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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9RSbZQQc3ZrWVYBt9jsdQzN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000400005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Isolamento das veias pulmonares em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente secund&#225;ria a valvopatia mitral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato A.K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago L.L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanni</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miglioransa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria-Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hatem</surname>
            <given-names>Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abrah&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prates</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nesralla</surname>
            <given-names>Ivo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>337</fpage>
      <lpage>341</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar a efic&#225;cia do isolamento cir&#250;rgico das veias pulmonares para restabelecer ritmo sinusal em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial secund&#225;ria &#224; doen&#231;a mitral. M&#201;TODOS: 33 pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valva mitral e com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente, foram submetidos ao isolamento cir&#250;rgico das veias pulmonares, sendo 67% mulheres. M&#233;dia de idade de 56,3&#177;10 anos, classe funcional NYHA pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de 3,2&#177;0,6, tamanho de &#225;trio esquerdo de 5,5&#177; 0,9 cm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 61,3&#177;13%. A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica consistiu de incis&#227;o circunferencial ao redor das 4 veias pulmonares, excis&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e de incis&#227;o perpendicular desde a borda inferior da incis&#227;o, isolando as veias pulmonares, at&#233; o &#226;nulo da valva mitral. Arritmias precoces foram tratadas, agressivamente, com cardiovers&#227;o. RESULTADOS: O seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 23,9&#177;17 meses e ocorreram 3 &#243;bitos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Dez pacientes necessitaram de cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; 87% apresentavam ritmo sinusal na &#250;ltima consulta e 33% estavam em uso de amiodarona. CONCLUS&#195;O: Isolamento das veias pulmonares associado &#224; cirurgia da valva mitral &#233; uma t&#233;cnica efetiva e segura na manuten&#231;&#227;o de ritmo sinusal em pacientes com fribila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>arritmia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia do labirinto</kwd>
        <kwd>fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Isolamento das veias pulmonares em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente secund&#225;ria a valvopatia mitral</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gustavo G. Lima; Renato A.K. Kalil; Tiago L.L. Leiria; Gustavo F. Vanni; Marcelo H. Miglioransa; Daniel L. Faria-Corr&#234;a; Domingos Hatem; Rog&#233;rio Abrah&#227;o; Jo&#227;o R. Sant'Anna; Paulo Prates; Ivo A. Nesralla</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul /Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Analisar a efic&#225;cia do isolamento cir&#250;rgico das veias pulmonares para restabelecer ritmo sinusal em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial secund&#225;ria &#224; doen&#231;a mitral. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> 33 pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valva mitral e com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente, foram submetidos ao isolamento cir&#250;rgico das veias pulmonares, sendo 67% mulheres. M&#233;dia de idade de 56,3&#177;10 anos, classe funcional NYHA pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de 3,2&#177;0,6, tamanho de &#225;trio esquerdo de 5,5&#177; 0,9 cm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 61,3&#177;13%. A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica consistiu de incis&#227;o circunferencial ao redor das 4 veias pulmonares, excis&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e de incis&#227;o perpendicular desde a borda inferior da incis&#227;o, isolando as veias pulmonares, at&#233; o &#226;nulo da valva mitral. Arritmias precoces foram tratadas, agressivamente, com cardiovers&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>O seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 23,9&#177;17 meses e ocorreram 3 &#243;bitos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Dez pacientes necessitaram de cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; 87% apresentavam ritmo sinusal na &#250;ltima consulta e 33% estavam em uso de amiodarona. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Isolamento das veias pulmonares associado &#224; cirurgia da valva mitral &#233; uma t&#233;cnica efetiva e segura na manuten&#231;&#227;o de ritmo sinusal em pacientes com fribila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras chave: </bold>arritmia card&#237;aca, cirurgia do labirinto, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</p>
