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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VPhg3s65XM7dr6DkxGGHtCF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000300006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000300006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Drenagem an&#244;mala total das veias pulmonares: terap&#234;utica cir&#250;rgica dos tipos anat&#244;micos infracard&#237;aco e misto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Irun</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia Egusquiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbero-Marcial</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>259</fpage>
      <lpage>263</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em portadores de drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares (DATVP), nas formas infracard&#237;aca e mista, submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico. M&#201;TODOS: De 65 pacientes operados com o diagn&#243;stico isolado de DATVP, de dezembro/1993 a mar&#231;o/2002, foram selecionados, retrospectivamente, 7 (10,8%) pacientes das formas mista e infradiafragm&#225;tica, sendo 5 (71,4%) do sexo masculino, idades variando de 5 dias a 19 (m&#233;dia de 7) meses, com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico feito pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional. Quatro (57,1%) pacientes apresentavam formas mistas, em um, obstrutiva intr&#237;nseca, com estenose discreta da veia inferior esquerda. Os restantes tr&#234;s (42,9%) apresentavam a forma infradiafragm&#225;tica obstrutiva, extr&#237;nseca ao n&#237;vel do diafragma. Todas as opera&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas atrav&#233;s de esternotomia mediana, sob circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea hipot&#233;rmica com parada circulat&#243;ria total em 2 casos. RESULTADOS: &#211;bito hospitalar ocorreu em 1 paciente com DATVP infradiafragm&#225;tica com conex&#227;o da veia vertical inferior com a veia porta. A causa mortis foi relacionada &#224; fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas. O p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi caracterizado pela presen&#231;a de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em 4 (57,1%) pacientes. CONCLUS&#195;O: O resultado da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica desta anomalia est&#225; associado &#224; morbidade e mortalidade aceit&#225;veis, na depend&#234;ncia do encaminhamento e tratamento cir&#250;rgico precoces, sem progress&#227;o do quadro de hipertens&#227;o vascular pulmonar.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>veias pulmonares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p><bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE</p>
    <p>Drenagem an&#244;mala total das veias pulmonares - terap&#234;utica cir&#250;rgica dos tipos anat&#244;micos infracard&#237;aco e misto </p>
    <p>
      <bold> Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Surgical therapy for the infradiaphragmatic and mixed anatomical types</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fernando Antibas Atik; Patricia Egusquiza Irun; Miguel Barbero-Marcial; Edmar Atik</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas FMUSP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estudar a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em portadores de drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares (DATVP), nas formas infracard&#237;aca e mista, submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> De 65 pacientes operados com o diagn&#243;stico isolado de DATVP, de dezembro/1993 a mar&#231;o/2002, foram selecionados, retrospectivamente, 7 (10,8%) pacientes das formas mista e infradiafragm&#225;tica, sendo 5 (71,4%) do sexo masculino, idades variando de 5 dias a 19 (m&#233;dia de 7) meses, com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico feito pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional. Quatro (57,1%) pacientes apresentavam formas mistas, em um, obstrutiva intr&#237;nseca, com estenose discreta da veia inferior esquerda. Os restantes tr&#234;s (42,9%) apresentavam a forma infradiafragm&#225;tica obstrutiva, extr&#237;nseca ao n&#237;vel do diafragma. Todas as opera&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas atrav&#233;s de esternotomia mediana, sob circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea hipot&#233;rmica com parada circulat&#243;ria total em 2 casos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> &#211;bito hospitalar ocorreu em 1 paciente com DATVP infradiafragm&#225;tica com conex&#227;o da veia vertical inferior com a veia porta. A causa mortis foi relacionada &#224; fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas. O p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi caracterizado pela presen&#231;a de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em 4 (57,1%) pacientes. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O resultado da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica desta anomalia est&#225; associado &#224; morbidade e mortalidade aceit&#225;veis, na depend&#234;ncia do encaminhamento e tratamento cir&#250;rgico precoces, sem progress&#227;o do quadro de hipertens&#227;o vascular pulmonar.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar, veias pulmonares</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To study the in-hospital evolution of patients with the infradiaphragmatic and mixed types of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD), who underwent surgical therapy. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Of the 65 patients diagnosed with isolated TAPVD and operated on from December 1993 to March 2002, 7 (10.8%) patients with the mixed and infradiaphragmatic forms were retrospectively selected. Their ages ranged from 5 days to 19 months (mean of 7 months), 5 (71.4%) were males, and their clinical diagnosis was established with 2-dimensional echocardiography. Four (57.1%) patients had the mixed form, which was intrinsic obstructive in 1 patient, with mild stenosis of the left inferior vein. The remaining 3 (42.9%) patients had the obstructive infradiaphragmatic form, extrinsic at the level of the diaphragm. All surgeries were performed through median sternotomy with hypothermic extracorporeal circulation, and total circulatory arrest was required in 2 patients. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In-hospital death occurred in 1 patient with infradiaphragmatic TAPVD with connection of the inferior vertical vein with the portal vein. The cause of death was related to multisystem organ failure. In 4 (57.1%) patients, the postoperative period was characterized by the presence of low cardiac output and pulmonary hypertension. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The result of the surgical correction of this anomaly is associated with acceptable morbidity and mortality, depending on early referral and surgery, without progression of the pulmonary vascular hypertension findings.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words:</bold> total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, congenital heart defect with increased pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary veins </p>
    <p> A drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares &#233; uma anomalia cong&#234;nita rara, correspondendo a aproximadamente 2% de todas as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas<sup>1</sup>. A grande variabilidade de formas anat&#244;micas reflete-se em diferentes apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, desde quadros est&#225;veis com fluxos pulmonar e sist&#234;mico balanceados, com discreta insatura&#231;&#227;o arterial, at&#233; quadros de hiperfluxo pulmonar com edema pulmonar exuberante. </p>
