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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vcKGWMVDxn9D7F5bvjRRvyJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000300004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000300004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Troca valvar com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas e pl&#225;stica na cirurgia da insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dancini</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo Maria Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Spina</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Sobreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pardi</surname>
            <given-names>M&#237;rian Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giorgi</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clementina Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Almeida de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>235</fpage>
      <lpage>242</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar, clinica e laboratorialmente, tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico da insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica isolada; um grupo submetido &#224; pl&#225;stica valvar e dois &#224; troca da valva mitral com diferentes t&#233;cnicas de preserva&#231;&#227;o das cordas. M&#201;TODOS: Operados 28 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 54,1 anos, sem doen&#231;a coronariana, multivalvar ou reopera&#231;&#245;es: 9 tiveram pl&#225;stica valvar, 10 troca valvar mitral com preserva&#231;&#227;o das cordas de ambas as c&#250;spides, e 9 apenas da c&#250;spide posterior. Avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, ecodopplercardiogr&#225;fica e radioisot&#243;pica foram realizadas at&#233; o 6&#186; m&#234;s de seguimento. RESULTADOS: Ao final, 88,8% encontravam-se em classe funcional I. Um faleceu por hemorragia intracraniana durante tratamento anticoagulante. Houve queda no di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico (p&lt;0,0001) e volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (p&lt;0,0001) nos tr&#234;s grupos. Apenas os pacientes submetidos &#224; pl&#225;stica tiveram queda no di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico (p=0,0003) e no volume sist&#243;lico final (p=0,0040), sem altera&#231;&#245;es na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p=0,5586). Os submetidos &#224; troca valvar mitral tiveram queda similar na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p=0,0001 e p=0,0296). CONCLUS&#195;O: Houve melhora cl&#237;nica com as tr&#234;s t&#233;cnicas empregadas. Os pacientes submetidos &#224; pl&#225;stica valvar tiveram melhor preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no desempenho card&#237;aco entre os dois grupos submetidos &#224; troca valvar mitral com preserva&#231;&#227;o das cordas at&#233; o 6&#186; m&#234;s de seguimento.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia da valva mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>implante de pr&#243;tese de valva</kwd>
        <kwd>cordas tendinosas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p><bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE</p>
    <p>Troca valvar com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas e pl&#225;stica na cirurgia da insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica</p>
    <p>
      <bold> Valve replacement with chordal preservation and valvuloplasty for chronic mitral insufficiency</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Luiz Dancini; Pablo Maria Alberto Pomerantzeff; Guilherme Sobreira Spina; M&#237;rian Magalh&#227;es Pardi; Maria Clementina Pinto Giorgi; Roney Orismar Sampaio; Max Grinberg; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar, clinica e laboratorialmente, tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico da insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica isolada; um grupo submetido &#224; pl&#225;stica valvar e dois &#224; troca da valva mitral com diferentes t&#233;cnicas de preserva&#231;&#227;o das cordas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Operados 28 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 54,1 anos, sem doen&#231;a coronariana, multivalvar ou reopera&#231;&#245;es: 9 tiveram pl&#225;stica valvar, 10 troca valvar mitral com preserva&#231;&#227;o das cordas de ambas as c&#250;spides, e 9 apenas da c&#250;spide posterior. Avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, ecodopplercardiogr&#225;fica e radioisot&#243;pica foram realizadas at&#233; o 6<sup>o</sup> m&#234;s de seguimento. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ao final, 88,8% encontravam-se em classe funcional I. Um faleceu por hemorragia intracraniana durante tratamento anticoagulante. Houve queda no di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico (p&lt;0,0001) e volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (p&lt;0,0001) nos tr&#234;s grupos. Apenas os pacientes submetidos &#224; pl&#225;stica tiveram queda no di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico (p=0,0003) e no volume sist&#243;lico final (p=0,0040), sem altera&#231;&#245;es na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p=0,5586). Os submetidos &#224; troca valvar mitral tiveram queda similar na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p=0,0001 e p=0,0296). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Houve melhora cl&#237;nica com as tr&#234;s t&#233;cnicas empregadas. Os pacientes submetidos &#224; pl&#225;stica valvar tiveram melhor preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no desempenho card&#237;aco entre os dois grupos submetidos &#224; troca valvar mitral com preserva&#231;&#227;o das cordas at&#233; o 6<sup>o</sup> m&#234;s de seguimento.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> insufici&#234;ncia da valva mitral / cirurgia, implante de pr&#243;tese de valva / m&#233;todos, cordas tendinosas / cirurgia</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare, from the clinical and laboratory points of view, 3 groups of patients undergoing surgical treatment for isolated chronic mitral insufficiency. One group underwent valvuloplasty, and the other 2 groups underwent mitral valve replacement with different techniques for chordal preservation. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty-eight patients with a mean age of 54.1 years, no coronary or multivalvular disease, and no reoperation, underwent surgery as follows: 9 underwent valvuloplasty; 10 underwent mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation in both leaflets; and 9 underwent mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation only in the posterior leaflet. Clinical, Doppler echocardiographic, and radionuclide ventriculographic assessments were performed until the 6th month of follow-up. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> At the end, 88.8% of the patients were in functional class I. One died due to intracranial hemorrhage during anticoagulant treatment. The left ventricular diastolic diameter (P&lt;0.0001) and end-diastolic volume (P&lt;0.0001) decreased in the 3 groups. Only the patients undergoing valvuloplasty had a decrease in systolic diameter (P=0.0003) and in end-systolic volume (P=0.0040), with no change in the ejection fraction (P=0.5586). The patients undergoing mitral valve replacement had a similar drop in ejection fraction (P=0.0001 and P=0.0296). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The 3 surgical techniques used provided clinical improvement. Patients undergoing valvuloplasty had better preservation of ventricular function. No significant difference was observed in cardiac performance between the 2 groups undergoing mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation within a 6-month follow-up. </p>
    <p><bold>Key words:</bold> mitral valve insufficiency, surgery, valvular prosthesis implantation, methods, chordae tendineae</p>
    <p> Ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o de resultados favor&#225;veis com os procedimentos de pl&#225;sticas valvares mitrais para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica, a troca da valva mitral com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas tend&#237;neas foi revista por David e cols.<sup>1 </sup>e Hetzer e cols.<sup>2</sup> em 1983, que relataram evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas convincentes a favor da manuten&#231;&#227;o da continuidade anulopapilar, j&#225; previamente demonstrada no trabalho pioneiro de Lillehei e cols.<sup>3</sup> em 1964. Os anos seguintes trouxeram v&#225;rias evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas e experimentais, apoiando esse conceito e divulgando a informa&#231;&#227;o para que n&#227;o mais se excisassem todas as cordas na troca valvar mitral, surgindo ent&#227;o a pergunta se a tipo de preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas a ser empregado seria de ambas as c&#250;spides ou apenas da c&#250;spide posterior. Assim, Hannein e cols.<sup>4</sup> e Straub e cols.<sup>5</sup> n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;a significativa no desempenho ventricular entre esses dois grupos de pacientes, enquanto que Hassouna e Elmahalawi<sup>6</sup> e Yun e cols.<sup>7</sup> observaram melhor desempenho sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e menor mortalidade no grupo submetido &#224; preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas de ambas as c&#250;spides. Como resultado, muitos cirurgi&#245;es continuam a expressar suas preocupa&#231;&#245;es com a demanda de maior complexidade t&#233;cnica, maior tempo operat&#243;rio, potencial interfer&#234;ncia com a mobilidade de uma c&#250;spide ou de um disco oclusor prot&#233;tico, a eventual necessidade de subdimensionar o di&#226;metro de uma pr&#243;tese para o mesmo anel mitral, e a possibilidade de criar obstru&#231;&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A falta de consenso conduziu-nos a esta linha de pesquisa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de abril/2000 a novembro/2002 foram estudados 28 pacientes consecutivos, sintom&#225;ticos, submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico da insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica isolada, no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, com idade variando de 17 a 78 (m&#233;dia de 54,1 &#177; 15,8) anos e mediana de 55 anos; peso variando de 43 a 92 (m&#233;dia de 61 &#177; 13) Kg e mediana de 60Kg; 19 (67,9%) eram do sexo masculino e nove (32,1%) do sexo feminino. Todos autorizaram a opera&#231;&#227;o e consentiram sua participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo. </p>
