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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">x6SXtNp7BMGvH9nxWcqH6Gp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000300005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre evolu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva e mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar em pacientes idosos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ochiai</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano L.S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gebara</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio C.E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nussbacher</surname>
            <given-names>Amit</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serro-Azul</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pierri</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rays</surname>
            <given-names>Jairo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio C.P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wajngarten</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>251</fpage>
      <lpage>254</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a evolu&#231;&#227;o do desempenho cognitivo e o progn&#243;stico de idosos ap&#243;s compensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada. M&#201;TODOS: Selecionados, consecutivamente, 31 pacientes internados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe IV da New York Heart Association, com idade &gt; 64 anos (68 &#177;7) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 0,45 (0,38 &#177; 0,06). Submetidos a testes cognitivos (digit span, digit symbol, letter cancellation, trail making A e B) e teste de caminhada de 6min, 4 dias antes da alta (T1) e 6 semanas ap&#243;s (T2), cujos desempenhos foram comparados pelo teste T. O valor progn&#243;stico dos escores dos testes cognitivos foram analisados pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e o valor de maior acur&#225;cia dos testes associado com o progn&#243;stico determinado pela ROC curve. RESULTADOS: Ap&#243;s 24,7 meses, 17 (55%) pacientes faleceram. Os desempenhos ao teste de caminhada e maioria dos testes cognitivos melhoraram entre T1 e T2. O escore do digit span entre os sobreviventes variou de 3,9 para 5,2 (p=0,003), permanecendo inalterado entre os que faleceram (4,1para 3,9; p=0,496). Melhora &lt; 0,75 pontos no escore foi associada &#224; mortalidade (risco relativo de 8,1; p=0,011). CONCLUS&#195;O: Em idosos, ap&#243;s a compensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, a aus&#234;ncia de melhora evolutiva do desempenho cognitivo foi associada a pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva progn&#243;stica</kwd>
        <kwd>envelhecimento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p><bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE</p>
    <p> Associa&#231;&#227;o entre evolu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva e mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar em pacientes idosos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Correlation between evolution of the cognitive function and mortality after hospital discharge in elderly patients with advanced heart failure</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcelo E. Ochiai; Luciano L.S. Franco; Ot&#225;vio C.E. Gebara; Amit Nussbacher; Jo&#227;o B. Serro-Azul; Humberto Pierri; Jairo Rays; Antonio C.P. Barretto; Mauricio Wajngarten </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a evolu&#231;&#227;o do desempenho cognitivo e o progn&#243;stico de idosos ap&#243;s compensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Selecionados, consecutivamente, 31 pacientes internados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe IV da New York Heart Association, com idade &gt; 64 anos (68 &#177;7) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,45 (0,38 &#177; 0,06). Submetidos a testes cognitivos (digit span, digit symbol, letter cancellation, trail making A e B) e teste de caminhada de 6min, 4 dias antes da alta (T1) e 6 semanas ap&#243;s (T2), cujos desempenhos foram comparados pelo teste T. O valor progn&#243;stico dos escores dos testes cognitivos foram analisados pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e o valor de maior acur&#225;cia dos testes associado com o progn&#243;stico determinado pela ROC curve. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ap&#243;s 24,7 meses, 17 (55%) pacientes faleceram. Os desempenhos ao teste de caminhada e maioria dos testes cognitivos melhoraram entre T1 e T2. O escore do digit span entre os sobreviventes variou de 3,9 para 5,2 (p=0,003), permanecendo inalterado entre os que faleceram (4,1para 3,9; p=0,496). Melhora &lt; 0,75 pontos no escore foi associada &#224; mortalidade (risco relativo de 8,1; p=0,011). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Em idosos, ap&#243;s a compensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, a aus&#234;ncia de melhora evolutiva do desempenho cognitivo foi associada a pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavra-chave:</bold> insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva progn&#243;stica, envelhecimento</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the relation between the evolution of cognitive performance and the prognosis of elderly patients after compensation of advanced heart failure. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirty-one patients older than 64 (68 &#177; 7) years and admitted with New York Heart Association class IV heart failure and ejection fraction = 0.45 (0.38 &#177; 0.06) were consecutively selected. They underwent cognitive tests (digit span, digit symbol, letter cancellation, trail making A and B) and the 6-minute walking test 4 days before (T1) and 6 weeks after (T2) hospital discharge, and their performances were compared using the t test. The prognostic value of the scores of the cognitive tests was analyzed with logistic regression, and the value of greatest accuracy of the tests was associated with the prognosis determined by the ROC curve. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> After 24.7 months, 17 (55%) patients had died. The performances in the 6-minute walking test and most cognitive tests improved between T1 and T2. The digit span score of the survivors ranged from 3.9 to 5.2 (P=0.003) and remained unaltered among those who died (4.1 to 3.9; P=0.496). An improvement &lt; 0.75 points in the score was associated with mortality (relative risk of 8.1; P=0.011). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In the elderly, after compensation of advanced heart failure, the lack of evolutionary improvement in cognitive performance was associated with a worse prognosis. </p>
    <p><bold>Key words:</bold> heart failure, prognosis, aging</p>
    <p> A incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aumenta exponencialmente com a idade e apresenta alta mortalidade, principalmente, quando presentes comorbidades. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores que possam relacionar-se ao progn&#243;stico &#233; importante para orientar poss&#237;veis interven&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Diversos estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram a presen&#231;a de d&#233;ficit cognitivo em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, avaliados por diferentes testes <sup>1-3</sup>. Especula-se sobre os poss&#237;veis mecanismos da associa&#231;&#227;o entre a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva. De fato, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pode ser a causa do d&#233;ficit cognitivo, que influenciaria na qualidade de vida e na pr&#243;pria evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente, pois dificulta a ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento e predisp&#245;e a quedas e traumas. Contudo, eventuais rela&#231;&#245;es entre o comportamento da fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica t&#234;m sido pouco estudadas em idosos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, pacientes de alto risco e freq&#252;entemente internados para compensa&#231;&#227;o, e, portanto, tornando-se importante avaliar fatores associados &#224; sua evolu&#231;&#227;o. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar nesses pacientes a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a evolu&#231;&#227;o do desempenho cognitivo e a mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre os 3.689 internados no Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243; do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, de fevereiro/1995 e agosto/1998, foram selecionados os pacientes com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 64 anos, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em fase descompensada, classe funcional IV da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao ecocardiograma <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,45 e interna&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>Excluiram-se pacientes com depress&#227;o, esquizofrenia, dem&#234;ncia, alcoolismo, drogadi&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, infec&#231;&#227;o de grande repercuss&#227;o, redu&#231;&#227;o da acuidade visual, acidente vascular cerebral a menos de 6 meses, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio a menos de 3 meses, neoplasia, n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de ur&#233;ia &gt; 120 mg/dL, creatinina &gt; 2,4 mg/dL e s&#243;dio &lt; 130 mEq/L. </p>
    <p>Assim, foram selecionados 31 pacientes, 22 (71%) homens, com idade m&#233;dia de 68 &#177; 7 anos, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo m&#233;dia de 0,38 &#177; 0,06, submetidos a testes cognitivos e avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional. As avalia&#231;&#245;es da cogni&#231;&#227;o e da capacidade funcional foram realizadas 4 dias antes da alta (T1) e 6 semanas ap&#243;s (T2). </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a alta, os pacientes foram acompanhados com consultas ambulatoriais regulares e conforme a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte foram divididos em grupo A (mortos) e grupo B (sobreviventes). </p>