    <p>A morbidade e mortalidade relacionadas ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico da drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares t&#234;m sido minimizadas drasticamente na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, e v&#225;rios centros internacionais t&#234;m alcan&#231;ado excelentes resultados <sup>2-7</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab02">II</xref>). Os fatores respons&#225;veis incluem o diagn&#243;stico mais precoce, essencialmente com o progresso da ecocardiografia<sup>8</sup>, com fact&#237;vel otimiza&#231;&#227;o e estabiliza&#231;&#227;o das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias<sup>3</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, outros fatores de relev&#226;ncia incluem os avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas anest&#233;sicas, de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de t&#233;cnicas operat&#243;rias e do manejo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio focalizado no entendimento de sua fisiopatologia. O tratamento cir&#250;rgico precoce, durante o per&#237;odo neonatal, demonstrou ser essencial, visto que a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a encontra mortalidade de 50% nos primeiros 3 meses de vida<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0259-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tab02"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0259-00006-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>A drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares pode apresentar diversas variantes anat&#244;micas, sendo as mais freq&#252;entes a supracard&#237;aca e a card&#237;aca. As variantes infradiafragm&#225;tica e mista correspondem a 25% e 5% dos casos, respectivamente. Estas &#250;ltimas formas caracterizam-se pela elevada associa&#231;&#227;o com obstru&#231;&#227;o venosa e maior morbidade e mortalidade segundo alguns autores<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de todos os progressos citados, permanece uma elevada mortalidade desta anomalia no terceiro mundo<sup>12</sup>, visto que o diagn&#243;stico e o encaminhamento dos pacientes para os centros terci&#225;rios &#233; tardio, numa fase onde h&#225; graus variados de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, muitas vezes associada a quadros infecciosos e de desnutri&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar de portadores de drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares nas formas infracard&#237;aca e mista, submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados, retrospectivamente, 7 (10,8%) pacientes das formas mista e infradiafragm&#225;tica de drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares, de um total de 65 pacientes operados com este diagn&#243;stico no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, de dezembro/1993 a mar&#231;o/2002. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com diagn&#243;sticos associados &#224; malforma&#231;&#227;o, como transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias, conex&#227;o atrioventricular univentricular, isomerismos atriais, defeitos do septo atrioventricular, hipoplasia do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo, entre outros. </p>
    <p>Cinco (71,4%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino, as idades variando de 5 dias a 19 (m&#233;dia de 7) meses, com pesos de 2,4 Kg a 9,5 (m&#233;dia de 5,2) Kg e altura de 42 cm a 72 (m&#233;dia de 56,7) cm. O diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico foi confirmado em todos os pacientes atrav&#233;s de ecocardiograma bidimensional, sendo que 3 foram ainda submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco, com a inten&#231;&#227;o de estudar de maneira mais detalhada o retorno venoso pulmonar, de mensurar as press&#245;es intracavit&#225;rias, especialmente, nos pacientes com suspeita de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, al&#233;m de realizar a atrioseptostomia por bal&#227;o em presen&#231;a de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial restritiva. </p>
    <p>Quatro (57,1%) pacientes apresentavam formas mistas, sendo que em um havia obstru&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca, com estenose discreta da veia inferior esquerda. Tr&#234;s (42,9%) pacientes apresentavam a forma infradiafragm&#225;tica obstrutiva, esta &#250;ltima de maneira extr&#237;nseca ao n&#237;vel do diafragma, al&#233;m da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial restritiva. A anatomia detalhada das veias pulmonares com seus locais de drenagem encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0259-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias dos pacientes foram: 5 (71,4%) em classe funcional IV da NYHA e os 2 (28,6%) restantes em classe funcional III. Tr&#234;s pacientes apresentavam sinais cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, 3 desnutri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rico-prot&#233;ica grave, 2 infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar ativa, ambos em vig&#234;ncia de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, 2 encontravam-se em choque dependente de drogas vasoativas, com acidose metab&#243;lica de dif&#237;cil controle. Os pacientes foram internados em unidade de terapia intensiva, com o objetivo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o das condi&#231;&#245;es cardiorrespirat&#243;rias e metab&#243;licas, previamente &#224; cirurgia corretiva. As medidas mais freq&#252;entemente empregadas, dependendo da an&#225;lise individualizada de cada caso, foram o uso liberal de drogas vasoativas (dopamina e dobutamina), agentes vasodilatadores pulmonares, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, diur&#233;ticos, antibioticoterapia ampla e corre&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos e &#225;cido-b&#225;sicos.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram operados atrav&#233;s de esternotomia mediana, com o aux&#237;lio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea hipot&#233;rmica a 20 <sup>o</sup>C atrav&#233;s de canula&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e bicaval, logo ap&#243;s a hepariniza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. A prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica empregada foi a cardioplegia cristal&#243;ide St Thomas a 4 <sup>o</sup>C, na maioria dos pacientes e, nos dois mais recentes, a cardioplegia sang&#252;&#237;nea fria, por via anter&#243;grada intermitente a cada 20min. Em dois pacientes, foi necess&#225;ria a parada circulat&#243;ria total e hipotermia profunda, para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da conex&#227;o entre a veia vertical e o &#225;trio esquerdo. As t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas empregadas nos casos de drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares infradiafragm&#225;tica foram a anastomose transatrial latero-lateral entre a veia vertical e a parede lateroposterior do &#225;trio esquerdo em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua aur&#237;cula, e fechamento da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial com remendo de peric&#225;rdio bovino preservado em glutaralde&#237;do, seguida da ligadura da veia vertical pr&#243;ximo ao diafragma. Nos pacientes com drenagem an&#244;mala total das veias pulmonares mista, a anastomose transatrial com fechamento da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial foi realizada em 3 casos, sendo que no restante foi poss&#237;vel a anastomose direta, al&#233;m da corre&#231;&#227;o da estenose da veia pulmonar inferior esquerda, com remendo de peric&#225;rdio bovino. As anastomoses foram realizadas atrav&#233;s de sutura cont&#237;nua com fio de polipropileno 6 ou 7 zeros. </p>
