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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">F6X5dcqpXyrRHrbSLcmgRJJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000400006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200406</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000400006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Trombose de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral: import&#226;ncia do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico no diagn&#243;stico e acompanhamento p&#243;s-tratamento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parro Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Adelino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carramona</surname>
            <given-names>Marta Lancia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jacob</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Balthazar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Mol&#233;stias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>346</fpage>
      <lpage>352</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2000</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Descrever os achados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de trombose em pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral e o valor do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) no diagn&#243;stico e monitora&#231;&#227;o da lise do trombo. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados ao ETE 111 pacientes com pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral, e inclu&#237;dos 4 de 7 com suspeita de trombo nestas pr&#243;teses (idade m&#233;dia = 60,2&#177;10,2 anos; 2 homens). O diagn&#243;stico p&#244;de ser confirmado pela realiza&#231;&#227;o seriada do ETE e pela evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Investigaram-se os aspectos morfol&#243;gicos dos folhetos da pr&#243;tese, e presen&#231;a e caracter&#237;stica das massas ecog&#234;nicas anexas. Foram obtidos o gradiente m&#233;dio pela pr&#243;tese e a &#225;rea valvar. RESULTADOS: O diagn&#243;stico de trombo em pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral foi realizado 48,7&#177;55,2 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Dois pacientes apresentaram acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. O gradiente m&#233;dio global estava elevado (11,4&#177;3 mmHg) e a &#225;rea valvar reduzida (1,24&#177;0,3cm&#178;). Ao ETE, em todos foram evidenciadas massas ecog&#234;nicas em face ventricular esquerda da pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral, sugestivas de trombo. No ETE seriado (136&#177;233 dias), houve desaparecimento do trombo em dois casos e redu&#231;&#227;o do trombo nos outros dois, ap&#243;s tratamento. O gradiente m&#233;dio reduziu para 6,2&#177;3 mmHg (p=0,004; IC 95%), e a &#225;rea valvar aumentou para 2,07&#177;0,4 (p=ns). CONCLUS&#195;O: O ETE mostrou-se &#250;til na detec&#231;&#227;o de trombo em pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral e eficaz na monitora&#231;&#227;o do tratamento, em todos casos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>trombose</kwd>
        <kwd>biopr&#243;tese</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trombose de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral. Import&#226;ncia do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico no diagn&#243;stico e acompanhamento p&#243;s-tratamento</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Adelino Parro Jr; Marta Lancia Carramona; Caio Augusto Ferreira Amaral; Jos&#233; Luiz Balthazar Jacob; Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Mol&#233;stias Cardiovasculares - IMC </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever os achados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de trombose em pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral e o valor do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) no diagn&#243;stico e monitora&#231;&#227;o da lise do trombo. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram estudados ao ETE 111 pacientes com pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral, e inclu&#237;dos 4 de 7 com suspeita de trombo nestas pr&#243;teses (idade m&#233;dia = 60,2&#177;10,2 anos; 2 homens). O diagn&#243;stico p&#244;de ser confirmado pela realiza&#231;&#227;o seriada do ETE e pela evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Investigaram-se os aspectos morfol&#243;gicos dos folhetos da pr&#243;tese, e presen&#231;a e caracter&#237;stica das massas ecog&#234;nicas anexas. Foram obtidos o gradiente m&#233;dio pela pr&#243;tese e a &#225;rea valvar. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>O diagn&#243;stico de trombo em pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral foi realizado 48,7&#177;55,2 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Dois pacientes apresentaram acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. O gradiente m&#233;dio global estava elevado (11,4&#177;3 mmHg) e a &#225;rea valvar reduzida (1,24&#177;0,3cm<sup>2</sup>). Ao ETE, em todos foram evidenciadas massas ecog&#234;nicas em face ventricular esquerda da pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral, sugestivas de trombo. No ETE seriado (136&#177;233 dias), houve desaparecimento do trombo em dois casos e redu&#231;&#227;o do trombo nos outros dois, ap&#243;s tratamento. O gradiente m&#233;dio reduziu para 6,2&#177;3 mmHg (p=0,004; IC 95%), e a &#225;rea valvar aumentou para 2,07&#177;0,4 (p=ns). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O ETE mostrou-se &#250;til na detec&#231;&#227;o de trombo em pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral e eficaz na monitora&#231;&#227;o do tratamento, em todos casos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chaves: </bold>trombose, biopr&#243;tese, ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico </p>
    <p> As pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas t&#234;m como uma de suas principais vantagens o fato de apresentarem baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia de trombose<sup>1 </sup>em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mec&#226;nicas, e, portanto, n&#227;o necessitarem o emprego de drogas anticoagulantes. </p>
    <p>Em estudo observacional de Grunkemeier e Rahimtoola<sup>2 </sup>a an&#225;lise do risco de trombose mostrou diferen&#231;a substancial entre as pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e mec&#226;nicas. Nas pr&#243;teses em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica a ocorr&#234;ncia de trombose variou de 0,05% a 0,25%/ano para as met&#225;licas, sendo de 0,03%/ano para as biol&#243;gicas. Esse fato se repetiu para as pr&#243;teses mitrais, havendo preponder&#226;ncia de trombose nas met&#225;licas (0,28 a 0,62%/ano) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s biol&#243;gicas (Hancock e Carpentier-Edwards &#150; 0,02 a 0,07%/ano)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica &#233;, em geral, confirmado pela necropsia ou pela inspe&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica das pr&#243;teses removidas, mas o diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo vem sendo utilizado com seguran&#231;a crescente nesses casos. </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma bidimensional e o modo-M podem ser instrumentos &#250;teis na demonstra&#231;&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica por trombo<sup>4,5</sup>, sendo os primeiros relatos descritos em 1976<sup>6,7</sup>. Entretanto, as imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas transtor&#225;cicas, geralmente, n&#227;o permitem uma abordagem conclusiva na defini&#231;&#227;o do trombo pela sua imprecis&#227;o na defini&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides da pr&#243;tese. </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE), por outro lado, oferece uma janela ac&#250;stica &#237;mpar na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos das pr&#243;teses, particularmente, na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, devido &#224; maior proximidade do transdutor com as estruturas card&#237;acas, maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia ac&#250;stica dos cristais empregados (conseq&#252;entemente resultando em maior resolu&#231;&#227;o) e aus&#234;ncia de interfer&#234;ncia ac&#250;stica de elementos atenuantes, como costelas, pulm&#245;es, e mesmo dos componentes da pr&#243;tese<sup>8</sup>. Atrav&#233;s desta t&#233;cnica obt&#234;m-se imagens precisas na defini&#231;&#227;o da espessura dos folhetos e de sua mobilidade, permitindo adequado diagn&#243;stico de calcifica&#231;&#245;es, estenoses e roturas, entre outras<sup>9-12</sup>. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o obstante, s&#227;o raras as descri&#231;&#245;es de trombose em pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral ao ETE<sup>13-17</sup>.</p>
