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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xJ5BTJMt5NYHmXHyrzBbCHq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000300007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000300007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O suco de berinjela (Solanum melongena) n&#227;o modifica os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de l&#237;pides</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pra&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Marchiori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thomaz</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramelli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>269</fpage>
      <lpage>272</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do suco de berinjela sobre os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; lovastatina. M&#201;TODOS: Estudados 21 indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, com colesterol total (CT) &gt; 200 mg/dl, sem diabetes, ou contra-indica&#231;&#227;o para o uso de estatinas ou em uso de drogas hipocolesterol&#234;micas, divididos em 3 grupos: o grupo berinjela (B), um copo de suco de berinjela com laranja pela manh&#227;, em jejum; grupo estatina (E), 20 mg de lovastatina pela manh&#227;; grupo controle (C) nenhum tratamento. Foram feitas tr&#234;s dosagens de CT, fra&#231;&#245;es (HDL, LDL) e triglic&#233;rides, com intervalos de tr&#234;s semanas. RESULTADOS: Os tr&#234;s grupos possu&#237;am n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos basais semelhantes. Ap&#243;s 6 semanas ocorreu uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do CT (245,29 &#177; 41,69 para 205,71 &#177; 46,45, p=0,02) e do LDL-colesterol (170,83 &#177; 41,76 para 121,29 &#177; 44,90, p=0,008) no grupo E. No grupo B, o colesterol total (230,60 &#177; 19,30 para 240,20 &#177; 16,22, p=0,27) e o LDL-colesterol (139,60 &#177; 21,49 para 154,40 &#177; 9,66, p=0,06) n&#227;o apresentaram varia&#231;&#227;o significativa, como ocorrido no grupo C. N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o significativa, em nenhum dos tr&#234;s grupos, nos valores de HDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides ao longo do estudo. CONCLUS&#195;O: O suco de berinjela com laranja n&#227;o pode ser considerado uma alternativa &#224;s estatinas na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>dislipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>berinjela</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p><bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE</p>
    <p>O suco de berinjela (<italic><bold>Solanum melongena</bold></italic>) n&#227;o modifica os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de l&#237;pides</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eggplant (<italic>Solanum melongena</italic>) extract does not alter serum lipid levels</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Juliana Marchiori Pra&#231;a; Andr&#233;a Thomaz; Bruno Caramelli </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o efeito do suco de berinjela sobre os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; lovastatina. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudados 21 indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, com colesterol total (CT) &gt; 200 mg/dl, sem diabetes, ou contra-indica&#231;&#227;o para o uso de estatinas ou em uso de drogas hipocolesterol&#234;micas, divididos em 3 grupos: o grupo berinjela (B), um copo de suco de berinjela com laranja pela manh&#227;, em jejum; grupo estatina (E), 20 mg de lovastatina pela manh&#227;; grupo controle (C) nenhum tratamento. Foram feitas tr&#234;s dosagens de CT, fra&#231;&#245;es (HDL, LDL) e triglic&#233;rides, com intervalos de tr&#234;s semanas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os tr&#234;s grupos possu&#237;am n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos basais semelhantes. Ap&#243;s 6 semanas ocorreu uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do CT (245,29 &#177; 41,69 para 205,71 &#177; 46,45, p=0,02) e do LDL-colesterol (170,83 &#177; 41,76 para 121,29 &#177; 44,90, p=0,008) no grupo E. No grupo B, o colesterol total (230,60 &#177; 19,30 para 240,20 &#177; 16,22, p=0,27) e o LDL-colesterol (139,60 &#177; 21,49 para 154,40 &#177; 9,66, p=0,06) n&#227;o apresentaram varia&#231;&#227;o significativa, como ocorrido no grupo C. N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o significativa, em nenhum dos tr&#234;s grupos, nos valores de HDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides ao longo do estudo. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O suco de berinjela com laranja n&#227;o pode ser considerado uma alternativa &#224;s estatinas na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, dislipidemia, berinjela</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare the effect of eggplant extract on serum lipid levels with that of lovastatin. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study included 21 individuals of both sexes, with total cholesterol (TC) levels &gt; 200 mg/dL, no diabetes, no contraindication for the use of statins, and no use of cholesterol-lowering drugs, divided into the following 3 groups: 1) the eggplant group (B), in which the patients drank 1 glass of eggplant extract with orange juice before breakfast each morning; 2) the statin group (E), in which the patients received 20 mg of lovastatin in the evening after dinner; 3) control group (C), in which the patients received no treatment. Total cholesterol and fractions (HDL, LDL), and triglycerides were measured 3 times at 3-week intervals. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The baseline lipid levels were similar in the 3 groups. After 6 weeks, a significant reduction in TC levels (from 245.29 &#177; 41.69 to 205.71 &#177; 46.45; P=0.02) and in LDL-cholesterol levels (from 170.83 &#177; 41.76 to 121.29 &#177; 44.90; P=0.008) was observed in group E. In group B, total cholesterol (from 230.60 &#177; 19.30 to 240.20 &#177; 16.22; P=0.27) and LDL-cholesterol (from 139.60 </p>
    <p> &#177; 21.49 to 154.40 &#177; 9.66; P=0.06) showed no statistically significant variation, as in group C. No significant variation was observed in the HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the 3 groups throughout the study. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The eggplant extract with orange juice is not to be considered an alternative to statins in reducing serum levels of cholesterol. </p>
    <p><bold>Key words:</bold> ischemic heart disease, dyslipidemia, eggplant</p>
    <p> As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a primeira causa de morte no Brasil. Nesta classifica&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o inclu&#237;das a doen&#231;a cerebrovascular e a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, as quais t&#234;m em comum a aterosclerose arterial como base fisiopatol&#243;gica. Estas doen&#231;as, na maioria das vezes, t&#234;m in&#237;cio abrupto, tornando necess&#225;rio o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares envolve o conhecimento dos seus fatores de risco, cujo controle diminui a incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a <sup>1,2</sup>. Foi demonstrado, por exemplo, que uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 1% no n&#237;vel de colesterol corresponde a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 2% na probabilidade de ocorrerem eventos cardiovasculares <sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para o tratamento da hipercolesterolemia deve ser reduzida a quantidade de alimentos com alto teor de gorduras saturadas (de origem animal), ricas em colesterol. Os medicamentos constituem o segundo passo no tratamento. Estudos demonstraram que as estatinas reduzem os n&#237;veis de colesterol em, aproximadamente, 20%, a incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares e a mortalidade em at&#233; 22% <sup>2</sup>. O tratamento com as estatinas, entretanto, apresenta um custo muito elevado, dificultando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desta droga pela popula&#231;&#227;o em geral e explicando a busca constante por alternativas mais econ&#244;micas. No Brasil em especial, o alto custo deste tratamento pode ser respons&#225;vel pelo baixo &#237;ndice de utiliza&#231;&#227;o das estatinas observado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica <sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; testar a efic&#225;cia do extrato de berinjela (<italic>Solanum melongena</italic>) com suco de laranja, atuando como redutor dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de l&#237;pides, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a lovastatina. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados 21 indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, com colesterol total acima de 200 mg/dl. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos com contra-indica&#231;&#227;o ao uso de fibras, os diab&#233;ticos e aqueles em uso de drogas que reduzem o colesterol. </p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio de indiv&#237;duos de cada grupo foi baseado no valor m&#233;dio de redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol total com a lovastatina de 20%, o desvio padr&#227;o estimado para cada grupo de 0,10, por se tratar de grupo homog&#234;neo, atendendo dois dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: o n&#237;vel basal de colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dl e aus&#234;ncia de tratamento. Os indiv&#237;duos com colesterol total muito acima deste valor, geralmente, j&#225; se encontram sob tratamento