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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6YKBjmdmgg36JZpkGXFQjyx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000300003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000300003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resultados imediatos e tardios da valvoplastia percut&#226;nea com bal&#227;o na estenose valvar pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hatem</surname>
            <given-names>Domingos M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Haertel</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Raul I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leboute</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pomar</surname>
            <given-names>Nara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Winckler</surname>
            <given-names>Maristela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kersten</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottschall</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos A.M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>221</fpage>
      <lpage>227</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar os resultados em longo prazo da valvoplastia percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o em uma institui&#231;&#227;o isolada. M&#201;TODOS: Estudados 189 pacientes com estenose valvar pulmonar submetidos a valvoplastia percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o, entre 1984-1996, com idade m&#233;dia de 7,97&#177;9,25 anos, classificando-se como bem sucedida, a redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente VD-AP em n&#237;veis &lt; 36mmHg e reestenose gradientes &gt; 36mmHg ap&#243;s procedimento eficaz. RESULTADOS: Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do procedimento, o gradiente pico a pico transvalvar reduziu-se de 70,12&#177;30,06 para 25,11&#177;20,23 mmHg (p&lt;0,001). Obtiveram sucesso imediato 148 (78,72%) pacientes. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o posterior do gradiente para valores &lt; 36mmHg em outros 24 pacientes categorizados sem sucesso no grupo. Assim a valvoplastia percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o foi considerada efetiva em 172 (91,01%) pacientes. A efetividade aumentou para 93,53% (159/170) nos casos de morfologia t&#237;pica. O tempo de seguimento foi de 4,39&#177;3anos at&#233; o per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de 13,01 anos. Observou-se reestenose em 24 (13,95%). A presen&#231;a de regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foi detectada em 95,1% dos pacientes, sendo que em 29,5% com grau maior do que leve. A probabilidade de se manter um resultado adequado, at&#233; qualquer ponto no tempo, sem a ocorr&#234;ncia de reestenose, foi de 92,29% em 2 anos, de 87,38 % em 5 anos, de 82,46% em 8 anos e de 64,48% em 10 anos. CONCLUS&#195;O: A valvoplastia percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o foi efetiva e segura no tratamento da estenose valvar pulmonar com excelentes resultados imediatos e a longo prazo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>valvoplastia</kwd>
        <kwd>estenose da valva pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>resultados</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p><bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE</p>
    <p> Resultados imediatos e tardios da valvoplastia percut&#226;nea com bal&#227;o na estenose valvar pulmonar </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Short- and long- term results of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty in pulmonary valve stenosis</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Domingos M. Hatem; Iran Castro; Jos&#233; Carlos Haertel; Raul I. Rossi; Paulo Zielinsky; Fl&#225;vio C. Leboute; Nara Pomar; Maristela Winckler; Rog&#233;rio N. Kersten; Carlos Roberto Cardoso; Carlos A.M. Gottschall </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia RS / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar os resultados em longo prazo da valvoplastia percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o em uma institui&#231;&#227;o isolada. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudados 189 pacientes com estenose valvar pulmonar submetidos a valvoplastia percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o, entre 1984-1996, com idade m&#233;dia de 7,97&#177;9,25 anos, classificando-se como bem sucedida, a redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente VD-AP em n&#237;veis &lt; 36mmHg e reestenose gradientes <underline>&gt;</underline> 36mmHg ap&#243;s procedimento eficaz. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do procedimento, o gradiente pico a pico transvalvar reduziu-se de 70,12&#177;30,06 para 25,11&#177;20,23 mmHg (p&lt;0,001). Obtiveram sucesso imediato 148 (78,72%) pacientes. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o posterior do gradiente para valores &lt; 36mmHg em outros 24 pacientes categorizados sem sucesso no grupo. Assim a valvoplastia percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o foi considerada efetiva em 172 (91,01%) pacientes. A efetividade aumentou para 93,53% (159/170) nos casos de morfologia t&#237;pica. O tempo de seguimento foi de 4,39&#177;3anos at&#233; o per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de 13,01 anos. Observou-se reestenose em 24 (13,95%). A presen&#231;a de regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foi detectada em 95,1% dos pacientes, sendo que em 29,5% com grau maior do que leve. A probabilidade de se manter um resultado adequado, at&#233; qualquer ponto no tempo, sem a ocorr&#234;ncia de reestenose, foi de 92,29% em 2 anos, de 87,38 % em 5 anos, de 82,46% em 8 anos e de 64,48% em 10 anos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A valvoplastia percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o foi efetiva e segura no tratamento da estenose valvar pulmonar com excelentes resultados imediatos e a longo prazo. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras chaves:</bold> valvoplastia, estenose da valva pulmonar, resultados, ecocardiografia</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the long-term results of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty at a single institution. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This study comprised 189 patients with pulmonary valve stenosis undergoing percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty from 1984 to 1996, whose mean age was 7.97&#177;9.25 years. The procedure was classified as successful when the RV-PA gradient was reduced to levels </p>
    <p> &lt; 36 mmHg; restenosis was indicated by RV-PA gradients <underline>&gt;</underline> 36 mmHg after an effective procedure. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> After the procedure, the peak-to-peak transvalvular gradient decreased from 70.12&#177;30.06 to 25.11 &#177;20.23 mmHg (P&lt;0.001). Immediate success was obtained in 148 (78.72%) patients. A later reduction in the gradient to values &lt; 36 mmHg was obtained in 24 other patients previously categorized as unsuccessful. Therefore, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty was considered effective in 172 (91.01%) patients. Effectiveness increased to 93.53% (159/170) in the cases of typical morphology. Follow-up ranged from 4.39&#177;3 years to 13.01 years. Restenosis was observed in 24 (13.95%) patients. Pulmonary regurgitation was detected in 95.1% of the patients, being more intense than mild in 29.5% of the patients. The probability of maintaining an appropriate result, at any time point, with no restenosis was 92.29% in 2 years, 87.38% in 5 years, 82.46% in 8 years, and 64.48% in 10 years. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty was effective and safe for the treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis with excellent short- and long-term results. </p>
    <p><bold>Key words:</bold> valvuloplasty, pulmonary valve stenosis, results, echocardiography</p>
    <p> A valvoplastia pulmonar com bal&#227;o, iniciada em 1982, foi um dos primeiros procedimentos terap&#234;uticos a empregar cateteres para o tratamento de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas<sup>1,2</sup>. Adotando a t&#233;cnica est&#225;tica foi realizada pela primeira vez em 1982, como o &#233; at&#233; hoje, por Kan e cols.<sup>1</sup>. A partir da&#237;, a t&#233;cnica da valvoplastia pulmonar percut&#226;nea sofreu poucas mudan&#231;as, por&#233;m, quanto ao material utilizado, obteve grande progresso. A melhoria na tecnologia de confec&#231;&#227;o dos cateteres-bal&#245;es permitiu a produ&#231;&#227;o de bal&#245;es de mais baixo perfil, reduzindo, por conseguinte, as complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento, notadamente as vasculares, e possibilitando a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento em neonatos, al&#233;m de melhorar as chances de ultrapassar o orif&#237;cio esten&#243;tico<sup>3,4</sup>. Foi demonstrado que bal&#245;es cujos di&#226;metros excediam em 20% a 40% do anel mensurado na angiografia eram seguros e mais efetivos do que os usados nos procedimentos iniciais, que empregavam como limite superior o di&#226;metro do anel pulmonar, o que ocasionou um incremento nas taxas de sucesso com menores gradientes residuais, sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, a maioria dos dados hemodin&#226;micos de portadores de estenose valvar pulmonar era obtida do cateterismo card&#237;aco. Atualmente, o emprego da Doppler-ecocardiografia permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o confi&#225;vel e seriada da les&#227;o esten&#243;tica, mediante a determina&#231;&#227;o do gradiente atrav&#233;s da valva pulmonar em qualquer faixa et&#225;ria, sendo, poss&#237;vel acompanhar a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a<sup>7-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados imediatos e o seguimento a curto e m&#233;dio prazo da dilata&#231;&#227;o da valva pulmonar, j&#225; se encontram bem documentados na literatura, mas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seguimento de longo prazo, as informa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o ainda limitadas<sup>10-19</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo de incid&#234;ncia (coorte n&#227;o controlada) em pacientes submetidos a valvoplastia pulmonar percut&#226;nea, como terap&#234;utica para estenose valvar pulmonar. </p>