    <p> O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica de grau importante e o da exclus&#227;o dos portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana significativa (com estenose &gt; 50% de qualquer vaso coronariano), doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica ou tricusp&#237;dea importantes associadas, reopera&#231;&#245;es, e estenose mitral significativa. A indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi decidida pelo grupo cl&#237;nico, baseada em crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos, hemodin&#226;micos e angiogr&#225;ficos. Insufici&#234;ncia mitral importante foi demonstrada em todos os pacientes pela ecodopplercardiografia e pela ventriculografia esquerda, quando aplicada. </p>
    <p>Como antecedentes pessoais, encontramos cinco (17,9%) pacientes com hist&#243;ria de febre reum&#225;tica, tr&#234;s (10,7%) portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial, dois (7,1%) com diabetes mellitus, um (3,6%) com hist&#243;ria de acidente vascular cerebral sem sequelas motoras, um (3,6%) com hist&#243;ria de endocardite infecciosa, e um (3,6%) portador de epilepsia.</p>
    <p>A atividade f&#237;sica foi classificada nos quatro tipos funcionais da<italic> New York Heart Association</italic>. Apenas uma (3,6%) paciente estava em CF IV (caso 26); os demais 27 (96,4%) estavam em CF III. Os registros de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram obtidos aos tr&#234;s e seis meses de seguimento. O ritmo card&#237;aco foi analisado atrav&#233;s do eletrocardiograma comum de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Cinco (17,9%) pacientes apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e 23 (82,1%) estavam em ritmo sinusal. Registros de seguimento foram obtidos aos tr&#234;s e seis meses. </p>
    <p>O cateterismo card&#237;aco foi realizado apenas na fase pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria em todos com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 anos (23 82,1% casos). Tr&#234;s (10,7%) pacientes com idade &lt; 40 anos j&#225; haviam feito o exame na &#233;poca da inclus&#227;o, totalizando 26 estudos. Registros press&#243;ricos das c&#226;maras direitas e esquerdas foram utilizados para comparar os grupos operados apenas nessa fase. </p>
    <p>Exames ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados com equipamento Philips &#150; ATL, modelo HDI 3000 e Philips &#150; HP 1500, Bothell, WA, USA, com transdutores de 2,0 e 3,0 megahertz. As imagens foram obtidas nos cortes paraesternal, apical e subcostal em v&#225;rios planos. Foram realizadas as medidas do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE), di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FE), volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VDF) e volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A detec&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o do refluxo mitral foi feita com mapeamentos de fluxo em cores, obtido nos cortes paraesternal esquerdo e apical duas e quatro c&#226;maras, e com o Doppler puls&#225;til. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a uma ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica (g<italic>ated</italic>) em repouso, at&#233; um m&#234;s antes da opera&#231;&#227;o. As imagens foram adquiridas em gama-c&#226;mara ADAC-<italic>Transcam</italic> acoplada a um computador Unix (SUN) modelo <italic>Pegasys</italic>. Foram analisados os par&#226;metros: volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF), volume sist&#243;lico final (VSF), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (FEVD) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), calculada conforme a equa&#231;&#227;o: FE = (CD &#150; CS) / CD, onde CD e CS referem-se &#224;s contagens radioativas correspondentes &#224; di&#225;stole e s&#237;stole m&#225;ximas. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, um cateter-bal&#227;o de termodilui&#231;&#227;o foi introduzido atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o da veia jugular interna direita e avan&#231;ado at&#233; sua impacta&#231;&#227;o distal na &#225;rvore pulmonar. O sistema foi conectado a um computador para registro e c&#225;lculo das vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas: &#237;ndice card&#237;aco (IC), &#237;ndice de trabalho sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (ITSVE), &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (IRVP) e &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica (IRVS). As medidas foram realizadas em quatro tempos: IO1 - antes da esternotomia mediana, IO2 - antes da administra&#231;&#227;o de heparina, IO3 - ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de sulfato de protamina, e IO4 - ap&#243;s a esternorrafia. </p>
    <p>Um transdutor transesof&#225;gico foi posicionado para avalia&#231;&#227;o ecodopplercardiogr&#225;fica qualitativa intra-operat&#243;ria em dois tempos: durante a abertura do t&#243;rax e ap&#243;s a sa&#237;da de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. </p>
    <p>Todas as opera&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com esternotomia mediana. A circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi estabelecida pela canula&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente e de ambas as cavas separadamente, sendo utilizados oxigenadores de membrana descart&#225;veis. O &#225;trio esquerdo foi aberto longitudinalmente. O local de maior refluxo foi verificado pelo teste da inje&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina no interior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A decis&#227;o intra-operat&#243;ria quanto ao emprego da pl&#225;stica ou da troca valvar foi tomada com base no estado anat&#244;mico da valva mitral, que sempre que poss&#237;vel, era reparada. Por&#233;m, quando as condi&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas indicavam a necessidade de um implante prot&#233;tico, uma listagem era consultada contendo randomiza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, e o paciente era submetido a uma ou outra t&#233;cnica de preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas: de ambas as c&#250;spides ou apenas da c&#250;spide posterior. Assim, foram constitu&#237;dos tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes: grupo pl&#225;stica, constitu&#237;dos por pacientes submetidos &#224; pl&#225;stica valvar; grupo ambas, com os pacientes em que a troca valva mitral foi realizada pela t&#233;cnica de Miki e cols.<sup>8</sup>, que preserva cordas tend&#237;neas de ambas as c&#250;spides; e grupo posterior, nos quais foram preservadas cordas tend&#237;neas apenas da c&#250;spide posterior. Os tr&#234;s grupos foram compar&#225;veis quanto aos dados do cateterismo card&#237;aco e ecodopplercardiograma obtidos no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab02">II</xref>). Em 27 pacientes foi poss&#237;vel retirar fragmentos das c&#250;spides para o diagn&#243;stico anatomopatol&#243;gico. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tab02"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Registros da classe funcional e an&#225;lise do ritmo card&#237;aco foram obtidos aos tr&#234;s e seis meses de seguimento, bem como exames ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos transtor&#225;cicos, tamb&#233;m realizados antes da alta hospitalar. Uma segunda ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica em repouso foi realizada aos seis meses de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas pelas medidas: m&#237;nimo, m&#225;ximo, mediana, m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis categorizadas foram descritas atrav&#233;s de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As hip&#243;teses de igualdade das matrizes de covari&#226;ncias entre os grupos e de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos dados foram verificadas, e os valores obtidos foram comparados entre os tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes utilizando-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis<sup>9</sup> para dados onde a suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade n&#227;o era satisfeita. Os dados ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos, os relativos &#224; ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica e &#224;s medidas hemodin&#226;micas foram comparados nos v&#225;rios momentos estudados em cada grupo, e entre os grupos, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas<sup>10</sup>. Nesse contexto, foram testadas tr&#234;s hip&#243;teses: intera&#231;&#227;o, efeito de grupo e efeito de tempo. Vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram analisadas utilizando-se o teste exato de Fisher<sup>11</sup>. Um n&#237;vel descritivo (p) menor do que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 28 pacientes operados, nove (32,1%) pertenciam ao grupo pl&#225;stica, sendo realizada ressec&#231;&#227;o quadrangular pela t&#233;cnica do duplo-teflon<sup>&#174;12</sup> em sete (25%) e anuloplastia posterior com tira de peric&#225;rdio bovino em dois (7,1%). Dez (35,7%) compunham o grupo ambas e nove (32,1%) o grupo posterior. Tr&#234;s (10,7%) pacientes tiveram procedimentos complementares, sendo a anuloplastia de De Vega na valva tric&#250;spide em um (3,6%), comissurotomia e descalcifica&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica em um (3,6%), e cerclagem do anel a&#243;rtico relativo &#224; v&#225;lvula n&#227;o coronariana em um (3,6%). </p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecodopplercardiogr&#225;fica transesof&#225;gica intra-operat&#243;ria antes da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, 11 (39,3%) pacientes apresentavam rotura de cordas da c&#250;spide posterior, 8 (28,5%) falta de coapta&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides, 5 (17,9%) rotura de cordas da c&#250;spide anterior, 2 (7,1%) tinham prolapso da c&#250;spide posterior, 1 (3,6%) prolapso da c&#250;spide anterior, e 1 (3,6%) prolapso de ambas as c&#250;spides. N&#227;o foi detectada a presen&#231;a de trombo no interior do &#225;trio esquerdo ou aur&#237;cula esquerda em nenhum caso. A pl&#225;stica foi considerada de bom resultado ao exame ecodopplercardiogr&#225;fico transesof&#225;gico p&#243;s-circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em todos os casos. Foram evidenciadas ainda, aus&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o pela pr&#243;tese e obstru&#231;&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em todos os pacientes dos grupos ambas e posterior. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, houve aumento no IC (p &lt; 0,0001), notadamente ap&#243;s completado o procedimento, que acompanhou o aumento do ITSVE (p &lt; 0,0001) nos tr&#234;s grupos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento do IRVS (p = 0,0599) e IRVP (0,0644) que exibiram queda ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01">quadro I</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="qdr01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>N&#227;o houve mortalidade hospitalar. Sete (25%) pacientes apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es na fase hospitalar, sendo a ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aguda em dois (7,1%), derrame peric&#225;rdico em dois (7,1%), paresia fr&#234;nica em um (3,6%), bloqueio atrioventricular total transit&#243;rio em um (3,6%), e endocardite infecciosa em uma (3,6%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr02">quadro II</xref>). Os dois pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aguda foram revertidos farmacologicamente, sendo que nenhum deles era portador previamente. Os dois casos de derrame peric&#225;rdico foram submetidos &#224; drenagem cir&#250;rgica, sem recidiva. O paciente com bloqueio atrioventricular total foi mantido sob marcapasso externo at&#233; o 4<sup>o</sup> dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, quando reassumiu espontaneamente o ritmo sinusal. A paciente com quadro cl&#237;nico de endocardite em pr&#243;tese pertencia ao grupo posterior e foi submetida &#224; troca da biopr&#243;tese mitral por outra do mesmo tipo, aos 30 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Ap&#243;s a 2<sup>a</sup> opera&#231;&#227;o, a evolu&#231;&#227;o foi satisfat&#243;ria, recebendo alta hospitalar no 14<sup>o</sup> dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Dois (7,1%) pacientes apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es aos dois meses de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Em ambos, as complica&#231;&#245;es foram do tipo hemorr&#225;gicas, sendo um de enterorragia e um de acidente vascular cerebral fatal (caso 17). Este &#250;ltimo pertencia ao grupo ambas e recebeu alta hospitalar com prescri&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulante oral (dicumar&#237;nico) em dose total, por ser portador de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <fig id="qdr02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref> mostra dados comparativos entre os tr&#234;s grupos operados com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI, volume de drenagem mediastinal, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e n&#250;mero de pacientes utilizando drogas vasoativas por mais de 24h. Os pacientes submetidos &#224; pl&#225;stica valvar apresentaram menor tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (p = 0,0016) e de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico (p &lt; 0,0001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos submetidos &#224; troca valval mitral com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Aos tr&#234;s meses de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, 23 (85,2%) dos 27 pacientes estudados estavam em CF I; tr&#234;s (11,1%) em CF II e apenas um (3,7%) em CF III. Aos seis meses de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, 24 (88,9%) pacientes estavam em CF I e tr&#234;s (11,1%) em CF II. A evolu&#231;&#227;o de todos os pacientes segundo a classe funcional encontra-se no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr03">quadro III</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na distribui&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional entre os grupos estudados aos tr&#234;s (p = 1,0000) e aos seis meses (p = 0,7508) de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco, quatro dos cinco pacientes que apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio permaneceram com a arritmia aos tr&#234;s e seis meses de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, uma vez que eram portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica. N&#227;o houve ocorr&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo at&#233; o 6<sup>o</sup> m&#234;s de seguimento. </p>
    <fig id="qdr03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quanto &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis ecodopplercardio gr&#225;ficas, as curvas do DDVE e VDF foram semelhantes nos tr&#234;s grupos, apresentando queda significativa j&#225; na fase hospitalar, com diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva e de menor intensidade at&#233; o 6<sup>o</sup> m&#234;s de seguimento. No entanto, apenas os pacientes do grupo pl&#225;stica apresentaram queda significativa no DSVE e no VSF (p = 0,0017 e p = 0,0101 respectivamente). As curvas relativas &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foram diferentes para os tr&#234;s grupos analisados: os pacientes do grupo ambas apresentaram uma queda importante j&#225; na fase hospitalar (p &lt; 0,0001), com tend&#234;ncia &#224; recupera&#231;&#227;o nos tempos seguintes; os pacientes do grupo posterior, a queda maior ocorreu aos tr&#234;s meses de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e os pacientes do grupo pl&#225;stica n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa dos valores em todos os tempos analisados (p = 0,5586). O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr04">quadro IV</xref> mostra as curvas evolutivas do VDF, VSF e FE por grupo operado. </p>
    <fig id="qdr04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica tamb&#233;m registrou queda no VDF nos tr&#234;s grupos. Por&#233;m, apenas os pacientes do grupo pl&#225;stica apresentaram queda expressiva no VSF, atingindo 42% de redu&#231;&#227;o aos seis meses em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (p = 0,0012). Embora com pequeno aumento em valores absolutos, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FEVD (p = 0,0675). Quanto &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, este exame demonstrou queda em todos os grupos (p &lt; 0,0001), sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre eles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr05">quadro V</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="qdr05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela IV</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico anatomopatol&#243;gico nos tr&#234;s grupos operados. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na incid&#234;ncia de degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa, doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica e endocardite (p = 0,9416). Em um caso, que n&#227;o obteve retirada de material para o estudo, o aspecto macrosc&#243;pico era de degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia mitral &#233; uma valvopatia que produz altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas complexas. Na insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica, o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo inicialmente se dilata e, subsequentemente, se hipertrofia, recuperando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a massa ventricular e o volume diast&#243;lico final. A velocidade de aumento do volume diast&#243;lico final depende da import&#226;ncia e da natureza da regurgita&#231;&#227;o. O volume sist&#243;lico final tamb&#233;m est&#225; aumentado, mas com uma consider&#225;vel varia&#231;&#227;o individual. O efeito da regurgita&#231;&#227;o no balan&#231;o hemodin&#226;mico depende da intensidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o e da complac&#234;ncia atrial esquerda. A insufici&#234;ncia importante, na maioria das vezes, cursa oligossintom&#225;tica por longo per&#237;odo, podendo apresentar elevada incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular na &#233;poca da opera&#231;&#227;o, o que pode afetar a sobrevida p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral, seja atrav&#233;s da pl&#225;stica valvar ou do implante prot&#233;tico, a primeira consequ&#234;ncia foi a redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro e volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, decorrente da elimina&#231;&#227;o do volume de sangue que circulava apenas entre o &#225;trio esquerdo e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima, j&#225; na primeira semana p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, detectada pelo ecodopplercardiograma transtor&#225;cico. Embora a queda continuasse significativa at&#233; seis meses, nesse per&#237;odo, foi de pequena magnitude. A ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica tamb&#233;m detectou redu&#231;&#227;o do volume diast&#243;lico final aos seis meses, com valores significativamente menores para o grupo pl&#225;stica. Esses dados est&#227;o de acordo com a melhora do quadro cl&#237;nico e classe funcional observados no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Embora a remo&#231;&#227;o do volume regurgitante tenha repercuss&#227;o direta no volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o mesmo n&#227;o acontece quanto ao volume sist&#243;lico final, mais dependente do grau de contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e da p&#243;s-carga. N&#227;o foi observada sua altera&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes submetidos &#224; troca valvar mitral com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas, o que levou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Apenas os pacientes do grupo pl&#225;stica tiveram queda significativa no volume sist&#243;lico final, sem redu&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Em concord&#226;ncia com esses resultados, Corin e cols.<sup>14</sup> relataram redu&#231;&#245;es no VDF, tanto em pacientes submetidos &#224; pl&#225;stica como naqueles submetidos &#224; troca valvar mitral com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas. Rozich e cols.<sup>15 </sup>observaram queda no volume sist&#243;lico final com a manuten&#231;&#227;o da continuidade anulopapilar. Nesse grupo, observamos apenas uma tend&#234;ncia nesse sentido. Nossos dados est&#227;o em discord&#226;ncia com Yun e cols.<sup>16</sup>, que observaram aumento no volume sist&#243;lico final no grupo submetido &#224; preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas da c&#250;spide posterior, e redu&#231;&#227;o naqueles com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas de ambas as c&#250;spides. Em geral, esse efeito tem sido observado apenas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de pl&#225;stica mitral, como em nossa casu&#237;stica. </p>
    <p>O valor preditivo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria na sobrevida tardia &#233; consistente com alguns trabalhos da literatura e tem mostrado que &#233; um forte indicador da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 0,55 na insufici&#234;ncia mitral importante, pode ser uma indica&#231;&#227;o clara de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>17</sup>. Para Depace e cols.<sup>18</sup>, apenas o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final teria valor preditivo independente para a evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria na troca valvar mitral com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas. Observamos que seis pacientes apresentavam di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt; 55mm no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Destes, tr&#234;s tinham fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 0,55 e apenas dois tiveram seus &#237;ndices melhorados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Embora n&#227;o utilizando &#237;ndices independentes de carga, nossos resultados sugerem que o desempenho ventricular cai imediatamente ap&#243;s a troca valvar mitral com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas (em ambos os grupos), o mesmo n&#227;o acontecendo com os pacientes submetidos &#224; pl&#225;stica. </p>
    <p>Os dados da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito observados com a ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica est&#227;o de acordo com Le Tourneau e cols.<sup>19</sup> que relataram queda na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito inalterada em 23 pacientes submetidos &#224; troca valvar mitral com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas da c&#250;spide posterior. </p>
    <p>A degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa afeta severamente as propriedades mec&#226;nicas da cordoalha mitral. Barber e cols.<sup>20</sup> testaram mecanicamente segmentos de cordas normais e mixomatosas observando que, notadamente, as cordas mixomatosas falharam &#224; metade da carga das cordas normais, explicando a frequ&#234;ncia de rotura em valvas mixomatosas. Os achados sugerem que os procedimentos de preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas devam ser realizados com cuidado, uma vez que s&#227;o anormais e com for&#231;a mec&#226;nica seguramente comprometida. Neste trabalho, apenas seis das 21 valvas com diagn&#243;stico anatomopatol&#243;gico de degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa puderam ser preservadas, em virtude de suas caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas intra-operat&#243;rias, sendo as demais submetidas a implante prot&#233;tico. </p>
    <p>Dos nove casos submetidos &#224; pl&#225;stica valvar, sete tiveram ressec&#231;&#227;o quadrangular e dois tiveram anuloplastia posterior com tira de peric&#225;rdio bovino. Procedimentos justificados pelo fato de constitu&#237;rem 61,3% de todos os procedimentos de pl&#225;stica valvar na institui&#231;&#227;o em per&#237;odo de an&#225;lise de 17 anos, conforme Pomerantzeff e cols.<sup>21</sup>. </p>
    <p>Relatos de obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica ou permanente da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo enfatizam que s&#227;o mais frequentemente causadas por superdimensionamento da pr&#243;tese ou reten&#231;&#227;o desnecess&#225;ria de uma por&#231;&#227;o grande e n&#227;o pass&#237;vel de plicatura da c&#250;spide anterior. Pr&#243;teses de disco basculante s&#227;o suscept&#237;veis &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o da livre excurs&#227;o do disco por remanescentes cordais e torna-se importante evitar o travamento do disco causado por uma eventual corda alongada ou redundante, quando se empregam t&#233;cnicas de preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas<sup>22</sup>. Adicionalmente, foram relatados travamentos de discos ap&#243;s rotura de cordas preservadas relativas &#224; c&#250;spide posterior<sup>23</sup>. A experi&#234;ncia dos cirurgi&#245;es com procedimentos de dupla-troca valvar (a&#243;rtica e mitral) trouxe a possibilidade de vizibilizar a cavidade ventricular esquerda atrav&#233;s da abertura da aorta e observar a rela&#231;&#227;o das estruturas retidas da c&#250;spide anterior com a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A obstru&#231;&#227;o torna-se problem&#225;tica apenas quando fica uma quantidade excessiva de tecido da c&#250;spide anterior no lado ventricular do anel mitral. A c&#250;spide posterior, quase sempre male&#225;vel, pode ser completamente preservada, juntamente com as cordas tend&#237;neas. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica empregada neste estudo, cabem algumas considera&#231;&#245;es: 1) nos pacientes do grupo ambas, procurou-se criar um espa&#231;o amplo para a implanta&#231;&#227;o de uma pr&#243;tese de bom tamanho, atrav&#233;s da ressec&#231;&#227;o ampla da zona transl&#250;cida da c&#250;spide anterior e divis&#227;o da c&#250;spide posterior entre as inser&#231;&#245;es; 2) a excessiva tra&#231;&#227;o de cordas possibilita a sua rotura ou do m&#250;sculo papilar, devendo-se observar o grau de tens&#227;o ap&#243;s o retesamento das suturas e superposi&#231;&#227;o das respectivas c&#250;spides ao anel mitral; 3) deve-se prevenir qualquer obstru&#231;&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou a livre excurs&#227;o dos folhetos da pr&#243;tese, atrav&#233;s da fixa&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de cordas relativas &#224; c&#250;spide anterior em cada comissura respectiva, e pela ressec&#231;&#227;o de eventual excesso de tecido da c&#250;spide posterior; 4) para refor&#231;ar poss&#237;veis &#225;reas de deisc&#234;ncias criadas por ressec&#231;&#245;es e plicaturas preconiza-se a coloca&#231;&#227;o de pontos em "U" ou em "8" adicionais, ancorados em teflon<sup>&#174;</sup>, nas &#225;reas suspeitas; 5) ressaltamos ainda o valor da ecodopplercardiografia transesof&#225;gica intra-operat&#243;ria, que facilita a identifica&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o de uma eventual obstru&#231;&#227;o ainda numa fase em que a coloca&#231;&#227;o dos pontos poderia ser revista e modificada. Levando-se em conta esses cuidados e, apesar de n&#227;o termos registrado o gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a an&#225;lise qualitativa n&#227;o apresentou a necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o em nenhum paciente da s&#233;rie. </p>