e, portanto, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos. Para que fosse considerada uma alternativa &#224; lovastatina, a redu&#231;&#227;o esperada com o suco de berinjela deveria ser <underline>&gt;</underline> a 20%. Considerando ainda um poder do estudo de 80% e valor de a de 0,05, obteve-se o n&#250;mero de 4 indiv&#237;duos para cada grupo. Considerando a possibilidade de n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento com a berinjela durante todo o per&#237;odo do estudo, decidiu-se avaliar 21 indiv&#237;duos, divididos aleatoriamente em tr&#234;s grupos que, por 6 semanas, foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: grupo C: controle - nenhum tratamento; grupo B: um copo de suco de berinjela com laranja pela manh&#227;, em jejum; grupo E: 20 mg de lovastatina por dia, ap&#243;s o jantar. </p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram orientados a manter sua alimenta&#231;&#227;o e atividade f&#237;sica habituais durante todo o per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Foram feitas tr&#234;s dosagens dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total, HDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides, al&#233;m do c&#225;lculo do valor de LDL pela f&#243;rmula de Friedwald (quando o n&#237;vel de triglic&#233;rides era menor do que 400 mg/dl), por meio de um aparelho port&#225;til, Cholestech-LDX <sup>4-6</sup> (<italic>Analyzer</italic>, <italic>Cholestech Corporation</italic>, Hayward, CA, USA). A 1&#170; dosagem foi realizada no in&#237;cio do experimento; a 2&#170;, ao final da 3&#170; semana; e a 3&#170;, ao final da 6 &#170; semana. </p>
    <p>O suco de berinjela com laranja foi preparado a partir de uma berinjela "japonesa" m&#233;dia (aproximadamente 200g), tr&#234;s laranjas-p&#234;ra ou suco de laranja natural em embalagem "longa vida" (200 ml) e a&#231;&#250;car ou ado&#231;ante. A berinjela com casca, cortada em cubos e processada em liq&#252;idificador (aproximadamente 1 minuto, em velocidade m&#233;dia) junto com o suco das laranjas e o a&#231;&#250;car ou ado&#231;ante at&#233; obter um l&#237;quido homog&#234;neo. Os indiv&#237;duos foram orientados a preparar o suco adequadamente e a tomar, pela manh&#227;, um copo (250 ml) do suco preparado. </p>
    <p>O projeto foi apreciado e aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Projetos de Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. </p>
    <p>Para os resultados, foram considerados apenas aqueles indiv&#237;duos que mantiveram uma regularidade nas suas instru&#231;&#245;es, ou seja, tomaram o medicamento ou o suco de berinjela com laranja, adequadamente preparado, por pelo menos 75% do tempo determinado. Esta informa&#231;&#227;o foi aferida por meio de um question&#225;rio. A an&#225;lise dos dados obtidos foi feita pelo teste t pareado e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de 0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 21 indiv&#237;duos, sendo 9 homens, contendo o grupo C, 7 indiv&#237;duos, o grupo B, 6, e o grupo E, 8. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados revelou que os indiv&#237;duos dos 3 grupos eram semelhantes estatisticamente entre si, do ponto de vista de suas caracter&#237;sticas basais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0269-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O tratamento administrado aos indiv&#237;duos dos grupos B e E foi bem aceito e n&#227;o houve ocorr&#234;ncia de efeitos colaterais. </p>
    <p>Tanto o colesterol total quanto o LDL-colesterol dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo E diminu&#237;ram significativamente com o tratamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>). Os valores de colesterol total foram de 245,29 &#177; 41,69 para 205,71 &#177; 46,45, p=0,02 e os valores de LDL-colesterol de 170,83 &#177; 41,76 para 121,29 &#177; 44,90, p=0,008. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0269-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0269-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol total e do LDL-colesterol pela estatina se deu nas primeiras 3 semanas do tratamento (n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os valores da 3<sup>a</sup> e 6<sup>a</sup> semanas) e foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol total com a estatina entre 19,24%. </p>