    <p>O eixo de desfecho &#233; din&#226;mico, j&#225; que os desfechos cl&#237;nicos principais considerados foram o sucesso imediato, a efic&#225;cia e os resultados de um seguimento intermedi&#225;rio e tardio da valvoplastia pulmonar com bal&#227;o, fazendo uso da medida do gradiente instant&#226;neo m&#225;ximo pela Doppler-ecocardiografia e do gradiente pico a pico obtido atrav&#233;s do cateterismo card&#237;aco. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao eixo de temporalidade, o estudo pode ser considerado misto, j&#225; que parte dos dados foi coletada de modo hist&#243;rico (retrospectivo) e parte de modo contempor&#226;neo (prospectivo). </p>
    <p>Entre setembro de 1984 e outubro de 1996, 252 pacientes consecutivos com diagn&#243;stico de estenose valvar pulmonar foram encaminhados ao setor de hemodin&#226;mica do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia para realiza&#231;&#227;o de valvoplastia pulmonar com bal&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que necessitavam da valvoplastia com bal&#227;o como tratamento paliativo da cianose, e os portadores de estenose valvar pulmonar e de grandes defeitos de septo interventricular. Portadores de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial ou forame oval patente foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os crit&#233;rios para a indica&#231;&#227;o da realiza&#231;&#227;o da valvoplastia percut&#226;nea pulmonar foram a documenta&#231;&#227;o de gradiente sist&#243;lico transvalvar pulmonar pico a pico, obtido durante qualquer estudo hemodin&#226;mico pr&#233;vio ou durante o procedimento terap&#234;utico, e/ou gradiente instant&#226;neo m&#225;ximo obtido pela Doppler-ecocardiografia superior a 50mmHg com &#237;ndice card&#237;aco normal, independentemente dos sintomas, bem como evid&#234;ncia de sobrecarga ventricular direita ao eletrocardiograma com sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, angina ou s&#237;ncope. Foram submetidos a dilata&#231;&#227;o valvar percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o 238 pacientes, perdidos no acompanhamento 45 e quatro apresentavam apenas um ecocardiograma realizado em per&#237;odo de tempo inferior a 30 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento. A popula&#231;&#227;o efetivamente pesquisada, compreendeu 189 pacientes todos tendo realizado pelo menos um estudo Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de 30 dias do procedimento, at&#233; 31/12/97, correspondendo a um percentual de pacientes eleg&#237;veis para a an&#225;lise de seguimento final de 79,41%.</p>
    <p>Noventa e seis (50,79%) pacientes pertenciam ao sexo feminino. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes com seguimento, quando da realiza&#231;&#227;o da valvoplastia, foi 7,97&#177;9,25 anos, variando de 0,1 a 48,88 (mediana de 5,04) anos. Nenhum paciente era neonato, 30 (15,88%) pertenciam &#224; faixa entre 1 e 12 meses, 114 (60,32%) entre 1 e 10 anos, 24 (12,7%) entre 10 a 20 anos e 21 (11,1%) com idade superior a 20 anos. </p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio utilizado para caracterizar sucesso imediato do procedimento foi a redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente sist&#243;lico pico a pico residual entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e a art&#233;ria pulmonar, mensurado ap&#243;s a dilata&#231;&#227;o valvar, para valores &lt; 36mmHg. A efic&#225;cia da valvoplastia pulmonar foi definida como envolvendo aqueles casos em que ocorreu sucesso imediato e aqueles em que, apesar de n&#227;o ter havido sucesso imediato do procedimento, documentou-se uma posterior redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente residual instant&#226;neo m&#225;ximo para valores &lt; 36mmHg, em estudos Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficos subseq&#252;entes. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados no seguimento tardio foram usados os mesmos valores de gradientes j&#225; empregados para definir sucesso e insucesso no per&#237;odo imediato p&#243;s-valvoplastia. A ocorr&#234;ncia de reestenose foi definida como nova eleva&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transvalvar para n&#237;veis <underline>&gt;</underline> 36mmHg ap&#243;s valvoplastia eficaz. Os pacientes foram analisados tamb&#233;m quanto &#224; morfologia da valva esten&#243;tica, classificada como t&#237;pica, displ&#225;sica ou complexa, em caso de valvotomia cir&#250;rgica pr&#233;via (reestenose p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria). </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de valvoplastia empregada &#233; semelhante &#224; descrita por Kan e cols.<sup>1</sup>, com procedimento geralmente realizado sob anestesia geral na depend&#234;ncia da faixa et&#225;ria do paciente. Especial aten&#231;&#227;o era dada &#224; curva de retirada entre a art&#233;ria pulmonar e o ventr&#237;culo direito, bem como &#224; medida da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica nesse ventr&#237;culo, pois dessas medidas dependia a indica&#231;&#227;o final do procedimento. A ventriculografia era realizada em perfil esquerdo e na proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua-anterior direita de 30<sup>o </sup>com angula&#231;&#227;o cranial para excluir a presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o subvalvar e, tamb&#233;m, para permitir adequada medida do anel pulmonar que influenciava diretamente na escolha do di&#226;metro do bal&#227;o. Definidos a anatomia e o di&#226;metro do bal&#227;o a ser empregado at&#233; 40% maior do que o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico entre os pontos de inser&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos pulmonares na parede da art&#233;ria. A t&#233;cnica empregando um &#250;nico bal&#227;o foi utilizada em 157 pacientes e dois bal&#245;es em 32 pacientes. </p>
    <p>Os estudos Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficos consistiram inicialmente da avalia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica seq&#252;encial<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>O grau de severidade da obstru&#231;&#227;o determinada pela estenose valvar pulmonar, foi avaliado e quantificado com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Doppler cont&#237;nuo. O gradiente instant&#226;neo m&#225;ximo era calculado atrav&#233;s da velocidade m&#225;xima obtida utilizando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o de Bernoulli modificada. Em caso de obstru&#231;&#227;o subvalvar pulmonar associada, notava-se mosaico de cores indicando a presen&#231;a de turbul&#234;ncia de fluxo abaixo do plano da valvar pulmonar e tamb&#233;m um padr&#227;o caracter&#237;stico da curva espectral do Doppler com um crescendo da proto para a teless&#237;stole. A presen&#231;a e o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar tamb&#233;m eram avaliados atrav&#233;s do mapeamento de fluxo em cores, conforme descrito por Nanda e cols.<sup>21</sup>, considerando a extens&#227;o do jato regurgitante assim como sua largura na origem. </p>
    <p>Os grupos foram comparados nas linha de base com teste "t" de Student para os gradientes. O teste do Qui quadrado foi utilizado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Os gradientes transvalvares pr&#233; e p&#243;s-valvoplastia foram comparados pelo teste "t" para amostras pareadas. Foi constru&#237;da uma curva de sobrevida atuarial com aux&#237;lio do programa estat&#237;stico SPSS 8. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em termos de m&#233;dias &#177; um desvio padr&#227;o. A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do resultado da valvoplastia pulmonar foi transformada em vari&#225;vel dicot&#244;mica (sucesso <italic>x</italic> insucesso), utilizando o valor de 35mmHg como ponto de corte. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Imediatamente ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do procedimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab.I</xref>), os pacientes apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular direita de 90,16&#177;30,56 para 48,08&#177;21,50mmHg (p&lt;0,001). A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar mostrou pequena eleva&#231;&#227;o de 20,66&#177;9,52 para 23,03&#177;7,04mmHg (p&lt;0,001). O gradiente pico a pico transvalvar pulmonar apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de 70,12&#177;30,06 para 25,11&#177;20,23 mmHg (p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0221-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Dos 189 pacientes submetidos a valvoplastia por bal&#227;o, em um n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar medidas press&#243;ricas e gradiente transvalvar ap&#243;s infla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o devido &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es durante o procedimento, tendo o mesmo sido interrompido. Um estudo Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico efetuado ap&#243;s a dilata&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea evidenciou a presen&#231;a de gradiente residual elevado. </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise dos resultados imediatos foram considerados os 188 pacientes que realizaram medidas hemodin&#226;micas ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do procedimento. O gradiente medido representa o gradiente residual total entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e o tronco pulmonar, n&#227;o tendo sido individualizadas de forma rotineira as contribui&#231;&#245;es do componente valvar e infundibular, motivo pelo qual este fator n&#227;o foi analisado. </p>