    <p>No tangente ao tratamento da trombose nas pr&#243;teses met&#225;licas, o trombol&#237;tico &#233; eficiente em significativo n&#250;mero de casos<sup>18-21</sup>, embora o uso de anticoagulantes orais tamb&#233;m tenha sido eficaz em algumas ocasi&#245;es antes do trombol&#237;tico, quando n&#227;o se est&#225; diante de um quadro agudo com descompensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica<sup>22</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na trombose de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica a terap&#234;utica com anticoagulante oral tem sido pouco relatada, embora os resultados tenham se mostrados promissores<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p> A literatura mostra que o efeito dos trombol&#237;ticos neste tipo de pr&#243;tese tem se revelado como alternativa eficiente<sup>23,24</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; descrever os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (particularmente do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico) na trombose em pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas mitrais e seu papel na monitora&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisados, de forma retrospectiva, 111 pacientes com pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral submetidos ao ETE por diversas indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas entre 1994 e 1998, e em sete casos foi evidenciada a trombose. Inclu&#237;ram-se no estudo quatro desses pacientes (idade m&#233;dia = 60,2&#177;10,2 anos), sendo dois homens onde o diagn&#243;stico de trombose p&#244;de ser confirmado pela evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e pela avalia&#231;&#227;o seriada ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico. Nos casos restantes, embora existissem caracter&#237;sticas ao ETE indicativas de trombo, n&#227;o houve confirma&#231;&#227;o evolutiva e, portanto, n&#227;o foram considerados para an&#225;lise. Todos receberam terap&#234;utica com heparina endovenosa (EV) para o tratamento da trombose, em uma ocasi&#227;o, associada &#224; estreptoquinase. </p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de ecocardiogramas transesof&#225;gicos realizados e o intervalo de tempo para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o ficaram a crit&#233;rio do cardiologista respons&#225;vel pelo caso. Considerou-se nesta an&#225;lise, para compara&#231;&#227;o com o inicial, o &#250;ltimo ETE ao qual o paciente foi submetido. Os ecocardiogramas seriados foram realizados pelo mesmo examinador. O tempo m&#233;dio entre os dois ecocardiogramas transesof&#225;gicos foi de 136&#177;233 dias (11 dias &#150; 16,2 meses). A etiologia da disfun&#231;&#227;o mitral foi a reum&#225;tica em todos os casos. </p>
    <p>Dois pacientes haviam sido submetidos &#224; cirurgia de pr&#243;tese mitral previamente, e nenhum recebeu pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. </p>
    <p>Dois pacientes usavam anticoagulante oral pr&#233;vio ao diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de trombo, medicamento suspenso por ocasi&#227;o de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos (retroca valvar mitral em um caso e cirurgia renal no outro). Embora o paciente submetido a retroca mitral mantivesse a heparina EV, ambos apresentaram acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. </p>
    <p>Os aparelhos empregados para realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foram o Toshiba modelo SSH-140, SIM modelo 7000 da ESAOTE, e o Acuson modelo XP-10 e, para o ETE, utilizou-se o Toshiba modelo SSH-140 com transdutor biplanar. Obtiveram-se as medidas das cavidades atriais e ventriculares pela via paraesternal esquerda seguindo recomenda&#231;&#245;es previamente publicadas<sup> 25</sup>. </p>
    <p>A espessura e a mobilidade dos folhetos das pr&#243;teses mitrais foram analisadas atrav&#233;s das vias de mapeamento apical, paraesternal e subcostal, e avaliou-se a presen&#231;a de massas ecog&#234;nicas nos seus folhetos. Tamb&#233;m pesquisou-se a presen&#231;a de trombo atrial esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Avaliou-se o gradiente m&#233;dio pela pr&#243;tese mitral com o Doppler cont&#237;nuo atrav&#233;s da via apical 4 c&#226;maras, empregando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o simplificada de Bernoulli<sup>26</sup>. A &#225;rea valvar mitral prot&#233;tica foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo "<italic>pressure half-time</italic>" descrito por Hatle e cols.<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a e o grau da insufici&#234;ncia mitral foram analisados pelo Doppler colorido<sup>28</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo empregou-se o c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo descrito por Teichholz e cols.<sup>29</sup>. </p>
    <p>Atrav&#233;s do jato da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide calculou-se a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar adicionando-se 10 mmHg ao pico do gradiente pela regurgita&#231;&#227;o <sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>O ETE foi realizado empregando-se transdutor de 5MHz biplanar atrav&#233;s dos planos longitudinal e transversal, nas posi&#231;&#245;es esof&#225;gica alta e baixa, e g&#225;strica. </p>
    <p>Avaliou-se, de forma qualitativa e quantitativa, a espessura e mobilidade das c&#250;spides, e considerou-se o folheto da pr&#243;tese espessado, quando a medida ultrapassava 3mm<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Buscou-se a presen&#231;a de massas ecog&#234;nicas nas c&#250;spides, al&#233;m da pesquisa de trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo ou ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a e gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral tamb&#233;m foram analisadas ao ETE. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s tratamento com anticoagulante e/ou trombol&#237;tico, os mesmos par&#226;metros foram reavaliados pelos ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cico e transesof&#225;gico. </p>
    <p>Empregou-se o teste-t de Student pareado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de trombo em pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral foi realizado em m&#233;dia 48,7&#177;55,2 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia, destacando-se um caso ap&#243;s 11 dias. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). Por ocasi&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de trombo, um paciente apresentava-se em quadro cl&#237;nico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva classe funcional II da NYHA, outro em classe funcional IV, estando os dois restantes em classe funcional I. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0346-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em um desses pacientes em classe funcional I, o achado de obstru&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral foi feito pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico em estudo de rotina para avalia&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese ap&#243;s um ano de cirurgia, o qual mostrou gradiente transprot&#233;tico elevado e folhetos com mobilidade reduzida. O ETE realizado, subseq&#252;entemente, detectou a causa da obstru&#231;&#227;o como sendo trombo na pr&#243;tese.</p>
    <p>No outro paciente em classe funcional I foi realizado ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico poucas semanas ap&#243;s uma cirurgia renal, devido &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. O gradiente atrav&#233;s da pr&#243;tese estava aumentado, e o ETE realizado no mesmo dia revelou trombo na pr&#243;tese mitral, como causa da obstru&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>No paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva classe funcional IV e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico detectou, al&#233;m de um gradiente elevado pela pr&#243;tese mitral, folhetos espessados e com mobilidade reduzida, permitindo somente um preenchimento parcial pelo mapeamento com fluxo a cores pelo anel da pr&#243;tese, levantando a hip&#243;tese da presen&#231;a do trombo. O ETE, posteriormente, confirmou esses achados. </p>
    <p>No caso em classe funcional II o gradiente transprot&#233;tico ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico n&#227;o estava muito elevado (8,8 mmHg), mas o paciente estava em ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, e foi considerada a possibilidade de cardiovers&#227;o na tentativa da melhora cl&#237;nica. Somente no ETE de rotina pr&#233;-cardiovers&#227;o, para investiga&#231;&#227;o de fonte embolig&#234;nica, foi detectado trombo na pr&#243;tese mitral. </p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s pacientes estavam em ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e um apresentava taquicardia atrial. Em nenhum paciente havia febre ou suspeita cl&#237;nica de endocardite infecciosa. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram tratados com heparina EV ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico da trombose, e em um caso associou-se estreptoquinase, por aus&#234;ncia de resposta cl&#237;nica/ecocardiogr&#225;fica &#224; heparina. Administrou-se anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral a todos ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. </p>
    <p>Ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico o &#225;trio esquerdo variou de 51 a 60 mm (m&#233;dia = 55,3&#177;4,1mm), e a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estava diminu&#237;da em somente um paciente (FE=35%). Neste tamb&#233;m, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo direito estava reduzida. </p>
    <p>Em um caso, o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico sugeria trombose na pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral, e em todos o gradiente m&#233;dio transprot&#233;tico estava elevado, com m&#233;dia global de 11,4&#177;3 mmHg. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). A &#225;rea valvar mostrou-se reduzida (1,24&#177;0,3 cm<sup>2</sup>), e apenas um paciente tinha insufici&#234;ncia transprot&#233;tica mitral discreta. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0346-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Havia incompet&#234;ncia valvar tric&#250;spide em tr&#234;s pacientes, tendo sido poss&#237;vel realizar a medida da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar em dois deles, ambas elevadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <p>Ao ETE havia espessamento dos folhetos e mobilidade diminu&#237;da em todos. </p>
    <p>Evidenciaram-se massas ecog&#234;nicas sugestivas de trombo atapetando a face ventricular esquerda das c&#250;spides das pr&#243;teses em todos os pacientes, produzindo aumento da sua espessura (5,7 &#177; 0,9mm). Em um caso notou-se tamb&#233;m trombos em face atrial esquerda com aspecto pedunculado, aderidos &#224; borda atrial do folheto da pr&#243;tese. Em tr&#234;s pacientes o trombo acometia dois folhetos e, em um, os tr&#234;s folhetos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0346-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Observou-se trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo em dois casos, e forma&#231;&#227;o de contraste espont&#226;neo em todos os casos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). </p>