    <p>O colesterol total dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo B n&#227;o variou significativamente ao longo do estudo (230,60 &#177; 19,30 para 240,20 &#177; 16,22, p=0,27), assim como o LDL-colesterol (139,60 &#177; 21,49 para 154,40 &#177; 9,66, p=0,06) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figs.1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>). Embora muito pr&#243;xima da signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,06), a tend&#234;ncia observada no grupo B foi a de aumento do colesterol total e n&#227;o de redu&#231;&#227;o. O colesterol total dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo C n&#227;o variou significativamente durante a pesquisa (235,17 &#177; 16,33 para 222,17 &#177; 24,56, p=0,85), assim como os valores de LDL-colesterol (150,50 &#177; 13,50 para 147,83 &#177; 27,08, p=0,98) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figs.1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>). </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi observada varia&#231;&#227;o significativa ao longo do estudo, quanto aos valores de HDL-colesterol, e dos triglic&#233;rides (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabs. II</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab03">III</xref>)</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0269-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tab03"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0269-00007-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar da aus&#234;ncia de comprova&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica, o suco de berinjela com laranja vem sendo recomendado como tratamento alternativo para reduzir o colesterol na preven&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, cren&#231;a que est&#225; disseminada pelo Brasil, existindo mais de 500 sites de Internet contendo esta recomenda&#231;&#227;o. A maioria dos sites trata a berinjela como uma &#243;tima op&#231;&#227;o, capaz de reduzir o colesterol em at&#233; 30%. Esta op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, caso efetiva, seria interessante devido a seu baixo custo, facilitando sua obten&#231;&#227;o pela popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>De fato, experimentos realizados com camundongos e coelhos demonstraram que a introdu&#231;&#227;o de berinjela na dieta reduziu a absor&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol <sup>7,8</sup>. Em estudo experimental com coelhos, Ribeiro Jorge e cols. observaram um efeito ben&#233;fico significativo do suco de berinjela sobre os n&#237;veis de colesterol, a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>12</sup>. Por&#233;m, nesse estudo, o grupo de coelhos alimentados com dieta enriquecida com colesterol, gordura de baba&#231;u e berinjela sofreu uma perda de peso, em m&#233;dia, de 12,25%, muito significativa. Esse resultado poderia significar um processo de desnutri&#231;&#227;o, explicando a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol e os demais efeitos observados no estudo. Os autores tamb&#233;m consideraram a perda de peso como significativa, interpretando-a como secund&#225;ria ao elevado teor de fibras encontrado na berinjela, de 0,7g em m&#233;dia <sup>12</sup>. Seria importante confirmar esta afirma&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos que demonstrem uma perda de peso dessa magnitude com o uso de uma dieta com semelhante quantidade de fibras. </p>
    <p>Em experimento piloto, em humanos, testamos o efeito do suco de berinjela em 19 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Comparando os valores antes e depois de 3 semanas de tratamento, n&#227;o observamos varia&#231;&#227;o significativa do colesterol total (198 &#177; 36 e 202 &#177; 41 mg/dl, p=0,57), do LDL-colesterol (123 &#177; 32 e 129 &#177; 32 mg/dl, p=0,40), do HDL-colesterol (56 &#177; 14 e 55 &#177; 13 mg/dl, p=0,66), dos triglic&#233;rides (90 &#177; 46 e 85 &#177; 37 mg/dl, p=0,70) e do fibrinog&#234;nio (310 &#177; 54 e 289 &#177; 65 mg/dl, p=0,32) <sup>9</sup>. Esse estudo, entretanto, incluiu indiv&#237;duos com colesterol &lt; 200 mg/dl e considerou um per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o de 3 semanas, o que poderia n&#227;o ter sido suficiente para analisar eventuais efeitos do suco de berinjela. </p>
    <p>Em estudo usando infus&#227;o de berinjela a 2 %, Guimar&#227;es e cols. observaram um efeito transit&#243;rio e modesto de uma infus&#227;o de berinjela sobre os n&#237;veis de colesterol, que n&#227;o foi diferente do efeito observado com orienta&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica usual para hipercolesterol&#234;micos <sup>10</sup>. Os autores sugeriam que a falta de efic&#225;cia da berinjela pode ser explicada por sua baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o na infus&#227;o (2%), enquanto que no estudo de Ribeiro Jorge e cols., a concentra&#231;&#227;o de berinjela no suco administrado aos coelhos foi de 58% <sup>8</sup>. No presente estudo, a concentra&#231;&#227;o da berinjela no suco com laranja era de aproximadamente 50%, semelhante &#224; do estudo de Ribeiro Jorge e cols., e n&#227;o foi observada uma tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol.</p>