    <p> Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente &#233; a arritmia de maior preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, ocorrendo, freq&#252;entemente, em pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar mitral<sup>1, 2</sup>. T&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas, como a desenvolvida por Cox e cols. chamada de cirurgia do labirinto<sup>3</sup>, t&#234;m se mostrado efetivas no tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, mesmo quando a arritmia &#233; secundaria &#224; valvopatia<sup>4, 5</sup>. </p>
    <p>O mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico respons&#225;vel pela fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial associada &#224; valvopatia mitral n&#227;o &#233; totalmente conhecido. Harada e cols.<sup>6</sup> sugeriram que essa associa&#231;&#227;o poderia ser desencadeada por descargas el&#233;tricas provenientes do &#225;trio esquerdo. Em trabalho experimental anterior onde fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica foi induzida em c&#227;es, Morillo e cols.<sup>7</sup> demonstraram que a crioabla&#231;&#227;o restrita &#224; parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo era suficiente para eliminar a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e impedir sua reindu&#231;&#227;o. Baseados nesses conhecimentos, Sueda e cols.<sup>8,9</sup> descreveram uma modifica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica da cirurgia do labirinto, em associa&#231;&#227;o com corre&#231;&#227;o valvar, com incis&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas restritas &#224; parte posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo, isolando eletricamente as veias pulmonares e realizando crioabla&#231;&#227;o no &#237;stmo entre a veia cava inferior e a valva tric&#250;spide. Com essa t&#233;cnica, 86% dos pacientes tiveram alta hospitar em ritmo sinusal, sendo que 94% deles com contra&#231;&#227;o atrial efetiva. Melo e cols.<sup>10</sup> relataram sua experi&#234;ncia com a t&#233;cnica de isolamento das veias pulmonares associada &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de valvopatia mitral e dois ter&#231;os da s&#233;rie de 34 pacientes ficaram livres da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Estudos recentes demonstraram zonas de gatilho, no interior das veias pulmonares, que se tornam respons&#225;veis pelo in&#237;cio de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica<sup>11</sup>. Esses fatos levaram ao desenvolvimento de diversas t&#233;cnicas direcionadas ao &#225;trio esquerdo, inclusive com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. </p>
    <p>Devido &#224; limita&#231;&#227;o atual dos procedimentos por cateter e &#224; complexidade das incis&#245;es necess&#225;rias para realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia do labirinto, varia&#231;&#245;es simplificadas desta cirurgia t&#234;m sido relatadas. Essas varia&#231;&#245;es mostraram-se bem sucedidas. Entre essas abordagens est&#227;o o <italic>mini-Maze</italic> restrito ao &#225;trio esquerdo ou at&#233; mesmo simplifica&#231;&#245;es maiores com apenas o isolamento das veias pulmonares<sup>12-15</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a experi&#234;ncia do Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia com uso do isolamento das veias pulmonares em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente, secund&#225;ria &#224; valvopatia mitral, submetidos &#224; cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o valvar. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre julho/1999 e dezembro/2002, 33 pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente (dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 6 meses) e valvopatia mitral com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, atendidos no Instituto de Cardiologia/ Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, foram selecionados para realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, ap&#243;s esclarecimento detalhado da cirurgia e obten&#231;&#227;o de termo de consentimento. Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o para a cirurgia idade &lt; 18 anos, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular &lt; 20%, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, gesta&#231;&#227;o, ades&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas ou n&#227;o concordar com inclus&#227;o no protocolo de pesquisa. O estudo foi aprovado pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica de nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio todos pacientes eram submetidos a eletrocardiograma, anamnese e exame f&#237;sico, bem como revis&#227;o de tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. Ecocardiogramas (modo-M e Doppler) eram realizados, pelo mesmo operador, antes da cirurgia com intuito de avaliar a dimens&#227;o atrial, presen&#231;a de trombos intracavit&#225;rios, severidade da doen&#231;a valvar e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular. </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. Dezesseis pacientes possu&#237;am estenose mitral pura, 13 insufici&#234;ncia mitral, 4 dupla les&#227;o mitral. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 56&#177;10 anos, 66,7% eram mulheres, a classe funcional NYHA pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de 3,2&#177;0,6, o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo de 5,5&#177;0,9 cm e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular de 61,3&#177;13%. Trinta e tr&#234;s por cento dos pacientes estavam em classe funcional IV, 48% em III e 18% em II. O tempo mediano da arritmia antes da cirurgia era de 22 (6 a 240) meses. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0337-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O procedimento cir&#250;rgico de isolamento das veias pulmonares consistiu, ap&#243;s o pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, na realiza&#231;&#227;o de atriotomia esquerda com linha de incis&#227;o correndo paralelamente ao sulco interatrial. Essa incis&#227;o era estendida, fazendo-se com que circundasse as quatro veias pulmonares. Assim a valva mitral era examinada e tratada de acordo com a les&#227;o encontrada. Ap&#243;s o reparo da valva, a incis&#227;o que circundava as veias pulmonares era finalizada, isolando-se essa regi&#227;o do resto do cora&#231;&#227;o. A seguir, era feita uma incis&#227;o perpendicular, iniciada na borda inferior da incis&#227;o, que isola as veias pulmonares, at&#233; o &#226;nulo da valva mitral, tendo-se cuidado para n&#227;o lesar o seio coronariano ou a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa. Eletrocaut&#233;rio era aplicado nos tecidos, junto ao &#226;nulo da valva mitral. Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do reparo valvar e de todas as incis&#245;es, estas eram suturadas com fio monofilamento de polipropileno 3-0 de forma cont&#237;nua em camada &#250;nica. Em seguida, era retirada a pin&#231;a a&#243;rtica e, durante a reperfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, o ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo era ressecado e suturado externamente com o mesmo fio e da mesma forma. De modo diferente do procedimento do labirinto, nenhuma incis&#227;o era realizada entre a linha de sutura do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e a linha de sutura circular que envolvia as veias pulmonares. N&#227;o foi Isolamento das Veias Pulmonares em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Permanente Secund&#225;ria a Valvopatia Mitral utilizada, em nenhum momento, crioabla&#231;&#227;o ou radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o desta t&#233;cnica. Nenhuma incis&#227;o foi feita no &#225;trio direito ou no septo interatrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0337-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados em ambulat&#243;rio espec&#237;fico para a pesquisa. Durante seguimento eram realizados eletrocardiogramas com 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, 30 e 36 meses ap&#243;s cirurgia. Consultas adicionais foram realizadas conforme necessidade cl&#237;nica. Fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda foi avaliada ecocardiograficamente atrav&#233;s da medida da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til atrial, mensurando-se os volumes maior e menor atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo &#225;rea-comprimento e empregando-se a f&#243;rmula volume maior-volume menor / volume maior. </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (fase hospitalar), as arritmias eram tratadas agressivamente. Bradicardias tratadas com marcapasso tempor&#225;rio e taquiarritmias atriais com cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. O uso de medica&#231;&#245;es antiarr&#237;tmicas e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral ficaram a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente de cada paciente, sendo os pesquisadores informados das respectivas condutas. </p>
    <p>Banco de dados foi confeccionado e armazenado no EPI-INFO (vers&#227;o 6.0 OMS). An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica realizada pelo SSPS (SSPS inc, Chicago, IL). Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana e quando necess&#225;rio categorizadas. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram realizadas usando teste c quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e teste t de <italic>Student</italic> para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Nessas compara&#231;&#245;es definimos valor de alfa de 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s pacientes dos 33 casos estudados faleceram no p&#243;s operat&#243;rio: um por sangramento n&#227;o controlado com reinterven&#231;&#227;o, um por choque s&#233;ptico e outro por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria. Durante o seguimento, um paciente necessitou de implante de marcapasso definitivo (DDD) por bloqueio atrioventricular total, mas permanecendo em ritmo sinusal. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref> sumariza dados sobre a popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo, bem como ritmo no seguimento ambulatorial. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0337-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Durante a cirurgia, o tempo m&#233;dio de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico foi de 66&#177;23 min e o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea de 91&#177;33 min. Vinte e quatro pacientes foram submetidos &#224; valvoplastia mitral e 9 a implante de pr&#243;tese valvar (7 biol&#243;gicas e 2 mec&#226;nicas). Cirurgia associada foi realizada em 7 casos. Em 25 pacientes a doen&#231;a valvar era reum&#225;tica e nos demais, degenerativa. </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato evidenciou-se presen&#231;a de ritmo sinusal em 78% dos pacientes (25), fibrila&#231;&#227;o (3) e flutter atrial (3) em 9% e taquicardia atrial em um paciente. Durante a &#250;ltima visita ambulatorial, com tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento de 24 meses, 87% (26/30) dos pacientes estavam em ritmo sinusal. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref> mostra a preval&#234;ncia de ritmo sinusal no seguimento ambulatorial p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio dos pacientes.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0337-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Terapia antiarr&#237;tmica com amiodarona foi utilizada em 33% (n=11) entre o 2&#186; m&#234;s p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e a &#250;ltima revis&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Nenhuma outra droga antiarr&#237;tmica foi utilizada. Dez pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica ap&#243;s 4 semanas de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (RNI 2-3), bem sucedida em todos os casos. N&#227;o foi documentado nenhum epis&#243;dio de revers&#227;o espont&#226;nea para ritmo sinusal dos pacientes que se encontravam em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>Na &#250;ltima consulta do seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio apenas 3 pacientes estavam fazendo uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. Nenhum dos pacientes foi acometido de fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos durante o seguimento. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica evidenciou tamanho m&#233;dio do &#225;trio esquerdo no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de 4,8 cm com diminui&#231;&#227;o no tamanho de 0,7 cm em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (5,5 cm) (p=0,008). </p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda foi avaliada atrav&#233;s da medida da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til atrial, como anteriormente descrita, apresentando uma m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo, no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, de 39 &#177; 13%. Optou-se por n&#227;o avaliar a onda atrial pois a grande maioria dos pacientes era portadora de estenose mitral reum&#225;tica e apresentava fluxo diast&#243;lico de velocidade elevada para mensura&#231;&#227;o com o Doppler puls&#225;til, ou por impossibilidade de disting&#252;ir as ondas E e A. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve melhora na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular com a cirurgia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial est&#225; presente em 30% a 60 % dos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia valvar<sup>16-18</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, cerca de 75% dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial antes da cirurgia permanecem com a arritmia<sup>2,19-22</sup>, especialmente, se ela for de longa dura&#231;&#227;o. Assim, apesar da melhora hemodin&#226;mica ap&#243;s a cirurgia, a propens&#227;o para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanece. Troca ou reparo cir&#250;rgico da valva melhoram a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>23</sup>, mas n&#227;o previnem a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>19,20,22</sup>. </p>
    <p>A cirurgia do labirinto desenvolvida por Cox e cols.<sup>24</sup> demonstrou que o tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial prim&#225;ria &#233; poss&#237;vel. A associa&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica de Cox com a corre&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a valvar mitral tornou-se atraente devido a alta preval&#234;ncia dessas doen&#231;as, e tem se mostrado efetiva<sup>4,5,25,26</sup>. Contudo a complexidade das incis&#245;es necess&#225;rias para realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento do labirinto e a necessidade de instrumental adicional (crioabla&#231;&#227;o) frearam sua difus&#227;o, levando pesquisadores ao desenvolvimento de t&#233;cnicas alternativas simplificadas<sup>14, 15, 27 </sup>. </p>
    <p>Com um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos respons&#225;veis pelo desencadeamento e manuten&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>6-11</sup>, a regi&#227;o posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo e veias pulmonares tornaram-se alvos para abordagens n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas desta arritmia. </p>
    <p>Estudos atuais que avaliaram o controle de ritmo ou freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>28, 29</sup> n&#227;o mostraram benef&#237;cio de uma estrat&#233;gia em rela&#231;&#227;o a outra. Contudo n&#227;o foram avaliados, em n&#250;mero representativo, pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e com valvopatia mitral severa, e poucos casos foram tratados com t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas. </p>