    <p>Apresentaram gradiente pico a pico transvalvar pulmonar &lt; 36mmHg, 148 (78,72%) pacientes, representando o grupo que obteve sucesso imediato com a dilata&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea da valva pulmonar e apresentaram gradiente pico a pico residual <underline>&gt;</underline> 36mmHg, 40 (21,28%) pacientes, caracterizando insucesso do procedimento no al&#237;vio da estenose valvar pulmonar. Entre os portadores de estenose valvar pulmonar t&#237;pica (n=170), 137 obtiveram sucesso imediato ap&#243;s o procedimento, correspondendo a (80,59%), enquanto nos casos de estenose valvar pulmonar com valva displ&#225;sica e de morfologia complexa conseq&#252;ente &#224; cirurgia pr&#233;via (n=18) a taxa de sucesso foi de 61,11% (p&lt;0,05). </p>
    <p>Analisando, separadamente, os casos de estenose com valva displ&#225;sica (n=9) e complexa (n=9), foi alcan&#231;ado sucesso em 66,67% e 55,56% (NS), respectivamente. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes que n&#227;o obtiveram sucesso imediato ap&#243;s a valvoplastia apresentavam estenose valvar pulmonar mais grave, caracterizada por maior gradiente pico a pico transvalvar pulmonar (p&lt;0,001) e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular direita mais elevada (p&lt;0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade e ao grau de redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transvalvar pico a pico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0221-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor da redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente sist&#243;lico pico a pico obtido com a dilata&#231;&#227;o valvar, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre o grupo de pacientes com sucesso ou com insucesso imediato (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). Entre os primeiros houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 46,31&#177;24,85mmHg e, entre os segundos, de 40,58 &#177;29,25mmHg (NS). Em ambos os grupos, a redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente variou de -1 a -142mmHg, havendo eleva&#231;&#227;o de 15mmHg em um paciente, conseq&#252;ente &#224; rea&#231;&#227;o infundibular.</p>
    <p>Houve complica&#231;&#245;es agudas em 8 (4,23%) pacientes. Dissec&#231;&#227;o da veia cava inferior ocorreu em um caso, mas sem sangramento ou hematoma retroperitoneal. Dois pacientes apresentaram convuls&#245;es durante o procedimento, mais precisamente durante a infla&#231;&#227;o do cateter bal&#227;o. Arritmia supraventricular n&#227;o transit&#243;ria (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial) ocorreu em 2 pacientes.Um paciente apresentou trombose venosa profunda no membro inferior direito ap&#243;s o procedimento.Ocorreu ruptura de aparelho subvalvar tric&#250;spide em um paciente, determinando regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide de grau importante. O procedimento foi interrompido em um paciente devido &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de parada card&#237;aca que necessitou medidas de reanima&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise da efic&#225;cia da valvoplastia foram considerados os 189 pacientes. A efic&#225;cia da valvoplastia foi avaliada em um per&#237;odo de seguimento intermedi&#225;rio compreendendo o espa&#231;o de tempo entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o da valvoplastia e o primeiro estudo Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico realizado. </p>
    <p>A efic&#225;cia da valvoplastia pulmonar com bal&#227;o englobou aqueles pacientes que obtiveram sucesso imediato com o procedimento e os que mantiveram gradiente residual pico a pico, imediatamente ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da valvoplastia, <underline>&gt;</underline> 36mmHg e cursaram com redu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea para n&#237;veis &lt; 36 mmHg no primeiro estudo Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico durante o acompanhamento. </p>
    <p>O primeiro estudo com Doppler foi realizado 2,15&#177;2,52 anos ap&#243;s a valvoplastia, observando-se redu&#231;&#227;o dos gradientes VD-AP para valores inferiores a 36mmHg em 24 pacientes do grupo que n&#227;o obteve sucesso, imediatamente ap&#243;s a valvoplastia percut&#226;nea com bal&#227;o. Destes, 22 apresentavam morfologia t&#237;pica e 2, morfologia complexa, n&#227;o tendo nenhum deles valva pulmonar displ&#225;sica. </p>
    <p>A valvoplastia foi considerada efetiva em 172 (91,01%) pacientes, sendo que 148 apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transvalvar pulmonar logo ap&#243;s o procedimento e outros 24 durante o seguimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Apresentaram estenose valvar pulmonar com morfologia t&#237;pica, em domo, 170 (89,95%) pacientes, obtendo-se adequado resultado do procedimento em 159, correspondendo a uma taxa de sucesso de 93,53%. Entre os 24 pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com redu&#231;&#227;o de gradiente transvalvar, 22 apresentavam morfologia t&#237;pica e 2, complexa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0221-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p> O tempo de seguimento dos 189 pacientes foi de 4,39&#177;3anos, at&#233; o per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de 13,01 anos. A m&#233;dia do gradiente instant&#226;neo m&#225;ximo transvalvar pulmonar foi de 26,12 &#177; 19,08mmHg, variando de 5 a 100mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0221-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Apresentavam gradiente instant&#226;neo m&#225;ximo &lt;36mmHg, 149 (78,84%) pacientes caracterizando manuten&#231;&#227;o do sucesso da valvoplastia pulmonar, estando o paciente livre de reestenose durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. Quarenta (21,16%) pacientes apresentavam-se com gradiente instant&#226;neo m&#225;ximo <underline>&gt;</underline> 36mmHg, sendo que em 16 (8,47%) houve manuten&#231;&#227;o do resultado n&#227;o efetivo (insucesso) da valvoplastia e em outros 24 (12,7%) nova eleva&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transvalvar durante o seguimento, caracterizando a ocorr&#234;ncia de reestenose valvar pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <p>Valvas com estenose t&#237;pica, displ&#225;sica e de morfologia complexa, corresponderam, respectivamente, a 170, 9 e 10 pacientes. A taxa de sucesso no grupo com estenose t&#237;pica permaneceu em 81,18%; para os demais, 55,56% e 60% entre os pacientes com morfologia displ&#225;sica e complexa, respectivamente (p&lt;005). </p>
    <p>Nova eleva&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transvalvar pulmonar para n&#237;veis <underline>&gt;</underline> 36mmHg ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o de al&#237;vio da estenose valvar pulmonar atrav&#233;s de dilata&#231;&#227;o por bal&#227;o caracterizou a ocorr&#234;ncia de reestenose. Entre os 172 pacientes da coorte que obtiveram sucesso com o procedimento (valvoplastia percut&#226;nia com bal&#227;o eficaz), apresentando gradientes &lt; 36mmHg, imediatamente ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da dilata&#231;&#227;o valvar ou, posteriormente, em decorr&#234;ncia da redu&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia infundibular, 24 (13,95%) apresentaram reestenose valvar pulmonar, sendo que apenas 2 eram portadores de valva pulmonar displ&#225;sica (fg. 1). A detec&#231;&#227;o de reestenose valvar ocorreu 3,56&#177;3,50 anos ap&#243;s a dilata&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, sendo que 29,2% dos casos foram detectados ap&#243;s 5 anos de acompanhamento. No grupo de pacientes com reestenose, a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 7,69&#177;7,89 anos, o gradiente pico a pico pr&#233;-valvoplastia de 69,63&#177;40,19mmHg e, imediatamente p&#243;s-valvoplastia, de 26,88&#177;13,07mmHg. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os pacientes que desenvolveram e os que ficaram livres de reestenose, quanto &#224; idade ou ao gradiente pr&#233;-valvoplastia e gradiente residual p&#243;s-valvoplastia. </p>
    <p>Sessenta e um pacientes seq&#252;enciais, correspondendo a 32,3% da coorte, realizaram o &#250;ltimo Doppler-ecocardiograma em um &#250;nico equipamento (HP Sonos 2500), avaliados criteriosamente por dois observadores e ainda por um terceiro em caso de discord&#226;ncia quanto ao grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar presente. Apresentaram evid&#234;ncia de algum grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o 95,1% dos pacientes (58/61) e grau maior do que leve 29,5% (18/61).</p>