    <p>O benef&#237;cio da dieta com baixo teor de colesterol e das estatinas sobre os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos &#233; inequ&#237;voco <sup>1,2</sup>. At&#233; o presente momento, para indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia, este tratamento deve ser o recomendado para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria da aterosclerose e faz parte das III Diretrizes Brasileiras Sobre Dislipidemias e Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia <sup>11</sup>. Salientamos que uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica alternativa, como a da berinjela, n&#227;o est&#225; fundamentada por evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas suficientes e n&#227;o deve ser recomendada. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme, pelo fornecimento da medica&#231;&#227;o (lovastatina).</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Juliana Marchiori Pra&#231;a </p>
        <p> Rua Teodoro Sampaio, 363/810 </p>
        <p> Cep 05405-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="julipraca@hotmail.com">julipraca@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 12/3/02 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 23/6/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Eggplant (Solanum melongena) extract does not alter serum lipid levels</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of eggplant extract on serum lipid levels with that of lovastatin. METHODS: The study included 21 individuals of both sexes, with total cholesterol (TC) levels &gt; 200 mg/dL, no diabetes, no contraindication for the use of statins, and no use of cholesterol-lowering drugs, divided into the following 3 groups: 1) the eggplant group (B), in which the patients drank 1 glass of eggplant extract with orange juice before breakfast each morning; 2) the statin group (E), in which the patients received 20 mg of lovastatin in the evening after dinner; 3) control group (C), in which the patients received no treatment. Total cholesterol and fractions (HDL, LDL), and triglycerides were measured 3 times at 3-week intervals. RESULTS: The baseline lipid levels were similar in the 3 groups. After 6 weeks, a significant reduction in TC levels (from 245.29 &#177; 41.69 to 205.71 &#177; 46.45; P=0.02) and in LDL-cholesterol levels (from 170.83 &#177; 41.76 to 121.29 &#177; 44.90; P=0.008) was observed in group E. In group B, total cholesterol (from 230.60 &#177; 19.30 to 240.20 &#177; 16.22; P=0.27) and LDL-cholesterol (from 139.60 &#177; 21.49 to 154.40 &#177; 9.66; P=0.06) showed no statistically significant variation, as in group C. No significant variation was observed in the HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the 3 groups throughout the study. CONCLUSION: The eggplant extract with orange juice is not to be considered an alternative to statins in reducing serum levels of cholesterol.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ischemic heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>dyslipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>eggplant</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE </bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</p>
      <p>Eggplant (<italic><bold>Solanum melongena</bold></italic>) extract does not alter serum lipid levels </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Juliana Marchiori Pra&#231;a; Andr&#233;a Thomaz; Bruno Caramelli </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare the effect of eggplant extract on serum lipid levels with that of lovastatin.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study included 21 individuals of both sexes, with total cholesterol (TC) levels &gt; 200 mg/dL, no diabetes, no contraindication for the use of statins, and no use of cholesterol-lowering drugs, divided into the following 3 groups: 1) the eggplant group (B), in which the patients drank 1 glass of eggplant extract with orange juice before breakfast each morning; 2) the statin group (E), in which the patients received 20 mg of lovastatin in the evening after dinner; 3) control group (C), in which the patients received no treatment. Total cholesterol and fractions (HDL, LDL), and triglycerides were measured 3 times at 3-week intervals.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The baseline lipid levels were similar in the 3 groups. After 6 weeks, a significant reduction in TC levels (from 245.29 &#177; 41.69 to 205.71 &#177; 46.45; P=0.02) and in LDL-cholesterol levels (from 170.83 &#177; 41.76 to 121.29 &#177; 44.90; P=0.008) was observed in group E. In group B, total cholesterol (from 230.60 &#177; 19.30 to 240.20 &#177; 16.22; P=0.27) and LDL-cholesterol (from 139.60 </p>
      <p> &#177; 21.49 to 154.40 &#177; 9.66; P=0.06) showed no statistically significant variation, as in group C. No significant variation was observed in the HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the 3 groups throughout the study.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The eggplant extract with orange juice is not to be considered an alternative to statins in reducing serum levels of cholesterol. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> ischemic heart disease, dyslipidemia, eggplant</p>