    <p>Em tr&#234;s pacientes, o ETE seriado recente (&lt;1 m&#234;s) revelou desaparecimento ou redu&#231;&#227;o do tamanho dos trombos, enquanto em um, o trombo somente desapareceu no 2&#186; ETE seriado (486 dias ap&#243;s o estudo inicial). </p>
    <p>Foi empregada heparina EV seguida de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral em todos os pacientes, tendo havido regress&#227;o do gradiente transprot&#233;tico mitral em tr&#234;s deles. Nestes, foram observados desaparecimento do trombo em dois casos e redu&#231;&#227;o do seu tamanho em um. No paciente restante, a terap&#234;utica anticoagulante isolada n&#227;o surtiu o efeito desejado, n&#227;o havendo modifica&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transprot&#233;tico (9 para 10 mmHg), e n&#227;o tendo sido notada altera&#231;&#227;o significativa da mobilidade dos folhetos ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. Devido &#224; instabilidade cl&#237;nica com persist&#234;ncia da dispn&#233;ia aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, optou-se pela administra&#231;&#227;o de estreptoquinase na dose de 250.000UI em <italic>bolus</italic> e 100.000UI/h de manuten&#231;&#227;o at&#233; que o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico demonstrasse redu&#231;&#227;o no gradiente transprot&#233;tico, o que ocorreu j&#225; com 24h de infus&#227;o (5,6 mmHg). O ETE revelou desaparecimento do trombo em face ventricular esquerda, notando-se nessa ocasi&#227;o, m&#237;nima massa pedunculada na borda dos folhetos (face atrial) com 3mm de dimens&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0346-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em m&#233;dia, o gradiente transprot&#233;tico mitral m&#233;dio p&#243;s-tratamento (anticoagulante isolado em tr&#234;s pacientes e estreptoquinase + anticoagulante em um paciente) reduziu-se para 6,2&#177;3 mmHg (p=0,004 versus basal; 95% IC da diferen&#231;a 3,1 a 7,3), e a &#225;rea valvar aumentou para 2,07+0,4 cm<sup>2</sup> (p=ns). </p>
    <p>Em dois casos onde foi poss&#237;vel o c&#225;lculo da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica arterial pulmonar pelo jato da regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide, observou-se sua regress&#227;o evolutiva em um (32 mmHg), o qual tamb&#233;m mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente m&#233;dio transmitral (7,4 mmHg) neste per&#237;odo curto de seguimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>). O outro paciente inicialmente mostrou pouca resposta &#224; terap&#234;utica, demonstrada pela manuten&#231;&#227;o das mesmas dimens&#245;es do trombo uma semana ap&#243;s o 1&#186; ETE seriado, e sem redu&#231;&#227;o efetiva do gradiente m&#233;dio transmitral (11 mmHg) e da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar (60 mmHg) no ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico da ocasi&#227;o. Somente no 2&#186; ETE seriado mais recente (486 dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o &#150; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>), o trombo desapareceu por completo, constatando-se tamb&#233;m redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transmitral m&#233;dio (9,5 mmHg), embora com manuten&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos pulmonares (65 mmHg). Houve desaparecimento do trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo nos dois casos presentes. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0346-00006-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o das pr&#243;teses mitrais em geral ocorre por rotura ou calcifica&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos, culminando em sua insufici&#234;ncia ou estenose <sup>31,32</sup>. A trombose em pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral &#233; rara <sup>2,3 </sup>e no tipo Hancock foi relatada em 2/561 (0,3%) pacientes seguidos por per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 2,3 (0,1-7,3) anos <sup>33</sup>. </p>
    <p>A baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia de trombose nas pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas <sup>1</sup> &#233; uma de suas principais vantagens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mec&#226;nicas, tornando desnecess&#225;rio o emprego do anticoagulante oral em longo prazo<sup> 33</sup>. </p>
    <p>Entretanto, a real preval&#234;ncia de trombose em portadores de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral &#233; desconhecida. Thiene e cols.<sup>34 </sup>relataram que, em an&#225;lise de achados patol&#243;gicos em 50 biopr&#243;teses tipo Hancock colocadas em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, havia trombo nos folhetos em cinco casos (10%), achados semelhantes a outros relatos <sup>35</sup>. Esses dados sugeriam que a preval&#234;ncia de trombose em pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral poderia ser mais representativa. </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia da ocorr&#234;ncia de trombos em pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas mitrais pelo ETE tem sido controversa na literatura. Kandheria e cols<sup>13 </sup>encontraram somente um caso entre 21 (4,7%) pacientes com trombo em pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral, e Daniel e cols<sup>14 </sup>descreveram trombo em um dos 113 (0,8%) casos. Em contrapartida, Oliver e cols<sup>17 </sup>descreveram 15 entre 161 (9,3%) pacientes com biopr&#243;teses mitrais, do tipo porcina, com trombose, em casos com sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica avaliadas pelo ETE, freq&#252;&#234;ncia semelhante &#224; dos achados patol&#243;gicos previamente comentados. </p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, 7 (6,3%) de 111 pacientes apresentaram imagens indicativas de trombo em pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral, sendo que quatro foram confirmados pela resposta cl&#237;nica e pelo ETE seriado. Ressalte-se que no presente trabalho foram analisados todos os pacientes com pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, que realizaram ETE, incluindo-se aqueles investigados tamb&#233;m para outras doen&#231;as que n&#227;o a suspeita de disfun&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica, diferentemente de Oliver e cols<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Fatores adicionais como idade, sexo, tempo da cirurgia card&#237;aca, posi&#231;&#227;o da valva, tipo de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica, ritmo atrial card&#237;aco, terapia anticoagulante, dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda, e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, podem influenciar na forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo<sup> 17</sup>. Tamb&#233;m, situa&#231;&#245;es de baixo fluxo transvalvar pela biopr&#243;tese, com necessidade de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria com bombas centr&#237;fugas<sup> 15</sup>, podem propiciar a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio recente. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, o &#225;trio esquerdo estava aumentado em todos, a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular diminu&#237;da em um caso, todos apresentavam arritmia atrial (tr&#234;s com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e um com taquicardia atrial) e somente um paciente vinha recebendo anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (heparina EV), pois ainda se encontrava no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. A idade dos pacientes tamb&#233;m era em m&#233;dia elevada. &#201; poss&#237;vel que a somat&#243;ria desses fatores possa ter contribu&#237;do para a maior preval&#234;ncia de trombose em pr&#243;tese mitral na presente s&#233;rie. </p>
    <p>Destaca-se o papel importante das arritmias atriais, especialmente a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, na patofisiologia da forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos atriais e que poderiam estar envolvidos no desencadeamento do trombo nas pr&#243;teses. V&#225;rios artigos<sup>36-38</sup> mostram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial presente em determinadas arritmias, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial, est&#225; mais relacionada &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de contraste espont&#226;neo e/ou trombo intracavit&#225;rio, e com maior ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos emb&#243;licos. Mugge e cols<sup>36</sup> demonstraram que a velocidade de enchimento/esvaziamento do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (refletindo a fun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo), estava diminu&#237;da (&lt;25cm/s) em alguns pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o reum&#225;tica, &#224; semelhan&#231;a do grupo que tinha fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial reum&#225;tica. Foram observados mais fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos (5/10 pacientes) no grupo com baixa velocidade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de maior velocidade (1/19 pacientes; p&lt;0,05), assim como maior ocorr&#234;ncia de trombo em ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (30 vs 0%) e contraste espont&#226;neo (80 vs 5%). </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, dois pacientes apresentavam trombo atrial esquerdo, e todos tinham contraste espont&#226;neo. A velocidade do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo estava diminu&#237;da em um (0,15m/s) e normal em outro (0,46m/s), n&#227;o estando dispon&#237;vel em dois pacientes, tornando arriscada alguma conclus&#227;o sobre o papel expressivo deste dado na patog&#234;nese do trombo nas pr&#243;teses. </p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m relevante &#233; o fato de se encontrar trombos na face ventricular das pr&#243;teses, e n&#227;o na atrial, o que parece estar relacionado ao baixo fluxo, &#225;reas de estagna&#231;&#227;o e turbilhonamento do fluxo atrav&#233;s das pr&#243;teses. Em trabalho experimental de Schoephoerster e cols<sup>39</sup>, que analisaram as caracter&#237;sticas do fluxo atrav&#233;s de diversos tipos de pr&#243;teses em um modelo <italic>in vitro</italic>, demonstrou-se que nas pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas a regi&#227;o pr&#243;xima &#224; periferia do jato era relativamente estagnante, e que o perfil de turbul&#234;ncia (<italic>shear stress</italic>) mostrava maior estresse nas bordas do jato de maior velocidade. Yoganathan e cols<sup>40</sup> correlacionaram a forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo e crescimento de tecido em valvas de disco &#250;nico basculante, com &#225;reas de estagna&#231;&#227;o e baixo <italic>shear-rate</italic> na regi&#227;o de menor orif&#237;cio de sa&#237;da da valva. Alguns estudos cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m demonstraram que o trombo pode ocupar o seio da c&#250;spide, quer em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral<sup>15,16</sup> ou em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica<sup>16</sup>, e esse fato tamb&#233;m p&#244;de ser constatado em estudos patol&#243;gicos<sup>34</sup>. A preserva&#231;&#227;o de ambos os folhetos da valva mitral pode ocasionar estenose relativa da pr&#243;tese, sendo arg&#252;ido que discretas anormalidades na reologia sangu&#237;nea e a turbul&#234;ncia local, causada pelos folhetos remanescentes poderiam exercer um efeito trombog&#234;nico<sup>41</sup>. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, o trombo se localizou na face ventricular das pr&#243;teses (seios das c&#250;spides) em todos, corroborando as observa&#231;&#245;es sobre o local de assentamento do trombo verificado em estudos anteriores. </p>
    <p>O per&#237;odo de maior propens&#227;o para o desenvolvimento do trombo parece n&#227;o estar ainda bem estabelecido. Oliver e cols<sup>17 </sup>apresentaram em 70% dos pacientes estudados, trombose da pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral ap&#243;s 80 meses de seguimento da troca valvar, ocorrendo trombose precoce (5 meses) em somente um caso. Por outro lado, Hagley e cols<sup>15 </sup>relataram ocorr&#234;ncia de trombose dessas pr&#243;teses em per&#237;odo precoce do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, relacionado a condi&#231;&#245;es de baixo fluxo transvalvar. No presente estudo, um paciente apresentou trombo em pr&#243;tese mitral, ainda no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, associado a epis&#243;dio de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico. Ressalte-se que esse paciente apresentava m&#250;ltiplos fatores contribuintes para forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo, como aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo, redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, apesar de estar sob terapia com heparina EV, evoluindo em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva classe funcional IV da NYHA e somente conseguindo ter alta da unidade intensiva ap&#243;s tratamento trombol&#237;tico, com resolu&#231;&#227;o do trombo e redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transprot&#233;tico. </p>
    <p>Salientamos que, em um caso, o achado de trombo na pr&#243;tese mitral foi ocasional, suspeitado pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico que demonstrou gradiente elevado, estando o paciente assintom&#225;tico, e o diagn&#243;stico definitivamente estabelecido pelo ETE. </p>
    <p>O tratamento com trombol&#237;ticos na trombose de pr&#243;tese do tipo biol&#243;gica tem sido relatado raramente <sup>23,24</sup>. Seu emprego &#233; descrito nas pr&#243;teses alocadas em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e os resultados mostrados favor&#225;veis, com resolu&#231;&#227;o completa dos trombos. O racional para tal &#233; similar &#224; sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas e, no nosso estudo, aplicou-se o tratamento para trombose em pr&#243;tese na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral. Nossa decis&#227;o baseou-se na instabilidade cl&#237;nica do paciente e na n&#227;o regress&#227;o dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos iniciais, tendo havido melhora dos sintomas e resolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da massa na pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica ao ETE, sem complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do seu emprego.</p>
    <p>Deve-se, entretanto, destacar que o emprego de trombol&#237;tico n&#227;o &#233; isento de complica&#231;&#245;es<sup>24, 42</sup>, considerando-se, sobretudo, pacientes em per&#237;odo precoce do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Em um dos trabalhos citados<sup>24</sup>, houve hemorragia nasal e pelos acessos venosos, controlados clinicamente. </p>
    <p>Assim, deve-se ponderar cuidadosamente sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, indicada fundamentalmente em casos onde as alternativas cl&#237;nicas e cir&#250;rgicas se exaurem pela concorr&#234;ncia de outros fatores m&#243;rbidos, que possam prejudicar a evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente <sup>42</sup>. Importante recordar que o uso do trombol&#237;tico n&#227;o impede subseq&#252;entes reinterven&#231;&#245;es, quando indicadas, podendo o paciente ser levado &#224; cirurgia em condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais est&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>Quanto ao efeito dos anticoagulantes orais/heparina na resolu&#231;&#227;o do trombo, Oliver e cols<sup>17</sup> e Waksmonski e cols<sup>22</sup> demonstraram ser uma alternativa segura (n&#227;o se constatando complica&#231;&#245;es, como embolia ou sangramento) e eficaz com melhora da classe funcional em todos pacientes no seguimento. No atual estudo, o tratamento com anticoagulante oral foi eficaz em tr&#234;s casos, e em um paciente (recebendo heparina EV e anticoagulante oral) foi necess&#225;rio adicionar tratamento trombol&#237;tico para resolu&#231;&#227;o do trombo. </p>
    <p>No tangente aos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos pulmonares, devemos lembrar que em processos de obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral o grau de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar, teoricamente, estaria relacionado &#224; gravidade da estenose <sup>43</sup>. Entretanto, alguns pacientes com estenose mitral importante podem n&#227;o cursar com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar. A press&#227;o atrial esquerda, elevada pela obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar, inicialmente aumenta "passivamente" a press&#227;o pulmonar, sem eleva&#231;&#227;o importante da resist&#234;ncia pulmonar. Cronicamente, um importante aumento da press&#227;o atrial esquerda resulta em eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar &#224;s custas do aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, secund&#225;ria ao espasmo arteriolar ou a mudan&#231;as vasculares obstrutivas. Alguns autores mostraram marcante variabilidade entre pacientes quanto ao grau da reatividade vascular pulmonar em resposta &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o atrial esquerda cr&#244;nica <sup>43</sup>, e os fatores determinantes dessa variabilidade permanecem indefinidos. </p>
    <p>Inversamente, a hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar pode regredir seguindo-se &#224; desobstru&#231;&#227;o valvar, demonstrado, por exemplo, em casos de procedimentos de dilata&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral. A previs&#227;o desta regress&#227;o estaria relacionada a alguns fatores cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, como a idade <sup>44</sup>, e resultado imediato da dilata&#231;&#227;o <sup>45</sup>. A redu&#231;&#227;o inicial da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar parece mais relacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o capilar pulmonar no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-valvoplastia percut&#226;nea, enquanto a redu&#231;&#227;o adicional no decorrer da primeira semana relacionar-se-ia mais com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia pulmonar <sup>46</sup>. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, embora n&#227;o se trate especificamente de desobstru&#231;&#227;o valvar intervencionista, mas sim de desobstru&#231;&#227;o tromb&#243;tica, p&#244;de-se acompanhar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica arterial pulmonar em dois casos. Somente um paciente mostrou regress&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica arterial pulmonar ap&#243;s tratamento (32 mmHg), j&#225; na ocasi&#227;o do ETE de controle (22 dias), acompanhada da redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transprot&#233;tico (7,4 mmHg), e aumento da &#225;rea valvar (1,6 cm<sup>2</sup>). No outro paciente, a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica arterial pulmonar manteve-se elevada (65 mmHg) no ETE de controle (486 dias). Nesse caso, a resposta inicial ao tratamento anticoagulante n&#227;o produziu o efeito desejado, demonstrado pela manuten&#231;&#227;o do trombo na pr&#243;tese, e pela mudan&#231;a insignificante dos n&#237;veis da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica arterial pulmonar (60 mmHg) e do gradiente transprot&#233;tico (11 mmHg) no estudo aos 28 dias. Esta prec&#225;ria resposta inicial ao tratamento anticoagulante poderia ter contribu&#237;do para uma altera&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar. Adicionalmente, a idade mais avan&#231;ada do paciente poderia ter influenciado a resposta da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica arterial pulmonar &#224; terap&#234;utica. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, salientamos o papel excepcional do ETE na avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica, pela demonstra&#231;&#227;o da resolu&#231;&#227;o completa ou parcial do trombo, fato tamb&#233;m evidenciado por Oliver e cols.<sup>17</sup>. Na sua s&#233;rie, em seis casos, o ETE evidenciou desaparecimento completo ap&#243;s tratamento com anticoagulante oral, e, em dois, houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do tamanho das massas. No nosso estudo, houve desaparecimento das massas em dois casos e redu&#231;&#227;o de suas dimens&#245;es em outros dois. </p>