    <p>Os testes cognitivos <sup>4</sup> constavam de: 1) <italic>digit span</italic> - memoriza&#231;&#227;o da ordem direta e inversa de uma seq&#252;&#234;ncia de 3 a 9 n&#250;meros apresentados verbalmente. O desempenho era avaliado pelo n&#250;mero de acertos na recorda&#231;&#227;o da seq&#252;&#234;ncia direta e inversa e o escore total. O teste avaliou mem&#243;ria imediata, concentra&#231;&#227;o e aten&#231;&#227;o; 2) <italic>digit symbol substitution -</italic> s&#227;o designados s&#237;mbolos para os n&#250;meros de 1 a 9 e o paciente deve substituir os n&#250;meros em uma seq&#252;&#234;ncia pelos simbolos correspondentes durante um per&#237;odo de 90s. O desempenho &#233; medido pelo n&#250;mero de acertos e erros. O teste avalia concentra&#231;&#227;o, velocidade motora e mental; 3) <italic>letter cancelation test</italic> - previamente, s&#227;o determinadas 2 letras do alfabeto como caracter-alvo, quando &#233; pedido ao paciente que marque todas as ocorr&#234;ncias dessas letras em uma seq&#252;&#234;ncia de outras letras do alfabeto. A tarefa deve ser realizada em um per&#237;odo de 100s. O desempenho &#233; medido pelo escore total, pelo n&#250;mero de acertos e omiss&#245;es. O teste avalia a capacidade de manter o foco de aten&#231;&#227;o por um determinado per&#237;odo de tempo; 4) <italic>trail making</italic> - neste teste &#233; solicitado ao paciente que desenhe, o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel, uma linha ligando, em uma seq&#252;&#234;ncia (1 - A - 2 - B -...), n&#250;meros e letras distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente em uma folha. O resultado &#233; medido atrav&#233;s de um escore que varia de 1 a 300, quanto menor o valor melhor o desempenho. </p>
    <p>A capacidade funcional foi avaliada por meio do teste de caminhada de 6min<sup>5</sup>. Teste que consiste em solicitar ao paciente que ande o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel em uma pista plana durante um per&#237;odo de 6min. O desempenho &#233; medido pela dist&#226;ncia percorrida em metros. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado e para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os momentos T1 e T2, o teste pareado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em propor&#231;&#227;o e para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foram utilizados os testes de Qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. A curva de sobrevida foi constru&#237;da atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier <sup>6</sup>. A ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito foi analisada em fun&#231;&#227;o do desempenho cognitivo pelo m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica <sup>7</sup>. O intervalo de confian&#231;a utilizado foi o de 95%. O valor de corte de maior acur&#225;cia para o desempenho cognitivo foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de <italic>receiver operator characteristic curve</italic>. Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo o valor de p &lt;0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes, segundo a ocorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de &#243;bito (grupo A e B, respectivamente) est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. Os grupos n&#227;o diferiram em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, &#224; etiologia da miocardiopatia e &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Pela an&#225;lise bivariada houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0251-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O desempenho cognitivo dos pacientes como um todo, quando compararam-se os momentos T1 e T2, mostrou semelhan&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao escore do <italic>digit span</italic> (4,0&#177;1,5 vs.4,5+1,7; respectivamente T1 e T2) e ao escore do <italic>trail making B</italic> (79,3 &#177; 81,4 vs. 58,1 &#177; 55,1; respectivamente T1 e T2). Diferentemente, houve melhora do n&#250;mero de acertos do <italic>digit symbol</italic> (12,2 &#177; 8,6 e 15,8 &#177; 9,4, respectivamente T1 e T2; p=0,0002) e do escore do teste <italic>letter cancellation</italic> (32,8 &#177; 16,3 vs. 44,2 &#177; 21,0; respectivamente,T1 e T2; p&lt;0.0001).</p>
    <p>A dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6min dos pacientes selecionados melhorou significantemente entre T1 e T2 (314 &#177; 111 vs.401 &#177; 117 metros, p &lt;0,0001). </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s acompanhamento de 24,7 &#177; 2,9 meses, 17 (55%,) pacientes faleceram (grupo A), e 11 &#243;bitos (65% do total) ocorreram nos primeiros 12 meses de acompanhamento. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos A e B, demonstrou diferen&#231;a de comportamento evolutivo apenas do teste <italic>digit span</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0251-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica incluiu as vari&#225;veis cognitivas e os dados da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Esse modelo multivariado confirmou que a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora de morte foi a diferen&#231;a do escore do <italic>digit span</italic> entre os momentos T1 e T2 (p= 0,015). </p>