      <p> Cardiovascular diseases are the first cause of death in Brazil. This classification includes cerebrovascular disease and ischemic heart disease, which have arterial atherosclerosis in common as a pathophysiological basis. These diseases, most of the time, have an abrupt on set, requiring the development of strategies for primary and secondary prevention. </p>
      <p>The prevention of cardiovascular diseases involves the recognition of their risk factors, wHich if controlled, decreases the incidence of these diseases <sup>1,2</sup>. A 1% reduction in cholesterol level was shown to correspond to a 2% reduction in the probability of cardiovascular events<sup> 1</sup>. </p>
      <p>The treatment of hypercholesterolemia requires a reduction in the intake of food with a high content of saturated fat (of animal origin), rich in cholesterol. Medications are the second step in the treatment. Some studies have shown that statins reduce cholesterol levels in approximately 20% and the incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality in up to 22% <sup>2</sup>. The treatment with statins, however, has a very high cost, hindering the use of those drugs in the general population, which explains the constant search for more economic alternatives. Especially in Brazil, the high cost of this treatment may be responsible for the low index of use of statins observed in clinical practice <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to check the efficacy of eggplant (<italic>Solanum melongena</italic>) extract combined with orange juice in acting as a reducer of serum lipid levels compared to the efficacy of lovastatin. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-one individuals of both sexes with total cholesterol above 200 mg/dL were selected. Individuals with contraindications to the use of fibers, diabetic individuals, and those using cholesterol-lowering drugs were excluded from the study. </p>
      <p>The number of individuals in each group was based on the mean value of total cholesterol reduction with lovastatin of 20%, and the standard deviation estimated for each group of 0.10, because they were homogeneous groups, meeting the following 2 inclusion criteria: baseline total cholesterol level &gt; 200 mg/dL and the absence of treatment. Individuals with total cholesterol much greater than that value are usually under treatment, and, therefore, were not included. To be considered an alternative to lovastatin, the reduction expected with the eggplant extract should be <underline>&gt;</underline> 20%. Considering a study power of 80% and an a value of 0.05, we obtained 4 individuals for each group. Considering the possibility of nonadherence to treatment with eggplant extract during the entire study period, we decided to assess 21 individuals. These individuals were randomly divided into 3 groups, and for 6 weeks they underwent the following therapeutic regimen: 1) group C: control group &#150; no treatment; 2) group B: 1 glass of eggplant extract with orange juice in the morning, before breakfast; 3) group E: 20 mg of lovastatin everyday after dinner. </p>
      <p>The individuals were recommended to maintain their usual diet and physical activities during the entire study period. </p>
      <p>Three measurements of total cholesterol levels, HDL-cholesterol levels, and triglyceride levels were taken, in addition to the calculation of the LDL-cholesterol level using the Friedewald formula (when the triglyceride levels were lower than 400 mg/dL), with a portable Cholestech-LDX <sup>4-6 </sup>(Analyzer, Cholestech Corporation, Hayward, CA, USA). The first measurement was taken at the beginning of the experiment; the second measurement was taken at the end of the 3rd week; and the 3rd measurement was taken at the end of the 6th week. </p>
      <p>The eggplant extract with orange juice was prepared from a medium "Japanese" eggplant (approximately 200 g), 2 oranges or natural orange juice in cartons (200 mL), and sugar or sweetener. The eggplant with skin was cut into cubes and processed in a blender with the orange juice and sugar or sweetener for approximately 1 minute at medium velocity until a homogeneous mixture was obtained. The individuals were instructed to properly prepare the mixture and to drink 1 glass (250 mL) of the preparation in the morning while fasting. </p>
      <p>The project was submitted to and approved by the Committee on Ethics for Assessment of Research Projects of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the University of S&#227;o Paulo. </p>