    <p>Assim, apresentamos os resultados a longo prazo de uma t&#233;cnica para o isolamento el&#233;trico da regi&#227;o posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo e das veias pulmonares, sem o uso de crioabla&#231;&#227;o ou radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia, para o tratamento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente, em pacientes submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de valvopatia mitral. Os resultados s&#227;o semelhantes aos j&#225; descritos pelo nosso grupo com a cirurgia do labirinto<sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>Flugelman e cols.<sup>31</sup> demonstraram que ap&#243;s cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o valvar em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial por mais de 3 anos e com &#225;trios maiores do que 5,2 cm, a revers&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o de ritmo sinusal &#233; muito pequena. Por outro lado, em nossa s&#233;rie, mesmo pacientes com grande &#225;trio esquerdo e com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de longa dura&#231;&#227;o (&gt; 6 meses) permaneceram em ritmo sinusal por longo per&#237;odo de seguimento. </p>
    <p>Sueda e cols.<sup>32</sup> demonstraram restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal com procedimento ainda mais simples, sem ressec&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e sem a linha incisional at&#233; o &#226;nulo da valva mitral. Realizamos a excis&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo para diminuir risco de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos intracavit&#225;rios e a incis&#227;o na parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo at&#233; o &#226;nulo mitral, para impedir macro-circuitos reentrantes ao redor da incis&#227;o circunferencial envolvendo as veias pulmonares. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica descrita &#233; mais simples do que a cirurgia do labirinto n&#227;o necessitando de instrumental adicional nem treinamento espec&#237;fico. Apesar do pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes neste estudo, acreditamos que o isolamento das veias pulmonares, em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o mitral, seja efetivo e seguro para manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Gustavo G. Lima </p>
        <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do RS </p>
        <p> Unidade de Pesquisa </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 </p>
        <p> Cep 90620-001 </p>
        <p> Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br </email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 6/3/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 5/8/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Isolation of the pulmonary veins in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation secondary to mitral valve disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of surgical isolation of the pulmonary veins for re-establishing sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation secondary to mitral valve disease. METHODS: Thirty-three (67% were women) patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and indication for surgical correction of the mitral valve underwent surgical isolation of the pulmonary veins. Their mean age was 56.3&#177;10 years, preoperative NYHA functional class was 3.2&#177;0.6, left atrial size was 5.5&#177;0.9 cm, and ejection fraction was 61.3&#177;13%. The surgical technique consisted of a circumferential incision surrounding the 4 pulmonary veins, excision of the left atrial appendage, and a perpendicular incision originating in the inferior margin of the circumferential incision isolating the pulmonary veins down to the mitral valve. Early arrhythmias were aggressively treated with cardioversion. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 23.9&#177;17 months, and 3 patients died in the postoperative period. Ten patients required electrical cardioversion in the postoperative period; 87% had sinus rhythm in the last medical visit, and 33% were using amiodarone. CONCLUSION: Isolation of the pulmonary veins associated with mitral valve surgery is an effective and safe technique for maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>cardiac arrhythmia</kwd>
        <kwd>maze procedure</kwd>
        <kwd>atrial fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Isolation of the pulmonary veins in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation secondary to mitral valve disease</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Gustavo G. Lima; Renato A.K. Kalil; Tiago L.L. Leiria; Gustavo F. Vanni; Marcelo H. Miglioransa; Daniel L. Faria-Corr&#234;a; Domingos Hatem; Rog&#233;rio Abrah&#227;o; Jo&#227;o R. Sant'Anna; Paulo Prates; Ivo A. Nesralla</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the efficacy of surgical isolation of the pulmonary veins for re-establishing sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation secondary to mitral valve disease.