    <p>Pelo m&#233;todo da ROC, foi definido o valor de 0,75 para a diferen&#231;a do escore do <italic>digit span</italic> entre os momentos T1 e T2, que teve maior acur&#225;cia para prever morte, com risco relativo de 8,13 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,6 - 40,8). A curva de sobrevida, de acordo com a melhora do escore, demonstrou a diferen&#231;a de evolu&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0251-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo, segundo pudemos avaliar, relacionando evolu&#231;&#227;o do desempenho cognitivo e mortalidade em pacientes idosos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de grau avan&#231;ado.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao nosso, o estudo SOLVD<sup>8</sup> avaliou pacientes mais jovens com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca menos avan&#231;ada, e melhor desempenho ao <italic>digit span</italic> (escore: 10,0 &#177; 2,6). Por outro lado, Bornstein e cols.<sup>9</sup> encontraram em pacientes antes de serem submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco, por&#233;m mais jovens (idade m&#233;dia de 45 anos), desempenho no <italic>digit span</italic> semelhante ao de nosso estudo (escore de 4,4 &#177; 1,2). Estudo realizado por Newman e cols.<sup>10</sup>, em grupo de pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana, antes da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (idade m&#233;dia de 61 anos) e sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, encontrou escore 7,3 &#177; 2,3. </p>
    <p>A curva de sobrevida demostrou que a maioria das mortes ocorreu no 1<sup>&#176;</sup> ano ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o e, posteriormente, as curvas dos grupos com e sem d&#233;ficit cognitivo tornaram-se paralelas. Portanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva e progn&#243;stico ocorreria em per&#237;odos pr&#243;ximos &#224; alta hospitalar e n&#227;o a longo prazo. Nosso estudo n&#227;o foi desenhado para esclarecer se o desempenho cognitivo &#233; causa da evolu&#231;&#227;o pior ou conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de cardiopatia mais grave, por&#233;m algumas hip&#243;teses podem ser levantadas. </p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cognitiva e cl&#237;nica pode refletir o comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico acentuado, sobre o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo cerebral, n&#227;o somente global mas tamb&#233;m regional. Experi&#234;ncia ainda n&#227;o publicada pelo nosso grupo, tem observado, em idosos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, altera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo regional, em particular das &#225;reas relacionadas &#224; cogni&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, os idosos podem apresentar pior desempenho cognitivo devido a altera&#231;&#245;es da vasculariza&#231;&#227;o cerebral, o que poderia refletir uma circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica com menor grau de adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de um menor desempenho cognitivo, contudo, poderia prejudicar a evolu&#231;&#227;o, &#224; medida que reduzisse a ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento medicamentoso. Nesse sentido, o comprometimento da aten&#231;&#227;o, fun&#231;&#227;o avaliada pelo <italic>digit span</italic>, &#233; coerente com tal hip&#243;tese. </p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o renal, avaliada pelos n&#237;veis de ur&#233;ia e creatinina, foi associada a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise bivariada. De fato, a uremia pode influir no desempenho cognitivo, salientando que pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal acentuada foram exclu&#237;dos. Al&#233;m do mais, pela an&#225;lise multivariada, o desempenho cognitivo foi associado &#224; mortalidade independentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. </p>
    <p>Vale ressaltar que em nossa amostra, os pacientes que sobreviveram apresentaram uma melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva, a partir de um desempenho semelhante ao grupo de pacientes que faleceram, refor&#231;ando que a reversibilidade do d&#233;ficit cognitivo estava associada &#224; melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o. Ademais, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo teste <italic>digit span</italic> e a evolu&#231;&#227;o fatal foi de grande intensidade com risco relativo de 8,13. O intervalo de confian&#231;a grande refletiu o tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra, entretanto na pior das hip&#243;teses, o risco relativo seria de 1,6, o que intensifica a hip&#243;tese que o preju&#237;zo cognitivo &#233; associado a pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Nossos achados confirmam que idosos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de grau avan&#231;ado apresentam uma intensa redu&#231;&#227;o do desempenho nos testes cognitivos, valorizando o emprego de teste espec&#237;ficos nesses pacientes. A melhora cognitiva observada em alguns casos ap&#243;s a compensa&#231;&#227;o pode resultar da melhora das condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovascular, hemodin&#226;mica e cl&#237;nica, fato que pode resultar na melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o. Possibilidade que n&#227;o pode ser confirmada neste estudo. </p>