    <p>Os relatos na literatura apontam mortalidade operat&#243;ria que varia de zero a 9,5% para os grupos submetidos &#224; troca valvar mitral com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas<sup>24,25</sup>. O &#250;nico &#243;bito da s&#233;rie, paciente do grupo ambas, n&#227;o teve causa card&#237;aca direta, por&#233;m, situou a mortalidade em 5,3% (1 / 19 pacientes com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas), similar &#224; m&#233;dia global. Seis pacientes necessitaram de drogas vasoativas por mais de 24h ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, nenhum apresentou s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito prolongada.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, considerando-se a atividade f&#237;sica, houve melhora dos pacientes com as tr&#234;s t&#233;cnicas empregadas de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, melhor preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular nos pacientes submetidos &#224; pl&#225;stica valvar, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos resultados laboratoriais dos dois grupos de pacientes submetidos &#224; troca valvar com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas at&#233; o sexto m&#234;s de seguimento. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aos Drs. Eduardo G Rossi, Filomena RBG Galas e Paula H Tamanaka pela colabora&#231;&#227;o, &#224; Mariana Curi, Alessandra DJC Almeida, &#201;lida C Rezende, Monica UJ Kondo, Adriana M Quadros e Sergio Spezzia pela participa&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica, e a Mar&#237;lia, Renato e Elvira Maria PA Dancini pela contribui&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Luiz Dancini </p>
        <p> Rua Vit&#243;ria, 85 ap. 51 - Vl. Assun&#231;&#227;o </p>
        <p> Santo Andr&#233; - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jluiz1003@uol.com.br">jluiz1003@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 15/1/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 26/5/03 </p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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          <article-title>Ventricular performance following valve replacement for chronic mitral regurgitation: importance of chordal preservation</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>183</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Popovic</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barac</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Jovic</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Panic</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miric</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bojic</surname>
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            </name>
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        <mixed-citation>25. Straub U, Huwer H, Kalweit G, Volkmer I,    Gams E. Improved regional left ventricular performance in mitral valve replacement    with orthotopic refixation of the anterior mitral leaflet. J Heart Valve Dis    1997; 6: 395-403.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Improved regional left ventricular performance in mitral valve replacement with orthotopic refixation of the anterior mitral leaflet</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Valve Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>395</fpage>
          <lpage>403</lpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
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            <name>
              <surname>Straub</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Huwer</surname>
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              <surname>Kalweit</surname>
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              <surname>Volkmer</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Valve replacement with chordal preservation and valvuloplasty for chronic mitral insufficiency</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare, from the clinical and laboratory points of view, 3 groups of patients undergoing surgical treatment for isolated chronic mitral insufficiency. One group underwent valvuloplasty, and the other 2 groups underwent mitral valve replacement with different techniques for chordal preservation. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with a mean age of 54.1 years, no coronary or multivalvular disease, and no reoperation, underwent surgery as follows: 9 underwent valvuloplasty; 10 underwent mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation in both leaflets; and 9 underwent mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation only in the posterior leaflet. Clinical, Doppler echocardiographic, and radionuclide ventriculographic assessments were performed until the 6th month of follow-up. RESULTS: At the end, 88.8% of the patients were in functional class I. One died due to intracranial hemorrhage during anticoagulant treatment. The left ventricular diastolic diameter (P&lt;0.0001) and end-diastolic volume (P&lt;0.0001) decreased in the 3 groups. Only the patients undergoing valvuloplasty had a decrease in systolic diameter (P=0.0003) and in end-systolic volume (P=0.0040), with no change in the ejection fraction (P=0.5586). The patients undergoing mitral valve replacement had a similar drop in ejection fraction (P=0.0001 and P=0.0296). CONCLUSION: The 3 surgical techniques used provided clinical improvement. Patients undergoing valvuloplasty had better preservation of ventricular function. No significant difference was observed in cardiac performance between the 2 groups undergoing mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation within a 6-month follow-up.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>mitral valve insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>valvular prosthesis implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>methods</kwd>
        <kwd>chordae tendineae</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE </bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</p>
      <p> Valve replacement with chordal preservation and valvuloplasty for chronic mitral insufficiency </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Luiz Dancini; Pablo Maria Alberto Pomerantzeff; Guilherme Sobreira Spina; M&#237;rian Magalh&#227;es Pardi; Maria Clementina Pinto Giorgi; Roney Orismar Sampaio; Max Grinberg; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the FMUSP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare, from the clinical and laboratory points of view, 3 groups of patients undergoing surgical treatment for isolated chronic mitral insufficiency. One group underwent valvuloplasty, and the other 2 groups underwent mitral valve replacement with different techniques for chordal preservation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty-eight patients with a mean age of 54.1 years, no coronary or multivalvular disease, and no reoperation, underwent surgery as follows: 9 underwent valvuloplasty; 10 underwent mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation in both leaflets; and 9 underwent mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation only in the posterior leaflet. Clinical, Doppler echocardiographic, and radionuclide ventriculographic assessments were performed until the 6th month of follow-up.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> At the end, 88.8% of the patients were in functional class I. One died due to intracranial hemorrhage during anticoagulant treatment. The left ventricular diastolic diameter (P&lt;0.0001) and end-diastolic volume (P&lt;0.0001) decreased in the 3 groups. Only the patients undergoing valvuloplasty had a decrease in systolic diameter (P=0.0003) and in end-systolic volume (P=0.0040), with no change in the ejection fraction (P=0.5586). The patients undergoing mitral valve replacement had a similar drop in ejection fraction (P=0.0001 and P=0.0296).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The 3 surgical techniques used provided clinical improvement. Patients undergoing valvuloplasty had better preservation of ventricular function. No significant difference was observed in cardiac performance between the 2 groups undergoing mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation within a 6-month follow-up. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> mitral valve insufficiency, surgery, valvular prosthesis implantation, methods, chordae tendineae</p>