    <p>Os tempos de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e de pin&#231;amento da aorta foram em m&#233;dia, 84,1min e 49min, respectivamente. A parada circulat&#243;ria total, empregada em dois pacientes, teve dura&#231;&#227;o de 9 e 15min, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, todos os pacientes permaneceram em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica por no m&#237;nimo 48h, sob seda&#231;&#227;o com fentanil e midazolan, por vezes necessitando de curariza&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes eram mantidos com ventila&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o controlada, com press&#227;o positiva final de vias a&#233;reas e com volume minuto levemente aumentado, a fim de manter a press&#227;o parcial de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico por volta de 30 a 35 mmHg. O uso de agentes inotr&#243;picos foi sistem&#225;tico, especialmente dobutamina, dopamina e milrinone, na depend&#234;ncia da evolu&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. O uso de vasodilatadores foi priorizado nos casos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, tendo sido empregados o nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio, nitroglicerina e, nos casos refrat&#225;rios, a prostaglandina E1 e &#243;xido n&#237;trico inalat&#243;rio. A resposta ao tratamento empregado era monitorizada principalmente com o aux&#237;lio da ecocardiografia bidimensional e o uso de diur&#233;ticos programado a fim de manter balan&#231;o h&#237;drico pr&#243;ximo de zero, ou at&#233; levemente negativo. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o de di&#225;lise peritoneal precoce ocorria com a instala&#231;&#227;o de oligoan&#250;ria. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ocorreu um &#243;bito em paciente (mortalidade hospitalar de 14,3%) com drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares infradiafragm&#225;tica com conex&#227;o da veia vertical inferior &#224; veia porta e a <italic>causa mortis</italic> relacionou-se ao quadro de fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os. O paciente encontrava-se em mau estado geral e nutricional no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, tendo evolu&#237;do no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em choque cardiog&#234;nico, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda e septicemia por mediastinite. </p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias corresponderam a baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em 4 (57,1%), hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em 4 (57,1%), bloqueio atrioventricular transit&#243;rio, necessitando de marcapasso tempor&#225;rio por mais de 24h em 3 (42,9%), arritmias supraventriculares em 3 (42,9%), ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada por mais de 7 dias em 3 (42,9%), insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, necessitando de di&#225;lise peritoneal em 2 (28,6%) e broncopneumonia em 2 (28,6%). Dois (28,6%) pacientes apresentaram parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria devida a baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em um e hip&#243;xia no outro. Dois pacientes permaneceram com o t&#243;rax aberto nos primeiros dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio devido a instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, sendo que um evoluiu com mediastinite, necessitando de reopera&#231;&#227;o para toracotomia exploradora e ressutura do esterno. </p>
    <p>O per&#237;odo de perman&#234;ncia em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica variou de 9h a 28 dias (m&#233;dia de 7,5 dias). O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o em terapia intensiva e de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi de 10,5 dias e 18,2 dias, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A drenagem an&#244;mala total das veias pulmonares &#233; uma anomalia card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita, caracterizada pelo retorno venoso pulmonar atrav&#233;s das veias pulmonares para o sistema venoso sist&#234;mico. A distribui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo dentro das cavidades card&#237;acas est&#225; na depend&#234;ncia do tamanho da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial. Caso seja restritiva, haver&#225; menor passagem de sangue para o &#225;trio esquerdo, resultando em elevadas press&#245;es intra-atriais direitas e, consequentemente, queda do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Na maioria dos pacientes a comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial n&#227;o &#233; restritiva, ficando o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo na depend&#234;ncia da complasc&#234;ncia de cada cavidade ventricular e da rela&#231;&#227;o entre as resist&#234;ncias vasculares pulmonar e sist&#234;mica. </p>
    <p>Com a diminui&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar durante o per&#237;odo neonatal, ocorre progressivo hiperfluxo pulmonar, resultando em uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre fluxos pulmonar e sist&#234;mico por volta de 5 ou mais. Altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares pulmonares e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar podem ocorrer caso haja uma continuidade desse processo. Yamaki e cols.<sup>14</sup> postularam que a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar decorre de uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre a hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia das art&#233;rias e veias pulmonares. Nos pacientes com obstru&#231;&#227;o, as elevadas press&#245;es venosas pulmonares levam a edema capilar pulmonar. Al&#233;m disso, ocorre uma vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o pulmonar reflexa, agravando quadros de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, com press&#245;es ventriculares direitas supra-sist&#234;micas. Esses pacientes desenvolvem, rapidamente, cianose e baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, que pode resultar em disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os. </p>
    <p>De acordo com o n&#237;vel anat&#244;mico de conex&#227;o das veias pulmonares com a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, Darling e cols.<sup>15</sup> classificaram a drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares em quatro tipos. Os tipos supracard&#237;aco e card&#237;aco s&#227;o os mais freq&#252;entes, com menor gravidade pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. O tipo infracard&#237;aco ou infradiafragm&#225;tico, encontrado em aproximadamente 25% dos casos de drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares<sup>16</sup>, &#233; caracterizado por drenagem venosa pulmonar atrav&#233;s do diafragma para a veia porta ou ducto venoso mais comumente, sendo menos freq&#252;entes as conex&#245;es com a veia cava inferior, veia hep&#225;tica esquerda ou veia g&#225;strica. Tem a maior incid&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o venosa, sendo este um fator independente de risco de mortalidade<sup>17</sup>. O tipo misto (5% dos casos) caracteriza-se, diversamente dos demais, pela aus&#234;ncia de conflu&#234;ncia das veias pulmonares em uma veia coletora vertical, sendo essa uma particularidade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico e planejamento cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p>No tipo infracard&#237;aco, existe uma elevada associa&#231;&#227;o com obstru&#231;&#227;o venosa, que pode ser devida &#224; elevada resist&#234;ncia ao retorno venoso, ou pela compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca da veia coletora ao n&#237;vel do diafragma ou por obstru&#231;&#227;o na jun&#231;&#227;o da veia pulmonar com a veia coletora. Entretanto, van Son e cols.<sup>18</sup> consideram que o mecanismo mais importante de obstru&#231;&#227;o seja a elevada resist&#234;ncia vascular nas veias coletoras, especialmente se a conex&#227;o se fizer no ducto venoso ou na veia porta, devido a passagem pelo par&#234;nquima hep&#225;tico e pela oblitera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-natal, respectivamente. Em nossa casu&#237;stica, os tr&#234;s pacientes com o tipo infracard&#237;aco apresentavam obstru&#231;&#227;o venosa. Um deles, com conex&#227;o da veia vertical inferior para a veia porta, foi operado em situa&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia pelo quadro de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e choque cardiog&#234;nico. Apresentou um p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio complicado, com insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, infec&#231;&#227;o mediastinal e septicemia, tendo falecido. Os outros dois casos, com conex&#245;es para o ducto venoso e veia cava inferior, tamb&#233;m foram operados em situa&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia, por&#233;m com melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o. Essa experi&#234;ncia ilustra que a presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o venosa &#233; importante na defini&#231;&#227;o do momento ideal da indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Desta forma, a drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares infracard&#237;aca associada a obstru&#231;&#227;o venosa &#233; considerada uma emerg&#234;ncia cir&#250;rgica. Nos casos em que a conex&#227;o se fa&#231;a com a veia porta ou ducto venoso, n&#227;o &#233; aconselh&#225;vel aguardar um per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, independente do risco cir&#250;rgico. Considerando os pacientes que apresentem estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e sem sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de obstru&#231;&#227;o venosa, &#233; permitida a indica&#231;&#227;o semi-eletiva nos casos em que a conex&#227;o seja com a veia cava inferior ou veia hep&#225;tica<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>O tipo misto da drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares &#233; resultado de altera&#231;&#245;es embriol&#243;gicas que levam a atresia da conflu&#234;ncia das veias pulmonares. Na maioria dos casos, a drenagem dos dois pulm&#245;es se faz de maneira separada, sendo que as veias de um dos pulm&#245;es mais freq&#252;entemente drenam em n&#237;vel card&#237;aco e as do outro pulm&#227;o em n&#237;vel supracard&#237;aco, o que facilita seu reconhecimento<sup>19</sup>. Todavia, este fato nem sempre &#233; verdadeiro<sup>20</sup>, o que torna o diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico descritivo da anatomia das veias pulmonares fundamental para o planejamento cir&#250;rgico. De qualquer maneira, a identifica&#231;&#227;o intra-operat&#243;ria das quatro veias pulmonares &#233; mandat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p>Delius e cols.