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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZCwT6Wjvy8FRFx5fTJFmzhB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000300010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000300010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infec&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese vascular em cirurgia da aorta tor&#225;cica: revis&#227;o da experi&#234;ncia e relato de caso tratado por t&#233;cnica n&#227;o convencional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Ducceschi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stolf</surname>
            <given-names>Noedir Ant&#244;nio Groppo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marino</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pamplona</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>287</fpage>
      <lpage>290</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 37 anos de idade, que h&#225; cinco anos havia sido submetida &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Bental-de Bono em nosso servi&#231;o e retornou com dor de forte intensidade no tor&#225;x, sendo diagnosticada dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta do tipo III e tratada clinicamente. Um ano ap&#243;s esse epis&#243;dio houve expans&#227;o dessa dissec&#231;&#227;o e a paciente foi submetida &#224; cirurgia com interposi&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese de dacron em aorta descendente. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato houve broncopneumonia esquerda e a paciente recebeu alta em boas condi&#231;&#245;es e afebril. Ap&#243;s um m&#234;s da alta, retornou com febre e toxemia. Com diagn&#243;stico de empiema pleural, foi submetida &#224; toracotomia exploradora que n&#227;o confirmou esse diagn&#243;stico, havendo apenas intenso espessamento pleural. Quatro meses ap&#243;s a toracotomia exploradora, foram isolados Klebsiella pneumoniae e Enterobacter sp na hemocultura. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica revelou imagens compat&#237;veis com infec&#231;&#227;o peri-pr&#243;tese. Com esse quadro cl&#237;nico e laboratorial foi indicada a remo&#231;&#227;o do enxerto e deriva&#231;&#227;o axilo-bifemoral. A opera&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com sucesso, a paciente recebeu alta em boas condi&#231;&#245;es e continua fazendo controle ambulatorial e, atualmente, encontra-se com 57 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o sem complica&#231;&#245;es. S&#227;o discutidos os m&#233;todos empregados para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da infec&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese na cirurgia da aorta tor&#225;cica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p><bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold> CASE REPORT</p>
    <p>Infec&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese vascular em cirurgia da aorta tor&#225;cica. Revis&#227;o da experi&#234;ncia e relato de caso tratado por t&#233;cnica n&#227;o convencional</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vascular prosthesis infection in thoracic aorta surgery. Review of the experience and a case report illustrating treatment with an unconventional technique</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ronaldo Ducceschi Fontes; Noedir Ant&#244;nio Groppo Stolf; J&#250;lio Cesar Marino; David Pamplona; Luis Francisco &#193;vila; S&#233;rgio Almeida Oliveira </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 37 anos de idade, que h&#225; cinco anos havia sido submetida &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Bental-de Bono em nosso servi&#231;o e retornou com dor de forte intensidade no tor&#225;x, sendo diagnosticada dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta do tipo III e tratada clinicamente. Um ano ap&#243;s esse epis&#243;dio houve expans&#227;o dessa dissec&#231;&#227;o e a paciente foi submetida &#224; cirurgia com interposi&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese de dacron em aorta descendente. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato houve broncopneumonia esquerda e a paciente recebeu alta em boas condi&#231;&#245;es e afebril. Ap&#243;s um m&#234;s da alta, retornou com febre e toxemia. Com diagn&#243;stico de empiema pleural, foi submetida &#224; toracotomia exploradora que n&#227;o confirmou esse diagn&#243;stico, havendo apenas intenso espessamento pleural. Quatro meses ap&#243;s a toracotomia exploradora, foram isolados Klebsiella pneumoniae e Enterobacter sp na hemocultura. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica revelou imagens compat&#237;veis com infec&#231;&#227;o peri-pr&#243;tese. Com esse quadro cl&#237;nico e laboratorial foi indicada a remo&#231;&#227;o do enxerto e deriva&#231;&#227;o axilo-bifemoral. A opera&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com sucesso, a paciente recebeu alta em boas condi&#231;&#245;es e continua fazendo controle ambulatorial e, atualmente, encontra-se com 57 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o sem complica&#231;&#245;es. S&#227;o discutidos os m&#233;todos empregados para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da infec&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese na cirurgia da aorta tor&#225;cica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p>We report the case of a 37-year-old-female patient who had undergone a Bentall procedure at our service and returned with intense chest pain and acute aortic dissection type III, which was diagnosed and clinically treated. One year after this episode, this dissection expanded, and the patient underwent surgery with interposition of a Dacron graft in the descending aorta. In the immediate postoperative period, the patient experienced left bronchopneumonia and was discharged afebrile and in good condition. One month after discharge, she returned with fever and toxemia. Pleural empyema was diagnosed, and she underwent an exploratory thoracotomy that did not confirm this diagnosis, but revealed intense effusion thickening. Four months after the exploratory thoracotomy, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter sp were isolated in a blood culture. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed shapes compatible with perigraft infection. With this clinical and laboratory picture, graft removal was indicated as was axillo-bifemoral grafting. Surgery was successfully performed, the patient was discharged in good condition, and remains well after a 57-month follow-up without complications. The methods used for diagnosis and treatment of prosthesis infection in thoracic aorta surgery are discussed. </p>
    <p>Durante os &#250;ltimos anos, significante progresso foi conseguido no tratamento dos aneurismas e dissec&#231;&#245;es da aorta<sup>1,2</sup>. Os avan&#231;os se referem &#224;s t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas, &#224;s pr&#243;teses vasculares, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, antibioticoterapia, assim como nos m&#233;todos de investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da tomografia computadorizada e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica<sup>3</sup>.  </p>
    <p>Apesar desses avan&#231;os, os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos sobre a aorta ainda apresentam complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, eventualmente graves<sup>4</sup>. Dentre elas, uma das mais graves &#233; a infec&#231;&#227;o do enxerto que determina grande morbidade e mortalidade<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Alguns m&#233;todos podem ser empregados para tratar essa complica&#231;&#227;o com resultado favor&#225;vel<sup>3,5</sup>. Os autores relatam a experi&#234;ncia do Servi&#231;o com infec&#231;&#227;o em pr&#243;tese vascular e enfocam o caso de paciente, que evoluiu com infec&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese no p&#243;s operat&#243;rio da cirurgia de dissec&#231;&#227;o distal, com tratamento realizado por t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica alternativa. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, de cor branca, com 37 anos de idade, portadora de s&#237;ndrome de Marfan foi operada em 1985 para tratamento de ectasia &#226;nulo-a&#243;rtica, atrav&#233;s opera&#231;&#227;o de Bental De Bono. Recebeu alta hospitalar em boas condi&#231;&#245;es e estava em acompanhamento ambulatorial quando, em 1990, retornou com queixa de dor tor&#225;cica de forte intensidade, sendo feito o diagn&#243;stico de dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta tipo III de De Bakey. </p>
    <p>Como n&#227;o havia complica&#231;&#245;es, foi mantido o tratamento cl&#237;nico at&#233; maio 1991, quando retornou com dor e foi avaliada atrav&#233;s de radiografia do t&#243;rax, angiografia digital e tomografia computadorizada que revelaram dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente com 80mm. </p>
    <p>Indicado o tratamento cir&#250;rgico e a paciente foi submetida &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o, atrav&#233;s de interposi&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese de dacron em substituti&#231;&#227;o &#224; aorta, descendente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">fig. 1 A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig1b">B</xref>). A opera&#231;&#227;o foi realizada, utilizando-se pin&#231;amento simples da aorta entre a car&#243;tida esquerda e art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda. Verificou-se m&#225; qualidade dos tecidos no coto proximal e a proximidade do coto distal com o diafragma dificultou o acesso. Durante esse per&#237;odo a press&#227;o liqu&#243;rica foi monitorizada e mantida abaixo de 10 mmttg atrav&#233;s de drenagem de 50ml de l&#237;quor. </p>
