2/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 26/5/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Mortality decline after implementation of standard protocols for treating patients with acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare 30-day mortality in patients receiving different types of medication from 1992 to 1997, when no consensual treatment for acute myocardial infarction was available, versus 30-day mortality in patients being treated between 2000 and 2002 after standardization of that treatment was obtained in our service. METHODS: In the first and second study periods, 172 and 143 patients, respectively, admitted with the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction were retrospectively assessed. Their diagnoses were confirmed, and the following statistical tests were performed: the chi-square test for comparing proportions and the Student t test and the Mann-Whitney test for comparing the means or medians. RESULTS: The analysis showed no difference in regard to white men with a mean age of 61 years in the 2 study periods. In regard to the traditional risk factors, a difference was observed only in the incidence of dyslipidemia (17 and 29%). In regard to the therapeutic strategy adopted, the following was observed: 1) a significant increase in the use of thrombolytic agents (39 and 61.5%), acetylsalicylic acid (70.9 and 96.5%), beta-blockers (34.8 and 67.8%), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (45.9 and 74.8%), and nitrates (61 and 85.3%); and 2) a significant reduction in the use of calcium channel blockers (16.8 and 5.3%), antiarrhythmics (29.1 and 9.7%), and diuretics (50.6 and 26.6%). The use of inotropic agents did not differ between the study periods (29.6 and 32.1%). The 30-day mortality showed a statistically significant reduction from 22.7 to 10.5%. CONCLUSION: The implementation of standard protocols for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction was accompanied by a significant reduction in the 30-day mortality rate.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>treatment</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mortality decline after implementation of standard protocols for treating patients with acute myocardial infarction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Juliana G. Bordon; S&#233;rgio A. R. Paiva; Luiz S. Matsubara; Roberto M. T. Inoue; Mirna Matsui; Ana L&#250;cia Gut; Ana L&#250;cia A. Ferreira; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To compare 30-day mortality in patients receiving different types of medication from 1992 to 1997, when no consensual treatment for acute myocardial infarction was available, versus 30-day mortality in patients being treated between 2000 and 2002 after standardization of that treatment was obtained in our service.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>In the first and second study periods, 172 and 143 patients, respectively, admitted with the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction were retrospectively assessed. Their diagnoses were confirmed, and the following statistical tests were performed: the chi-square test for comparing proportions and the Student t test and the Mann-Whitney test for comparing the means or medians.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The analysis showed no difference in regard to white men with a mean age of 61 years in the 2 study periods. In regard to the traditional risk factors, a difference was observed only in the incidence of dyslipidemia (17 and 29%). In regard to the therapeutic strategy adopted, the following was observed: 1) a significant increase in the use of thrombolytic agents (39 and 61.5%), acetylsalicylic acid (70.9 and 96.5%), beta-blockers (34.8 and 67.8%), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (45.9 and 74.8%), and nitrates (61 and 85.3%); and 2) a significant reduction in the use of calcium channel blockers (16.8 and 5.3%), antiarrhythmics (29.1 and 9.7%), and diuretics (50.6 and 26.6%). The use of inotropic agents did not differ between the study periods (29.6 and 32.1%). The 30-day mortality showed a statistically significant reduction from 22.7 to 10.5%.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The implementation of standard protocols for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction was accompanied by a significant reduction in the 30-day mortality rate. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>myocardial infarction, mortality, treatment</p>
      <p> Heart diseases, among which coronary artery disease stands out, are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in most countries. In addition to the great financial burden imposed on the health care system, patients with acute myocardial infarction have a substantially high risk of evolving with some complications, such as a second cardiovascular event or congestive heart failure <sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The control of cardiovascular risk factors is fundamental to reduce the prevalence of acute myocardial infarction. Currently, the risk factors are classified as noncontrollable, such as aging and inheritance, and controllable, such as smoking, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, physical inactivity, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. </p>
      <p>It is worth stressing that the outcome of a patient with acute myocardial infarction results from the interaction of the clinical characteristics of his/her cardiac event and certain prognostic factors that can be properly assessed so that his/her risk may be accurately estimated <sup>3,4</sup>. The recognition of the major risk factors for the coronary event as well as of the factors responsible for early mortality may be determinant for the therapeutic intervention and other clinical resources applied to patients with infarction. </p>