<sup>7</sup> definem o tipo de opera&#231;&#227;o classificando a drenagem venosa pulmonar an&#244;mala do tipo misto em dois grupos: 1) 3+1, onde 3 veias drenam ao n&#237;vel card&#237;aco ou na veia vertical, e a restante em um outro s&#237;tio e 2) 2+2, onde as veias de cada pulm&#227;o drenam em locais diversos. No 1&#186; grupo, usualmente, 3 veias drenam no seio coronariano, sendo corrigida atrav&#233;s de uma comunica&#231;&#227;o deste &#250;ltimo com o defeito do septo atrial, seguida de fechamento do defeito resultante com remendo de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo ou bovino. A corre&#231;&#227;o da veia restante deve ser individualizada. Se houver obstru&#231;&#227;o, sua conex&#227;o com o &#225;trio esquerdo &#233; obrigat&#243;ria. Se a veia n&#227;o estiver obstruida, pode tanto deixar de ser corrigida com o inconveniente de pequeno <italic>shunt </italic>da esquerda para a direita, que pode evoluir em alguns casos para doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar obstrutiva<sup>21</sup>, como at&#233; necessitar de lobectomia pulmonar<sup>22</sup>. J&#225; no 2&#186; grupo, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o suscita maiores dificuldades pela presen&#231;a freq&#252;ente de uma conflu&#234;ncia venosa, o que facilita a anastomose com o &#225;trio esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Neste trabalho, somente um dos quatro pacientes com o tipo misto apresentava drenagem tipo 2+2, o que caracteriza a falta de uniformidade anat&#244;mica desta anomalia. </p>
    <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico tem evoluido consideravelmente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, em decorr&#234;ncia de uma s&#233;rie de fatores. A evolu&#231;&#227;o do manejo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, com especial &#234;nfase para o diagn&#243;tico ecocardiogr&#225;fico mais preciso e r&#225;pido, das t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas, anest&#233;sicas e de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e o moderno tratamento intensivo no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram respons&#225;veis pela diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa dos &#237;ndices de mortalidade operat&#243;ria, com um impacto direto a longo prazo. </p>
    <p>Fatores de risco identificados no passado<sup>10,17</sup> n&#227;o parecem ser de import&#226;ncia na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da gravidade dos pacientes, em virtude dos avan&#231;os alcan&#231;ados. Da&#237; que a idade precoce, o tipo anat&#244;mico de drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares, a necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e suporte inotr&#243;pico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e a cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia n&#227;o surgem mais como fatores de risco de mortalidade nas casu&#237;sticas mais recentes<sup>23</sup>. A obstru&#231;&#227;o venosa, especialmente se difusa e associada &#224;s formas infracard&#237;acas, permanece como fator de risco de mortalidade<sup>4,24</sup>. Em trabalho pr&#233;vio realizado na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, analisando todos os tipos de drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares, Binotto e cols.<sup>13</sup> identificaram, como fatores de risco de mortalidade, a idade, mau estado geral e infec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, importantes fatores a serem controlados no nosso meio, em vista principalmente do encaminhamento tardio de pacientes para centros terci&#225;rios. </p>
    <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico da drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares deve ser focalizado no reestabelecimento de uma conex&#227;o ampla e n&#227;o restritiva entre o &#225;trio esquerdo e a(s) veia(s) coletora(s). Os aspectos operat&#243;rios envolvem o conhecimento das diversas formas anat&#244;micas da drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares e o reconhecimento da import&#226;ncia de aliviar todas as obstru&#231;&#245;es venosas. A t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria precisa tem sido crucial na melhora dos resultados cir&#250;rgicos. A opera&#231;&#227;o precoce, o uso da hipotermia profunda e parada circulat&#243;ria, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma anastomose ampla entre a conflu&#234;ncia das veias pulmonares e o &#225;trio esquerdo, e o preciso respeito pela geometria dessas estruturas s&#227;o os fatores respons&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>Uma s&#233;rie de modifica&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas foi proposta para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os resultados das diferentes manobras<sup>25-28</sup>. Al&#233;m dos detalhes t&#233;cnicos, que envolvem especialmente o acesso &#224;s veias pulmonares, alguns autores<sup>29</sup> consideram que a veia vertical n&#227;o deva ser ligada, quando o &#225;trio esquerdo for pequeno, com baixa complasc&#234;ncia para acomodar um aumento s&#250;bito de volume ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Outros autores<sup>5,30</sup> consideram que esta t&#225;tica promove um per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio mais tranq&#252;ilo, por&#233;m postulam que esse benef&#237;cio seja transit&#243;rio, j&#225; que freq&#252;entemente permanece <italic>shunt</italic> da esquerda para direita, com necessidade de fechamento cir&#250;rgico ou intervencionista. A conduta do nosso servi&#231;o orienta a ligadura rotineira da veia vertical, juntamente com a reconex&#227;o das veias pulmonares ao &#225;trio esquerdo. </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar continua sendo a maior causa de morbidade e mortalidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Quando presente, est&#225; associada a elevada mortalidade, mas via de regra seu tratamento cl&#237;nico &#233; eficaz. Baseia-se na otimiza&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco com inotr&#243;picos, redu&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga, restri&#231;&#227;o de volume e diur&#233;ticos. O controle das crises de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar &#233; extremamente importante, pois estas levam a hipoxemia aguda, com resultante acidose metab&#243;lica e fal&#234;ncia cardiovascular. Geralmente, seu tratamento inclui o suporte ventilat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico sob seda&#231;&#227;o profunda e freq&#252;entemente curariza&#231;&#227;o, com emprego de hiperventila&#231;&#227;o, e o uso de vasodilatadores pulmonares, como a nitroglicerina, milrinone, e &#243;xido n&#237;trico<sup>31</sup>. Quando o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico das crises de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar for por vezes dif&#237;cil, a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar &#233; importante para o seu tratamento precoce, com melhora significativa do progn&#243;stico<sup>5,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que os tipos infracard&#237;aco e misto da drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares apresentam peculiaridades em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico e tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Em virtude do progresso da cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica, nos seus aspectos multidisciplinares, o resultado da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica desta anomalia est&#225; associado &#224; morbidade e mortalidade aceit&#225;veis, na depend&#234;ncia do encaminhamento e tratamento cir&#250;rgico precoces, sem progress&#227;o do quadro de hipertens&#227;o vascular pulmonar.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Fernando A. Atik </p>