    <fig id="fig1a">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0287-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <fn id="fig1b">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0287-00010-e01.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>A paciente evoluiu com broncopneumonia esquerda, sendo tratada com cefoxitina durante 15 dias, recebendo alta em excelentes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. </p>
    <p>Estava tendo boa evolu&#231;&#227;o, quando um m&#234;s ap&#243;s retornou com quadro febril que na investiga&#231;&#227;o sugeria empiema pleural. Submetida &#224; toracotomia exploradora, que n&#227;o confirmou o diagn&#243;stico, mas apenas intenso espessamento pleural. Durante esse procedimento foi realizada pun&#231;&#227;o do espa&#231;o peri-pr&#243;tese, por&#233;m n&#227;o houve sa&#237;da de l&#237;quido. </p>
    <p>Permanecendo internada para convalescen&#231;a da toracotomia, a paciente manteve quadro febril com crises de bacteremia. Tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s, foram isolados, <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacter sp</italic> em hemoculturas seriadas e iniciado tratamento com antibi&#243;ticos, entretanto sem melhora do quadro. A investiga&#231;&#227;o prosseguiu com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica que revelou grande quantidade de trombos organizados no espa&#231;o peri-pr&#243;tese e presen&#231;a de pequena quantidade de ar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Esse quadro levou ao diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese, e indicada a sua retirada e realiza&#231;&#227;o de deriva&#231;&#227;o axilo-bifemoral devido &#224;s dificuldades esperadas. A opera&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em 1991 com sucesso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3a">fig. 3 A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig3b">B</xref>). A pr&#243;tese de dacron foi retirada e os cotos a&#243;rticos proximal e distal foram fechados e realizada deriva&#231;&#227;o axilo-bifemoral. A paciente foi mantida internada durante 45 dias recebendo antibi&#243;ticos, a febre cedeu e a paciente teve melhora progressiva do estado geral at&#233; alta.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0287-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig3a">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0287-00010-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <fn id="fig3b">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0287-00010-e02.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>A paciente continua sendo acompanhada ambulatorialmente, encontra-se assintom&#225;tica sete anos ap&#243;s, foi submetida a estudo angiogr&#225;fico tardio que demonstrou a perviabilidade do enxerto e a aorta tor&#225;cica exclusa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). Faz uso cont&#237;nuo de anticoagulante oral e betabloqueadores<bold>.</bold></p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0287-00010-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o de enxerto sint&#233;tico em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia da aorta tor&#225;cica &#233; complica&#231;&#227;o pouco frequente. Ocorre entre 0,5 e 5% dos pacientes submetidos a esse tipo de opera&#231;&#227;o<sup>6,7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Opera&#231;&#245;es de grande porte, utilizadas para tratar aneurismas t&#243;raco-abdominais ou mesmo nos abdominais que  necessitem anastomoses com art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas e femorais, s&#227;o potencialmente mais suscept&#237;veis &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o, principalmente quando existem les&#245;es cut&#226;neas infectadas em regi&#227;o inguinal, assim como o uso inadequado de cateteres venosos centrais<sup>1,3</sup>. </p>
    <p>O processo infeccioso pode ter in&#237;cio no local das suturas, provocando deisc&#234;ncia e forma&#231;&#227;o de pseudo-aneurismas. Esses pseudo-aneurismas podem romper em cavidades ou em org&#227;os adjacentes, provocando hemoptise, hemat&#234;mese ou melena, de acordo com sua localiza&#231;&#227;o<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica manifesta-se pela presen&#231;a de febre e dor tor&#225;cica e deve-se fazer cuidadosa investiga&#231;&#227;o do processo infeccioso. Investiga&#231;&#227;o que deve consistir em uma s&#233;rie de exames complementares, que juntos, indicar&#227;o a conduta adequada. A primeira medida importante &#233; tentar isolar o germe causador do processo, atrav&#233;s de hemoculturas seriadas. Os germes mais frequentes em ordem decrescente s&#227;o o <italic>Staficoco Aureus, S. Epidermidis, Streptococo, Enterobacter, E. Coli, Proteus e Pseudomonas</italic>. O tratamento cl&#237;nico inclui a antibiotocoterapia especif&#237;ca por per&#237;odo min&#237;mo de 30 dias<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Exames