    <p>O tempo de realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames foi orientado pelo cl&#237;nico respons&#225;vel pelo paciente e, portanto, o grau de resolu&#231;&#227;o dos trombos p&#243;s-tratamento pode ter sofrido sua influ&#234;ncia. Dado que &#233; corroborado pela observa&#231;&#227;o de que em um paciente, o estudo do ETE de uma semana n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do trombo na pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral, desaparecido somente no &#250;ltimo ETE, considerado de controle (486 dias). </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico "definitivo" do trombo nas pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas foi realizado somente pela resposta ao tratamento institu&#237;do, n&#227;o tendo sido confirmado por nenhuma outra metodologia. Outras anormalidades que poderiam produzir imagens de espessamento e massas nas c&#250;spides, como degenera&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, vegeta&#231;&#227;o, fibrocalcifica&#231;&#227;o ou hematomas, foram exclu&#237;das pelo quadro cl&#237;nico e evolutivo. </p>
    <p>Assim, os resultados favor&#225;veis p&#243;s-tratamento, com o desaparecimento ou redu&#231;&#227;o do tamanho das massas, permitem inferir que provavelmente essas correspondiam a material tromb&#243;tico, opini&#227;o tamb&#233;m compartilhada por outros autores <sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo com outras metodologias, como o Doppler tecidual, poderia ter contribu&#237;do na determina&#231;&#227;o mais definitiva do trombo<sup>47,48</sup>. No trabalho de Bartel e cols<sup>48 </sup>todos os pacientes com trombo em ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e 75% dos pacientes com trombo intraventricular apresentaram uma movimenta&#231;&#227;o coerente, podendo mostrar pequena diferen&#231;a de fase em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tecido adjacente, decorrente de uma oscila&#231;&#227;o atenuada ao Doppler tecidual. Adicionalmente, o Doppler tecidual tamb&#233;m permitiu uma identifica&#231;&#227;o mais instant&#226;nea das estruturas investigadas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao modo-M ou bidimensional<sup>48</sup>. Esse estudo sugere que a trombose de pr&#243;tese mitral, principalmente em pacientes que n&#227;o fazem uso de anticoagulante, pode ser mais prevalente do que previamente descrito. </p>
    <p>Alguns autores<sup>49,50</sup> destacam que devido ao risco maior de tromboembolismo nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s troca valvar biol&#243;gica mitral, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral &#233; freq&#252;entemente recomendada. Pacientes com fatores de risco trombog&#234;nicos, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, epis&#243;dios tromboemb&#243;licos pr&#233;vios e condi&#231;&#245;es de hipercoagulabilidade, podem estar sob maior risco de obstru&#231;&#227;o tromb&#243;tica da pr&#243;tese e, na aus&#234;ncia de contra-indica&#231;&#245;es, poderiam ser mantidos sob terap&#234;utica anticoagulante. </p>
    <p>A suspeita diagn&#243;stica de trombose de pr&#243;tese deve ser feita, na vig&#234;ncia de quadro isqu&#234;mico cerebral ou perif&#233;rico, sintomas progressivos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e/ou gradientes transprot&#233;ticos anormais, em pr&#243;teses sem sinais de degenera&#231;&#227;o importante ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, este estudo demonstrou, o impacto do ETE na defini&#231;&#227;o da causa da obstru&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica e na avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica, acompanhada pela melhora dos sintomas e da fun&#231;&#227;o valvar em todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Dr. Adelino Parro Jr. </p>
        <p> IMC </p>
        <p> Rua Castelo D'&#193;gua, 3030 - </p>
        <p> Cep 15015-210 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="parro@riopreto.com.br">parro@riopreto.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 23/11/00 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 21/1/02</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis: importance of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis and follow-up after treatment</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical and echocardiographic findings of bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis and the value of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in its diagnosis and monitoring of thrombolysis. METHODS: One hundred and eleven patients with mitral bioprostheses underwent TEE, and 4 out of 7 suspected of having a thrombus on these prostheses were included in the study (mean age = 60.2&#177;10.2 years; 2 men). The diagnosis was confirmed with serial TEE and clinical evolution. The morphologic features of the prosthetic leaflets, as well as the presence and characteristics of attached echogenic masses were investigated. The mean gradient through the prosthesis and the valvular area were obtained. RESULTS: The diagnosis of bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis was established 48.7&#177;55.2 months after surgery. Two patients had ischemic stroke in the early postoperative period. The mean overall gradient was high (11.4&#177;3 mmHg) and the valvular area reduced (1.24&#177;0.3 cm&#178;). On TEE, echogenic masses on the left ventricular face of the mitral bioprosthesis suggestive of thrombus were evidenced in all patients. On serial TEE (136&#177;233 days), in 2 patients the thrombus had disappeared and in 2 others it was smaller after treatment, the mean gradient dropped to 6.2&#177;3 mmHg (P = 0.004; 95% CI), and the valvular area increased to 2.07&#177;0.4 (P = NS). CONCLUSION: TEE proved to be useful for detecting bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis and was effective in monitoring the treatment in all patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>bioprosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>transesophageal echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis. Importance of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis and follow-up after treatment</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Adelino Parro Jr; Marta Lancia Carramona; Caio Augusto Ferreira Amaral; Jos&#233; Luiz Balthazar Jacob; Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Mol&#233;stias Cardiovasculares - IMC </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To report the clinical and echocardiographic findings of bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis and the value of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in its diagnosis and monitoring of thrombolysis.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>One hundred and eleven patients with mitral bioprostheses underwent TEE, and 4 out of 7 suspected of having a thrombus on these prostheses were included in the study (mean age = 60.2&#177;10.2 years; 2 men). The diagnosis was confirmed with serial TEE and clinical evolution. The morphologic features of the prosthetic leaflets, as well as the presence and characteristics of attached echogenic masses were investigated. The mean gradient through the prosthesis and the valvular area were obtained.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The diagnosis of bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis was established 48.7&#177;55.2 months after surgery. Two patients had ischemic stroke in the early postoperative period. The mean overall gradient was high (11.4&#177;3 mmHg) and the valvular area reduced (1.24&#177;0.3 cm<sup>2</sup>). On TEE, echogenic masses on the left ventricular face of the mitral bioprosthesis suggestive of thrombus were evidenced in all patients. On serial TEE (136&#177;233 days), in 2 patients the thrombus had disappeared and in 2 others it was smaller after treatment, the mean gradient dropped to 6.2&#177;3 mmHg (P = 0.004; 95% CI), and the valvular area increased to 2.07&#177;0.4 (P = NS).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>TEE proved to be useful for detecting bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis and was effective in monitoring the treatment in all patients. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>thrombosis, bioprosthesis, transesophageal echocardiography</p>
      <p> One of the major advantages of bioprostheses is the fact that they have a low incidence of thrombosis <sup>1 </sup>as compared with that of mechanical prostheses, and, therefore, do not require the use of anticoagulant drugs. </p>
      <p>In an observational study by Grunkemeier and Rahimtoola <sup>2</sup>, the analysis of the risk of thrombosis showed a significant difference between biological and mechanical prostheses. For the mechanical prostheses in the aortic position, the occurrence of thrombosis varied from 0.05% to 0.25% per year. For the bioprosthesis in the aortic position, the occurrence of thrombosis was 0.03% per year. The mitral prostheses followed a similar pattern, with a predominance of thrombosis occurring with the metallic type (0.28 to 0.62% per year) as compared with that with the biologic type (Hancock and Carpentier-Edwards &#150; 0.02 to 0.07% per year)<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of prosthetic valve dysfunction is usually confirmed on autopsy or through the surgical inspection of the removed prostheses, but the noninvasive diagnosis has been used with progressive safety in these cases. </p>
      <p>Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography may be useful instruments for demonstrating obstruction of the bioprosthesis by a thrombus<sup> 4,5</sup>, the first cases being reported in 1976 <sup>6,7</sup>. However, transthoracic echocardiographic images usually do not allow a conclusive approach to thrombus definition due to its imprecision in defining the prosthetic leaflets. </p>