        <p> Av. Chibar&#225;s 626 - AP. 101 </p>
        <p> Cep 04076-003 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="atik@uol.com.br">atik@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 16/1/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 13/5/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>31. Girard C, Neidecker J, Laroux MC, Champsaur    G, Estanove S. Inhaled nitric oxide in pulmonary hypertension after total repair    of total anomalous pulmonary venous return. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 106:    369.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Inhaled nitric oxide in pulmonary hypertension after total repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous return</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>369</fpage>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Girard</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neidecker</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laroux</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Champsaur</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Estanove</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage: surgical therapy for the infradiaphragmatic and mixed anatomical types</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the in-hospital evolution of patients with the infradiaphragmatic and mixed types of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD), who underwent surgical therapy. METHODS: Of the 65 patients diagnosed with isolated TAPVD and operated on from December 1993 to March 2002, 7 (10.8%) patients with the mixed and infradiaphragmatic forms were retrospectively selected. Their ages ranged from 5 days to 19 months (mean of 7 months), 5 (71.4%) were males, and their clinical diagnosis was established with 2-dimensional echocardiography. Four (57.1%) patients had the mixed form, which was intrinsic obstructive in 1 patient, with mild stenosis of the left inferior vein. The remaining 3 (42.9%) patients had the obstructive infradiaphragmatic form, extrinsic at the level of the diaphragm. All surgeries were performed through median sternotomy with hypothermic extracorporeal circulation, and total circulatory arrest was required in 2 patients. RESULTS: In-hospital death occurred in 1 patient with infradiaphragmatic TAPVD with connection of the inferior vertical vein with the portal vein. The cause of death was related to multisystem organ failure. In 4 (57.1%) patients, the postoperative period was characterized by the presence of low cardiac output and pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSION: The result of the surgical correction of this anomaly is associated with acceptable morbidity and mortality, depending on early referral and surgery, without progression of the pulmonary vascular hypertension findings.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage</kwd>
        <kwd>congenital heart defect with increased pulmonary blood flow</kwd>
        <kwd>pulmonary veins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold> ARTIGO ORIGINAL</p>
      <p>Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Surgical therapy for the infradiaphragmatic and mixed anatomical types</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fernando Antibas Atik; Patricia Egusquiza Irun; Miguel Barbero-Marcial; Edmar Atik</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas FMUSP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To study the in-hospital evolution of patients with the infradiaphragmatic and mixed types of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD), who underwent surgical therapy.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Of the 65 patients diagnosed with isolated TAPVD and operated on from December 1993 to March 2002, 7 (10.8%) patients with the mixed and infradiaphragmatic forms were retrospectively selected. Their ages ranged from 5 days to 19 months (mean of 7 months), 5 (71.4%) were males, and their clinical diagnosis was established with 2-dimensional echocardiography. Four (57.1%) patients had the mixed form, which was intrinsic obstructive in 1 patient, with mild stenosis of the left inferior vein. The remaining 3 (42.9%) patients had the obstructive infradiaphragmatic form, extrinsic at the level of the diaphragm. All surgeries were performed through median sternotomy with hypothermic extracorporeal circulation, and total circulatory arrest was required in 2 patients.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In-hospital death occurred in 1 patient with infradiaphragmatic TAPVD with connection of the inferior vertical vein with the portal vein. The cause of death was related to multisystem organ failure. In 4 (57.1%) patients, the postoperative period was characterized by the presence of low cardiac output and pulmonary hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The result of the surgical correction of this anomaly is associated with acceptable morbidity and mortality, depending on early referral and surgery, without progression of the pulmonary vascular hypertension findings.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, congenital heart defect with increased pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary veins </p>
      <p> Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage is a rare congenital anomaly, corresponding to approximately 2% of all congenital heart defects <sup>1</sup>. The great variability of anatomical forms results in different clinical presentations, which range from stable settings with balanced pulmonary and systemic flows with mild arterial insaturation to increased pulmonary flow settings with exuberant pulmonary edema. </p>
      <p>Morbidity and mortality related to the surgical treatment of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage have been drastically minimized in the last decade, and several international centers have obtained excellent results <sup>2-7</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab02-body2">II</xref>). These results are from the earlier diagnosis of the anomaly, essentially due to the advances in echocardiography <sup>8</sup>, with feasible optimization and stabilization of preoperative clinical conditions<sup> 3</sup>. In addition, other relevant factors include advancements in anesthetic techniques, extracorporeal circulation, myocardial protection of surgical techniques, and postoperative management focused on the understanding of the pathophysiology of the anomaly. Early surgical treatment during the neonatal period proved to be essential, because, in the natural history of the defect, a mortality of 50% is found in the first 3 months of life <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0259-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tab02-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0259-00006-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage may have different anatomic variants, the supracardiac and cardiac being the most frequent. The infradiaphragmatic and mixed variants correspond to 25% and 5% of the cases, respectively. The latter 2 forms are characterized by their high association with venous obstruction and a higher morbidity and mortality according to some authors <sup>10,11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Despite all the progress cited, an elevated mortality of that anomaly persists in developing countries <sup>12</sup>, because the diagnosis and the referral of patients to tertiary centers is delayed, occurring in a phase with varied degrees of pulmonary hypertension, many times associated with infection and malnutrition <sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at analyzing the in-hospital evolution of patients with the infradiaphragmatic and mixed forms of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, who underwent surgical treatment. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study retrospectively assessed 7 (10.8%) patients with the mixed and infradiaphragmatic forms of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of a total of 65 patients operated on at the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Medical School of the University of S&#227;o Paulo from December 1993 to March 2002. Patients diagnosed with associated malformations, such as transposition of the great arteries, univentricular atrioventricular connection, atrial isomerisms, atrioventricular septal defects, and hypoplastic left heart, were excluded from the study. </p>