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Thirty-three (67% were women) patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and indication for surgical correction of the mitral valve underwent surgical isolation of the pulmonary veins. Their mean age was 56.3&#177;10 years, preoperative NYHA functional class was 3.2&#177;0.6, left atrial size was 5.5&#177;0.9 cm, and ejection fraction was 61.3&#177;13%. The surgical technique consisted of a circumferential incision surrounding the 4 pulmonary veins, excision of the left atrial appendage, and a perpendicular incision originating in the inferior margin of the circumferential incision isolating the pulmonary veins down to the mitral valve. Early arrhythmias were aggressively treated with cardioversion.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The mean follow-up was 23.9&#177;17 months, and 3 patients died in the postoperative period. Ten patients required electrical cardioversion in the postoperative period; 87% had sinus rhythm in the last medical visit, and 33% were using amiodarone.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Isolation of the pulmonary veins associated with mitral valve surgery is an effective and safe technique for maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>cardiac arrhythmia, maze procedure, atrial fibrillation</p>
      <p>Permanent atrial fibrillation is the most prevalent arrhythmia in the general population, and frequently occurs in patients with mitral valve disease <sup>1, 2</sup>. Some surgical techniques, such as the one developed by Cox et al <sup>3</sup>, the Maze procedure, have proved to be effective in the treatment of atrial fibrillation, even when the arrhythmia is secondary to valvular heart disease <sup>4, 5</sup>. </p>
      <p>The pathophysiological mechanism responsible for atrial fibrillation associated with mitral valve disease is not totally understood. Harada et al <sup>6</sup> suggested that this association could be triggered by electric discharges originating in the left atrium. In a previous experimental study, in which chronic atrial fibrillation was induced in dogs, Morillo et al <sup>7</sup> showed that cryoablation restricted to the left atrial posterior wall was sufficient to eliminate atrial fibrillation and to prevent its reinduction. </p>
      <p>Based on this knowledge, Sueda et al <sup>8,9</sup> reported a modification in the Maze procedure in association with valvular correction, with surgical incisions restricted to the posterior part of the left atrium, electrically isolating the pulmonary veins and performing cryoablation in the isthmus between the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid valve. Using this technique, 86% of the patients were in sinus rhythm when discharged from the hospital, 94% of them having effective atrial contraction. Melo et al <sup>10</sup> reported their experience with the technique of pulmonary vein isolation in association with correction of the mitral valve disease, and atrial fibrillation was corrected in two thirds of their series of 34 patients. Recent studies have shown triggering zones inside the pulmonary veins responsible for starting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation <sup>11</sup>. These facts led to the development of several techniques directed to the left atrium, including catheter ablation. </p>
      <p>Due to the current limitation of catheter procedures and the complexity of the incisions necessary for performing the Maze procedure, simplified variations of this surgery have been reported. These variations proved to be successful. The mini-Maze procedure, restricted to the left atrium, or even greater simplifications comprising only pulmonary vein isolation are among those variations <sup>12-15</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at reporting our experience at the Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia with pulmonary vein isolation in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation secondary to mitral valve disease, who underwent surgical valvular correction. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From July 1999 to December 2002, 33 patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (duration &gt; 6 months) and mitral valve disease with surgical indication, who had sought the Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, were selected to undergo the procedure after a detailed explanation about the surgery and signing the written informed consent. The exclusion criteria for surgery were as follows: age &lt; 18 years; paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 20%; previous cardiac surgery; pregnancy; pericardial adhesions; or lack of concordance with inclusion in the research protocol. Our institution's ethics committee approved the study. </p>
      <p>In the preoperative period, all patients underwent electrocardiography, anamnesis, and physical examination, and the electrocardiographic tracings were reviewed. Echocardiographies (M mode and Doppler) were performed by the same operator prior to surgery, aiming at assessing atrial dimensions, presence of intracavitary thrombi, severity of the valvular disease, and ventricular ejection fraction. </p>