      <p>Despite the advances in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, the mortality indices remain substantially elevated <sup>5,6</sup>. Some studies indicate that this may be due to the fact that many patients with acute myocardial infarction may not be receiving the entire treatment recommended, suggesting a dissociation between the large clinical studies and clinical practice <sup>7-10</sup>. In addition, the impact on clinical practice of the treatments recommended has not been sufficiently studied. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at comparing the clinical profile, the major groups of medications, and 30-day mortality in a tertiary university-affiliated hospital of inner S&#227;o Paulo state in the following 2 periods: 1) from 1992 to 1997, when no treatment protocol was available for patients with acute myocardial infarction; and 2) from 2000 to 2002, after standardization of the treatment for those patients. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The medical records of the patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at our institution were retrospectively assessed in the following 2 time periods: 1) from January 1992 to December 1997, when no treatment protocol was available for patients with acute myocardial infarction; 2) from March 2000 to August 2002, after standardization of a treatment protocol for those patients. The information collected concerned both the period when the patients remained in the clinical emergency room (CER) and the period spent in the ICU. In the first and second periods, the assessment comprised respectively 172 and 143 patients admitted with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Their diagnoses were confirmed by combinations of precordial pain or electrocardiographic changes, or both, and elevation of the serum levels of the cardiac enzymes. </p>
      <p>In regard to the clinical profile, data were obtained from anamnesis and physical examination on hospital admission. The variables assessed were as follows: age, sex, race, heart rate, systemic blood pressure, electrocardiographic location of the infarction, and duration of precordial pain, from symptom onset to the moment of the first assessment in the emergency room. </p>
      <p>The following risk factors were assessed: familial history, smoking, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, which are variables classified as traditional risk factors. A positive familial history included first-degree relatives, up to 2 previous generations. Smokers were those patients who used to smoke daily, regardless of the number of cigarettes smoked. Diabetic patients were those who, in previous examinations or during admission, had fasting glycemia levels compatible with the diagnosis. Hypertensive patients were those diagnosed as such prior to acute myocardial infarction. Dyslipidemia was determined by the presence of elevated serum levels of low-density lipoproteins or low serum levels of high-density lipoproteins. Obesity was not included, due to the lack of reference to this variable in the medical records. </p>
      <p>The classes of medications analyzed were as follows: thrombolytics, acetylsalicylic acid, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiarrhythmics, nitrates, inotropic agents, and diuretics, assessed in regard to their percentage use and considering drugs used for at least 48 hours. </p>
      <p>Weekly meetings with the staff of the clinical emergency room and the intensive care unit were held for developing the protocol. For implementation of the protocol, restructuring of the emergency department was required so that patients with chest pain could be quickly referred to the clinical emergency room, which was designed for providing rapid patient evaluation with collection of samples for examination and immediate electrocardiographic performance. </p>
      <p>The proportional variables were assessed using the chi-square test, and the continuous variables were tested for normality; the mean values and the standard deviations were calculated for the groups studied. In the case of normal distribution, the Student <italic>t</italic> test was used for comparing the variables. For the nonparametric variables, the values of the median and the interquartile intervals of the groups studied were calculated. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the groups. The SigmaStat statistical package for Windows v 2.0 of the Jandel Co (San Rafael, CA, USA) was used for these tests. The significance level adopted was 5% for all tests. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> shows the clinical characteristics of the patients at the moment of the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. No statistically significant differences were found between the patients with acute myocardial infarction in the 2 study periods. White men with a mean age greater than 60 years prevailed. In the 2 time periods, the median duration of precordial pain from symptom onset to the first evaluation at the emergency room was relatively great: 4 (2.3-11 h) in the 1992-1997 period, and 5 (2.1-12 h) in the 2000-2002 period. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <label>Table II</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0370-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <label>Table III</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0370-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0370-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The 30-day mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction in the 2000-2002 period showed a statistically significant reduction (10.5% vs 22.7%; P&lt;0.001; reduction of 53%) as compared with that in the 1992-1997 period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to assess the impact on mortality of measures recommended by national and international associations for the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Our results show that adherence to the treatment protocol of patients is associated with a 53% reduction in 30-day mortality. </p>
      <p>The clinical profile reported by other authors who studied patients from large centers <sup>5,6,11,12</sup> was similar to that evidenced by the present study with a sample originating predominantly from the inner regions of the State of S&#227;o Paulo. The fact that more than 90% of the patients had at least 1 traditional risk factor facilitates the identification of patients at risk and stresses the importance of adopting preventive measures against the risk factors for coronary artery disease. A fundamental aspect of our study is that changes in the characteristics of the patients could explain the reduction in mortality observed from the 1992-1997 period to the 2000-2002 period. Comparing the 2 time periods, however, no change in the clinical profile of patients with acute myocardial infarction was identified. Another point worth noting in our case series is that the median duration of precordial pain was relatively long (&gt; 4 h) in both periods. This may be explained by the fact that our service is a tertiary referral center for a large region of inner S&#227;o Paulo state, and that it lacks a program of community education regarding the need for searching medical care as soon as the symptoms of coronary heart disease appear. Similarly, the characteristics of the patients and the risk factors of coronary heart disease did not significantly differ in the 2 time periods. The only difference observed was an increase in the incidence of dyslipidemia in the 2000-2002 period as compared with that in the 1992-1997 period. Therefore, one may infer that changes in the clinical profile do not justify the reduction in mortality between the different study periods. </p>