complementares atrav&#233;s de imagens devem ser utilizados, e os mais indicados s&#227;o a tomografia computadorizada e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, podendo-se observar a presen&#231;a de ar e l&#237;quido no espa&#231;o peri-pr&#243;tese. Outros m&#233;todos podem contribuir para o diagn&#243;stico, tais como o estudo com radios&#243;topos; a aortografia, nos casos de suspeita de pseudo-aneurisma ou obstru&#231;&#227;o da aorta; a endoscopia digestiva, quando h&#225; suspeita de eros&#227;o no est&#244;mago, es&#244;fago ou duodeno<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Invariavelmente, o tratamento dessa complica&#231;&#227;o &#233; cir&#250;rgico, realizado em geral atrav&#233;s de remo&#231;&#227;o e troca do enxerto, como tamb&#233;m remo&#231;&#227;o do enxerto, seguida de deriva&#231;&#227;o extra-anat&#244;mica e, eventualmente, envolve-se a pr&#243;tese com enxertos vascularizados seguida de deriva&#231;&#227;o extra-anat&#244;mica<sup>3,4,10</sup>. </p>
    <p>No nosso caso, o quadro cl&#237;nico que sugeria infec&#231;&#227;o peri-pr&#243;tese foi dificultado pela presen&#231;a de imagem radiol&#243;gica que sugeria a presen&#231;a de empiema encistado em &#225;pice do hemi-t&#243;rax esquerdo e fez a paciente ser submetida &#224; toracotomia exploradora, previamente. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s isolamento dos germes nas hemoculturas, associado ao quadro cl&#237;nico e os exames atrav&#233;s de imagens, a opera&#231;&#227;o estava indicada. Entretanto, os riscos da terceira toracotomia, o quadro geral de desnutri&#231;&#227;o, a dificuldade de reconstru&#231;&#227;o com enxerto vascular a partir da aorta descendente doente e aorta ascendente com enxerto, a paraplegia, a intoler&#226;ncia a material sint&#233;tico<sup>11</sup>, antes do resultado positivo das hemoculturas, fizeram-nos aguardar demasiadamente para indicar a remo&#231;&#227;o do enxerto. </p>
    <p>Acreditamos que o tempo aumentado de pin&#231;amento e o sangramento, durante a primeira interven&#231;&#227;o, tenham sido os fatores que contribu&#237;ram para o desenvolvimento da infec&#231;&#227;o e que outros m&#233;todos de investiga&#231;&#227;o como cintilografia com leuc&#243;citos marcados poder&#237;am auxiliar na precocidade do tratamento<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que a incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o peri-pr&#243;tese em opera&#231;&#245;es para corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas da aorta tor&#225;cica &#233; baixa e, no presente caso, a deriva&#231;&#227;o axilo-bifemoral foi op&#231;&#227;o adequada com resultados imediato e tardio, excelentes. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Noedir Ant&#244;nio Groppo Stolf </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. Eneas C. Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> Cep 05403-000 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="stolf@incor.usp.br">stolf@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 25/11/02 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 10/3/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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        <mixed-citation>1. Fontes RD, Stolf NAG, Louren&#231;o Filho    DD, Tranchesi R, Mady C, Pereira Barreto AC, Pileggi FJC, Jatene AD. Dez anos    de cirurgia dos aneurismas da aorta ascendente no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o-FMUSP.    Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 1991; 6: 24-9. </mixed-citation>
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            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
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          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
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              <surname>Fontes</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stolf</surname>
              <given-names>NAG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Louren&#231;o Filho</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tranchesi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mady</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
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            <name>
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              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pileggi</surname>