    <p>Nossa amostra foi limitada pelos fatores de exclus&#227;o, como impossibilidade de deambular, redu&#231;&#227;o da acuidade visual e depress&#227;o, situa&#231;&#245;es muito freq&#252;entes em pacientes mais graves, velhos e com comorbidades (e.g. diabetes melittus). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram avaliados os pacientes que faleceram durante o per&#237;odo de 6 semanas. Muito embora nossa amostra ser relativamente pequena (n=31), o n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos (17) foi o suficiente para reduzir o erro tipo I. </p>
    <p>Nossa amostra foi constitu&#237;da de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe funcional IV, o que nos impede de extrapolar nossos achados para pacientes com doen&#231;a mais leve. </p>
    <p>A alta presen&#231;a de analfabetismo, mais freq&#252;entemente, o funcional, em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, pode ter influenciado no resultado dos testes cognitivos, embora o desenho do estudo, que comparou 2 momentos do mesmo paciente, pode ter reduzido essa influ&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, em idosos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de grau avan&#231;ado, a falta de melhora do desempenho cognitivo, medido pelo <italic>digit span</italic>, est&#225; associada a pior evolu&#231;&#227;o principalmente a curto prazo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) pelo aux&#237;lio recebido pelo acad&#234;mico Luciano L. S. Franco e ao Dr. S&#233;rgio Tamai pela avalia&#231;&#227;o psiqui&#225;trica dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcelo E. Ochiai </p>
        <p> Rua Cara&#237;bas, 1342/64 </p>
        <p> Cep 05020-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mochiai@osite.com.br">mochiai@osite.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em: 16/1/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em: 26/5/03</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Correlation between evolution of the cognitive function and mortality after hospital discharge in elderly patients with advanced heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between the evolution of cognitive performance and the prognosis of elderly patients after compensation of advanced heart failure. METHODS: Thirty-one patients older than 64 (68 &#177; 7) years and admitted with New York Heart Association class IV heart failure and ejection fraction = 0.45 (0.38 &#177; 0.06) were consecutively selected. They underwent cognitive tests (digit span, digit symbol, letter cancellation, trail making A and B) and the 6-minute walking test 4 days before (T1) and 6 weeks after (T2) hospital discharge, and their performances were compared using the t test. The prognostic value of the scores of the cognitive tests was analyzed with logistic regression, and the value of greatest accuracy of the tests was associated with the prognosis determined by the ROC curve. RESULTS: After 24.7 months, 17 (55%) patients had died. The performances in the 6-minute walking test and most cognitive tests improved between T1 and T2. The digit span score of the survivors ranged from 3.9 to 5.2 (P=0.003) and remained unaltered among those who died (4.1 to 3.9; P=0.496). An improvement &lt; 0.75 points in the score was associated with mortality (relative risk of 8.1; P=0.011). CONCLUSION: In the elderly, after compensation of advanced heart failure, the lack of evolutionary improvement in cognitive performance was associated with a worse prognosis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>heart failure, prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>aging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE </bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</p>
      <p> Correlation between evolution of the cognitive function and mortality after hospital discharge in elderly patients with advanced heart failure </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcelo E. Ochiai; Luciano L.S. Franco; Ot&#225;vio C.E. Gebara; Amit Nussbacher; Jo&#227;o B. Serro-Azul; Humberto Pierri; Jairo Rays; Antonio C.P. Barretto; Mauricio Wajngarten </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the FMUSP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the relation between the evolution of cognitive performance and the prognosis of elderly patients after compensation of advanced heart failure. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirty-one patients older than 64 (68 &#177; 7) years and admitted with New York Heart Association class IV heart failure and ejection fraction = 0.45 (0.38 &#177; 0.06) were consecutively selected. They underwent cognitive tests (digit span, digit symbol, letter cancellation, trail making A and B) and the 6-minute walking test 4 days before (T1) and 6 weeks after (T2) hospital discharge, and their performances were compared using the t test. The prognostic value of the scores of the cognitive tests was analyzed with logistic regression, and the value of greatest accuracy of the tests was associated with the prognosis determined by the ROC curve.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> After 24.7 months, 17 (55%) patients had died. The performances in the 6-minute walking test and most cognitive tests improved between T1 and T2. The digit span score of the survivors ranged from 3.9 to 5.2 (P=0.003) and remained unaltered among those who died (4.1 to 3.9; P=0.496). An improvement &lt; 0.75 points in the score was associated with mortality (relative risk of 8.1; P=0.011).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In the elderly, after compensation of advanced heart failure, the lack of evolutionary improvement in cognitive performance was associated with a worse prognosis. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> heart failure, prognosis, aging</p>