    <p>A probabilidade de perman&#234;ncia de um bom resultado da valvoplastia pulmonar, sem a ocorr&#234;ncia de reestenose, foi de 92,29% em 2 anos, de 87,38 % em 5 anos, de 82,46% em 8 anos e de 64,48% em 10 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0221-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A dilata&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea da valva pulmonar com bal&#227;o, atualmente, &#233; considerada a modalidade terap&#234;utica de escolha para o tratamento da estenose valvar pulmonar, em qualquer faixa et&#225;ria e morfologia valvar<sup>17</sup>, sendo uma t&#233;cnica efetiva e segura, com baixo &#237;ndice de mortalidade e de incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es importantes, quando empregada fora do per&#237;odo neonatal<sup>12,17</sup>. O m&#233;todo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de substituir a valvotomia cir&#250;rgica, descrita por Brock em 1948, com mortalidade de 1,5 a 2%<sup>22</sup>. </p>
    <p>O estudo do seguimento dos pacientes desta coorte foi baseado na utiliza&#231;&#227;o do gradiente instant&#226;neo m&#225;ximo, obtido pela Doppler-ecocardiografia, e compar&#225;vel ao gradiente obtido atrav&#233;s do cateterismo card&#237;aco<sup>23,24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Este alto grau de correla&#231;&#227;o e concord&#226;ncia &#233; reduzido quando as medidas pelos dois m&#233;todos s&#227;o aferidas de forma n&#227;o simult&#226;neas. Esta diferen&#231;a geralmente &#233; pequena, &lt; 10mmHg. Alguns autores sugerem que deve ser usado o maior gradiente, mesmo se obtido em paciente n&#227;o sedado, refletindo uma condi&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica mais real<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Esta situa&#231;&#227;o explica os achados em alguns pacientes desta coorte que, por ocasi&#227;o da valvoplastia, apresentaram gradientes pico a pico significativamente inferiores aos obtidos pela Doppler-ecocardiografia pr&#233; valvoplastia, mesmo naqueles j&#225; sabidamente portadores de estenose valvar pulmonar importante, previamente documentada. </p>
    <p>O sucesso imediato documentado em 78,72% (148/188), englobando todas as morfologias valvares &#233; consistente com os observados por outros autores que variaram de 54% a 87,1%<sup>10,19,26</sup>. Os pacientes do grupo que n&#227;o obteve sucesso imediato com a dilata&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea apresentavam gradiente transvalvar pulmonar e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular direita, significativamente maiores, que os do grupo com sucesso imediato. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, sexo e grau de redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente pico a pico transvalvar pulmonar. </p>
    <p>Ray e cols.<sup>19 </sup>em estudo de 139 pacientes, tamb&#233;m observaram que os que obtiveram al&#237;vio incompleto da obstru&#231;&#227;o, logo ap&#243;s a valvoplastia, apresentavam estenose valvar pulmonar de grau mais importante, caracterizada por maiores gradientes VD-AP e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular direita. Nesse mesmo estudo, os pacientes com insucesso do procedimento tinham maior m&#233;dia de idade. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, o valor da redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transvalvar obtido foi semelhante em ambos os grupos que obtiveram sucesso imediato ou n&#227;o, de 46,31&#177;24,85mmHg e de 40,85&#177;29,25mmHg (NS), respectivamente. </p>
    <p>Mendelsohn e cols.<sup>27</sup> tamb&#233;m encontraram redu&#231;&#227;o quase id&#234;ntica de gradientes entre os dois grupos, com valores na faixa de 40mmHg, sugerindo esta diminui&#231;&#227;o do gradiente finita. O sucesso da valvoplastia estaria relacionado ao valor do gradiente inicial e o mesmo poderia apresentar uma redu&#231;&#227;o limitada. Os autores sugerem uma interven&#231;&#227;o mais precoce, indicando a valvoplastia com bal&#227;o em pacientes com menores graus de estenose valvar pulmonar, com valores de gradientes de menor magnitude, como 40mmHg. A conseq&#252;&#234;ncia desta interven&#231;&#227;o mais precoce seria um gradiente sist&#243;lico residual menor, o qual reduziria a ocorr&#234;ncia de sintomas e de hipertrofia ventricular direita a longo prazo e maior taxa de sucesso. </p>
    <p>Os resultados nos pacientes com valva displ&#225;sica e estenose residual p&#243;s-valvotomia cir&#250;rgica (61,11%) foram menos efetivos, quando comparados aos do grupo de pacientes com com estenose valvar pulmonar t&#237;pica (80,59%) p&lt;0,05. </p>
    <p>Ballerini e cols.<sup>28</sup> permanecem realizando valvoplastia percut&#226;nea com bal&#227;o em valvas displ&#225;sicas e de morfologia complexa, embora menos efetiva nesse grupo de pacientes, com o objetivo de evitar ou retardar a necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. </p>
    <p>A efic&#225;cia da valvoplastia pulmonar com bal&#227;o acha-se subestimada quando considerados somente os resultados imediatos, visto que, freq&#252;entemente, documenta-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva do gradiente transvalvar de forma semelhante &#224; observada ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de valvotomia cir&#250;rgica<sup>3</sup>, ocorrida devido &#224; regress&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o infundibular, considerada um processo din&#226;mico, o qual regride ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de tempo vari&#225;vel. Portanto, o aparente mau resultado imediato observado em alguns casos, principalmente nas estenoses valvares pulmonares mais severas, pode mascarar temporariamente os resultados de uma valvoplastia efetiva, o que pode ser confirmado, posteriormente, com a redu&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia infundibular<sup>12,29,30</sup>. Nos casos de estenose infundibular residual, a regress&#227;o completa pode demorar at&#233; 2 anos, n&#227;o havendo rela&#231;&#227;o com a severidade ou idade do paciente<sup>30,31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre os 40 pacientes de nossa s&#233;rie que n&#227;o obtiveram sucesso imediato, 24 (60%) evolu&#237;ram com redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transvalvar pulmonar residual, seja instant&#226;neo m&#225;ximo ou pico a pico, para n&#237;veis &lt; 36 mmHg sem terem sidos submetidos a qualquer interven&#231;&#227;o adicional. Esta evolu&#231;&#227;o caracterizou-se como eficaz a dilata&#231;&#227;o valvar percut&#226;nea, apesar dos resultados press&#243;ricos insatisfat&#243;rios, imediatamente ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do procedimento. </p>
    <p>Mahnert e cols.<sup>11</sup>, em s&#233;rie de 52 pacientes submetidos a valvoplastia percut&#226;nea com bal&#227;o, obtiveram redu&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia do gradiente transvalvar pulmonar de 79,9&#177;37,3 mmHg para 37,2&#177;29,6mmHg (p&lt;0,001) imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento, persistindo gradiente residual &gt; 36mmHg em 19 pacientes. Durante o per&#237;odo de tempo de menos de dois anos, definido pelos autores como tempo de seguimento intermedi&#225;rio, houve redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente avaliado por cateterismo ou pela Doppler-ecocardiografia para valores &lt; 36mmHg em 10 dos 19 (52,63%) pacientes, sem terem sido submetidos a qualquer interven&#231;&#227;o adicional. Existem v&#225;rios relatos na literatura apresentando resultados imediatos da valvoplastia percut&#226;nea com bal&#227;o e seu seguimento a curto e m&#233;dio prazos. Estudos mostrando a efetividade da valvoplastia a longo prazo, isto &#233;, com tempo de seguimento de mais de dois anos, s&#227;o poucos. Nos nossos pacientes, avaliados pela Doppler-ecocardiografia at&#233; o per&#237;odo de 13 anos, com m&#233;dia de 4,39&#177;3 anos p&#243;s-valvoplastia pulmonar, houve persist&#234;ncia de sucesso, com perman&#234;ncia do gradiente instant&#226;neo m&#225;ximo &lt; 36mmHg em 78,84% (149/189).</p>
    <p>Os dados do seguimento dos pacientes da maior s&#233;rie publicada foram os relatados pelo VACA<sup>18</sup>, composto de 533 pacientes pertencentes a 22 institui&#231;&#245;es e com seguimento de at&#233; 8,7 anos, sendo que 77% mantiveram gradientes &lt; 36mmHg, percentual semelhante aos 78,84% observados em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Ray e cols.<sup>19</sup> relataram uma s&#233;rie de 139 pacientes, com cateterismo realizado em 79 deles 13&#177;8,7 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento, observando gradiente sist&#243;lico pico a pico &lt; 36mmHg em 81% dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>Rao e cols.<sup>14</sup> publicaram os resultados de seguimento a longo prazo (3 a 10 anos) em 80 pacientes submetidos a valvoplastia percut&#226;nea com bal&#227;o em duas institui&#231;&#245;es universit&#225;rias, obtendo manuten&#231;&#227;o de resultado adequado em 88% em 5 anos e 84% em 10 anos. </p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; valvoplastia pulmonar &#233; considerada pequena. O n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es e sua gravidade s&#227;o maiores quando o procedimento &#233; realizado no per&#237;odo neonatal. Portanto, apesar t&#233;cnica relativamente segura, &#233; importante salientar que complica&#231;&#245;es potenciais podem ocorrer, sendo necess&#225;ria utilizar de t&#233;cnica correta e bal&#227;o com di&#226;metro e comprimento adequados<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de forame oval patente oferece prote&#231;&#227;o contra hipotens&#227;o arterial. Shuck e cols.<sup>32</sup> constataram que a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o arterial &#233; m&#237;nima em portadores de forame oval patente por ocasi&#227;o da infla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o, provavelmente devido ao enchimento mantido do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e descompress&#227;o do &#225;trio direito via forame oval. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica de duplo bal&#227;o<sup>33</sup>, bal&#245;es <italic>bifoil </italic>ou <italic>trifoil</italic> , que permite a passagem de algum fluxo do ventr&#237;culo direito ao redor do bal&#227;o e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de per&#237;odos curtos de infla&#231;&#227;o (5s ou menos) reduzem a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o sist&#234;mica. </p>