      <p>Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), on the other hand, provides a unique acoustic window for assessing the prosthetic leaflets, particularly in the mitral position, due to the greater proximity of the transducer with the cardiac structures and greater frequency of the crystals used, which results in greater resolution and absence of acoustic interference of the attenuating elements, such as the ribs and lungs, and even the components of the prosthesis <sup>8</sup>. This technique provides accurate images for the definition of the thickness of the leaflets and their mobility, allowing an a dequate diagnosis of calcifications, stenoses, and ruptures <sup>9-12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Nonetheless, the descriptions of bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis on TEE are rare <sup>13-17</sup>. </p>
      <p>In regard to the treatment of metallic prosthetic thrombosis, the thrombolytic agent has been efficient in a significant number of cases <sup>18-21</sup>, although the use of oral anticoagulants prior to the thrombolytic agent has also been effective on some occasions, when one is not dealing with an acute hemodynamic decompensation <sup>22</sup>. </p>
      <p> In bioprosthetic thrombosis, therapy with oral anticoagulant agents has been rarely reported, although the results have been promising <sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>The literature has shown that the effect of thrombolytic agents on this type of prosthesis has proved to be an effective alternative <sup>23,24</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study aims at reporting the echocardiographic findings (particularly those of TEE) in bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis and the role played by echocardiography in monitoring therapeutic efficacy. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred and eleven patients with mitral bioprostheses who underwent transesophageal echocardiography due to different clinical indications between 1994 and 1998 were retrospectively analyzed. Thrombosis was evidenced in 7 patients. In 4 of these patients (mean age = 60.2&#177;10.2 years; 2 males), the diagnosis of thrombosis could be confirmed through clinical evolution and serial assessment on TEE; therefore, the 4 were included in the study. In the remaining cases, although the transesophageal echocardiographic characteristics were suggestive of thrombus, the clinical evolution did not confirm it, and, therefore, the patients were not included in the study. All patients received intravenous heparin for the treatment of thrombosis; on one occasion, streptokinase was added. </p>
      <p>The number of transesophageal echocardiographies performed and the time interval for their performance were decided by the cardiologist responsible for the case. In this analysis, the last transesophageal echocardiography of each patient was considered for comparison with the initial one. The serial echocardiographies were performed by the same examiner. The mean time between the 2 transesophageal echocardiographies was 136&#177;233 days (11 days &#150; 16.2 months). The mitral valve dysfunction was due to the rheumatic cause in all cases. </p>
      <p>Two patients had undergone previous surgery for mitral prosthesis, and none had received a prosthesis in the aortic position. </p>
      <p>Two patients were using oral anticoagulation prior to the echocardiographic diagnosis of thrombosis, and the medication was suspended on the occasion of the surgical procedures (mitral valve re-replacement in 1 case and renal surgery in another). Although the patient undergoing mitral valve re-replacement continued with intravenous heparin, both experienced ischemic stroke in the early postoperative period. </p>
      <p>The following devices were used to perform transthoracic echocardiography: the Toshiba SSH-140 model; the SIM 7000 model of ESAOTE; and the Acuson XP-10 model. The Toshiba SSH-140 model with biplanar transducer was used for TEE. The measurements of the atrial and ventricular cavities were obtained through the left parasternal view, according to previously published recommendations <sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>The thickness and mobility of the leaflets of the mitral valve prostheses were analyzed using apical, parasternal, and subcostal mapping, and the presence of echogenic masses in the leaflets was assessed, as was the presence of left atrial thrombus. </p>
      <p>The mean gradient through the mitral valve prosthesis was assessed with continuous Doppler using the apical 4-chamber view and the simplified Bernoulli equation <sup>26</sup>. The prosthetic mitral valve area was calculated according to the atrioventricular pressure half-time method reported by Hatle et al <sup>27</sup>. </p>
      <p>The presence and degree of mitral insufficiency were analyzed with color Doppler <sup>28</sup>. </p>
      <p>Left ventricular systolic function was assessed through calculation of the ejection fraction according to the method reported by Teichholz et al <sup>29</sup>. </p>
      <p>The jet of tricuspid insufficiency was used to calculate the systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery adding 10 mmHg to the peak gradient through regurgitation <sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>Transesophageal echocardiography was performed with a 5MHz biplane transducer in the longitudinal and transversal planes, in the high and low esophageal, and gastric positions. </p>
      <p>Thickness and mobility of the leaflets were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively; when the measure exceeded 3 mm, the prosthetic leaflet was considered thickened <sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The presence of echogenic masses in the leaflets was investigated, as was the presence of a thrombus in the left atrium or in its appendage. </p>
      <p>The presence and severity of mitral regurgitation were also analyzed on TEE. </p>
      <p>After treatment with an anticoagulant or thrombolytic agent, or both, the same parameters were reassessed on transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. </p>
      <p>The paired Student <italic>t</italic> test was used for comparison between pre- and posttreatment parameters. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis was performed, on average, 48.7&#177;55.2 months after surgery; in 1 patient, it occurred 11 days after surgery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). On the occasion of the echocardiographic diagnosis of thrombus, 1 patient was in NYHA functional class II congestive heart failure, another in functional class IV, and the 2 remaining in functional class I. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0346-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> In 1 of these patients in functional class I, obstruction of the mitral bioprosthesis was found on transthoracic echocardiography in a routine assessment of the prosthesis 1 year after surgery, which showed an elevated transprosthetic gradient and leaflets with reduced mobility. The subsequent TEE showed a thrombus on the prosthesis causing the obstruction. </p>
      <p>The other patient in functional class I underwent transthoracic echocardiography a few weeks after renal surgery due to the occurrence of stroke in the early postoperative period. The gradient through the prosthesis was increased, and the TEE performed on the same day revealed a thrombus on the mitral prosthesis causing the obstruction. </p>
      <p>In the patient with functional class IV congestive heart failure and stroke in the early postoperative period, transthoracic echocardiography showed, in addition to the high prosthetic mitral valve gradient, thickened leaflets with reduced mobility, allowing only partial filling through the prosthetic ring on color flow mapping, raising the suspicion of a thrombus. Later, TEE confirmed these findings. </p>
      <p>The transprosthetic gradient of the patient in functional class II on transthoracic echocardiography was not very elevated (8.8 mmHg), but as the patient's cardiac rhythm was that of atrial fibrillation, cardioversion was considered a possibility in an attempt to improve clinical condition. Prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis was only detected on routine TEE performed prior to cardioversion to investigate the emboligenic source. </p>
      <p>Three patients had atrial fibrillation, and 1 had atrial tachycardia. No patient had fever or clinical suspicion of infective endocarditis. </p>
      <p>All patients were treated with intravenous heparin after the diagnosis of thrombosis, streptokinase being added for 1 patient due to lack of clinical/echocardiographic response to heparin. Oral anticoagulation was administered to all patients after hospital discharge. </p>
      <p>On transthoracic echocardiography, the left atrium ranged from 51 to 60 mm (mean = 55.3&#177;4.1 mm), and left ventricular overall systolic function was decreased only in 1 patient (EF = 35%), who also had a reduced right ventricular overall systolic function. </p>
      <p>In 1 patient, transthoracic echocardiography suggested bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis, and in all patients the mean transprosthetic gradient was elevated, with an overall mean of 11.4&#177;3 mmHg (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). The valvular area was reduced (1.24&#177;0.3 cm<sup>2</sup>), and only 1 patient had mild transprosthetic mitral insufficiency. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0346-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Three patients had tricuspid valvular incompetence, and the systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery could be measured in 2 of them, being elevated in both (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). </p>
      <p>On TEE, the leaflets were thickened and their mobility was reduced in all patients. </p>
      <p>Echogenic masses suggestive of thrombi were seen in all patients carpeting the left ventricular face of the prosthetic leaflets, producing an increase in their thickness (5.7 &#177; 0.9 mm). In 1 patient, thrombi in the left atrial face with a pedunculated aspect were observed, adhered to the atrial margin of the prosthetic leaflet. In 3 patients, the thrombus affected 2 leaflets, and, in 1 patient, the thrombus affected 3 leaflets (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0346-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A thrombus was observed in the left atrium in 2 patients, and formation of spontaneous contrast was seen in all patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). </p>