      <p> After the report of favorable results with mitral valvuloplasty for patients with chronic mitral insufficiency, mitral valve replacement with preservation of the chordae tendineae was revised by David et al <sup>1 </sup>and Hetzer et al <sup>2</sup> in 1983. These authors reported convincing clinical evidence favoring the maintenance of the annulopapillary continuity, which had already been demonstrated in the pioneering study by Lillehei et al <sup>3</sup> in 1964. The following years brought clinical and experimental evidence supporting this concept and spreading the recommendation not to excise all chordae tendineae in mitral valve replacement, which raised the following question: which type of chordal preservation should be used, of both leaflets or of only the posterior leaflet? Hannein et al <sup>4</sup> and Straub et al <sup>5</sup> reported no significant difference in ventricular performance between these 2 groups of patients. On the other hand, Hassouna and Elmahalawi <sup>6</sup> and Yun et al <sup>7</sup> reported better left ventricular systolic performance and a lower mortality rate in the group undergoing chordal preservation of both leaflets. As a result, many surgeons continue to express their preoccupations with the demand for higher technical complexity, longer surgical time, the potential interference with the mobility of a leaflet or of a prosthetic occluding disk, the eventual need for underestimating the diameter of a prosthesis for the mitral ring, and the possibility of creating an obstruction in the left ventricular outflow tract. The lack of consensus led us to this line of research. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study consecutively analyzed 28 symptomatic patients who underwent surgery for isolated chronic mitral regurgitation at the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the FMUSP from April 2000 to November 2002. Their ages ranged from 17 to 78 years (mean, 54.1&#177;15.8 years; median, 55 years), and their weight ranged from 43 to 92 kg (mean, 61&#177;13 kg; median, 60 kg). Nineteen (67.9%) were men and 9 (32.1%) were women. All patients consented to the surgery and to take part in the study. </p>
      <p>The inclusion criterion was the presence of significant chronic mitral insufficiency. The exclusion criteria were as follows: patients with significant coronary artery disease (any coronary artery with stenosis &gt; 50%), associated important aortic or tricuspid valve disease, reoperations, and significant mitral stenosis. The surgical indication was decided by the clinical team based on clinical, Doppler echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and angiographic criteria. Significant mitral insufficiency was shown in all patients on Doppler echocardiography and on left ventriculography, when applicable. </p>
      <p>As personal antecedents, we found 5 (17.9%) patients with a history of rheumatic fever, 3 (10.7%) with arterial hypertension, 2 (7.1%) with diabetes mellitus, 1 (3.6%) with a history of stroke with no motor sequelae, 1 (3.6%) with a history of infective endocarditis, and 1 (3.6%) with epilepsy.</p>
      <p>Physical activity was classified according to the 4 functional classes (FC) of the New York Heart Association. Only 1 (3.6%) female patient was in FC IV (case 26); the remaining 27 (96.4%) were in FC III. The postoperative recordings were obtained at 3 and 6 months of follow-up. The cardiac rhythm was analyzed on ordinary 12-lead electrocardiography. Five (17.9%) patients had atrial fibrillation and 23 (82.1%) had sinus rhythm. Follow-up recordings were obtained at 3 and 6 months. </p>
      <p>Cardiac catheterization was performed only in the preoperative phase in all patients aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 years (23 patients, 82.1%). Three (10.7%) patients aged &lt; 40 years had already undergone the procedure by the time of inclusion in the study, adding up to 26 patients studied on cardiac catheterization. Right and left chamber pressure recordings were used to compare the groups operated on only in this phase. </p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiography was performed with the Philips &#150; ATL device, HDI 3000 model, and the Philips &#150; HP 1500 device (Bothell, WA, USA) with 2.0- and 3.0-megahertz transducers. The images were obtained in parasternal, apical, and subcostal views in several planes. The following measurements were taken: left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSD); left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD); left ventricular ejection fraction (EF); left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV); and left ventricular end-systolic volume (ESV). Detection and quantification of mitral reflux were performed with color flow mapping obtained on the left parasternal and 2- and 4-chamber apical views, and with pulsed-wave Doppler. </p>
      <p>All patients underwent radionuclide ventriculography (gated) at rest up to 1 month before surgery. The images were obtained in an ADAC-TranScan gamma-chamber coupled to a Unix (SUN) computer model Pegasys. The following parameters were analyzed: end-diastolic volume (EDV); end-systolic volume (ESV); right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF); and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) calculated according to the equation: EF = (CD &#150; CS) / CD, where CD and CS refer to the radioactive countings corresponding to maximum diastole and systole. </p>
      <p>After induction of anesthesia, a thermodilution balloon catheter was introduced through puncture of the right internal jugular vein and was advanced as far as its distal impaction in the pulmonary tree. The system was connected to a computer for recording and calculating the following hemodynamic variables: cardiac index (CI); left ventricular systolic work index (LVSWI); pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI); and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI). The measurements were taken 4 times as follows: IO1 &#150; before median sternotomy; IO2 &#150; prior to heparin administration; IO3 &#150; after protamine sulfate administration; and IO4 &#150; after suture of the sternum. </p>
      <p>A transesophageal transducer was positioned for intraoperative qualitative Doppler echocardiographic assessment twice, as follows: during chest opening and after discontinuation of extracorporeal circulation. </p>
      <p>All surgeries were performed through a median sternotomy. Extracorporeal circulation was established through cannulation of the ascending aorta and both venae cava separately, and disposable membrane oxygenators were used. The left atrium was longitudinally opened. The site of greatest reflux was checked with injection of saline solution inside the left ventricle. The intraoperative decision regarding the choice of valvuloplasty or valvular replacement was made up based on the anatomical status of the mitral valve, which, whenever possible, was repaired. However, when the anatomic conditions indicated the need for prosthetic implantation, a list with previous randomization was consulted, and the patient underwent one or the other techniques of chordal preservation (preservation of both leaflets or of only the posterior leaflet). Based on this, the 3 following groups of patients were formed: 1) the valvuloplasty group, comprising the patients undergoing valvuloplasty; 2) the group of both leaflets, comprising the patients undergoing mitral valve replacement according to the technique of Miki et al <sup>8</sup>, which preserves the chordae tendineae of both leaflets; and 3) the posterior leaflet group, comprising the patients undergoing mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation of only the posterior leaflet. The 3 groups were compared in regard to data obtained on cardiac catheterization and Doppler echocardiography in the preoperative period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab02-body2">II</xref>). Fragments of the leaflets could be removed for anatomicopathological examination in 27 patients. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tab02-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Functional class recordings and analysis of the cardiac rhythm were obtained at 3 and 6 months of follow-up, as were transthoracic Doppler echocardiographies, also performed prior to hospital discharge. A second radionuclide ventriculography at rest was performed 6 months after surgery. </p>
      <p>All continuous variables were reported as minimum, maximum, median, mean, and standard deviation values, and the categorical variables were reported as absolute and relative frequencies. The hypotheses of equality of the covariance matrices between the groups and the normal distribution of the data were assessed, and the values obtained were compared among the 3 groups of patients by using analysis of variance for data with normal distribution and the Kruskal-Wallis test <sup>9</sup> for data that did not satisfy the supposition of normality. The Doppler echocardiographic data relating to radionuclide ventriculography and the hemodynamic measurements were compared at several moments in each group, and among the groups, through analysis of variance for repeated measures <sup>10</sup>. Within this context, the 3 following hypotheses were tested: interaction, group effect, and effect of time. Qualitative variables were analyzed using the Fisher exact test <sup>11</sup>. A descriptive level (P) lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 28 patients operated on, 9 (32.1%) were in the valvuloplasty group as follows: 7 (25%) underwent quadrangular resection according to the double-Teflon technique<sup>&#174; 12</sup>, and 2 (7.1%) underwent posterior annuloplasty with a bovine pericardial patch. Ten (35.7%) patients comprised the group of both leaflets, and 9 (32.1%) comprised the posterior leaflet group. Three (10.7%) patients underwent the following complementary procedures: 1 (3.6%) patient underwent De Vega tricuspid valve annuloplasty; 1 (3.6%) underwent commissurotomy and decalcification of the aortic valve; and another (3.6%) underwent cerclage of the aortic ring related to the noncoronary leaflet. </p>