      <p>Only the individuals who followed the instructions were considered for the results, ie, those taking the medication or the properly prepared eggplant extract with orange juice for at least 75% of the time determined. This information was assessed by means of a questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed with the paired <italic>t</italic> test, and the significance level adopted was 0.05. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-one individuals, 9 of whom were men, were studied, divided into 3 groups. Group C had 7 individuals, group B had 6, and group E had 8. The statistical analysis of the data showed that the individuals in the 3 groups were statistically similar in regard to their baseline characteristics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0269-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The treatment administered to the individuals in groups B and E was well accepted, and no side effects occurred. </p>
      <p>Both total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in group E individuals significantly decreased with treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figs. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>). The total cholesterol levels decreased from 245.29 &#177; 41.69 to 205.71 &#177; 46.45, P=0.02, and the LDL-cholesterol levels decreased from 170.83 &#177; 41.76 to 121.29 &#177; 44.90, P=0.008. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0269-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0269-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The reduction in total cholesterol and in LDL-cholesterol due to statin use occurred in the first 3 weeks of treatment (no significant difference was observed between the values of the 3rd and 6th weeks), the reduction in total cholesterol with statin use being approximately 19.24%. </p>
      <p>In group B individuals, neither total cholesterol (230.60 &#177; 19.30 to 240.20 &#177; 16.22, P=0.27), nor LDL-cholesterol (139.60 &#177; 21.49 to 154.40 &#177; 9.66, P=0.06) significantly varied throughout the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figs. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>). Although very close to statistical significance (P=0.06), in group B, a trend towards an increase and not a decrease in total cholesterol was observed. In group C individuals, neither total cholesterol (from 235.17 &#177; 16.33 to 222.17 &#177; 24.56, P=0.85), nor LDL-cholesterol (150.50 &#177; 13.50 to 147.83 &#177; 27.08, P=0.98) significantly varied during the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figs. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>). </p>
      <p> No significant variation was observed throughout the study in HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tabs. II</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab03-body2">III</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0269-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tab03-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0269-00007-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the lack of scientific evidence, the preparation of eggplant extract with orange juice has been recommended as an alternative treatment to reduce cholesterol levels for preventing cardiovascular diseases. This belief has been widespread in Brazil, and more than 500 sites can be found on the Internet with this recommendation. Most sites refer to eggplant as an excellent option, capable of reducing cholesterol up to 30%. This therapeutic option, if effective, would be interesting due to its low cost, and consequent greater accessibility for the population. </p>
      <p>In fact, experiments performed with mice and rabbits have shown that the introduction of eggplant into their diet reduces the absorption of cholesterol, and, consequently, its serum levels <sup>7,8</sup>. In an experimental study with rabbits, Ribeiro Jorge et al <sup>12 </sup>reported a significant beneficial effect of eggplant extract on cholesterol levels, lipid peroxidation, and endothelial function. However, in this study, the group of rabbits fed a cholesterol-rich diet with baba&#231;u coconut fat and eggplant underwent a very significant weight loss (mean of 12.25%). This result could indicate a process of malnutrition, explaining the reduction in cholesterol levels and the other effects observed in the study. The authors have also considered the weight loss significant, interpreting it as secondary to the high fiber content found in eggplant (0.7 g, on average) <sup>8</sup>. It would be interesting if this finding could be confirmed with further studies that could show a weight loss of this magnitude due to a diet with a similar amount of fiber. </p>