      <p> The incidence of heart failure increases exponentially with age and is accompanied by high mortality, mainly when comorbidities are present. The identification of factors that may correlate with prognosis is important to guide possible interventions. </p>
      <p>Some previous studies <sup>1-3</sup> showed the presence of cognitive impairment in patients with heart failure assessed with different tests. The possible mechanisms of the correlation between heart failure and the reduction in cognitive function are a matter of speculation. In fact, heart failure may be the cause of cognitive impairment, which influences the quality of life and the clinical evolution of the patient, because it hinders adherence to treatment and predisposes to falls and traumas. However, occasional relations between the behavior of cognitive function and clinical evolution have not been frequently studied in the elderly with advanced heart failure. As these are high-risk patients often admitted for compensation, the assessment of factors associated with their evolution is important. This study aimed at assessing the correlation between the evolution of cognitive performance and mortality after hospital discharge in these patients. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 3.689 patients admitted to the Cotox&#243; Hospital of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School from February 1995 to August 1998, the following patients were selected: those aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 64 years admitted due to decompensated New York Heart Association functional class IV heart failure, with a left ventricular ejection fraction <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.45 on echocardiography. </p>
      <p>Patients with the following conditions were excluded from the study: depression, schizophrenia, dementia, alcoholism, drug addiction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, significant infection, reduction in visual acuity, stroke within the previous 6 months, acute myocardial infarction within the previous 3 months, neoplasia, urea serum levels &gt; 120 mg/dL, creatinine serum levels &gt; 2.4 mg/dL, and sodium serum levels &lt; 130 mEq/L. </p>
      <p> Based on this, 31 patients with a mean age of 68 &#177; 7 years and a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.38 &#177; 0.06 were selected, 22 (71%) of whom were men. These patients underwent cognitive tests and assessment of functional capacity 4 days before (T1) and 6 weeks after (T2) hospital discharge. </p>
      <p>After discharge, the patients were regularly followed up in the outpatient care clinic, and they were divided according to the occurrence of death into group A (dead) and group B (survivors). </p>
      <p>The cognitive assessment comprised the following tests <sup>4</sup>: 1) digit span - memorization of the direct and inverse order of a 3- to 9-digit sequence verbally presented. Performance was assessed based on the number of right answers in recalling the direct and inverse sequence and the total score. The test evaluated immediate memory, concentration, and attention; 2) digit symbol substitution<italic> -</italic> symbols are designated for numbers from 1 to 9, and the patient should replace the numbers in a sequence by the corresponding symbols during a period of 90 seconds. Performance is assessed by the number of right and wrong answers. The test evaluates concentration, motor and mental velocity; 3) letter cancellation test - 2 letters of the alphabet are previously determined as target characters and the patient is asked to mark all the occurrences of the letters in a sequence of other letters of the alphabet. The task should be performed in 100 seconds. Performance is measured by the total score, the number of correct answers and omissions. The test assesses the capacity to maintain the focus of attention for a certain period of time; 4) trail making &#150; in this test, the patient is asked to draw, as fast as possible, a line linking, in a sequence (1 - A - 2 - B -...), numbers and letters randomly distributed in a sheet. The result is measured by means of a score that varies from 1 to 300, the lower the value, the better the performance. </p>
      <p>The functional capacity was assessed with the 6-minute walking test <sup>5</sup>. The test consists in asking the patient to walk as fast as possible on a flat track for 6 minutes. Performance is measured by the distance walked in meters. </p>