    <p>Nos estudos de seguimento p&#243;s-valvoplastia pulmonar percut&#226;nea, houve uma impress&#227;o inicial de que a ocorr&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar pulmonar residual era pequena. Estudos subseq&#252;entes maiores mostraram ser este um achado freq&#252;ente, geralmente de pequena magnitude ap&#243;s dilata&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea com &#234;xito<sup>34</sup>. A incid&#234;ncia nas s&#233;ries mais recentemente publicadas variou de 74% a 100%<sup>10,14,18,19,29</sup>. A ocorr&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar residual p&#243;s-procedimento &#233; compreens&#237;vel devido ao mecanismo de abertura valvar atrav&#233;s do uso de cateteres bal&#227;o consistir na separa&#231;&#227;o comissural, ruptura ou mesmo avuls&#227;o dos folhetos<sup>35</sup>. </p>
    <p>No nosso grupo de pacientes avaliados com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar, esta esteve presente em 95,1% dos casos, sendo geralmente leve, no entanto 26,2% apresentavam refluxo moderado e 3,3% refluxo de grau severo. Ray e cols.<sup>19</sup> detectaram insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar atrav&#233;s da Doppler-ecocardiografia em 86% dos 139 pacientes de sua s&#233;rie, mas somente 3 apresentaram refluxo de grau maior do que leve. </p>
    <p>Nos resultados do estudo VACA publicados por McCrindle<sup>18</sup>, foi detectada regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar residual em 74% dos pacientes, classificada como trivial em 22%, leve em 45% e moderada em 7%. N&#227;o foram detectados casos de insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar severa e, identificados como fatores que favoreceriam a ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar moderada, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de rela&#231;&#227;o entre bal&#227;o e anel pulmonar superior a 1,4 e morfologia valvar complexa por valvotomia cir&#250;rgica pr&#233;via ou presen&#231;a de displasia valvar.</p>
    <p>Rao e cols.<sup>14</sup>, em s&#233;rie de 85 pacientes provenientes de dois centros universit&#225;rios, avaliaram a incid&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e realizaram sua semi-quantificac&#227;o, utilizando o Doppler colorido em quatro per&#237;odos de tempo: pr&#233;-valvoplastia, um dia ap&#243;s, no per&#237;odo de 2 anos, e por &#250;ltimo, no per&#237;odo de 3 a 10 anos. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o foi realizada utilizando a rela&#231;&#227;o da largura do jato na sua origem com o di&#226;metro do anel pulmonar no eixo curto obtido na janela paraesternal, considerando os valores <underline>&lt;</underline> 10%, 11-25%, 26-50% e &gt; 50%, que indicavam regurgita&#231;&#227;o de graus I a IV, respectivamente. A incid&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar teve um aumento gradual, mas significante, sendo maior no seguimento tardio, quando presente em 70 dos 80 (87,5%) pacientes avaliados. Nenhum paciente apresentou insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar grau IV ou necessitou de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica por esse motivo. </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de reestenose, em v&#225;rias s&#233;ries, apresenta taxas entre 4,8% e 21%<sup>10,14,16,35</sup>, estando relacionada ao emprego de bal&#227;o com tamanho inadequado e &#224; presen&#231;a de displasia valvar<sup> 35</sup>. Em nossa serie de pacientes, 13,95% (24/172) cursaram com eleva&#231;&#227;o dos gradientes, a intervalos de tempo vari&#225;veis ap&#243;s uma valvoplastia efetiva. O tempo de progress&#227;o do gradiente residual para n&#237;veis <underline>&gt;</underline> 36mmHg foi de 3,56&#177;3,5 anos, sendo que em apenas 29,2% dos casos foram detectados ap&#243;s 5 anos de acompanhamento.</p>
    <p>Na s&#233;rie de Rao e cols.<sup>14</sup>, 11% dos pacientes apresentaram reestenose, tendo todos os casos ocorrido nos primeiros dois anos de seguimento. O crit&#233;rio utilizado para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de reestenose foi a eleva&#231;&#227;o do gradiente transvalvar pulmonar para n&#237;veis <underline>&gt;</underline> 50mmHg. </p>
    <p>No estudo VACA<sup>18</sup>, entre os pacientes que obtiveram resultados imediatos adequados, somente 12% apresentaram resultados tardios n&#227;o adequados, mantendo gradientes residuais <underline>&gt;</underline> 36mmHg ou necessitando de nova valvoplastia pulmonar percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>Jarrar e cols.<sup>16,</sup> em estudo de acompanhamento invasivo e n&#227;o invasivo, de crian&#231;as, adolescentes e adultos, submetidos a valvoplastia percut&#226;nea com bal&#227;o observaram reestenose em 3 dos 62 pacientes (4,8%). As baixas taxas de reestenose e persist&#234;ncia de estenose encontradas no estudo foram atribu&#237;das ao emprego de altas RBAs, como 1,4&#177;0,38 e &gt; 1,5 em 5 adultos. Embora exista a recomenda&#231;&#227;o por parte da maioria dos autores de que a RBA n&#227;o deve exceder o valor 1,5, sugeriram seu emprego, acima deste valor principalmente em adultos, quando o gradiente residual imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento fosse &gt; 35mmHg<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Rao e cols.<sup>36</sup> investigaram as causas de reestenose p&#243;s-valvoplastia com bal&#227;o e identificaram como fatores predisponentes para sua ocorr&#234;ncia a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de rela&#231;&#227;o entre bal&#227;o e anel pulmonar &lt; 1,2 e gradiente medido imediatamente ap&#243;s a valvoplastia &gt; 30mmHg. </p>
    <p>Em nossa coorte, a probabilidade de perman&#234;ncia de um bom resultado da valvoplastia pulmonar, sem a ocorr&#234;ncia de reestenose, foi de 94,39% em 1 ano, de 92,29% em 2 anos, de 87,38% em 5 anos, de 82,46% em 8 anos, de 64,48% em 10 anos e de 56,42% em 13 anos. As estimativas ap&#243;s os 10 anos de seguimento foram baseadas em um menor n&#250;mero de pacientes, portanto os resultados observados ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo apresentam menor confiabilidade. Rao e cols.<sup>14</sup> relataram os resultados do seguimento por um per&#237;odo de 3 a 10 anos em 80 pacientes com idade de 7&#177;6,4 anos, submetidos a valvoplastia pulmonar com bal&#227;o. A perman&#234;ncia de sucesso da dilata&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea em um, dois, cinco e 10 anos foi de 94%, 89%, 88% e 84% respectivamente. Na serie de Quereshi<sup> 37</sup>, de 92 pacientes, 76% mantiveram resultado adequado sem necessitar reinterven&#231;&#227;o em 5 anos e 67% em 10 anos.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo permite as seguintes conclus&#245;es: a dilata&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea com bal&#227;o da valva pulmonar &#233; eficaz no al&#237;vio da estenose valvar pulmonar, documentada pela redu&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia dos gradientes; a valvoplastia pulmonar com bal&#227;o constituiu-se em um m&#233;todo efetivo e seus efeitos ben&#233;ficos permaneceram a m&#233;dio e longo prazos; a perman&#234;ncia de bom resultado foi de 92,29% em 2 anos, de 87,38% em 5 anos, de 82,46% em 8 anos e de 64,48% em 10 anos; as complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento foram pequenas e pouco freq&#252;entes; houve persist&#234;ncia de gradientes residuais n&#227;o significativos na maioria dos pacientes, ocorrendo reestenose em 13,95% dos casos; a preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar residual foi elevada, tendo aproximadamente 1/3 dos pacientes apresentado regurgita&#231;&#227;o de grau maior do que leve.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Domingos Hatem </p>
        <p> Unidade de Pesquisa do IC/FUC </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 </p>
        <p> Cep 90620-001 </p>
