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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">44jqxrMynZwZXQfqYRFmSPm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200404</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000400004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A ecocardiografia com contraste no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em candidatos ao transplante hep&#225;tico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pavarino</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corbucci</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lio Augusto do Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchi</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mata</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Fernanda da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>327</fpage>
      <lpage>331</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a import&#226;ncia da ecocardiografia com contraste no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares (DVP) em portadores de doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas cr&#244;nicas, candidatos ao transplante. M&#201;TODOS: O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) com imagem em segunda harm&#244;nica foi realizado em 76 pacientes, dos quais, 32 foram submetidos consecutivamente ao estudo transesof&#225;gico (ETE). O contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fco foi obtido por microbolhas geradas pela inje&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada, em acesso venoso perif&#233;rico. Considerou-se como positivo quando detectada a presen&#231;a anormal de contraste em c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas, com um atraso de 4 a 6 ciclos card&#237;acos, ap&#243;s opacifica&#231;&#227;o inicial das c&#226;maras direitas. RESULTADOS: O diagn&#243;stico de DVP foi realizado em 53,9% dos pacientes (41/76). A sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia do ETT em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ETE foi respectivamente de 75%, 100%, 100%, 80% e 87,5%. O ecocardiograma foi positivo em 37 (55,2%) dos 67 pacientes n&#227;o hipox&#234;micos e em 4 (44,4%) dos 9 hipox&#234;micos. N&#227;o foi observada qualquer repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica cardiol&#243;gica decorrente do shunt intrapulmonar. CONCLUS&#195;O: A ecocardiografia com contraste mostrou-se eficaz, de utiliza&#231;&#227;o f&#225;cil e segura para o rastreamento e identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em candidatos ao transplante hep&#225;tico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>ecocardiografia com contraste</kwd>
        <kwd>dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares</kwd>
        <kwd>transplante hep&#225;tico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia com contraste no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em candidatos ao transplante hep&#225;tico</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo Roberto Pavarino; H&#233;lio Augusto do Reis Corbucci; Carlos Henrique de Marchi; Paula Fernanda da Mata; Moacir Fernandes de Godoy</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital de Base e Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - SP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar a import&#226;ncia da ecocardiografia com contraste no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares (DVP) em portadores de doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas cr&#244;nicas, candidatos ao transplante. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) com imagem em segunda harm&#244;nica foi realizado em 76 pacientes, dos quais, 32 foram submetidos consecutivamente ao estudo transesof&#225;gico (ETE). O contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fco foi obtido por microbolhas geradas pela inje&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina agitada, em acesso venoso perif&#233;rico. Considerou-se como positivo quando detectada a presen&#231;a anormal de contraste em c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas, com um atraso de 4 a 6 ciclos card&#237;acos, ap&#243;s opacifica&#231;&#227;o inicial das c&#226;maras direitas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>O diagn&#243;stico de DVP foi realizado em 53,9% dos pacientes (41/76). A sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acur&#225;cia do ETT em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ETE foi respectivamente de 75%, 100%, 100%, 80% e 87,5%. O ecocardiograma foi positivo em 37 (55,2%) dos 67 pacientes n&#227;o hipox&#234;micos e em 4 (44,4%) dos 9 hipox&#234;micos. N&#227;o foi observada qualquer repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica cardiol&#243;gica decorrente do shunt intrapulmonar. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A ecocardiografia com contraste mostrou-se eficaz, de utiliza&#231;&#227;o f&#225;cil e segura para o rastreamento e identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em candidatos ao transplante hep&#225;tico. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>ecocardiografia com contraste, dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares, transplante hep&#225;tico</p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica e dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares &#233; enfatizada por diversos autores h&#225; v&#225;rios anos, o que permitiu conhecer aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da hipoxemia arterial encontrada em alguns pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica denominada s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar. Esta condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; caracterizada pela tr&#237;ade de disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, dilata&#231;&#227;o vascular intrapulmonar e hipoxemia<sup>1-11</sup>. A vasodilata&#231;&#227;o capilar pulmonar &#233; complica&#231;&#227;o extra-hep&#225;tica de doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica grave, provavelmente por media&#231;&#227;o vasoativa do &#243;xido n&#237;trico <sup>2,7,11-13</sup>, promovendo a ocorr&#234;ncia de shunt direita-esquerda intrapulmonar, com conseq&#252;ente altera&#231;&#227;o na difus&#227;o alveolo-capilar e desequil&#237;brio ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o pulmonar<sup>1,9,11,14,15</sup>. Em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, tanto a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o arterial, como as comunica&#231;&#245;es arteriovenosas pulmonares verdadeiras podem estar presentes<sup>1,15</sup>. Os pacientes podem apresentar gasometria arterial normal ou hipoxemia arterial em 9-29% dos casos, grave e associada &#224; cianose e dispn&#233;ia. <sup>1,3,7,16,17</sup>. Condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas com d&#233;bito card&#237;aco elevado, resist&#234;ncias vasculares sist&#234;mica e pulmonar baixas e redu&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do de oxig&#234;nio arterial e venoso misto, podem estar presentes<sup>1,5-7,10-12,18</sup>. </p>
    <p>Entre os m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos utilizados para identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em pacientes com doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas cr&#244;nicas, incluem-se a ecocardiografia com contraste, a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o pulmonar com macroagregado de albumina marcado com tecn&#233;cio<sup>99</sup> e a angiografia pulmonar. A ecocardiografia com contraste &#233; considerada padr&#227;o-ouro no diagn&#243;stico desta condi&#231;&#227;o, apresentando in&#250;meras vantagens sobre outros m&#233;todos, permitindo, inclusive, detectar shunts intrapulmonares em pacientes com estudo angiogr&#225;fico e/ou gasometria arterial normal. Estudos recentes destacam a superioridade diagn&#243;stica da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica com contraste na pesquisa de altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares neste grupo de pacientes<sup>3,6,12,16-19-26</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os resultados da ecocardiografia com contraste, nas modalidades transtor&#225;cica e transesof&#225;gica e determinar sua import&#226;ncia no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em candidatos ao transplante hep&#225;tico. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia com contraste foi realizada, consecutivamente, em 76 pacientes que apresentavam doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas graves e avan&#231;adas, inclu&#237;dos no protocolo de transplante hep&#225;tico. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as pulmonares cr&#244;nicas, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas com comunica&#231;&#245;es intracard&#237;acas. O estudo foi realizado ap&#243;s esclarecimento individual sobre os objetivos da investiga&#231;&#227;o e consentimento escrito, p&#243;s-informado. O protocolo de pesquisa foi avaliado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 44 &#177; 14,6 anos, sendo 59 (77,6%) homens e 18 (22,4%) mulheres. Dos 76 pacientes com hepatopatia avan&#231;ada, 72 apresentavam diagn&#243;stico de cirrose hep&#225;tica e 4 de fibrose hep&#225;tica. Entre os pacientes com les&#227;o hepatocelular, 12 apresentavam cirrose alco&#243;lica, 9 hepatite B, 16 hepatite C, 3 hepatite B e C, 15 cirrose mista (hepatite B e/ou C associada ao &#225;lcool), 9 cirrose criptog&#234;nica, 2 cirrose auto-imune, 3 cirrose biliar (obstru&#231;&#227;o biliar prim&#225;ria), 1 hemocromatose, 1 esteato-hepatite n&#227;o alco&#243;lica e 1 doen&#231;a de Wilson. Dos pacientes com fibrose intra-hep&#225;tica ou extra-hep&#225;tica, 1 apresentava esquistossomose, 1 paracoccidiodomicose e 2 doen&#231;as veno-oclusivas (1 trombose de veia porta, 1 s&#237;ndrome de Budd-Chiari). </p>
    <p>Foram utilizados equipamentos da marca ATL (<italic>Advanced Technology Laboratories Inc.,Bothel, USA</italic>) para obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens bidimensionais, de acordo com t&#233;cnicas e cortes previamente estabelecidos, com o paciente em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo<sup>27</sup>. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com contraste foi realizada em aparelho HDI 5000 com transdutor <italic>phased array</italic> eletr&#244;nico de banda larga com freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 2 a 4 MHz, utilizando-se a imagem em segunda harm&#244;nica em todos os exames, a fim de reduzir artefatos de imagem e aumentar a resolu&#231;&#227;o do contraste. A ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica com contraste foi realizada em aparelho Apogee CX 200, com introdu&#231;&#227;o de sonda esof&#225;gica multiplanar de 5,0 MHz a uma profundidade de aproximadamente 30 cm da arcada dent&#225;ria, ap&#243;s anestesia t&#243;pica da faringe. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do corte ecocardiogr&#225;fico de 4 c&#226;maras permitiu a visibiliza&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea dos &#225;trios e, quando poss&#237;vel, das veias pulmonares superiores esquerda e direita <sup>28,29</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foram realizadas medidas do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, dimens&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, obten&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pelo m&#233;todo de cubagem dos di&#226;metros e estimativa da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito pela regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide, utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o modificada de Bernoulli <sup>28,30-33</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi desenvolvido seguindo os m&#233;todos publicados por Krowka e cols.<sup>11</sup> e Aller e cols<sup>3</sup>. As microbolhas foram produzidas manualmente, promovendo-se a transfer&#234;ncia de 10 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o salina entre 2 seringas conectadas em equipo de tr&#234;s vias, por 10 a 15 vezes, e, a seguir, administrada rapidamente em acesso venoso perif&#233;rico. O estudo foi considerado positivo, quando detectada a presen&#231;a anormal de contraste em c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas, com um atraso de 4 a 6 ciclos card&#237;acos, ap&#243;s opacifica&#231;&#227;o inicial das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Em geral foram feitas tr&#234;s inje&#231;&#245;es para determinar a reprodutibilidade; os resultados foram gravados em fitas de videocassete, e analisados por dois observadores. As inje&#231;&#245;es subseq&#252;entes foram iniciadas somente ap&#243;s completa remo&#231;&#227;o das microbolhas das cavidades direita e esquerda. De acordo com a opacifica&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo, realizou-se an&#225;lise semiquantitativa das microbolhas, seguindo os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos por Aller e cols<sup>3</sup>. A compara&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da intensidade m&#225;xima das imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas produzidas pelas microbolhas entre as cavidades card&#237;acas direita e esquerdas, permitiu considerar como grau 1, a aus&#234;ncia de microbolhas; grau 2, a passagem de poucas microbolhas isoladas; grau 3, a passagem de numerosas microbolhas isoladas; grau 4, a passagem de numerosas microbolhas resultando em aumento da ecogenicidade; grau 5, a opacifica&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo, mas em grau menor que o &#225;trio direito; grau 6, a opacifica&#231;&#227;o completa do &#225;trio esquerdo similar ao &#225;trio direito. Os graus 1 e 2 foram considerados normais ou aus&#234;ncia de vasodilata&#231;&#245;es pulmonares; o grau 3 como presen&#231;a de discretas vasodilata&#231;&#245;es pulmonares, e finalmente, os graus 4 a 6 como vasodilata&#231;&#245;es pulmonares significativas ou importantes.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0327-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio (PaO<sub>2</sub>) foi determinada em amostras de sangue arterial, colhidas da art&#233;ria radial, em ar ambiente, o mais pr&#243;ximo poss&#237;vel do dia do estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico (1-3 dias). O valor da PaO<sub>2</sub>, quando &lt; 70 mmHg, foi considerado indicativo de hipoxemia arterial. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas com aux&#237;lio do teste t de Student, empregando-se a corre&#231;&#227;o de Tukey, caso necess&#225;rio. A compara&#231;&#227;o das freq&#252;&#234;ncias foi realizada com aux&#237;lio do teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. Admitiu-se erro alfa de 5%, sendo considerados significantes os valores de P<underline>&lt;</underline>0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos foram bem tolerados e o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico p&#244;de ser realizado sem complica&#231;&#245;es. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia com contraste, transtor&#225;cica e transesof&#225;gica, permitiu demonstrar a presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares em 53,9% (41/76) dos pacientes. No estudo transtor&#225;cico, isoladamente, observou-se uma preval&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em 48,7% (37/76) dos casos. Dos 32 pacientes submetidos, consecutivamente, ao estudo transesof&#225;gico, 16 (50%) apresentaram ecocardiograma com contraste positivo (P = 1,0; teste exato de Fisher). Quatro pacientes com estudo transtor&#225;cico, inicialmente inconclusivo, foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico e considerados positivos. A s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar esteve presente em apenas 4 (5,3%) pacientes. Seguindo os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos por Aller e cols.<sup>3</sup>, 16 (21%) pacientes apresentavam vasodilata&#231;&#245;es pulmonares discretas; 25 (33%) vasodilata&#231;&#245;es pulmonares significantes e os 35 (46%) restantes estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico normal. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou sensibilidade de 75%, especificidade de 100%, valor preditivo positivo de 100%, valor preditivo negativo de 80% e acur&#225;cia de 87,5%, no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares, quando comparado ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, considerado padr&#227;o ouro. </p>