      <p>The intraoperative transesophageal Doppler echocardiographic evaluation prior to extracorporeal circulation revealed the following findings: rupture of the chordae of the posterior leaflet in 11 (39.3%) patients; lack of coaptation of the leaflets in 8 (28.5%) patients; rupture of the chordae of the anterior leaflet in 5 (17.9%) patients; prolapse of the posterior leaflet in 2 (7.1%) patients; prolapse of the anterior leaflet in 1 (3.6%) patient; and prolapse of both leaflets in 1 (3.6%) patient. No thrombus was detected inside the left atrium or left auricle. The result of valvuloplasty was considered good on transesophageal Doppler echocardiography after extracorporeal circulation in all cases. Neither regurgitation through the prosthesis nor obstruction in the left ventricular outflow tract was observed in any patient in the groups of both leaflets and of the posterior leaflet. </p>
      <p>In regard to the hemodynamic variables, an increase in the CI (P &lt; 0.0001) was observed, mainly after completion of the procedure, accompanied by an increase in the LVSWI (P &lt; 0.0001) in the 3 groups. No significant difference was observed among the groups regarding the behavior of SVRI (P = 0.0599) and PVRI (P =0.0644), which decreased after surgery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01-body2">chart I</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="qdr01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>No in-hospital mortality was observed. Seven (25%) patients had the following in-hospital complications: acute atrial fibrillation in 2 (7.1%) patients; pericardial effusion in 2 (7.1%); phrenic paresis in 1 (3.6%); transient total atrioventricular block in 1 (3.6%); and infective endocarditis in 1 (3.6%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr02-body2">chart II</xref>). The 2 patients with acute atrial fibrillation were pharmacologically reverted, and none of them had had it before. The 2 patients with pericardial effusion underwent surgical drainage with no recurrence. The patient with total atrioventricular block was maintained with an external pacemaker until the fourth postoperative day, when sinus rhythm was spontaneously resumed. The patient with clinical findings of endocarditis in the prosthesis belonged to the group of the posterior leaflet and underwent replacement of the mitral bioprosthesis for another of the same type on the 30th postoperative day. After the second surgery, the evolution was satisfactory, and the patient was discharged on the 14th postoperative day. Two (7.1%) patients had complications 2 months after surgery. The complications were of the hemorrhagic type in both, enterorrhagia in one and fatal stroke in another (case 17). The latter patient belonged to the group of both leaflets and was discharged from the hospital with a prescription of oral anticoagulant (dicoumarin) in a total dose because he had chronic atrial fibrillation. </p>
      <fig id="qdr02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table III</xref> shows comparative data of the 3 groups regarding the duration of extracorporeal circulation, duration of aortic cross-clamping, intensive care unit length of stay, mediastinal drainage volume, duration of hospitalization, and number of patients using vasoactive drugs for more than 24 hours. The patients undergoing valvuloplasty had a shorter time of extracorporeal circulation (P = 0.0016) and of aortic cross-clamping (P &lt; 0.0001). No statistically significant difference was observed between the 2 groups undergoing mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Three months after surgery, 23 (85.2%) of the 27 patients studied were in FC I; 3 (11.1%) in FC II; and only 1 (3.7%) in FC III. Six months after surgery, 24 (88.9%) patients were in FC I, and 3 (11.1%) were in FC II. The evolution of all patients according to functional class is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr03-body2">chart III</xref>. No significant difference in functional class distribution was observed in the groups studied 3 months (P = 1.0000) and 6 months (P = 0.7508) after surgery. When assessing cardiac rhythm, 4 of the 5 patients with atrial fibrillation in the preoperative period remained with arrhythmia 3 and 6 months after surgery, because they had chronic atrial fibrillation. No thromboembolism was observed up to the 6th month of follow-up. </p>
      <fig id="qdr03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In regard to the evolution of Doppler echocardiographic variables, the LVDD and EDV curves were similar in the 3 groups, with a significant decrease already in the in-hospital phase, and a progressive and lower intensity reduction up to the 6th month of follow-up. However, only the patients in the valvuloplasty group had a significant drop in LVSD and ESV (P = 0.0017 and P = 0.0101, respectively). The ejection fraction curves were different in the 3 groups studied: the patients in the group of both leaflets had a significant drop already in the in-hospital phase (P &lt; 0.0001), with a tendency towards recovery in the following phases; the patients in the posterior leaflet group had the greatest drop at 3 months after surgery; and the patients in the valvuloplasty group had no significant difference at all phases analyzed (P = 0.5586). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr04-body2">Chart IV</xref> shows the evolutionary curves of EDV, ESV, and EF in each group. </p>
      <fig id="qdr04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The radionuclide ventriculography also showed a decrease in the EDV in the 3 groups. However, only the patients in the valvuloplasty group had a significant drop in ESV, reaching a 42% reduction at 6 months after surgery as compared with the preoperative value (P = 0.0012). Although a mild increase in absolute values occurred, no statistically significant changes were observed in RVEF (P = 0.0675). In regard to ejection fraction, that examination showed a drop in all groups (P &lt; 0.0001), with no statistically significant difference among them (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr05-body2">chart V</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="qdr05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table IV</xref> shows the distribution of the anatomicopathological diagnosis in the 3 groups studied. No statistically significant difference was observed in the incidence of myxomatous degeneration, rheumatic disease, and endocarditis (P = 0.9416). In 1 patient, whose material was not collected for anatomicopathological study, the gross appearance was that of myxomatous degeneration.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0235-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mitral insufficiency is a valvular heart disease that causes complex hemodynamic changes. In chronic mitral insufficiency, the left ventricle initially dilates, and, subsequently, undergoes hypertrophy, recovering the relation between ventricular mass and end-diastolic volume. The velocity of the increase in the end-diastolic volume depends on the importance and nature of the regurgitation. The end-systolic volume is also increased, but has a considerable individual variation. The effect of regurgitation on hemodynamic balance depends on the intensity of regurgitation and left atrial compliance. Significant insufficiency, most of the time, is oligosymptomatic for a long period and may have a high incidence of ventricular dysfunction at the time of surgery, which may affect postoperative survival <sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>After correction of mitral insufficiency, both through valvuloplasty and prosthesis implantation, the first consequence was a reduction in the left ventricular diameter and end-diastolic volume, due to the elimination of the blood volume that circulated only between the left atrium and the left ventricle. A maximal reduction occurred already in the first postoperative week, detected on transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Although the drop remained significant for up to 6 months, in this period its magnitude was small. The radionuclide ventriculography also detected a reduction in the end-diastolic volume at 6 months, with significantly lower values in the valvuloplasty group. These data are in accordance with the improvement in clinical findings and in functional class observed in the postoperative period. </p>
      <p>Although removal of the regurgitating volume has a direct repercussion in the left ventricular end-diastolic volume, the same does not occur in regard to end-systolic volume, which is more dependent on the degree of preoperative myocardial contractility and afterload. It was not observed to change in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation, which led to a reduction in ejection fraction. Only the patients in the valvuloplasty group had a significant drop in end-systolic volume, with no reduction in the ejection fraction. In accordance with these results, Corin et al <sup>14</sup> reported reductions in the EDV, both in patients undergoing valvuloplasty and in those undergoing mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation. Rozich et al <sup>15 </sup>reported a drop in end-systolic volume with maintenance of the annulopapillary continuity. In this group, we solely observed a tendency towards such behavior. Our data do not agree with those by Yun et al <sup>16</sup>, who observed an increase in end-systolic volume in the group undergoing chordal preservation of the posterior leaflet, and a reduction in that with chordal preservation in both leaflets. Usually, this effect is observed only in the postoperative period of mitral valvuloplasty, as in our case series. </p>