      <p>The preoperative clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. Sixteen patients had isolated mitral stenosis, 13 had mitral valve insufficiency, and 4 had double mitral valve lesion. The mean age was 56&#177;10 years, 66.7% were women, the preoperative NYHA functional class was 3.2&#177;0.6, the left atrial size was 5.5&#177;0.9 cm, and the ventricular ejection fraction was 61.3&#177;13%. Thirty-three per cent of the patients were in functional class IV, 48% in functional class III, and 18% in functional class II. The median time of arrhythmia prior to surgery was 22 (6 to 240) months. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0337-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>After aortic clamping, the surgical procedure of pulmonary vein isolation consisted of left atriotomy with an incision line parallel to the interatrial sulcus. This incision was extended to surround the 4 pulmonary veins. This way, the mitral valve was examined and treated according to the lesion found. After repairing the valve, the incision surrounding the pulmonary veins was finished, isolating this region from the rest of the heart. Then, a perpendicular incision was performed, beginning in the inferior margin of the incision that isolates the pulmonary veins and extending to the mitral valve ring, taking care not to damage the coronary sinus or the circumflex coronary artery. An electrocautery was applied to the tissues next to the mitral valve ring. After finishing the valvular repair and all incisions, these were continuously sutured with a monofilament thread of 3-0 polypropylene in a single layer. Then, the aortic clamp was removed during myocardial reperfusion, and the left atrial appendage was resected and externally sutured with the same thread and in the same way. Differently from the Maze procedure, no incision was performed between the suture line of the left atrial appendage and the circular suture line surrounding the pulmonary veins. Neither cryoablation nor radiofrequency were used during the performance of this technique. No incision was performed in the right atrium or in the interatrial septum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0337-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>All patients were followed up in an ambulatory unit dedicated to research. During follow-up, electrocardiograms were performed at 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, 30 and 36 months after surgery. Additional medical visits occurred according to clinical need. The left atrial function was echocardiographically assessed by measuring the atrial contractile function, measuring the greatest and smallest volumes with the area-length method and using the formula: (greatest volume &#8211; smallest volume)/greatest volume. </p>
      <p>In the immediate postoperative period (hospital phase), arrhythmias were aggressively treated. Bradycardias were treated with a transient pacemaker and atrial tachyarrhythmias were treated with electric cardioversion. The use of antiarrhythmic medications and oral anticoagulation were up to the attending physician, the researchers being informed about the respective managements. </p>
      <p>A databank was built and stored in EPI-INFO (version 6.0 WHO). The statistical analysis was performed with SSPS (SSPS inc, Chicago, IL). Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and median and were categorized when necessary. The pre- and postoperative periods were compared with the chi-square test for categorical variables and the Student <italic>t</italic> test for continuous variables. For these comparisons, the value of alpha = 0.05 was adopted as statistically significant. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Three of the 33 patients studied died in the postoperative period: 1 due to uncontrolled bleeding with reintervention, 1 due to septic shock, and another due to refractory heart failure. During follow-up, 1 patient required implantation of a definitive pacemaker (DDD) because of total atrioventricular block, but remained in sinus rhythm. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table II</xref> summarizes the data about the population studied, including the cardiac rhythm during follow-up. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0337-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>During surgery, the mean time of aortic clamping was 66&#177;23 minutes and that of extracorporeal circulation was 91&#177;33 minutes. Twenty-four patients underwent mitral valvuloplasty, and 9 underwent prosthetic valve implantation (7 biological and 2 mechanical). Associated surgery was performed in 7 patients. In 25 patients, the valvular heart disease was rheumatic, and, in the remaining, it was degenerative. </p>
      <p>In the immediate postoperative period, sinus rhythm was evidenced in 78% of the patients (25), atrial fibrillation (3), and flutter (3) in 9%, and atrial tachycardia in 1 patient. During the last ambulatory unit visit, with a mean follow-up time of 24 months, 87% (26/30) of the patients were in sinus rhythm. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the prevalence of sinus rhythm on the postoperative ambulatory follow-up of patients. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0337-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Antiarrhythmic therapy with amiodarone was administered to 33% (n=11) of the patients between the second postoperative month and the last clinical review, and no other antiarrhythmic drug was used. Ten patients underwent electrical cardioversion after 4 weeks of anticoagulation (INR 2-3), which was successful in all cases. No episode of spontaneous reversion to sinus rhythm was observed among the patients with atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period. </p>