    <p>Analisando-se a etiologia da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, 28 (46,7%) dos 60 pacientes com cirrose por destrui&#231;&#227;o hepatocelular, 8 (88,9%) de 9 pacientes com cirrose criptog&#234;nica, 3 com cirrose biliar e 2 com cirrose por doen&#231;as veno-oclusivas apresentaram ecocardiograma positivo. Comparando-se os resultados de pacientes com cirrose criptog&#234;nica com dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares aos pacientes com todas as outras etiologias, pelo teste do c<sup>2</sup>, n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre os grupos (P = 0,059). Entretanto, ao se comparar a cirrose criptog&#234;nica isoladamente, com as que cursam com destrui&#231;&#227;o hepatocelular, a diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significativa (P = 0,044). </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis gasom&#233;tricas e ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. A hipoxemia arterial esteve presente em 9 (15,9%) dos 76 pacientes, sendo que, apenas 4 (44,4%) apresentaram evid&#234;ncias de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares. Dos 67 pacientes sem hipoxemia arterial, 37 (55,2%) apresentaram ecocardiograma positivo. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0327-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As mudan&#231;as vasculares pulmonares encontradas em hepatopatas cr&#244;nicos s&#227;o vasodilata&#231;&#245;es disseminadas com di&#226;metros variando de 15 a 150 mm, mais not&#225;vel em n&#237;vel capilar e pr&#243;ximo &#224;s &#225;reas de trocas gasosas. O desvio de fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar para os capilares dilatados evita unidades alveolares funcionantes, comprometendo a rela&#231;&#227;o difus&#227;o-perfus&#227;o pulmonar, com conseq&#252;ente queda na satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio<sup>1,5,7,9-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>As anormalidades vasculares intrapulmonares n&#227;o s&#227;o detectadas rotineiramente, por sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o incomum na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e por apresentar aspectos inespec&#237;ficos em exames de rotina<sup>34</sup>. Estudos com ecocardiografia de contraste em pacientes com cirrose hep&#225;tica grave mostram exist&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em 13 a 47% dos pacientes, mesmo em estudos angiogr&#225;ficos normais<sup>1,3,4,7,11,16,17,35,36</sup>. Em nossso estudo, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares, utilizando-se a ecocardiografia com contraste, foi poss&#237;vel em 41 dos 76 pacientes estudados, ou seja, 53,9% dos casos, resultados semelhantes aos da literatura. </p>
    <p>Estudos de Vedrinne e cols.<sup>24 </sup>e Aller e cols.<sup>3 </sup>demonstraram a superioridade da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica com contraste no diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares em candidatos ao transplante hep&#225;tico<sup>3,24,25</sup>. A ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, considerada padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares, em nosso estudo, permitiu demonstrar a presen&#231;a dessa condi&#231;&#227;o em 50% (16/32) dos casos. Em quatro pacientes, com estudo transtor&#225;cico previamente inconclusivo, por janela ac&#250;stica inadequada, somente foi poss&#237;vel a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares ap&#243;s utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de imagem em segunda harm&#244;nica no ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, em nosso estudo, contribuiu de forma significativa para obten&#231;&#227;o de resultados satisfat&#243;rios e semelhantes ao estudo transesof&#225;gico. Ao se comparar a propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares diagnosticada pelos ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cico e transesof&#225;gico, pelo teste de Fisher, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os achados (P=1), mostrando que a efic&#225;cia dos dois m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos &#233; equivalente. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados da ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e transesof&#225;gica com contraste, realizada consecutivamente em 32 pacientes, demonstrou sensibilidade de 75%, especificidade de 100%, valor preditivo positivo de 100%, valor preditivo negativo de 80% e acur&#225;cia de 87,5%, o que valida a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com contraste e imagem em segunda harm&#244;nica como um teste diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido, seguro, incruento, confi&#225;vel e barato, no estudo desses pacientes. </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar, geralmente relatada em 9 a 29% dos casos de insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica<sup>1,3,7,16,17</sup>, em nosso estudo, foi encontrada em 5,3% dos casos, ou seja, em apenas 4 pacientes. No presente estudo, o grau de oxigena&#231;&#227;o arterial n&#227;o apresentou qualquer correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica com a ocorr&#234;ncia de ecocardiograma positivo. Estes achados s&#227;o semelhantes aos de Krowka e cols.<sup>18</sup>, que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o entre anormalidades vasculares pulmonares e gases sang&#252;&#237;neos, em pacientes com ecocardiograma positivo (13,2% dos casos) comparado &#224;queles com estudo normal. Mimidis e cols.<sup>4 </sup>tamb&#233;m encontraram gasometria arterial normal em 56 indiv&#237;duos cirr&#243;ticos, sendo que apenas 8 (14,3%) apresentavam ecocardiograma com contraste positivo. Vedrinne e cols.