              <given-names>FJC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jatene</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Vascular prosthesis infection in thoracic aorta surgery: review of the experience and a case report illustrating treatment with an unconventional technique</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We report the case of a 37-year-old-female patient who had undergone a Bentall procedure at our service and returned with intense chest pain and acute aortic dissection type III, which was diagnosed and clinically treated. One year after this episode, this dissection expanded, and the patient underwent surgery with interposition of a Dacron graft in the descending aorta. In the immediate postoperative period, the patient experienced left bronchopneumonia and was discharged afebrile and in good condition. One month after discharge, she returned with fever and toxemia. Pleural empyema was diagnosed, and she underwent an exploratory thoracotomy that did not confirm this diagnosis, but revealed intense effusion thickening. Four months after the exploratory thoracotomy, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter sp were isolated in a blood culture. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed shapes compatible with perigraft infection. With this clinical and laboratory picture, graft removal was indicated as was axillo-bifemoral grafting. Surgery was successfully performed, the patient was discharged in good condition, and remains well after a 57-month follow-up without complications. The methods used for diagnosis and treatment of prosthesis infection in thoracic aorta surgery are discussed.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><bold>CASE REPORT </bold>RELATO DE CASO</p>
      <p>Vascular prosthesis infection in thoracic aorta surgery. Review of the experience and a case report illustrating treatment with an unconventional technique </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ronaldo Ducceschi Fontes; Noedir Ant&#244;nio Groppo Stolf; J&#250;lio Cesar Marino; David Pamplona; Luis Francisco &#193;vila; S&#233;rgio Almeida Oliveira </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report the case of a 37-year-old-female patient who had undergone a Bentall procedure at our service and returned with intense chest pain and acute aortic dissection type III, which was diagnosed and clinically treated. One year after this episode, this dissection expanded, and the patient underwent surgery with interposition of a Dacron graft in the descending aorta. In the immediate postoperative period, the patient experienced left bronchopneumonia and was discharged afebrile and in good condition. One month after discharge, she returned with fever and toxemia. Pleural empyema was diagnosed, and she underwent an exploratory thoracotomy that did not confirm this diagnosis, but revealed intense effusion thickening. Four months after the exploratory thoracotomy, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter sp were isolated in a blood culture. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed shapes compatible with perigraft infection. With this clinical and laboratory picture, graft removal was indicated as was axillo-bifemoral grafting. Surgery was successfully performed, the patient was discharged in good condition, and remains well after a 57-month follow-up without complications. The methods used for diagnosis and treatment of prosthesis infection in thoracic aorta surgery are discussed. </p>
      <p>In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in the treatment of aneurysms and aortic dissections <sup>1,2</sup>. The advances are related to surgical techniques, vascular prostheses in the postoperative period, antibiotic therapy, as well as methods of diagnostic investigation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Despite these advances, severe <sup>4 </sup>postoperative complications sometimes still occur with surgical procedures in the aorta. Among them, graft infection is one of the most severe, resulting in great morbidity and mortality <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Some methods may be used to treat this complication with favorable results <sup>3,5</sup>. The authors report their service's experience with vascular prosthesis infection and point out the case of a patient who evolved with prosthesis infection in the postoperative period of distal dissection surgery, with treatment performed with an alternative surgical technique. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 37-year-old, white female patient with Marfan's syndrome underwent surgery in 1985 to treat annuloaortic ectasia with the Bentall procedure. The patient was discharged in good condition and was being followed-up when she returned in 1990 complaining of intense thoracic pain. A De Bakey type III aortic dissection was diagnosed. </p>
      <p>Since no complications were present, clinical treatment was maintained until May 1991, when she returned with pain and underwent a chest X-ray, digital angiography, and CT scan demonstrating an 80-mm dilation of the descending thoracic aorta. </p>