        <p> Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 30/12/02 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 5/6/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Short- and long- term results of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty in pulmonary valve stenosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term results of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty at a single institution. METHODS: This study comprised 189 patients with pulmonary valve stenosis undergoing percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty from 1984 to 1996, whose mean age was 7.97&#177;9.25 years. The procedure was classified as successful when the RV-PA gradient was reduced to levels &lt; 36 mmHg; restenosis was indicated by RV-PA gradients &gt; 36 mmHg after an effective procedure. RESULTS: After the procedure, the peak-to-peak transvalvular gradient decreased from 70.12&#177;30.06 to 25.11 &#177;20.23 mmHg (P&lt;0.001). Immediate success was obtained in 148 (78.72%) patients. A later reduction in the gradient to values &lt; 36 mmHg was obtained in 24 other patients previously categorized as unsuccessful. Therefore, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty was considered effective in 172 (91.01%) patients. Effectiveness increased to 93.53% (159/170) in the cases of typical morphology. Follow-up ranged from 4.39&#177;3 years to 13.01 years. Restenosis was observed in 24 (13.95%) patients. Pulmonary regurgitation was detected in 95.1% of the patients, being more intense than mild in 29.5% of the patients. The probability of maintaining an appropriate result, at any time point, with no restenosis was 92.29% in 2 years, 87.38% in 5 years, 82.46% in 8 years, and 64.48% in 10 years. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty was effective and safe for the treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis with excellent short- and long-term results.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>valvuloplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>pulmonary valve stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>results</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold> ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Short- and long- term results of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty in pulmonary valve stenosis </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Domingos M. Hatem; Iran Castro; Jos&#233; Carlos Haertel; Raul I. Rossi; Paulo Zielinsky; Fl&#225;vio C. Leboute; Nara Pomar; Maristela Winckler; Rog&#233;rio N. Kersten; Carlos Roberto Cardoso; Carlos A.M. Gottschall</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia RS/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the long-term results of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty at a single institution. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This study comprised 189 patients with pulmonary valve stenosis undergoing percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty from 1984 to 1996, whose mean age was 7.97&#177;9.25 years. The procedure was classified as successful when the RV-PA gradient was reduced to levels </p>
      <p> &lt; 36 mmHg; restenosis was indicated by RV-PA gradients <underline>&gt;</underline> 36 mmHg after an effective procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> After the procedure, the peak-to-peak transvalvular gradient decreased from 70.12&#177;30.06 to 25.11 &#177;20.23 mmHg (P&lt;0.001). Immediate success was obtained in 148 (78.72%) patients. A later reduction in the gradient to values &lt; 36 mmHg was obtained in 24 other patients previously categorized as unsuccessful. Therefore, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty was considered effective in 172 (91.01%) patients. Effectiveness increased to 93.53% (159/170) in the cases of typical morphology. Follow-up ranged from 4.39&#177;3 years to 13.01 years. Restenosis was observed in 24 (13.95%) patients. Pulmonary regurgitation was detected in 95.1% of the patients, being more intense than mild in 29.5% of the patients. The probability of maintaining an appropriate result, at any time point, with no restenosis was 92.29% in 2 years, 87.38% in 5 years, 82.46% in 8 years, and 64.48% in 10 years.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty was effective and safe for the treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis with excellent short- and long-term results. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> valvuloplasty, pulmonary valve stenosis, results, echocardiography</p>
      <p> Pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty, initiated in 1982, was 1 of the first therapeutic procedures to use catheters for the treatment of congenital heart diseases <sup>1,2</sup>. It was first performed in 1982 with the static technique, which is still currently used by Kan et al <sup>1</sup>. From then on, the percutaneous pulmonary valvuloplasty technique underwent few changes; in regard to the material used, however, great progress has been made. The improvement in the technology of balloon-catheter confection allowed the production of lower-profile balloons, therefore, reducing the complications of the procedure, notably the vascular ones, enabling the performance of the procedure in neonates, in addition to improving the chances of passing across the stenotic orifice <sup>3,4</sup>. Balloons whose diameters exceeded the ring measurement by 20% to 40% on angiography were shown to be safe and more effective than those used in the initial procedures, which adopted the diameter of the pulmonary ring as the upper limit. This increased the success rate with lower residual gradients and no increase in the number of complications <sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Initially, most hemodynamic data of patients with pulmonary valve stenosis were obtained from cardiac catheterization. Currently, the use of Doppler echocardiography allows the reliable and serial assessment of the stenotic lesion by determining the gradient through the pulmonary valve in any age group, which enables one to follow the natural history of the disease <sup>7-9</sup>. </p>
      <p>The immediate results and the short- and medium-term follow-up of pulmonary valve dilation have already been well documented in the literature. Reports on long-term follow-up, however, are still scarce <sup>10-19</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A noncontrolled cohort study of incidence was carried out in patients undergoing percutaneous pulmonary valvuloplasty as a treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis. </p>
      <p>The outcome axis is dynamic, because the major clinical outcomes considered were immediate success, efficacy, and the intermediate and late results of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty, using the measurement of the maximum instantaneous gradient on Doppler echocardiography and the peak-to-peak gradient obtained through cardiac catheterization. In regard to the temporal axis, the study may be considered mixed, because part of the data were collected in a historical (retrospective) way and part in a contemporary (prospective) way. </p>
      <p>From September 1984 to October 1996, 252 consecutive patients diagnosed with pulmonary valve stenosis were referred to the hemodynamics department of the Instituto de Cardiologia of Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia to undergo balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty.</p>
      <p>The following patients were excluded from the study: those requiring balloon valvuloplasty as a palliative treatment for cyanosis, and those with pulmonary valve stenosis and large defects in the interventricular septum. Patients with interatrial septal defects or patent oval foramen were included in the study. The criteria for indicating percutaneous pulmonary valvuloplasty were a peak-to-peak pulmonary transvalvular systolic gradient obtained during any previous hemodynamic study or during the therapeutic procedure, or a maximum instantaneous gradient obtained on Doppler echocardiography, or both, greater than 50 mmHg with a normal cardiac index, independent of the symptoms, in addition to the evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy on the electrocardiogram with symptoms of heart failure, angina, or syncope. Two hundred and thirty-eight patients underwent percutaneous balloon valve dilation, 45 dropped out during follow-up, and 4 had only 1 echocardiogram performed within the 30 days following the procedure. The population actually studied comprised 189 patients, all of whom underwent at least 1 Doppler echocardiographic study 30 days after the procedure until 12/31/97, corresponding to 79.41% of the patients eligible for the analysis of the final follow-up. </p>
      <p>Ninety-six (50.79%) patients were females. The mean age of the patients followed up, at the time of valvuloplasty, was 7.97&#177;9.25 years, ranging from 0.1 to 48.88 (median of 5.04) years. No patient was a neonate, 30 (15.88%) were 1 to 12 months old, 114 (60.32%) were 1 to 10 years old, 24 (12.7%) were 10 to 20 years old, and 21 (11.1%) were older than 20 years. </p>
      <p>The criterion used for characterizing the immediate success of the procedure was the reduction in the residual peak-to-peak systolic gradient between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, measured after valve dilation, to values &lt; 36 mmHg. The efficacy of pulmonary valvuloplasty comprised the cases in which immediate success occurred or those in which, despite lack of immediate success, a later reduction was observed in the maximum instantaneous residual gradient to values &lt; 36 mmHg in subsequent Doppler echocardiographic studies. In assessing the results of late follow-up, the same values of the gradients already used to define success or unsuccess immediately after valvuloplasty were used. The occurrence of restenosis was defined as a new elevation in the transvalvular gradient to levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 36 mmHg after effective valvuloplasty. The patients were also analyzed in regard to the morphology of the stenotic valve, which was classified as typical, dysplastic, or complex, in the case of previous surgical valvotomy (postoperative restenosis). </p>