<sup>24</sup>, entretanto, encontraram hipoxemia em 56% e 33% dos pacientes, com shunts intrapulmonares diagnosticados pela ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica e transtor&#225;cica, respectivamente. Quanto aos valores da PaO<sub>2 </sub>m&#233;dia encontrados neste estudo, foram semelhantes nos diferentes graus de opacifica&#231;&#227;o de cavidades card&#237;acas esquerdas (P= 0,859), a despeito dos resultados de Hopkins e cols.<sup>36</sup>, cujos valores foram significativamente menores em indiv&#237;duos com opacifica&#231;&#227;o maior das cavidades esquerdas (P &lt; 0,01). Diante de nossos resultados, &#233; poss&#237;vel afirmar que eventuais anormalidades da oxigena&#231;&#227;o arterial em pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica n&#227;o devem ser consideradas indicadoras de shunts intrapulmonares e, isoladamente, n&#227;o diagnosticam esta condi&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Frente a uma prov&#225;vel condi&#231;&#227;o circulat&#243;ria hiperdin&#226;mica existente em indiv&#237;duos com shunts vasculares intrapulmonares, que pudesse ocasionar altera&#231;&#245;es de di&#226;metro e volume das cavidades esquerdas ou de press&#227;o no leito vascular pulmonar, o presente estudo n&#227;o encontrou qualquer correla&#231;&#227;o entre estas vari&#225;veis e o diagn&#243;stico de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares &#224; ecocardiografia com contraste. Quanto aos achados da etiologia da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, apesar de interessantes, n&#227;o apresentam suporte fisiopatol&#243;gico que permita afirmar que dist&#250;rbios vasculares pulmonares sejam mais freq&#252;entes em determinados grupos de pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <p>Em resumo, a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com contraste por microbolhas, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de imagem em segunda harm&#244;nica, deve ser recomendada na avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina e seguimento evolutivo de pacientes com doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas graves, candidatos ao transplante hep&#225;tico, para identifica&#231;&#227;o de dilata&#231;&#245;es vasculares intrapulmonares ou diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar. Os casos inconclusivos, com forte suspeita cl&#237;nica, devem ser submetidos ao estudo transesof&#225;gico. O significado cl&#237;nico destes achados no progn&#243;stico de pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica terminal aguarda estudos futuros.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Paulo Roberto Pavarino </p>
        <p> Rua Jos&#233; Felipe Antonio, 303/32 Bl.7 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP </p>
        <p> Cep 15090-430 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pavarino@cardiol.br">pavarino@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para Publica&#231;&#227;o em 10/3/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 9/8/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilations in patients eligible for liver transplantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the importance of contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilations (PVD) in patients with severe hepatic diseases, eligible for transplantation. METHODS: Transthoracic ecocardiography (TTE) with second harmonic imaging was performed in 76 patients, among them 32 patients were consecutively undergone to a transesophageal study (ETE). Echocardiographic contrast was obtained from microbubbles derived from the injection of agitated saline solution, in venous peripheral access. Abnormal presence of contrast in the left cardiac chambers was considered positive, with a delay of 4 to 6 cardiac cycles , after initial opacicification of the right cardiac chambers. RESULTS: PVD diagnosis was performed in 53.9% of the patients (41/76). Sensibility, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the TTE in relation to the ETE was 75%, 100%, 100%, 80% e 87.5%, respectively. Echocardiography was positive in 37 (55.2%) of 67 nonhypoxemic patients, and in 4 (44.4%) hypoxemic ones. No cardiologic hemodynamic repercussions from intrapulmonar shunt were observed. CONCLUSION: The contrast echocardiography is efficient, easy to be used, and safe in the search for and identification of intrapulmonary vascular alterations in patients eligible for hepatic transplantation</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>contraste chocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>intrapulmonary vascular dilations</kwd>
        <kwd>hepatic transplantation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilations in patients eligible for liver transplantation</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo Roberto Pavarino; H&#233;lio Augusto do Reis Corbucci; Carlos Henrique de Marchi; Paula Fernanda da Mata; Moacir Fernandes de Godoy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital de Base e Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine the importance of contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilations (PVD) in patients with severe hepatic diseases, eligible for transplantation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Transthoracic ecocardiography (TTE) with second harmonic imaging was performed in 76 patients, among them 32 patients were consecutively undergone to a transesophageal study (ETE). Echocardiographic contrast was obtained from microbubbles derived from the injection of agitated saline solution, in venous peripheral access. Abnormal presence of contrast in the left cardiac chambers was considered positive, with a delay of 4 to 6 cardiac cycles , after initial opacicification of the right cardiac chambers. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>PVD diagnosis was performed in 53.9% of the patients (41/76). Sensibility, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the TTE in relation to the ETE was 75%, 100%, 100%, 80% e 87.5%, respectively. Echocardiography was positive in 37 (55.2%) of 67 nonhypoxemic patients, and in 4 (44.4%) hypoxemic ones. No cardiologic hemodynamic repercussions from intrapulmonar shunt were observed.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The contrast echocardiography is efficient, easy to be used, and safe in the search for and identification of intrapulmonary vascular alterations in patients eligible for hepatic transplantation </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>contraste chocardiography, intrapulmonary vascular dilations, hepatic transplantation</p>