      <p>The patient was referred for a surgical procedure and underwent correction of the dissection through interposition of a Dacron graft, replacing the descending aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">fig. 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig1b-body2">B</xref>). The surgery was performed using simple aortic clamping between the left carotid and the left subclavian artery. Poor tissue was verified in the proximal stump, and because the distal stump was near the diaphragm, access was hindered. During this period, cerebrospinal pressure was monitored and maintained below 10 mmHg through drainage of 50 mL of liquid. </p>
      <fig id="fig1a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0287-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig1b-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0287-00010-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>The patient evolved with bronchopneumonia, received cefoxitin for 15 days, and was discharged in excellent clinical condition. </p>
      <p>She was evolving well when she returned to the hospital after 1 month with fever suggesting empyema effusion. She underwent exploratory thoracotomy that did not confirm the diagnosis but demonstrated only intense pleural thickening. During this procedure, puncture of the perigraft region was performed without loss of fluid.</p>
      <p>She remained in the hospital to recover from the thoracotomy and experienced fever and bacteremia crises. Three months later, <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae </italic>and <italic>Enterobacter sp</italic> were isolated in a serial blood culture, and treatment with antibiotics was initiated; however, the clinical picture did not improve. Investigation continued with the use of CT scanning that revealed a large number of thrombi in the perigraft region and the presence of a small amount of air (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). This picture led to the diagnosis of prosthesis infection, and its removal was indicated so that an axillo-bifemoral graft could be performed due to the difficulties expected. The surgery was successfully performed in 1991 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3a-body2">fig. 3A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig3b-body2">B</xref>). The Dacron graft was withdrawn, the proximal and distal aortic stumps were closed, and the axillo-bifemoral graft was preformed. The patient remained in the hospital for 45 days with antibiotics, the fever ceased, and the patient progressively improved until she was discharged. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0287-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig3a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0287-00010-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig3b-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0287-00010-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>She is still being followed-up, and she has been asymptomatic for 7 years. A late angiographic study demonstrated that the graft was pervious and the thoracic artery was excluded (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). She is currently taking oral anticoagulant medication and beta-blockers. </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0287-00010-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Postoperative infection of a graft in thoracic artery surgery is a rare complication. It has occurred in between 0.5 and 5% of the patients undergoing this type of surgery <sup>6,7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Large surgeries used to treat thoraco-abdominal or even abdominal aneurysms, requiring anastomoses with femoral and thoracic arteries, are usually more susceptible to infections, especially when infected cutaneous lesions are present in the abdominal region, together with the inadequate use of central venous catheters <sup>1,3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The infectious process may start in the suture site leading to dehiscence and false aneurysm formation. These false aneurysms may tear in cavities or adjacent organs, leading to hemoptysis, hematemesis, or melena according to their location <sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p> Infection of aortic prostheses is evident by the presence of fever and thoracic pain. The infectious process must therefore be carefully investigated. This investigation must entail complementary examinations that will indicate the appropriate conduct. The first important measure is to try to isolate the responsible germ by using serial blood cultures. The most frequently found germs are <italic>Staficoco Aureus, S. Epidermidis, Streptococo, Enterobacter, E. Coli, Proteus</italic>, and<italic> Pseudomonas.