      <p>The patients' ages ranged from 5 days to 19 months (mean of 7 months), their weights ranged from 2.4 to 9.5 kg (mean of 5.2 kg), and their heights from 42 to 72 cm (mean of 56.7 cm). Five (71.4%) patients were males. The clinical diagnosis in all patients was confirmed with 2-dimensional echocardiography, and 3 patients also underwent cardiac catheterization aimed at studying in greater detail the pulmonary venous return, at measuring intracavitary pressures, especially in patients suspected of having pulmonary hypertension, in addition to performing balloon atrioseptostomy in the presence of restrictive interatrial septal defect. </p>
      <p>Four (57.1%) patients had the mixed form, which was intrinsic obstructive in 1 patient, with mild stenosis of the left inferior vein. Three (42.9%) patients had the obstructive infradiaphragmatic form, extrinsic at the level of the diaphragm, in addition to a restrictive interatrial septal defect. The detailed anatomy of the pulmonary veins and their sites of drainage are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0259-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the preoperative period, 5 (71.4%) patients were in NYHA functional class IV and the remaining 2 (28.6%) were in NYHA functional class III. Three patients had clinical and echocardiographic signs of pulmonary hypertension, 3 had severe protein-calorie malnutrition, 2 had active pulmonary infection, both using mechanical ventilation, and 2 were in shock, depending on vasoactive drugs with difficult to control metabolic acidosis. The patients were admitted to the intensive care unit to stabilize their cardiorespiratory and metabolic conditions prior to corrective surgery. The most frequently used measures, depending on the individualized analysis of each case, were as follows: the liberal use of vasoactive drugs (dopamine and dobutamine), pulmonary vasodilating agents, mechanical ventilation, diuretics, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, and correction of the fluid, electrolytic and acid-base imbalances. </p>
      <p>All patients were operated on through a median sternotomy with the aid of hypothermic extracorporeal circulation at 20<sup>o</sup>C through aortic and bicaval cannulation right after systemic heparinization. The myocardial protection used in most patients was the crystalloid St Thomas Hospital cardioplegia at 4<sup>o</sup>C, and, in the 2 most recent patients, cold blood cardioplegia via the intermittent anterograde route every 20 minutes was preferred. Two patients required total circulatory arrest and deep hypothermia for connecting the vertical vein and the left atrium. The surgical techniques used in the patients with infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage were the laterolateral transatrial anastomosis between the vertical vein and the left atrial lateroposterior wall towards its auricle, and closure of the interatrial septal defect with a bovine pericardial patch preserved in glutaraldehyde, followed by ligation of the vertical vein close to the diaphragm. In regard to the mixed type of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, transatrial anastomosis with closure of the interatrial septal defect was performed in 3 patients, while direct anastomosis was possible in the remaining patients, in addition to correction of the stenosis of the left inferior pulmonary vein with a bovine pericardial patch. The anastomoses were performed with continuous suture with 6- or 7-zero polypropylene thread. </p>
      <p> The mean times of extracorporeal circulation and aortic cross-clamping were 84.1 minutes and 49 minutes, respectively. The total circulatory arrest used in 2 patients lasted 9 and 15 minutes. </p>
      <p>In the postoperative period, all patients remained under mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours and sedated with fentanyl and midazolam, sometimes requiring curarization. The patients were maintained under pressure-controlled ventilation with positive end-airway pressure and a slightly increased minute volume, to maintain the partial carbon dioxide pressure around 30 to 35 mmHg. The use of inotropic agents was systematic, especially dobutamine, dopamine, and milrinone, depending on the hemodynamic evolution. Vasodilating agents were prioritized in cases of pulmonary hypertension, sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerine being used, and, in refractory cases, prostaglandin E1 and inhaled nitric oxide were chosen. Response to treatment was monitored mainly with the aid of 2-dimensional echocardiography, and diuretics were programmed to maintain the fluid balance close to zero or even slightly negative. Early peritoneal dialysis was recommended when oliguria or anuria occurred. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One patient with infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage with connection of the inferior vertical vein to the portal vein died (in-hospital mortality of 14.3%), and the cause of death was related to multisystem organ failure. In the preoperative period, the patient was in poor general and nutritional condition with pulmonary hypertension, evolving to cardiogenic shock, acute renal failure, and septicemia due to mediastinitis in the postoperative period. </p>
      <p>The postoperative complications were as follows: low cardiac output in 4 (57.1%) patients; pulmonary hypertension in 4 (57.1%); transient atrioventricular block, which required a transient pacemaker for more than 24 hours, in 3 (42.9%); supraventricular arrhythmias in 3 (42.9%); prolonged mechanical ventilation for more than 7 days in 3 (42.9%); acute renal failure, which required peritoneal dialysis, in 2 (28.6%); and bronchopneumonia in 2 (28.6%) patients. Two (28.6%) patients experienced cardiorespiratory arrest, due to low cardiac output in 1 and to hypoxia in another. Two patients remained with their chests opened on the first postoperative days due to hemodynamic instability, one of whom evolved with mediastinitis and required reoperation for exploratory thoracotomy and resuture of the sternum. </p>
      <p>The duration of mechanical ventilation ranged from 9 hours to 28 days (mean of 7.5 days). The mean length of stay in the intensive care unit and in the hospital was 10.5 days and 18.2 days, respectively. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage is a congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by pulmonary venous return through the pulmonary veins to the systemic venous system. The distribution of blood flow inside the cardiac cavities depends on the size of the interatrial septal defect. If restrictive, a smaller amount of blood will flow to the left atrium, resulting in elevated right intra-atrial pressures, and, consequently, a drop in cardiac output. In most patients, the interatrial septal defect is not restrictive; the blood flow depends on the compliance of each ventricular cavity and on the relation between the pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances. </p>
      <p>With the physiological decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance during the neonatal period, a progressive increase in pulmonary flow occurs, resulting in a relation between the pulmonary and systemic flows of around 5 or more. Pulmonary vascular changes and pulmonary hypertension may occur if this process continues. Yamaki et al <sup>14</sup> have postulated that pulmonary hypertension results from an interaction between the hypertrophy of the media layer of the pulmonary arteries and veins. In patients with obstruction, the elevated pulmonary venous pressures lead to pulmonary capillary edema. In addition, reflex pulmonary vasoconstriction occurs, aggravating the pulmonary hypertension with supra-systemic right ventricular pressures. These patients rapidly develop cyanosis and low cardiac output, which may result in multisystem organ dysfunction. </p>