      <p>Association between hepatic disease and pulmonary vascular dilations has been emphasized by several authors for many years, providing knowledge of the physiopathologic aspects of arterial hypoxemia found in some patients with chronic hepatic disease: the hepatopulmonary syndrome. This clinical condition is characterized by the triad hepatic dysfunction, intrapulmonary vascular dilation, and hypoxemia <sup>1-11</sup>. Pulmonary capillary vasodilation is an extrahepatic complication of severe hepatic disease, probably due to vasoactive mediation of nitric oxide <sup>2,7,11-13</sup>, leading to the occurrence of right-left intrapulmonary shunt, with consequent alteration of alveolar-capillary diffusion and ventilation/perfusion pulmonary imbalance<sup>1,9,11,14,15</sup>. In advanced stages of severe hepatic disease, both arterial vasodilation and true pulmonary arterial venous communications may be present <sup>1,15</sup>. The patients may have normal arterial gasometry or severe arterial hypoxemia associated with cyanosis and dyspnea in 9-29% of cases <sup>1,3,7,16,17</sup>. Hemodynamic condition with increased cardiac output, low systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, and a decrease in the content of arterial and mixed venous oxygen may be present <sup>1,5-7,10-12,18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Contrast echocardiography, pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy with Tc 99m macro aggregated albumin and pulmonary angiography are among the diagnostic methods used to identify pulmonary vascular alterations in patients with chronic hepatic diseases. Contrast echocardiography is considered the gold standard for diagnosing this condition, having several advantages over other methods. It also enables pulmonary shunt detection in patients with normal angiographies or arterial gasometry, or both. Recent studies have stressed the superiority of contrast transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary vascular alteration in this group of patients <sup>3,6,12,16-19-26</sup>. </p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to compare the results of transthoracic and transesophageal contrast echocardiography, in addition to determining its importance in the diagnosis of pulmonary arterial vascular dilation in patients eligible for liver transplantation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Seventy-six patients with severe and advanced hepatic diseases enrolled in the liver transplant protocol underwent contrast echocardiography. Patients with a diagnosis of chronic pulmonary diseases, heart failure, and congenital heart disease with intracardiac communication had beer excluded. The study was performed after subjects had been informed individually about the objectives of the investigation and given written consent. The research protocol was assessed and approved by the Research Ethical Committee of the Institution. </p>
      <p>Mean age of patients was 44 &#177; 14.6 years; 59 (77.6%) were men and 18 (22.4%) were women. Of the 76 patients with advanced hepatic disease, 72 had a diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis and 4 of hepatic fibrosis. Among the patients with hepatocellular alterations, 12 had alcoholic cirrhosis, 9 had hepatitis B, 16 hepatitis C, 3 hepatitis B and C, 15 mixed cirrhosis (hepatitis B and/or C associated with alcohol), 9 cryptogenic cirrhosis, 2 autoimmune cirrhosis, 3 biliary cirrhosis (primary biliary obstruction), 1 hemochromatosis, 1 nonalcoholic steatosis-hepatitis, and 1 Wilson disease. Among the patients with intrahepatic and extrahepatic fibrosis, 1 had schistosomiasis, 1 paracoccidioidomycosis, and 2 obstructive vein diseases (1 portal vein thrombosis, 1 Budd-Chiari syndrome). </p>
      <p>ATL brand equipment (Advanced Technology Laboratories Inc., Bothel, WA, USA) was used to obtain bi-dimensional images with the patient in left lateral decubitus <sup>27</sup>, according to techniques and cuts previously established. Contrast transthoracic echocardiography was performed using HDI 5000 with an electronic phased-array transducer with a 2 to 4 MHz frequency, using second harmonic imaging in all examinations, to reduce image artifacts and to increase the contrast resolution. Contrast transesophageal echocardiography was performed with Apogee CX200, with the introduction of a 5.0 MHz multiplane esophageal probe approximately 30 cm deep of the dental arcade, after topic anesthesia of the pharynx. The use of 4-chamber echocardiographic view allowed simultaneous visualization of the atrium and, when possible, left and right superior pulmonary veins <sup>28,29</sup>. </p>