</italic> Clinical treatment includes specific antibiotics for a minimum 30-day period <sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Complementary examinations through images must be used, and the most indicated are CT scan, and magnetic resonance, where the presence of air and liquid in the perigraft region can be observed. Other methods may contribute to the diagnosis, such as radioisotope study, aortography in the cases where false aneurysm or aortic obstruction is suspected; digestive endoscopy when stomach, esophagus, or duodenum erosion is suspected <sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In almost all cases, the treatment for this complication is surgical, performed with graft replacement as well as graft withdrawal followed by extraanatomical derivation, and, occasionally, the prosthesis is covered with vascular grafts followed by extraanatomical derivation <sup>3,4,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our case, the clinical picture that suggested perigraft infection was hindered by the radiologic image, which suggested the presence of empyema in the hemi-thorax apex. The patient previously underwent exploratory thoracotomy. </p>
      <p>Surgery was indicated after the germs had been isolated in the blood culture, in association with the clinical picture and the examination using images. However, the risk of a third thoracotomy; the clinical picture of malnutrition; difficulty reconstructing the vascular graft from the diseased descending aorta; the ascending aorta with graft, paraplegia, and also the intolerance to synthetic material <sup>11</sup>; before the positive result of blood cultures made us wait too long before withdrawing the graft.</p>
      <p>We believe that the increased time of clamping and bleeding during the first intervention were the factors that contributed to the development of infection and that other investigation methods, such as radiology with labelled leukocytes, could help early treatment <sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>We have concluded that the incidence of perigrafts in surgeries to correct thoracic aorta aneurysms is low and, in the present case, axillo-bifemoral was the adequate option with excellent late and immediate results.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p> 1. Fontes RD, Stolf NAG, Louren&#231;o Filho DD, Tranchesi R, Mady C, Pereira Barreto AC, Pileggi FJC, Jatene AD. Dez anos de cirurgia dos aneurismas da aorta ascendente no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o-FMUSP. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 1991; 6: 24-9. </p>
      <p>2. P&#234;go-Fernandes PM, Stolf NAG, Fontes RD, Verginelli G, Jatene AD. Cirugia das dissec&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas da aorta ascendente com insufici&#234;ncia valvar. Rev Bras Cir Cardiov 1990; 5: 149-13. </p>
      <p>3. Constantino MJ. Recurrent aortic graft infection following descending thoracic aorta to femoral artery bypass a case report and review: J Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 32: 477-81. </p>
      <p>4. Svensson LG, Crawford ES, Hess KR, Coseli JS, Safi HJ. Dissection of the aorta and dissecting aortic aneurysm. Circulation 1990; 82(suppl IV) 5: IV24-IV46. </p>
      <p>5. Matley PJ, Beningfield SJ, Lourens S, Immelman EJ. Successful treatment of infected thoracoabdominal aortic graft by percutaneous catheter drainage. Jvasc Surg 1991; 13: 513-5. </p>
      <p>6. Reilly LM, Altman H, Lusby RJ, Kers RA. Late results following surgical managemento of vascular graft infections; J Vasc Surg 1984; 1: 36-44. </p>
      <p>7. Ilgenfritz FM, Jordan FT. Microbiological monitoring of aortic aneurysm wall and contents during aneurismectomy. Arch Surg 1988; 123: 3506-8. </p>
      <p>8. Tollefson DF, Bank DF, Kaebnick HW, Seabrook GR, Towne JB. Surface biofilm disruption: enhanced recovery of miocroorganismos from vascular prostheses. Arch Surg1987; 122: 38-43. </p>
      <p>9. Olah A, Vogt M, Laske A, Carrell T, Bauer E, Turina M. Axillo-femoral bypass and simultaneous removal of the aorto-femoral vascular infection site: is the procedure safe? Eur J Vasc Surg 1992: 252-4.</p>
      <p>10. O'Hara PJ, Hertez NR, Beven EG, Krajewaski LP. Surgical management of infected abdominal aortic grafts: review of a 25-year of experience. J Vasc Surg 1986; 725-31. </p>
      <p>11. Vollmar PE, Mohr W, Haman H, Brecht-Kraus D. Perigraft reation: incompatibility of synthetic grafts? New aspects on clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and therapy. World J Surg 1982; 12: 750-5. </p>
      <p>12. Wilson DG, Seabold JE, Liberman LM. Detection of aorto-arterial graft infections by leucocyte scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med 1983; 8: 421-3.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ZCwT6Wjvy8FRFx5fTJFmzhB/cf1581bbfd9a1944a6b89407a8301c415cf1d77b.gif"/>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Noedir Ant&#244;nio Groppo Stolf</p>
          <p> InCor </p>
          <p> Av. Dr. Eneas C. Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> Cep 05403-000 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="stolf@incor.usp.br">stolf@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 11/25/2002</p>
      <p> Accepted: 3/10/2003</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