      <p>The continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation; the nonpaired Student <italic>t</italic> test was used for comparison between the groups, and the paired test was used for comparison between the moments T1 and T2. The categorical variables were expressed in proportion, and the chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used for comparison between the groups. The survival curve was built using the Kaplan-Meier method <sup>6</sup>. The occurrence of death was analyzed as a function of cognitive performance using the logistic regression method <sup>7</sup>. The confidence interval used was 95%. The most accurate cut point for cognitive performance was determined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The value of P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The basal characteristics of the patients, according to the occurrence of death or lack thereof (groups A and B, respectively), are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. The groups did not differ in regard to age, etiology of cardiomyopathy, and ejection fraction. Using bivariate analysis, a statistically significant difference in regard to renal function was observed between the groups. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0251-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The cognitive performance of the patients as a whole, when comparing the moments T1 and T2, showed a similarity in regard to the digit span score (4.0&#177;1.5 vs 4.5+1.7; respectively T1 and T2) and the trail making B score (79.3&#177;81.4 vs 58.1&#177;55.1; respectively T1 and T2). Differently, an improvement in the number of right answers was observed in the digit symbol substitution (12.2 &#177; 8.6 and 15.8 &#177; 9.4, respectively T1 and T2; P=0.0002) and in the letter cancellation test score (32.8 &#177; 16.3 vs 44.2 &#177; 21.0; respectively, T1 and T2; P&lt;0.0001). </p>
      <p>The distance walked in the 6-minute walking test of the patients selected significantly improved from T1 to T2 (314 &#177; 111 vs 401 &#177; 117 meters, P &lt;0.0001). </p>
      <p>After a follow-up of 24.7 &#177; 2.9 months, 17 (55%) patients died (group A), 11 (65%) in the first 12 months of follow-up. The comparison between groups A and B showed a difference in the evolutionary behavior only in the digit span test (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0251-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The logistic regression analysis included the cognitive variables and the renal function data. This multivariate model confirmed that the only predictive variable of death was the difference in the digit span score between moments T1 and T2 (P= 0.015). </p>
      <p>Using the ROC curve, the difference in the digit span score between the moments T1 and T2 was defined as 0.75; this value had the greatest accuracy to predict death, with a relative risk of 8.13 (95% confidence interval: 1.6 &#150; 40.8). The survival curve, according to the improvement in the score, showed the difference in evolution (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0251-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study correlating evolution of cognitive performance and mortality in the elderly with advanced heart failure. </p>
      <p>Compared with ours, the SOLVD study <sup>8</sup> assessed younger patients with less advanced heart failure and better performance on digit span (score: 10.0 &#177; 2.6). On the other hand, Bornstein et al <sup>9</sup>, studying younger patients (mean age of 45 years) before undergoing heart transplantation, found a performance on the digit span test similar to that in our study (score of 4.4 &#177; 1.2). Newman et al <sup>10</sup>, studying a group of patients with atherosclerotic coronary disease but no heart failure before myocardial revascularization (mean age of 61 years), reported the score of 7.3 &#177; 2.3.</p>
      <p>The survival curve showed that most deaths occurred within the first year after hospitalization; later on, the curves of the groups with and without cognitive deficit became parallel. Therefore, the association of cognitive dysfunction and prognosis should occur close to hospital discharge and not in the long run. Our study was not designed to clarify whether cognitive performance is a cause of worse evolution or a consequence of more severe heart disease; however, some hypotheses may be elaborated. </p>
      <p>The correlation between worse cognitive performance and clinical evolution may reflect the marked hemodynamic impairment of cerebral blood flow, not only global, but also regional. In an unpublished study carried out by our group, we observed that elderly patients with advanced heart failure have changes in regional flow, particularly in the areas related to cognition. On the other hand, the elderly may have worse cognitive performance due to changes in cerebral vascularization, which can reflect a lower degree of adaptation of the systemic circulation to heart failure. </p>
      <p>The presence of poorer cognitive performance, however, could impair evolution, as adherence to the medicamentous treatment decreased. In agreement with this, the attentional deficit evaluated on digit span is in accordance with this hypothesis. </p>