      <p>Measurements of left atrium diameter and diastolic and systolic left ventricle dimension were obtained; left ventricle ejection fraction was calculated based on cube method for ventricular volume determination and estimation of right ventricle systolic pressure through tricuspid regurgitation, using a modified Bernoulli's equation <sup>28,30-33</sup>. </p>
      <p>Echocardiographic study was developed according to methods published by Krowka et al <sup>11 </sup>and Aller et al <sup>3</sup>. Microbubbles were manually produced, promoting the transference of 10 mL of saline solution between 2 syringes connected to 3-vial equipment, 10 to 15 times, and then, quickly administered through the peripheral venous access. The study was considered positive when the abnormal presence of contrast in left cardiac chambers was detected, with a 4 to 6 cardiac cycle delay, after initial opacification of the right cardiac chamber (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). Three injections were given in general, to determine the reproducibility; the results were recorded on VCR and assessed by 2 observers. The following injections were started only after complete removal of microbubbles from the left and right cavities. According to left atrium opacification, semi-quantitative analysis of the microbubbles was performed following the criteria established by Aller et al <sup>3</sup>. Simultaneous comparison of the maximum echocardiographic images produced by microbubbles between the right and left cardiac cavities established the absence of microbubbles as level 1; the passage of a few isolated microbubbles as level 2; several isolated microbubbles as level 3; passage of several microbubbles resulting in an increase in echogenicity as level 4; left atrium opacification in the lower level compared with that in the right atrium was considered as level 5; and the complete left atrium opacification similar to that in the right atrium was considered level 6. Levels 1 and 2 were considered normal or absence of pulmonary vasodilations; level 3 as the presence of mild pulmonary vasodilations; and finally, levels 4 to 6 as significant or important pulmonary vasodilations. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0327-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Partial oxygen pressure (PaO<sub>2</sub>) was determined in arterial blood samples, collected from the radial artery, in open air, as close as possible to the days of the echocardiographic study (1-3 days). Values of PaO<sub>2 </sub>&lt; 70 mmHg were considered an indication of arterial hypoxemia. </p>
      <p>Continuous quantitative variables were assessed with the Student <italic>t</italic> test, using Tukey's correction if necessary. Comparison of the frequencies was performed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Five percent alpha error was accepted, and P values <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 were considered significant. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All diagnostic procedures were well tolerated, and the transesophageal echocardiogram was performed without complications. The use of transesophageal and transthoracic contrast echocardiography demonstrated the presence of pulmonary artery dilation in 53.9% (41/76) of patients. In the transthoracic study, alone, a prevalence of intrapulmonary arterial vasodilations was observed in 48.7% (37/76) of cases. Of the 32 patients undergoing transesophageal study, 16 (50%) had a positive contrast echocardiogram (P= 1.0; Fisher's exact test). Four patients with an initially inconclusive transthoracic study underwent transesophageal echocardiography and were considered positive. Hepatopulmonary syndrome was present in only 4 (5.3%) patients. According to the criteria established by Aller et al. <sup>3</sup>, 16 (21%) patients had mild pulmonary artery vasodilations; 25 (33%) significant pulmonary artery dilation, and the 35 remaining (46%) patients had normal echocardiograms. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated 75% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, 80% negative predictive value, and 87.5% accuracy in the diagnosis of intrapulmonary arterial dilations, when compared with that in transesophageal echocardiography, considered the gold standard. </p>
      <p>Assessing the causes of hepatic disease, 28 (46.7%) of the 60 patients with cirrhosis due to hepatic cell destruction, 8 (88.9%) of 9 patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis, 3 with biliary cirrhosis, and 2 with cirrhosis due to venous-occlusive diseases had positive echocardiograms. Comparing the results of patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis and pulmonary artery dilation to those of patients with all other etiologies, by c<sup>2 </sup>test, a statistically significant difference was not found between the groups (P=0.059). However, when cryptogenic cirrhosis alone was compared with hepatic cellular destruction, the difference was statistically significant (P=0.044). </p>