      <p>According to the anatomic level of the connection of the pulmonary veins with the systemic circulation, Darling et al <sup>15</sup> classified total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into 4 types. The supracardiac and cardiac are the most frequent types, with lower preoperative severity and better evolution after surgical correction. The infracardiac or infradiaphragmatic type, found in approximately 25% of the cases of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage<sup> 16</sup>, is characterized by pulmonary venous drainage through the diaphragm most commonly to the portal vein or ductus venosus, and less frequently to the inferior vena cava, left hepatic vein, or gastric vein. This type has the greatest incidence of venous obstruction, this being an independent factor of mortality risk <sup>17</sup>. The mixed type (5% of the cases), unlike the others, is characterized by the lack of confluence of the pulmonary veins into a vertical collecting vein, this being a particularity in regard to the echocardiographic diagnosis and surgical planning. </p>
      <p>The infradiaphragmatic type shows an elevated association with venous obstruction, which may be due either to the elevated resistance to the venous return, or to the extrinsic compression of the collecting vein at the level of the diaphragm, or even to an obstruction at the junction of the pulmonary vein with the collecting vein. However, van Son et al <sup>18</sup> considered that the most important mechanism of obstruction is the elevated vascular resistance in the collecting veins, especially if the connection occurs in the ductus venosus or in the portal vein, due to the passage through the hepatic parenchyma or the postnatal obliteration, respectively. In our case series, the 3 patients with the infradiaphragmatic type had venous obstruction. One of them, with connection of the inferior vertical vein to the portal vein, underwent surgery on an emergency basis due to pulmonary hypertension and cardiogenic shock. This patient had an eventful postoperative period with acute renal failure, mediastinal infection, and septicemia, evolving to death. The other 2 patients with the infradiaphragmatic type and connections to the ductus venosus and inferior vena cava also underwent surgery on an emergency basis, but had a better outcome. This experience shows that the presence of venous obstruction is important for defining the ideal moment of surgical indication <sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Based on this, infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage associated with venous obstruction has been considered a surgical emergency. In the cases with connection to the portal vein or the ductus venosus, a preoperative clinical stabilization period should not be waited for, regardless of the surgical risk. Considering the patients who are hemodynamically stable and have no echocardiographic signs of venous obstruction, the semi-elective indication is allowed in the cases with connection with the inferior vena cava or the hepatic vein <sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>The mixed type of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage results from embryonic alterations that lead to atresia of the confluence of the pulmonary veins. In most cases, drainage of both lungs occurs separately, the veins of one lung more frequently draining at the cardiac level, and those of the other lung at the supracardiac level, facilitating its recognition <sup>19</sup>. However, this fact is not always true<sup>20</sup>, which makes the descriptive echocardiographic diagnosis of the anatomy of the pulmonary veins fundamental for surgical planning. In any case, the intraoperative identification of the 4 pulmonary veins is mandatory. </p>
      <p>Delius et al <sup>7</sup> defined the type of surgery classifying the mixed type of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into the following 2 groups: 1) 3+1, in which 3 veins drain at the cardiac level or in the vertical vein, and the other in another site; and 2) 2+2, in which the veins in each lung drain in different sites. In the first group, 3 veins usually drain in the coronary sinus, and correction is obtained through a communication of the latter with the atrial septal defect, followed by closure of the resulting defect with an autologous or bovine pericardial patch. Correction of the remaining vein should be individualized. In case of obstruction, its connection with the left atrium is mandatory. If the vein is not obstructed, it may be left without correction with persistence of a small inconvenient left-to-right shunt, which, in some patients, may evolve to obstructive pulmonary vascular disease <sup>21</sup>, and even require pulmonary lobectomy <sup>22</sup>. On the other hand, in the second group, the surgical treatment does not cause greater difficulties due to the frequent presence of a venous confluence, which facilitates the anastomosis with the left atrium. </p>
      <p>In our case series, of the 4 patients with the mixed type only 1 had a 2+2 type drainage, which characterizes the lack of anatomical uniformity of that anomaly. </p>
      <p>Surgical treatment has evolved considerably in recent decades, due to several factors. The evolution of the preoperative management with special emphasis to the more precise and rapid echocardiographic diagnosis, the techniques of surgery, anesthesia, and extracorporeal circulation, and the modern intensive treatment in the postoperative period were responsible for the significant reduction in the indices of operative mortality, with a direct impact in the long run. </p>
      <p>Risk factors identified in the past <sup>10,17</sup> do not seem to be important for characterizing the severity of patients, due to the advances obtained. Therefore, the early age, the anatomical type of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, the need for mechanical ventilation and preoperative inotropic support, and emergency surgery no longer appear as risk factors for mortality in the most recent case series <sup>23</sup>. Venous obstruction, especially if diffuse and associated with the infradiaphragmatic forms, remains as a risk factor for mortality <sup>4,24</sup>. In a previous study carried out at our institution, analyzing all types of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, Binotto et al <sup>13</sup> identified age, poor general condition, and preoperative infection as important risk factors for mortality that need to be controlled, and mainly are due to the late referral of patients to tertiary centers. </p>
      <p>The surgical treatment of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage should pursue the reestablishment of a wide and nonrestrictive connection between the left atrium and the collecting vein(s). The surgical aspects involve the knowledge of the different anatomical forms of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and the recognition of the importance of alleviating all venous obstructions. The precise surgical technique has been crucial for improving surgical results. Early surgery, the use of deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest, the performance of a wide anastomosis between the confluence of the pulmonary veins and the left atrium, and the precise respect to the geometry of these structures are the factors responsible. </p>
      <p>Several technical modifications for the surgical treatment have been proposed with no significant difference between the results in the different maneuvers <sup>25-28</sup>. In addition to the technical details especially involving access to the pulmonary veins, some authors <sup>29</sup> consider that the vertical vein should not be ligated when the left atrium is small, with a low compliance to accommodate a sudden increase in volume after surgical correction. Other authors <sup>5,30</sup> consider that this tactic promotes a more tranquil postoperative period, but postulate that this benefit is transient, because a left-to-right shunt frequently remains, requiring surgical or interventional closure. In our service, we recommend routine ligation of the vertical vein in addition to reconnection of the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. </p>