      <p>In recent years, a variety of medications have been introduced for managing myocardial infarction <sup>13,14</sup>. Currently, no reason exists for questioning the beneficial effects of beta-blockers for patients with acute myocardial infarction, because evidence is available that this class of medication may reduce the size of the ischemic lesion, attenuate the process of ventricular remodeling, decrease the frequency of aneurysm formation, reduce the number of ventricular ruptures, and decrease mortality even in situations of ventricular dysfunction <sup>15,16</sup>. In regard to the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, although the great clinical trials have shown an unequivocal benefit only when those drugs are used in patients with ventricular function changes, evidence exists favoring their use in all patients after acute myocardial infarction<sup> 17,18</sup>. Similarly, thrombolytic therapy and acetylsalicylic acid have also been associated with an irrefutable reduction in mortality <sup>19-20</sup>. Several reports, however, have suggested the existence of low adherence to these recommendations <sup>7-10, 21-23</sup>. One of the most important aspects of this discussion is that the phenomenon of nonadherence to the recommended treatment seems not to be restricted to patients with acute myocardial infarction, but may also be identified in other important diseases, such as congestive heart failure <sup>24,25 </sup>and infarction with no elevation of the ST segment <sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our service, we introduced a protocol for managing patients with acute myocardial infarction at the end of the 1990s. According to this protocol, the patient with the following 2 findings was eligible for reperfusion therapy: typical precordial pain lasting more than 20 minutes but less than 12 hours in association with electrocardiographic alterations compatible with acute myocardial infarction according to the international recommendations <sup>11</sup>. If no contraindications were identified, all patients should receive acetylsalicylic acid and beta-blockers on a routine basis. Two to 4 hours after the administration of the beta-blocker, the patients received the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in progressive doses until the full dose was reached. For patients with precordialgia, pulmonary congestion, and occasional arterial hypertension, intravenous nitroglycerin was indicated. Calcium channel blockers were indicated only in cases of arterial hypertension or angina refractory to standard treatment. </p>
      <p>Our results show that, after the implantation of the standardized protocol for the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction, a significant increase was observed in the use of the medications that confirmedly improved the prognosis after acute myocardial infarction (reperfusion therapy, acetylsalicylic acid, beta-blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors). Not surprisingly, the use of these medications was associated with a significant reduction in 30-day mortality. The high percentage use of nitrates in the 2 study periods was noteworthy to some extent, and this fact may be due to the characteristics of our service. As a tertiary hospital, we receive more critically ill patients with varied degrees of ventricular dysfunction and recurring ischemia, which require some particularities in regard to treatment. </p>
      <p>It is worth emphasizing that the same phenomenon observed in our case series was observed in other studies. In the multicenter GRACE study <sup>27</sup>, a significant difference occurred in the treatment of patients with infarction depending on the characteristics of the hospital and the geographical location. Despite these differences, however, the use of acetylsalicylic acid (91%) and beta-blockers (81%) was widespread. This phenomenon was accompanied by a low in-hospital mortality rate (7%). In a study carried out in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro <sup>28</sup>, the use of acetylsalicylic acid, beta-blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors was also associated with a lower risk of death. In the GAP initiative <sup>29</sup>, the implementation of a program to improve the quality of medical care to patients with acute myocardial infarction resulted in greater adherence to the use of acetylsalicylic acid and beta-blockers during hospitalization. In addition, a significant increase in the number of patients quitting smoking after hospital discharge occurred. Similarly, in patients with congestive heart failure, the implementation of a training program to the team responsible for patient care in conjunction with the adoption of a treatment protocol resulted in greater adherence to the recommendations, shorter hospital stay, and lower costs <sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, our study stresses that, even at tertiary university-affiliated hospitals, the introduction of protocols increased adherence to the national and international recommendations for the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction with a consequent reduction in mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Correspondence </p>
          <p> Leonardo A. M. Zornoff </p>
          <p> Depto. Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica </p>
          <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </p>
          <p> Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior s/n, Botucatu, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> Cep 18618-000</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br">lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 2/20/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 5/26/03</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
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