      <p>The predictive value of the preoperative ejection fraction in late survival is consistent with some studies and has proved to be a strong indicator of left ventricular function in the postoperative period. The drop in ejection fraction below 0.55 in significant mitral insufficiency may be a clear indication of heart failure <sup>17</sup>. According to Depace et al <sup>18</sup>, only the end-systolic diameter has an independent predictive value for the postoperative evolution in mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation. Six patients had left ventricular end-systolic diameter &gt; 55 mm in the preoperative period. Of them, 3 had ejection fraction &lt; 0.55 and only 2 improved their indices in the postoperative period. Although not using indices independent of the load, our results suggest that ventricular performance drops immediately after mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation (in both groups), which does not occur with the patients undergoing valvuloplasty. </p>
      <p>Data about right ventricular ejection fraction observed on radionuclide ventriculography agree with those reported by Le Tourneau et al <sup>19</sup> about a drop in the ejection fraction and unaltered right ventricular ejection fraction in 23 patients undergoing mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation of the posterior leaflet. </p>
      <p>The myxomatous degeneration severely affects the mechanical properties of the mitral chordae. Barber et al <sup>20</sup> mechanically tested segments of normal and myxomatous chordae, and reported that the myxomatous chordae were defective with half the load of the normal chordae, explaining the frequent rupture of myxomatous valves. The findings suggest that the procedures of chordal preservation should be carefully performed, because they are abnormal and have impaired mechanical strength. In this study, only 6 of the 21 valves with the anatomicopathological diagnosis of myxomatous degeneration could be preserved, due to their intraoperative anatomical characteristics; the remaining underwent prosthesis implantation. </p>
      <p>Of the 9 patients undergoing valvuloplasty, 7 underwent quadrangular resection and 2 underwent posterior annuloplasty with bovine pericardial patch. These procedures are justified by the fact that they correspond to 61.3% of all valvuloplasty procedures at the institution in the 17-year study period, according to Pomerantzeff et al <sup>21</sup>. </p>
      <p>Reports on dynamic or permanent obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract emphasize that it is more frequently caused by overestimation of the size of the prosthesis or unnecessary retention of a large portion of the anterior leaflet that cannot be plicated. Prostheses of the basculate disk are susceptible to obstruction of the free movement of the disk by chordal remnants, and it is important to avoid locking of the disk caused by an eventual elongated or redundant chord, when techniques for chordal preservation are used <sup>22</sup>. In addition, locking of the disks after rupture of preserved chordae relating to the posterior leaflet has been reported <sup>23</sup>. The experience of the surgeons with double-valve (aortic and mitral) replacement procedures enabled the visualization of the left ventricular cavity through aortic opening and the observation of the relation of the retained structures of the anterior leaflet to the left ventricle outflow tract. The obstruction becomes a problem only when an excessive amount of tissue of the anterior leaflet remains in the ventricular side of the mitral ring. The posterior leaflet, almost always flexible, may be completely preserved, as may the chordae tendineae. </p>
      <p>In regard to the surgical technique used in this study, the following considerations are applicable: 1) in the patients of the group of both leaflets, we tried to create a wide space for the implantation of an adequately sized prosthesis, through the wide resection of the translucent zone of the anterior leaflet and division of the posterior leaflet between the insertions; 2) the excessive traction of the chordae may cause their rupture or that of the papillary muscle, and the degree of tension after suture distension and the superposition of the respective leaflets to the mitral ring should be observed; 3) any obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract should be avoided and the free movement of the prosthetic leaflets should be guaranteed through the fixation of the groups of chordae relating to the anterior leaflet in each respective commissure and through the resection of an eventual excess of tissue in the posterior leaflet; 4) to reinforce possible areas of dehiscences created by resections and plications, the use of additional "U" or "8" stitches anchored in Teflon<sup>&#174;</sup> is recommended in the suspicious areas; 5) we emphasize the value of intraoperative transesophageal Doppler echocardiography, which facilitates the identification and quantification of an occasional obstruction still in a phase in which stitch placement could be reviewed and modified. Taking this into consideration and that the left ventricular outflow tract gradient was not recorded, the qualitative analysis required no reintervention in any patient in the series. </p>
      <p>A surgical mortality ranging from zero to 9.5% for the groups undergoing mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation has been reported <sup>24,25</sup>. In our study, the only patient who died belonged to the group of both leaflets and the cause of death was not directly related to the heart; our mortality rate, however, was 5.3% (1/19 patients with chordal preservation), similar to the overall mean. Six patients required vasoactive drugs for more than 24 hours after surgery; none, however, had prolonged low output syndrome. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, considering physical activity, the 3 techniques of surgical correction provided an improvement in patients, and better preservation of ventricular function was observed in the patients undergoing valvuloplasty. No significant difference was observed in the laboratory results in the 2 groups of patients undergoing valve replacement with chordal preservation up to the sixth month of follow-up. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank Drs. Eduardo G. Rossi, Filomena R.B.G. Galas, and Paula H. Tamanaka for their support; Mariana Curi, Alessandra D.J.C. Almeida, &#201;lida C. Rezende, Monica U.J. Kondo, Adriana M. Quadros, and Sergio Spezzia for their technical participation; and Mar&#237;lia, Renato, and Elvira Maria P.A. Dancini for their contribution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold> References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p>16. Yun KL, Sintek CF, Miller DC, et al. Randomized trial of partial versus complete chordal preservation methods of mitral valve replacement. A preliminary report. Circulation 1999; 100 (Suppl. II): II 90-4. </p>
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      <p>19. Le Tourneau T, Grandmougin D, Foucher C et al. Anterior chordal transection impairs not only regional left ventricular function but also regional right ventricular function in mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2001; 104 (12 Suppl 1): I 41-6. </p>
      <p>20. Barber JE, Ratliff NB, Cosgrove DMIii, Griffin BP, Vesely I. Myxomatous mitral valve chordae: mechanical properties. J Heart Valve Dis 2001; 10: 320-4. </p>
      <p>21. Pomerantzeff PM, Brandao CM, Faber CN et al. Pl&#225;stica da valva mitral: resultados aos 17 anos de experi&#234;ncia. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 1999; 14: 185-90. </p>
      <p>22. Dottori V, Barberis L, Lijoi A et al. Initial experience with mitral valve replacement with total preservation of both valve leaflets. Texas Heart Inst. J 1994; 21: 215-9. </p>
      <p>23. Mok CK, Cheung DLC, Chiu CSW et al. An unusual lethal complication of preservation of chordae tendineae in mitral valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988; 95: 534. </p>
      <p>24. Popovic Z, Barac I, Jovic M, Panic G, Miric M, Bojic M. Ventricular performance following valve replacement for chronic mitral regurgitation: importance of chordal preservation. J Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 40: 183-90. </p>
      <p>25. Straub U, Huwer H, Kalweit G, Volkmer I, Gams E. Improved regional left ventricular performance in mitral valve replacement with orthotopic refixation of the anterior mitral leaflet. J Heart Valve Dis 1997; 6: 395-403.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/vcKGWMVDxn9D7F5bvjRRvyJ/cf1581bbfd9a1944a6b89407a8301c415cf1d77b.gif"/>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Jos&#233; Luiz Dancini</p>
          <p> Rua Vit&#243;ria, 85/51</p>
          <p> Cep 09030-050</p>
          <p> Santo Andr&#233;, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jluiz1003@uol.com.br">jluiz1003@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 1/15/03</p>
      <p> Accepted: 5/26/03 </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