      <p>In 3 patients, the recent serial TEE (&lt; 1 month) showed a reduction in size or disappearance of the thrombi (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>); in 1 patient, however, the thrombus only disappeared on the second serial TEE (486 days after the initial study). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0346-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p> Intravenous heparin was administered followed by anticoagulation in all patients, and the mitral transprosthetic gradient subsided in 3 patients, 2 of whom also had disappearance of the thrombus, while the third had a decrease in its size. In the fourth patient, the isolated anticoagulant therapy did not have the effect desired, no modification in the transprosthetic gradient (from 9 to 10 mmHg) occurred, and no significant change in leaflet mobility on transthoracic echocardiography was observed. Due to clinical instability with persistence of dyspnea on minimal exertion, streptokinase was chosen to be administered at a dosage of 250,000 IU in bolus and 100,000 IU/h as maintenance until the transthoracic echocardiogram showed a reduction in the transprosthetic gradient, which occurred with 24 hours of infusion (5.6 mmHg). The transesophageal echocardiogram revealed disappearance of the thrombus in the left ventricular face and the presence of a minimum pedunculated mass measuring 3 mm in the margin of the leaflets (atrial face) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>On average, the mean mitral transprosthetic gradient after treatment (isolated anticoagulant in 3 patients and streptokinase + anticoagulant in 1 patient) decreased to 6.2&#177;3 mmHg (P = 0.004 versus basal; 95% CI of the difference 3.1 to 7.3), and the valvular area increased to 2.07&#177;0.4 cm<sup>2</sup> (P = NS). </p>
      <p>Of the 2 patients, in whom pulmonary arterial systolic pressure could be calculated based on the tricuspid regurgitation jet, regression was observed in 1 (32 mmHg), who also had a reduction in the mean transmitral gradient (7.4 mmHg) in this short follow-up period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>). The other patient initially showed a poor response to therapy, evidenced by maintenance of the same dimensions of the thrombus 1 week after the first serial TEE and no effective reduction in the mean transmitral gradient (11 mmHg) and in the pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (60 mmHg) on transthoracic echocardiography on the occasion. Only on the more recent second serial transesophageal echocardiogram (486 days of evolution &#150; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>), the thrombus completely disappeared and a reduction in the mean transmitral gradient (9.5 mmHg) was observed, although the pulmonary pressure levels were maintained (65 mmHg). The left atrial thrombus in the 2 present cases disappeared. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0346-00006-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prosthetic mitral valve dysfunction usually occurs due to rupture or calcification of the leaflets, culminating in valvular insufficiency or stenosis <sup>31,32</sup>. Bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis is rare <sup>2,3</sup>. Thrombosis of the Hancock bioprosthesis was reported in 2/561 (0.3%) patients followed up for a mean period of 2.3 (0.1-7.3) years <sup>33</sup>. </p>
      <p>The low frequency of bioprosthetic thrombosis <sup>1</sup> is one of the major advantages of the bioprostheses as compared with the mechanical type, making the use of oral anticoagulants unnecessary in the long run in the first case <sup>33</sup>. </p>
      <p>However, the real prevalence of thrombosis in patients with mitral bioprosthesis is unknown. Thiene et al <sup>34 </sup>reported that, analyzing the pathologic findings in 50 Hancock bioprostheses placed in the mitral position, thrombus in the leaflets was found in 5 cases (10%), similar to the findings in other reports <sup>35</sup>. These data suggest that the prevalence of bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis could be more representative. </p>
      <p>The frequency of occurrence of mitral bioprosthetic thrombosis on TEE has been controversial in the literature. Kandheria et al <sup>13 </sup>reported only 1 patient among 21 (4.7%) with mitral bioprosthetic thrombosis, and Daniel et al <sup>14 </sup>reported a thrombus in 1 out of 113 (0.8%) patients. On the other hand, Oliver et al <sup>17</sup>, studying 161 (9.3%) patients with mitral bioprosthesis of the porcine type with signs of prosthetic dysfunction assessed on TEE, reported 15 patients with thrombosis, a frequency similar to that of the pathological findings previously reported. </p>
      <p>In our study, 7 (6.3%) patients out of 111 had images suggestive of bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis, 4 of whom were confirmed by clinical response and on serial TEE. In this study, all patients with a bioprosthesis in the mitral position undergoing TEE were analyzed, including those who were investigated for diseases other than the suspicion of prosthetic dysfunction, differently from the study by Oliver et al<sup> 17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Additional factors, such as age, sex, time of cardiac surgery, position of the valve, type of bioprosthesis, atrial cardiac rhythm, anticoagulant therapy, left atrial dimension, and left ventricular systolic/diastolic function, may influence in the formation of the thrombus<sup> 17</sup>. In addition, situations of low transvalvular flow through the bioprosthesis, requiring circulatory assistance with centrifuge pumps<sup> 15</sup>, may propitiate the formation of a thrombus in the early postoperative period. </p>
      <p>In the present study, the left atrium was enlarged in all patients, the ventricular function was decreased in 1, all patients had atrial arrhythmia (3 had atrial fibrillation and 1 had atrial tachycardia), and only 1 patient was receiving anticoagulation (IV heparin) due to early postoperative period. The mean patients' ages were also advanced. The summation of these factors may have contributed to a greater prevalence of prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis in the present series. </p>
      <p>It is important to note the significant role of atrial arrhythmias, mainly atrial fibrillation, in the pathophysiology of atrial thrombus formation, and this could be involved in triggering prosthetic thrombosis. Several studies <sup>36-38</sup> have shown that the dysfunction of the atrial appendage present in certain arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation or flutter, is more related to the formation of spontaneous contrast or intracavitary thrombus, and with a greater occurrence of embolic events. Mugge et al <sup>36</sup> reported that the filling/emptying velocity of the left atrial appendage (reflecting the left atrial appendage function) was decreased (&lt; 25 cm/s) in some patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation, similarly to the group that had rheumatic atrial fibrillation. More embolic phenomena (5/10 patients) were observed in the group with low velocity as compared with the group with higher velocity (1/19 patients; P &lt; 0.05). A greater occurrence of left atrial appendage thrombosis (30 vs 0%) and spontaneous contrast (80 vs 5%) were also observed. </p>
      <p>In the present study, 2 patients had left atrial thrombosis, and all had spontaneous contrast. The left atrial appendage velocity was decreased in 1 patient (0.15 m/s), normal in another (0.46 m/s), and not available in 2 patients, making any conclusion about the significant role played by these data in the pathogenesis of prosthetic thrombosis risky. </p>
      <p>The fact that thrombi are found on the ventricular and not on the atrial face of the prostheses is also relevant, and seems related to low flow, and areas of flow stagnation and turbulence through the prostheses. In an experimental study analyzing the characteristics of the flow through the different types of prostheses in an in vitro model, Schoephoerster et al <sup>39 </sup>showed that, in bioprostheses, the region close to the periphery of the jet was relatively stagnant, and that the shear stress had greater stress in the margins of the jet with the greatest velocity. Yoganathan et al <sup>40</sup> correlated thrombus formation and tissue growth in valves with a single bascule disc with areas of stagnation and low shear rate in the region with the smallest valvular orifice. Some clinical studies also showed that the thrombus may occupy the sinus of the leaflet, either in the mitral <sup>15,16</sup> or in the aortic <sup>16</sup> position, and this fact could also be observed in pathological studies <sup>34</sup>. The preservation of both mitral leaflets may cause relative prosthetic stenosis, and mild abnormalities in blood rheology and local turbulence caused by the remaining leaflets might have a thrombogenic effect <sup>41</sup>. </p>
      <p>In this study, the thrombi were located in the ventricular face of the prostheses (sinuses of the leaflets) in all patients, corroborating the reports about the site of origin of the thrombi in previous studies. </p>
      <p>The period of greater propensity for thrombus development seems not to be well established. Oliver et al <sup>17 </sup>reported that 70% of the patients studied had bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis after an 80-month follow-up of valvular replacement, early thrombosis (5 months) occurring in only 1 case. On the other hand, Hagley et al <sup>15 </sup>reported the occurrence of bioprosthetic mitral valve thrombosis early in the postoperative period related to conditions of low transvalvular flow. In the present study, 1 patient had a thrombus on a mitral prosthesis still in the early postoperative period associated with an episode of stroke. It is worth noting that this patient, although being on intravenous heparin therapy, had multiple factors contributing to thrombus formation, such as enlargement of the left atrium, a reduction in the left ventricular systolic function and atrial fibrillation. The patient evolved with NYHA functional class IV congestive heart failure, being discharged from the intensive care unit only after thrombolytic therapy, when thrombus resolution and a reduction in the transprosthetic gradient were obtained. </p>