      <p>Pulmonary hypertension continues to be the major postoperative cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. When present, it is associated with increased mortality, but its clinical treatment is usually effective. The latter is based on optimization of the cardiac output with inotropic agents, a reduction in afterload, volume restriction, and diuretics. The control of pulmonary hypertension crises is extremely important, because they lead to acute hypoxemia, with consequent metabolic acidosis and cardiovascular failure. Its treatment usually includes mechanical ventilatory support under deep sedation and frequent curarization with hyperventilation and the use of pulmonary vasodilators, such as nitroglycerine, milrinone, and nitric oxide<sup>31</sup>. When the clinical diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension crises is difficult, continuous monitoring of pulmonary artery pressure is important, because it allows early treatment and, therefore, a significant improvement in prognosis <sup>5,24</sup>. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the infradiaphragmatic and mixed types of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage have particularities in regard to their diagnosis and surgical treatment. Because of the advances in pediatric cardiac surgery in its multidisciplinary aspects, the result of the surgical correction of this anomaly is associated with acceptable morbidity and mortality, depending on early referral and surgical treatment, with no progression of pulmonary vascular hypertension. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p> 1. Bharati S, Lev M. Congenital anomalies of the pulmonary veins. Cardiovasc Clin 1973; 5: 23-41. </p>
      <p>2. Lupinetti FM, Kulik TJ, Beekman RH, Crowley DC, Bove EL. Correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in infancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 106: 880-5. </p>
      <p>3. Raisher BD, Grant JW, Martin TC, Strauss AW, Spray TL. Complete repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in infancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 104: 443-8. </p>
      <p>4. Michielon G, Di Donato RM, Pasquini L, et al. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: long-term appraisal with evolving technical solutions. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2002; 22: 184-91. </p>
      <p>5. Sano S, Brawn WJ, Mee RBB. Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989; 97: 886-92. </p>
      <p>6. Hyde JAJ, Stumper O, Barth MJ, et al. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: outcome of surgical correction and management of recurrent venous obstruction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999; 15: 735-41. </p>
      <p>7. Delius RE, de Leval MR, Elliot MJ, Stark J. Mixed total pulmonary venous drainage: still a surgical challenge. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 112: 1581-8. </p>
      <p>8. Van Der Velde ME, Parness IA, Colan SD, et al. Two-dimensional echocardiography in the pre and postoperative management of totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 18: 1746-51. </p>
      <p>9. LaBrosse CJ, Blackstone EH, Turner ME Jr, Kirklin JW. unpublished study; 1978. In Kirklin JW, Barratt-Boyes BG (eds). Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Cardiac Surgery, second edition, Churchill Livingstone, New York 1993, Cap. 16: 645-73. </p>
      <p>10. Lincoln CR, Rigby ML, Mercanti C, et al. Surgical risk factors in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Am J Cardiol 1988; 61: 608-11. </p>
      <p>11. Turley K, Tucker WY, Ullyot DJ, Ebert PA. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in infancy: influence of age and type of lesion. Am J Cardiol 1980; 45: 92-7. </p>
      <p>12. Choudhary SK, Bhan A, Sharma R, et al. Repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in infancy: experience from a developing country. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 68: 155-9. </p>
      <p>13. Binotto MA, Gimenez S, Atik E, Barbero-Marcial M, Ebaid M. Drenagem an&#244;mala total de veias pulmonares. Experi&#234;ncia com 70 casos. Arq Bras Cardiol 1996; 66: 217-21. </p>
      <p>14. Yamaki S, Tsunemoto M, Shimada M, et al. Quantitative analysis of pulmonary vascular disease in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in sixty infants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 104: 728-35.</p>
      <p>15. Darling RC, Rothney WB, Craig JM. Total pulmonary venous drainage into the right side of the heart: report of 17 autopsied cases not associated with other major cardiovascular anomalies. Lab Invest 1957; 6: 44-64. </p>
      <p>16. Drinkwater DC Jr, D'Agostino HJ Jr. Anomalous pulmonary and systemic venous connections. In: Baue AE, Geha AS, Hammond GL, Laks H, Naumheim KS. Glenn's thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 6<sup>th</sup> ed. Appleton&amp;Lange, Stamford, CT 1996 p.1105-14. </p>
      <p>17. Hammon JW Jr, Bender HW Jr, Graham TP Jr, Boucek RJ Jr, Smith CW, Erath HG Jr. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in infancy. Ten years experience including studies of postoperative ventricular function. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 80: 544-51. </p>
      <p>18. Van Son JAM, Hambsch J, Kinzel P, Haas GS, Mohr FW. Urgency of operation in infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 128-30. </p>
      <p>19. Thompson LD, McElhinney DB, Reddy VM, Jue KL, Hanley FL. Infradiaphragmatic totally anomalous pulmonary venous return with two separate descending veins in association with right atrial isomerism. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 1400-2. </p>
      <p>20. Sarioglu T, Kinoglu B, Paker T, Sarioglu A, Saltik L, Ayta&#231; A. A rare case of mixed type total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and its surgical treatment. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 45: 152-4. </p>
      <p>21. Babb JD, McGlynn TJ, Pierce WS, Kirkman PM. Isolated partial anomalous venous connection: a congenital defect with late and serious complications. Ann Thorac Surg 1981; 31: 540-3. </p>
      <p>22. Brantigan O. Anomalies of the pulmonary veins. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1947; 84: 653-8. </p>
      <p>23. Bando K, Turrentine MW, Ensing GL, et al. Surgical management of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Circulation 1996; 94(9 Suppl.): II12-6. </p>
      <p>24. Serraf A, Bruniaux J, Lacour-Gayet F, et al. Obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous return. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 101: 601-6. </p>
      <p>25. Kirklin JW. Surgical treatment of anomalous pulmonary venous connections. Mayo Clin Proc 1953; 28: 476-9. </p>
      <p>26. Williams GR, Richardson WR, Campbell GS. Repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in infancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1964; 47: 199-204. </p>
      <p>27. Warden HE, Gustafson RA, Tarnay TJ, Neal WA. An alternative method for repair of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the superior vena cava. Ann Thorac Surg 1984; 38: 601-5. </p>
      <p>28. Serraf A, Belli E, Roux D, Sousa-Uva M, Lacour-Gayet F, Planch&#233; C. Modified superior approach for repair of supracardiac and mixed total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 1391-3.</p>
      <p>29. Cope JT, Banks D, McDaniel NL, Shockey KS, Nolan SP, Kron IL. Is vertical vein ligation necessary in repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection? Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64: 23-9. </p>
      <p>30. Shah MJ, Shah S, Shankargowda S, Krishnan U, Cherian KM. L-R shunt. A serious consequence of TAPVC repair without ligation of vertical vein. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 971-3. </p>
      <p>31. Girard C, Neidecker J, Laroux MC, Champsaur G, Estanove S. Inhaled nitric oxide in pulmonary hypertension after total repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous return. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 106: 369.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/VPhg3s65XM7dr6DkxGGHtCF/cf1581bbfd9a1944a6b89407a8301c415cf1d77b.gif"/>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Fernando A. Atik</p>
          <p> Av. Chibar&#225;s, 626/101</p>
          <p> Cep 04076-003</p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="atik@uol.com.br">atik@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 1/16/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 5/13/03 </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