      <p>In a pilot experiment <sup>9 </sup>with human beings, we assessed the effect of eggplant extract with orange juice in 19 healthy individuals. Comparing the values before and after 3 weeks of treatment, we observed no significant variation in total cholesterol (198 &#177; 36 and 202 &#177; 41 mg/dL; P=0.57), in LDL-cholesterol (123 &#177; 32 and 129 &#177; 32 mg/dL; P=0.40), in HDL-cholesterol (56 &#177; 14 and 55 &#177; 13 mg/dL; P=0.66), in triglycerides (90 &#177; 46 and 85 &#177; 37 mg/dL; P=0.70), and in fibrinogen (310 &#177; 54 and 289 &#177; 65 mg/dL; P=0.32). This pilot experiment, however, comprised individuals with total cholesterol &lt; 200 mg/dL and covered a period of observation of 3 weeks, which may not have been sufficient to analyze occasional effects of eggplant extract. </p>
      <p> In a study using a 2% eggplant infusion, Guimar&#227;es et al <sup>10 </sup>reported a transient and modest effect of eggplant infusion on cholesterol levels, which did not differ from that observed with the usual diet for hypercholesterolemic individuals. The authors suggest that the lack of efficacy of eggplant could be explained by its low concentration in the infusion (2%); in the study by Ribeiro Jorge et al <sup>8</sup>, the eggplant concentration in the juice administered to the rabbits was 58%. In the present study, the eggplant concentration in the orange juice was approximately 50%, similar to that in the study by Ribeiro Jorge et al, but no trend towards a reduction in cholesterol was observed. </p>
      <p>The benefit of the diet with a low cholesterol content and of the statins on serum lipids is unequivocal <sup>1,2</sup>. Until the present time, this treatment should be recommended for primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic individuals, and it is part of the III Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemias and Guidelines on Atherosclerosis Prevention of the Department of Atherosclerosis of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology <sup>11</sup>. We emphasize that an alternative therapeutic option, such as that of eggplant, is not based on sufficient scientific evidence and, therefore, should not be recommended. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme for providing the medication (lovastatin). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p> 1. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Results II: The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA 1984; 251: 365-74. </p>
      <p>2. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary disease with pravastatin in men with hipercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Eng Med 1995; 333: 1301-7. </p>
      <p>3. Fox KAA, Goodman SG, Klein W, et al. For the GRACE investigators. Management of acute coronary syndromes. Variations in practice and outcome. Findings from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Eur Heart J 2002; 23: 1177-89. </p>
      <p>4. Issa JS, Strunz C, Giannini SD, Forti N, Diament J. Precision and accuracy of blood lipid analyses by a portable device (Cholestech-LDX). Arq Bras Cardiol 1996; 66: 339-42. </p>
      <p>5. Pescatello LS, Murphy D, Costanzo D. Low-intensity physical activity benefits blood lipids and lipoproteins in older adults living at home. Age Ageing 2000; 29: 433-9. </p>
      <p>6. Bard RL, Kaminsky LA, Whaley MH, Zajakowski S. Evaluation of lipid profile measurements obtained from the Cholestech LDX analyzer. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1997; 17: 413-8. </p>
      <p>7. Kritchevsky D, Teppers AS, Story JA. Influence of an eggplant (<italic>Solanum melongena</italic>) preparation on cholesterol metabolism in rats. Exp Pathol 1975; 10: 180-3. </p>
      <p>8. Ribeiro Jorge PA, Neyra LC, Osaki RM, Almeida E, Bragagnolo N. Efeito da berinjela sobre os l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos, a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e a revers&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na hipercolesterolemia experimental. Arq Bras Cardiol 1998; 70: 87-91.</p>
      <p>9. Kakuda CM, Aoki L, Ferrari MA, Lotierzo PH, Caramelli B. Influence of an eggplant and orange juice on lipids and fibrinogen. Atherosclerosis 1997; 134:325. </p>
      <p>10. Guimar&#227;es PR, Galv&#227;o AMP, Batista CM, et al. Eggplant (Solanum melongena) infusion has a modest and transitory effect on hypercholesterolemic subjects. Braz J Med Biol Res 2000; 33:1027-1036.</p>
      <p>11. III Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemias e Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da SBC. Arq Bras Cardiol 2001; 77(supl. III): 1-48.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/xJ5BTJMt5NYHmXHyrzBbCHq/cf1581bbfd9a1944a6b89407a8301c415cf1d77b.gif"/>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Juliana Marchiori Pra&#231;a</p>
          <p> Rua Teodoro Sampaio, 363/810</p>
          <p> Cep 05405-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="julipraca@hotmail.com">julipraca@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 3/12/02</p>
      <p> Accepted: 6/23/03 </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