      <p>The technique of valvuloplasty used was similar to that reported by Kan et al <sup>1</sup>, in which the procedure was performed, depending on age, with the patient under general anesthesia. Special attention was given to the withdrawal tracings between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle, as well as to the measurement of the systolic pressure in that ventricle, because the final indication of the procedure depended on these measurements. Ventriculography was performed in the left profile and in the 30<sup>o</sup> right anterior oblique projection with cranial angulation to exclude the presence of subvalvular obstruction, and to allow an appropriate measurement of the pulmonary ring, which directly influenced the choice of the diameter of the balloon. The anatomy and the diameter of the balloon to be used were defined as being up to 40% greater than the systolic diameter between the points of insertion of the pulmonary leaflets in the arterial wall. The technique with a single balloon was used in 157 patients and that with 2 balloons in 32 patients. </p>
      <p>The Doppler-echocardiographic studies consisted initially of the sequential morphologic assessment <sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>The degree of severity of the obstruction determined by pulmonary valve stenosis was assessed and quantified with continuous Doppler. The maximum instantaneous gradient was calculated through the maximum velocity obtained with the modified Bernoulli equation. In case of associated pulmonary subvalvular obstruction, a mosaic of colors indicated the presence of flow turbulence below the plane of the pulmonary valve and also a characteristic pattern of the spectral curve on Doppler with an increase from the beginning to the end of systole. The presence and intensity of pulmonary regurgitation were also assessed through color flow mapping, as reported by Cooper et al <sup>21</sup>, considering the extension of the regurgitating jet and its width at the origin.</p>
      <p>In regard to the gradients, the groups were compared at baseline with the Student <italic>t</italic> test. The chi-square test was used for the categorical variables. The transvalvular gradients before and after valvuloplasty were compared with the <italic>t</italic> test for paired samples. An actuarial survival curve was built with the aid of SPSS 8 statistical software. The continuous variables were expressed as means &#177; standard deviation. The characterization of the result of pulmonary valvuloplasty was transformed into a dichotomous variable (success <italic>x</italic> unsuccess) using the value of 35 mmHg as the cut point. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Immediately after the procedure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>), the patients had a reduction in the right ventricular systolic pressure from 90.16&#177;30.56 to 48.08&#177;21.50 mmHg (P&lt;0.001). The pulmonary systolic pressure had a slight elevation from 20.66&#177;9.52 to 23.03&#177;7.04 mmHg (P&lt;0.001). The peak-to-peak pulmonary transvalvular gradient had a reduction from 70.12&#177;30.06 to 25.11&#177;20.23 mmHg (P&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0221-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 189 patients undergoing balloon valvuloplasty, 1 could not undergo blood pressure and transvalvular gradient measurements after balloon inflation due to the occurrence of complications during the procedure, which was then interrupted. A Doppler echocardiographic study carried out after percutaneous dilation revealed the presence of an elevated residual gradient. </p>
      <p>The 188 patients undergoing the hemodynamic measurements after the procedure were considered for analyzing the immediate results. The gradient measured represents the total residual gradient between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk, and the contributions of the valvular and infundibular components were not routinely individualized, which was the reason why this factor was not analyzed. </p>
      <p>One hundred forty-eight (78.72%) patients had a peak-to-peak pulmonary transvalvular gradient &lt; 36 mmHg, representing the group that obtained immediate success with percutaneous dilation of the pulmonary valve. On the other hand, 40 (21.28%) patients had a peak-to-peak residual gradient <underline>&gt;</underline> 36 mmHg, characterizing an unsuccessful procedure in regard to alleviating pulmonary valve stenosis. Among the patients with typical pulmonary valve stenosis (n=170), 137 (80.59%) had immediate success after the procedure; on the other hand, among those with pulmonary valve stenosis with a dysplastic valve and complex morphology consequent to the previous surgery (n=18), the rate of success was 61.11% (P&lt;0.05). </p>
      <p>Analyzing separately the patients with stenosis in a dysplastic pulmonary valve (n=9) and those with a complex valvular morphology (n=9), success was obtained in 66.67% and 55.56% (NS), respectively. </p>
      <p>The patients who did not obtain immediate success after valvuloplasty had more severe pulmonary valve stenosis, characterized by a greater peak-to-peak pulmonary transvalvular gradient (P&lt;0.001) and a more elevated right ventricular systolic pressure (P&lt;0.001). No difference regarding age and the degree of reduction in the peak-to-peak transvalvular gradient was observed between the 2 groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0221-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the reduction in the peak-to-peak systolic gradient obtained with valvular dilation, no significant difference was observed between the groups of patients with immediate success or unsuccess (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). Among the former, a reduction of 46.31&#177;24.85 mmHg was observed, and, among the latter, a reduction of 40.58&#177;29.25 mmHg (NS) was observed. In both groups, the reduction in the gradient ranged from -1 to -142 mmHg, an elevation of 15 mmHg being observed in 1 patient consequent to infundibular reaction. </p>
      <p>Acute complications occurred in 8 (4.23%) patients. Dissection of the inferior vena cava occurred in 1 case, but no retroperitoneal bleeding or hematoma was observed. Two patients had convulsions during the procedure, more precisely during the inflation of the balloon catheter. Nontransient supraventricular arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation) occurred in 2 patients. One patient had deep venous thrombosis in the right lower limb after the procedure. Rupture of the tricuspid subvalvular apparatus was observed in 1 patient, determining a significant tricuspid regurgitation. The procedure was interrupted in 1 patient due to the occurrence of cardiac arrest that required resuscitation maneuvers. </p>
      <p>For analyzing the efficacy of the valvuloplasty, the 189 patients were considered. The efficacy of valvuloplasty was assessed over an intermediate follow-up period comprising the time interval between the performance of valvuloplasty and the first Doppler echocardiography performed.</p>
      <p>The efficacy of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty encompassed those patients who obtained immediate success in the procedure and those who maintained a peak-to-peak residual gradient immediately after valvuloplasty <underline>&gt;</underline> 36 mmHg and who had a spontaneous reduction to levels &lt; 36 mmHg in the first Doppler echocardiography during follow-up. </p>
      <p>The first Doppler echocardiography was performed 2.15&#177;2.52 years after valvuloplasty, and a reduction in the RV-PA gradients to values below 36 mmHg was observed in 24 patients in the group with no success immediately after percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. Of those, 22 had typical morphology, and 2 had complex morphology, but none of the latter had a dysplastic pulmonary valve. </p>
      <p>Valvuloplasty was considered effective in 172 (91.01%) patients, 148 of whom had a reduction in the pulmonary transvalvular gradient right after the procedure, and another 24 had it during follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). One hundred and seventy (89.95%) patients had pulmonary valve stenosis with the typical dome-like morphology, an appropriate result being obtained in 159, corresponding to a success rate of 93.53%. Of the 24 patients evolving with a reduction in the transvalvular gradient, 22 had typical morphology, while 2 had complex morphology (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0221-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The mean follow-up duration was 4.39&#177;3 years, until a maximum of 13.01 years. The mean maximum instantaneous pulmonary transvalvular gradient was 26.12 &#177;19.08 mmHg, ranging from 5 to 100 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0221-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p> One hundred forty-nine (78.84%) patients had a maximum instantaneous gradient &lt; 36 mmHg, characterizing the maintenance of the success of pulmonary valvuloplasty, and the patients remained free from restenosis during the follow-up period. Forty (21.16%) patients had a maximum instantaneous gradient <underline>&gt;</underline> 36 mmHg, 16 (8.47%) of whom maintained the noneffective result (unsuccess) of valvuloplasty and 24 (12.7%) had a new elevation in the transvalvular gradient during follow-up, characterizing the occurrence of pulmonary valve restenosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>Valves with typical or dysplastic stenoses, or stenoses with complex morphology were found in, respectively, 170, 9, and 10 patients. The rate of success in the group with typical stenosis remained 81.18%; for the others, 55.56% and 60% were the rates for the patients with dysplastic and complex morphology, respectively (P&lt;005). </p>