      <p>Renal function, assessed based on urea and creatinine levels, has been correlated with the occurrence of death through bivariate analysis. In fact, uremia may influence cognitive performance, and patients with severe renal failure were excluded from the study. In addition, through multivariate analysis, cognitive performance was correlated with mortality independently of renal function. </p>
      <p>It is worth noting that, in our sample, the surviving patients had improved cognitive function above a level of performance similar to that in the group of the patients who died, emphasizing that reversibility of the cognitive impairment deficit correlated with a better evolution. In addition, the correlation of the evaluation using the digit span test and fatal evolution was markedly significant and had a relative risk of 8.13. The large confidence interval reflected the relatively small size of the sample; however, in the worst of cases, the relative risk was 1.6, stressing the hypothesis that cognitive impairment is associated with a worse prognosis. </p>
      <p>Our findings confirm that the elderly with advanced heart failure have a marked reduction in performance in cognitive tests, stressing the usefulness of specific tests in these patients. The cognitive improvement observed in some patients after compensation may have resulted from the improvement in cardiovascular, hemodynamic, and clinical conditions, a fact that may have resulted in a better evolution. This possibility could not be confirmed in this study. </p>
      <p>Our sample was limited by exclusion factors, such as the impossibility of walking, the reduction in visual acuity, and depression, which are very frequent in critically ill, elderly patients with comorbidities (eg, diabetes mellitus). The patients who died during the period of 6 weeks were not assessed. Although our sample was relatively small (n=31), the number of deaths (17) was sufficient to reduce type I error. </p>
      <p>Our sample comprised patients with functional class IV heart failure, which does not allow us to extrapolate our findings to patients with milder disease. </p>
      <p>The high incidence of illiteracy, most frequently functional illiteracy, in our elderly population may have influenced the results of the cognitive tests, although the design of the study, which compared 2 moments in the same patient, may have reduced this influence. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, in the elderly with advanced heart failure, the lack of improvement in cognitive performance measured with the digit span test correlates with a poorer evolution mainly in the short run.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank the Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) for the support received by the student Luciano L. S. Franco, and Dr. S&#233;rgio Tamai for the psychiatric evaluation of the patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p> 1. Schall RR, Petrucci RJ, Brozena SC, Cavarocchi NC, Jessup M. Cognitive function in patients with symptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy before and after cardiac transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989; 14: 1666-72.</p>
      <p>2. Cacciatore F, Abete P, Ferrara N et al. Congestive heart failure and cognitive impairment in an older population. J Am Geriatric Soc 1998; 46: 1343-8. </p>
      <p>3. Zuccal&#224; G, Cattel C, Manes-Gravina E et al. Left ventricular dysfunction: a clue to cognitive impairment in older patients with heart failure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 63: 509-12. </p>
      <p>4. Wechesler D. Wechesler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). New York: Psychological Corporation, 1981. </p>
      <p>5. Guyatt, GH, Sullivan MJ, Thompson PJ et al. The 6-minute walk: s new measure of exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Can Med Assoc J 1985; 132: 919-23. </p>
      <p>6. Kaplan EL, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc 1958; 53: 457-81. </p>
      <p>7. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. New York: Wiley; 1989. </p>
      <p>8. Gorkin L, Norvell NK, Rosen RC et al. Assessment of quality of life as observed from the baseline data of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Trial quality-of-life substudy. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 1069-73. </p>
      <p>9. Bornstein RA, Starling RC, Myerowitz P et al. Neuropsychological function in patients with end-stage heart failure before and after cardiac transplantation. Acta Neurol Scand 1995; 91: 260-5. </p>
      <p>10. Newman MF, Kirchner JL, Phillips-Bute B et al. Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 395-402. </p>
      <p>11. Almeida OP, Tamai S. Clinical treatment reverses attencional deficits in congestive heart failure. BMC Geriatrics 2001; 1:2.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/x6SXtNp7BMGvH9nxWcqH6Gp/cf1581bbfd9a1944a6b89407a8301c415cf1d77b.gif"/>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Marcelo E. Ochiai </p>
          <p> Rua Cara&#237;bas, 1342/64</p>
          <p> Cep 05020-000</p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mochiai@osite.com.br">mochiai@osite.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 1/16/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 5/26/03</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