      <p>It is worth noting that in another patient the finding of the prosthetic mitral valve thrombus was occasional. The thrombus was suspected on transthoracic echocardiography, which showed a high gradient in an asymptomatic patient, the definitive diagnosis being established on TEE. </p>
      <p>Treatment with thrombolytic agents for thrombosis on prostheses of the biological type has rarely been reported <sup>23,24</sup>. The use of thrombolytic agents has been reported for prostheses in the aortic position with favorable results and complete resolution of the thrombus. The rationale for this is similar to that of their use for mechanical prostheses, and, in our study, this treatment was used for thrombosis of a prosthesis in the mitral position. Our decision was based on the clinical instability of the patient and on nonregression of the initial echocardiographic parameters. The patient's symptoms improved, and echocardiographic resolution of the mass on the bioprosthesis was observed on TEE with no complications resulting from the thrombolytic treatment. </p>
      <p>However, it should be emphasized that the use of thrombolytic agents is not free of complications<sup> 24,42</sup>, especially when considering patients in the early postoperative period. One study <sup>24</sup> reported the occurrence of hemorrhage of the nose and of the venous accesses, which were clinically controlled. </p>
      <p>Therefore, the use of thrombolytic agents should be carefully pondered, being basically restricted to those cases in which the clinical and surgical alternatives have been exhausted due the occurrence of other morbid factors that may impair the patient's evolution <sup>42</sup>. It is important to recall that the use of a thrombolytic agent does not prevent subsequent reinterventions, when indicated, and that the patient may be referred for surgery when in more stable clinical condition. </p>
      <p>In regard to the effect of oral anticoagulants/heparin in thrombus resolution, Oliver et al <sup>17 </sup>and Waksmonski et al <sup>22</sup> showed it to be a safe (no complications, such as embolism or bleeding, being  observed) and effective alternative with improvement of the functional class in all patients during follow-up. In their study, the treatment with oral anticoagulants was effective in 3 patients, and, 1 patient (receiving intravenous heparin and oral anticoagulation) required the additional thrombolytic treatment for thrombus resolution. </p>
      <p>In regard to pulmonary pressure levels, one should recall that, in processes of mitral valvular obstruction, the degree of pulmonary arterial hypertension would be theoretically related to the severity of the stenosis <sup>43</sup>. However, some patients with significant mitral stenosis may not develop pulmonary arterial hypertension. The left atrial pressure elevated by valvular obstruction initially increases pulmonary pressure passively with no significant elevation in pulmonary resistance. Chronically, a significant increase in left atrial pressure causes elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure due to an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, secondary to arteriolar spasm or obstructive vascular changes. Some authors have shown a striking variability among patients in regard to the degree of pulmonary vascular reactivity in response to a chronic elevation in left atrial pressure <sup>43</sup>, but the factors determining this variability remain undefined. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, pulmonary arterial hypertension may regress following valvular clearing, which was shown in patients undergoing procedures for mitral valvular dilation. Prediction of this regression could be related to some clinical and echocardiographic factors, such as age <sup>44</sup>, and to the immediate result of dilation <sup>45</sup>. The initial reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure seems more related to a reduction in pulmonary capillary pressure in the period following percutaneous valvuloplasty, while the additional reduction throughout the first week seems more related to the decrease in pulmonary resistance <sup>46</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although the present study does not assess the specific case of interventional valvular clearance, but of thrombotic clearance, the evolution of pulmonary arterial systolic pressure could be followed up in 2 cases. By the time control TEE (22 days) was performed, only 1 patient showed regression of the pulmonary arterial systolic pressure after treatment (32 mmHg), accompanied by a reduction in the transprosthetic gradient (7.4 mmHg) and an increase in the valvular area (1.6 cm<sup>2</sup>). In the other patient, pulmonary arterial systolic pressure remained elevated (65 mmHg) on control TEE (486 days). In this case, the initial response to anticoagulant therapy did not produce the effect desired, because of the permanence of the thrombus on the prosthesis and the insignificant changes in the pulmonary arterial systolic pressure levels (60 mmHg) and in the transprosthetic gradient (11 mmHg) on the 28th day. This poor initial response to anticoagulant treatment could have contributed to a chronic change in pulmonary vascular resistance. In addition, the patient's more advanced age could have influenced the response of pulmonary arterial systolic pressure to therapy. </p>
      <p>Finally, we emphasize the exceptional role played by TEE in assessing therapy efficacy, because of the demonstration of complete or partial resolution of the thrombus, a fact also reported by Oliver et al <sup>17</sup>. In their study, in 6 cases, transesophageal echocardiography showed the complete disappearance of the thrombus after treatment with oral anticoagulants, and, in 2 cases, a significant reduction in the size of the masses was observed. In our study, disappearance of the masses was observed in 2 cases and a reduction in the thrombotic dimensions in the other 2. </p>
      <p>The time of the examinations was oriented by the clinician responsible for the patient, and, therefore, the degree of resolution of the thrombi after treatment may have been influenced by it. This may be corroborated by the observation that in 1 patient, the transesophageal echocardiogram after 1 week showed no alteration in the size of the thrombus on the mitral bioprosthesis, which only disappeared on the last TEE, considered a control (486 days). </p>
      <p>The "definitive" diagnosis of bioprosthetic thrombosis was established only by the response to the treatment instituted, and was not confirmed by any other methodology. Other abnormalities that could produce images of thickening and masses in the leaflets, such as lipid degeneration, vegetation, fibrocalcification, or hematomas, were excluded based on clinical and evolution findings. </p>
      <p>Therefore, the favorable results after treatment, with size reduction or disappearance of the masses, allow inferring that those may have corresponded to thrombotic material, an opinion also shared by other authors <sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>The use of other methodologies, such as tissue Doppler, may have contributed to a more definitive determination of the thrombus <sup>47,48</sup>. In the study by Bartel et al <sup>48</sup>, all patients with a thrombus in the left atrial appendage and 75% of the patients with an intraventricular thrombus had a coherent leaflet mobility, showing a small phase difference in relation to the adjacent tissue, due to an attenuated oscillation on tissue Doppler. In addition, tissue Doppler also allowed a more instantaneous identification of the structures investigated as compared with that provided by M mode or 2-dimensional echocardiography <sup>48</sup>. This study suggests that thrombosis with a mitral valve prosthesis, mainly in patients not using anticoagulants, may be more prevalent than previously reported. </p>
      <p>Some authors <sup>49,50</sup> emphasize that due to the greater risk of thromboembolism in the first 3 months after biological replacement of mitral valve, oral anticoagulation is frequently recommended. Patients with thrombogenic risk factors, such as atrial fibrillation, enlargement of the left atrium, left ventricular dysfunction, previous thromboembolic episodes and hypercoagulability conditions, may have a greater risk of thrombotic obstruction of the prosthesis, and, in the absence of contraindications, these patients could be maintained under anticoagulant therapy. </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of prosthetic thrombosis should be suspected in a setting of cerebral or peripheral ischemic findings, progressive symptoms of congestive heart failure or abnormal transprosthetic gradients, in prostheses with no significant signs of degeneration on transthoracic echocardiography. </p>
      <p>Finally, this study showed the impact of TEE on the definition of the cause of prosthetic obstruction and on the assessment of therapeutic efficacy, and also the improvement of the symptoms and of valvular function in all patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Correspondence </p>
          <p> Adelino Parro Jr. </p>
          <p> IMC - Rua Castelo D'&#193;gua, 3030</p>
          <p> Cep 15015-210 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="parro@riopreto.com.br">parro@riopreto.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 11/23/00</p>
      <p> Accepted: 1/21//02</p>
      <p> English version Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
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