      <p>Gasometric and Doppler echocardiographic variables are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. Arterial hypoxemia was present in 9 (15.9%) of the 76 patients, and only 4 (44.4%) had evidence of pulmonary arterial dilations. Of the 67 patients without arterial hypoxemia, 37 (55.2%) had a positive echocardiogram. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-04-0327-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary vascular alterations found in patients with chronic hepatic disease are wide vasodilations with diameters ranging from 15 to 150 mm, usually found at the capillary level, and close to gas exchange regions. Pulmonary blood flow deviation for the dilated capillary avoids alveolar functioning units, impairing the pulmonary diffusion-perfusion correlation, with a consequent decrease in the arterial oxygen saturation <sup>1,5,7,9-11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Intrapulmonary vascular abnormalities are not routinely detected because of their uncommon presentation in the general population and because of their unspecified aspects in routine examinations <sup>34</sup>. Studies with contrast echocardiography in patients with hepatic cirrhosis demonstrate the presence of intrapulmonary vascular dilation in 13 to 47% of patients, even in normal angiographic studies <sup>1,3,4,7,11,16,17,35,36</sup>. In our study, the identification of pulmonary vascular dilations using contrast echocardiography was possible in 41 to 76 of the patients, 53.9% of cases, and these results are similar to those in the literature. </p>
      <p>A study by Vedrinne et al <sup>24 </sup>and Aller et al <sup>3 </sup>demonstrated the superiority of contrast transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilation in patients eligible for hepatic transplantation <sup>3,24,25</sup>. Transesophageal echocardiography, considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilation, allowed demonstration in our study, of the presence of this condition in 50% (16/32) of cases. In 4 patients, with a previously inconclusive transthoracic study, due to an inadequate acoustic window, demonstration of intrapulmonary vascular dilations was only possible after the use of transesophageal echocardiography. The use of second harmonic imaging in transthoracic echocardiography in our study contributed significantly to obtaining satisfactory results, similar to those in the transesophageal study. Comparing the proportion of individuals with pulmonary vascular dilations diagnosed by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, using Fisher's exact test, no significant differences were noted between the data (P=1), demonstrating that both methods are equally efficient. The comparison of the results of transthoracic and transesophageal contrast echocardiography, consecutively performed in 32 patients, demonstrated 75% sensitivity and 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, 80% negative predictive value, and 87.5% accuracy, which validates contrast transthoracic echocardiography and second harmonic imaging as a safe, fast, and noninvasive diagnostic test, reliable and inexpensive, in the study of these patients. </p>
      <p>Hepatopulmonary syndrome, usually reported in 9 to 29% of cases with hepatic failure <sup>1,3,7,16,17</sup>, was present in 5.3% of the cases in our study (only 4 patients). The level of arterial oxygen was not statistically correlated to the occurrence of a positive echocardiogram in the present study. These findings are similar to those of Krowka et al <sup>18</sup>, who did not find correlations between pulmonary vascular abnormalities and blood gasometry in patients with positive echocardiograms (13.2% of cases) when compared with those with a normal study. Mimidis et al <sup>4 </sup>also found normal blood gasometry in 56 individuals with hepatic cirrhosis, and only 8 (14.3%) had positive contrast echocardiograms. Vedrinne et al <sup>24</sup>, however, found hypoxemia in 56% and 33% of patients with intrapulmonary shunt diagnosed by transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography, respectively. Regarding mean PaO<sub>2 </sub>values found in these studies, they were similar in the different levels of left cardiac chamber opacification (P=0.859), despite the results of Hopkins et al<sup>36</sup>, whose values were significantly lower in individuals with greater opacification of the left chambers (P&lt;0.01). With our results, it is possible to state that eventual abnormalities in arterial oxygen in patients with chronic hepatic disease should not be considered as indicators of intrapulmonary shunt and, alone, do not confirm this condition. </p>
      <p>With a probable hyperdynamic circulatory condition, present in individuals with intrapulmonary vascular shunts that could lead to left cavity diameter and volume alterations, or pressure alteration in the pulmonary vascular bed, the present study did not find any correlation between these variables and the diagnosis of intrapulmonary vascular dilations with the use of contrast echocardiography. Regarding the findings of hepatic disease causes, although they were interesting, they did not have physiopathologic support that allows stating that pulmonary vascular disturbances are more frequent in certain groups of patients with chronic hepatic disease. </p>
      <p>In summary, contrast transthoracic echocardiography with microbubbles using second harmonic imaging must be recommended in the routine evaluation and in follow-up of patients with severe hepatic disease, eligible for hepatic transplantation, to identify intrapulmonary vascular dilations or hepatopulmonary syndrome diagnosis. The inconclusive cases, with strong clinical suspicion, must undergo transesophageal study. The clinical meaning of these findings in the prognosis of patients with terminal hepatic disease needs further study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Correspondence </p>
          <p> Paulo Roberto Pavarino</p>
          <p> Rua Jos&#233; Felipe Antonio, 303/32 - Bl.7 </p>
          <p> Cep 15090-430 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP</p>
          <p> Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pavarino@cardiol.br">pavarino@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 3/10/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 8/9/03</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