      <p>In the last medical visit of the postoperative follow-up, only 3 patients were receiving oral anticoagulation. None of the patients experienced thromboembolic phenomena during follow-up. </p>
      <p>The echocardiographic analysis evidenced a left atrium of middle size in the postoperative period (4.8 cm), representing a 0,7 cm reduction as compared with that in the preoperative period (5.5 cm) (P = 0.008). </p>
      <p>Left atrial function was assessed by measuring atrial contractile function, as previously described, and with a mean left atrial ejection fraction of 39&#177;13% in the postoperative period. We chose not to assess the atrial wave because most patients had rheumatic mitral stenosis and an elevated diastolic flow velocity to be measured on pulsed Doppler or because of the impossibility of distinguishing the E and A waves. </p>
      <p>No improvement in the ventricular ejection fraction occurred with surgery. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation was present in 30% to 60% of the patients undergoing valvular surgery <sup>16-18</sup>. In addition, approximately 75% of the patients with atrial fibrillation prior to surgery remain with the arrhythmia <sup>2,19-22</sup>, especially when it was a long-term arrhythmia. So, despite the hemodynamic improvement after surgery, the tendency toward atrial fibrillation remain. Valvular replacement or surgical repair improved cardiac function <sup>23</sup>, but did not prevent atrial fibrillation from occurring <sup>19,20,22</sup>. </p>
      <p> The Maze procedure developed by Cox et al <sup>24</sup> showed that the nonpharmacological treatment of primary atrial fibrillation is possible. The association of the Cox technique with mitral valve disease correction became attractive due to the high prevalence of this disease, and it has proved to be effective <sup>4,5,25,26</sup>. However, the complexity of the incisions necessary for performing the Maze procedure and the need for additional instrumentation (cryoablation) hindered its diffusion, leading the researchers to develop simplified alternative techniques <sup>14, 15, 27 </sup>. </p>
      <p>With a better understanding of the electrophysiological mechanisms responsible for triggering and maintaining atrial fibrillation <sup>6-11</sup>, the posterior region of the left atrium and pulmonary veins became targets for nonpharmacological approaches to this arrhythmia. </p>
      <p>Current studies assessing the control of cardiac rhythm or heart rate in atrial fibrillation <sup>28,29</sup> did not show any benefit of one strategy in relation to the other. However, a representative number of patients with heart failure and severe mitral valve disease were not assessed, and few patients were treated with nonpharmacological techniques. </p>
      <p>Thus, we report the long-term results of a technique for electrical isolation of the posterior region of the left atrium and the pulmonary veins, without using cryoablation or radiofrequency, for treating permanent atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing mitral valve correction. The results are similar to those already reported by our group with the Maze procedure <sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>Flugelman et al <sup>31</sup> reported that, after surgery for valve correction in patients with atrial fibrillation for more than 3 years and with atria larger than 5.2 cm, the chances of reversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm are very small. On the other hand, in our case series, even patients with a large left atrium and long-term atrial fibrillation (&gt; 6 months) remained in sinus rhythm for a long follow-up period. </p>
      <p>Sueda et al <sup>32</sup> reported recovery of sinus rhythm with an even simpler procedure without resection of the left atrial appendage and without the incisional line down to the mitral valve ring. We excised the left atrial appendage to reduce the risk of formation of intracavitary thrombi and performed the incision in the left atrial posterior wall until reaching the mitral ring to prevent the formation of reentrant macrocircuits around the circumferential incision involving the pulmonary veins. </p>
      <p>The technique described is simpler than the Maze procedure and does not require additional instruments or specific training. Despite the reduced number of patients in this study, we believe that isolation of the pulmonary veins in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing mitral correction is effective and safe for maintaining sinus rhythm.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Correspondence </p>
          <p> Gustavo G. Lima</p>
          <p> Instituto de Cardiologia do RS</p>
          <p> Unidade de Pesquisa</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 </p>
          <p> Cep 90620-001</p>
          <p> Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 3/6/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 8/5/03</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
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