      <p>A new elevation in the pulmonary transvalvular gradient to levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 36 mmHg after relief of the pulmonary valve stenosis through dilation with the balloon characterized the occurrence of restenosis. Of the 172 patients of the cohort whose procedures were successful (effective percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty), with gradients &lt; 36 mmHg immediately after valvular dilation or later due to a reduction in infundibular hypertrophy, 24 (13.95%) had pulmonary valvular restenosis, and only 2 had a dysplastic pulmonary valve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). The detection of valvular restenosis occurred 3.56&#177;3.50 years after percutaneous dilation, and, in 29.2% of the cases, it occurred after 5 years of follow-up. In the group of patients with restenosis, the mean age was 7.69&#177;7.89 years, the peak-to-peak gradient before valvuloplasty was 69.63&#177;40.19 mmHg, and that immediately after valvuloplasty was 26.88&#177;13.07 mmHg. No significant difference was observed between the patients who developed restenosis and those who remained free from restenosis in regard to age or the gradient before valvuloplasty and the residual gradient after valvuloplasty. </p>
      <p>Sixty-one sequential patients, corresponding to 32.3% of the cohort, underwent the last Doppler echocardiography in a single device (HP Sonos 2500). They were carefully assessed by 2 observers and by a third in case of disagreement in regard to the degree of pulmonary regurgitation. Some degree of regurgitation was observed in 95.1% of the patients (58/61), and a more intense than mild degree was observed in 29.5% (18/61). </p>
      <p>The probability of persistence of a good result in pulmonary valvuloplasty, with no restenosis, was 92.29% in 2 years, 87.38 % in 5 years, 82.46% in 8 years, and 64.48% in 10 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0221-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The percutaneous dilation of the pulmonary valve with a balloon is currently considered the therapeutic modality of choice for the treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis in any age group and any valvular morphology <sup>17</sup>. It is an effective and safe technique, with low indices of mortality and of incidence of important complications when used in a period other than the neonatal <sup>12,17</sup>. The method was developed to replace surgical valvotomy, reported by Brock in 1948, with a mortality rate around 1.5 to 2% <sup>22</sup>. </p>
      <p>The study of the follow-up of the patients of this cohort was based on the maximum instantaneous gradient obtained on Doppler echocardiography and comparable to the gradient obtained on cardiac catheterization <sup>23,24</sup>. </p>
      <p>This high degree of correlation and concordance is reduced when the measurements obtained with the 2 methods are assessed unsimultaneously. This difference is usually small, &lt; 10 mmHg. Some authors suggest that the greater gradient should be used, even if obtained in an unsedated patient, reflecting a more actual physiological condition <sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>This explains the findings in some patients in this cohort, who, at the time of valvuloplasty, had peak-to-peak gradients significantly lower than those obtained on Doppler echocardiography before valvuloplasty, even in those already known as having previously documented significant pulmonary valve stenosis. </p>
      <p>Immediate success documented in 78.72% (148/188) of the patients, comprising all valve morphologies is consistent with those observed by other authors, which ranged from 54% to 87.1% <sup>10,19,26</sup>. The patients who did not obtain immediate success with percutaneous dilation had a significantly greater pulmonary transvalvular gradient and right ventricular systolic pressure than those who obtained immediate success. No significant difference between the 2 groups in regard to age, sex, and degree of reduction in the peak-to-peak pulmonary transvalvular gradient was observed. </p>
      <p>Ray et al <sup>19</sup>, studying 139 patients, also observed that those who obtained incomplete relief of the obstruction right after valvuloplasty had a more significant degree of pulmonary valve stenosis characterized by greater RV-PA gradients and right ventricular systolic pressure. In this same study, the mean age of the patients whose procedures were unsuccessful was higher. </p>
      <p>In the present study, the reduction in the transvalvular gradient obtained was similar in both groups, 46.31&#177;24.85 mmHg and 40.85&#177;29.25 mmHg (NS), respectively, in those who obtained immediate success and in those who did not. </p>
      <p>Mendelsohn et al <sup>27</sup> also found an almost identical reduction in the gradients between the 2 groups, with values around 40 mmHg, suggesting that this decrease in the gradient was finite. The success of valvuloplasty related to the initial gradient value, which could have a limited reduction. The authors suggested an earlier intervention, indicating balloon valvuloplasty in patients with lower degrees of pulmonary valve stenosis, with gradient values of lower magnitude, such as 40 mmHg. The consequence of this earlier intervention would be a lower residual systolic gradient, with a consequent decrease in the occurrence of symptoms and of right ventricular hypertrophy in the long run, and a higher rate of success. </p>
      <p>The results of the patients with dysplastic valve and residual stenosis after surgical valvotomy (61.11%) were less effective when compared with those of the group of patients with typical pulmonary valve stenosis (80.59%) P&lt;0.05. </p>
      <p>Ballerini et al <sup>28</sup> continue to perform percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty in dysplastic valves and in those with complex morphology, although with less effective results in this group of patients, aiming at avoiding or delaying the need for surgery. </p>
      <p>The efficacy of pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty has been underestimated when only the immediate results are considered, because a progressive reduction in the transvalvular gradient is frequently documented as being similar to that observed after surgical valvotomy <sup>3</sup>, which occurs due to a regression in the infundibular obstruction, considered a dynamic process that regresses after a variable period of time. Therefore, the apparent poor immediate result observed in some cases, mainly in the more severe pulmonary valve stenoses, may temporarily mask the results of an effective valvuloplasty, which later may be confirmed with the reduction in infundibular hypertrophy <sup>12,29,30</sup>. In the cases of residual infundibular stenosis, complete regression may take up to 2 years to occur, and no relation with severity or the patient's age may exist <sup>30,31</sup>. </p>
      <p>Of the 40 patients in our case series who did not obtain immediate success, 24 (60%) evolved with a reduction in both the maximum instantaneous and the peak-to-peak residual pulmonary transvalvular gradients to levels &lt; 36 mmHg without undergoing any additional intervention. This evolution characterized the percutaneous valve dilation as effective, despite the unsatisfactory pressure results, immediately after the procedure. </p>
      <p>Mahnert et al <sup>11</sup>, studying 52 patients who had undergone percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, obtained a reduction in the mean pulmonary transvalvular gradient from 79.9&#177;37.3 mmHg to 37.2&#177;29.6 mmHg (P&lt;0.001) immediately after the procedure, a residual gradient &gt; 36 mmHg persisting in 19 patients. During a period shorter than 2 years, defined by the authors as an intermediate follow-up, the gradient assessed on catheterization or Doppler echocardiography dropped to values &lt; 36 mmHg in 10 out of 19 (52.63%) patients, without any other additional intervention. Several reports exist in the literature on the immediate results of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty and their short- and medium-term follow-up. Studies on the effectiveness of valvuloplasty in the long run, ie, a follow-up longer than 2 years, are scarce. In our patients assessed on Doppler echocardiography for up to 13 years, a mean of 4.39&#177;3 years after pulmonary valvuloplasty, persistent success with permanence of a maximum instantaneous gradient &lt; 36 mmHg was observed in 78.84% (149/189) of the patients. </p>
      <p>Data about the follow-up of the patients in the largest case series published can be found in the VACA study <sup>18</sup>, comprising 533 patients from 22 institutions and with a follow-up of up to 8.7 years, 77% of whom maintained gradients &lt; 36 mmHg, a percentage similar to that observed at our institution (78.84%). </p>
      <p>Ray et al <sup>19</sup> reported a case series with 139 patients, 79 undergoing catheterization 13&#177;8.7 months after the procedure, and 81% of whom showed a peak-to-peak systolic gradient &lt; 36 mmHg.</p>
      <p>Rao et al <sup>14</sup> reported the following results of a long-term follow-up (3 to 10 years) in 80 patients undergoing percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty in 2 university-affiliated institutions: maintenance of the appropriate result in 88% of the patients in 5 years, and in 84% in 10 years.</p>
      <p> The occurrence of complications related to pulmonary valvuloplasty is considered small. The number and severity of the complications are greater when the procedure is performed in the neonatal period. Therefore, although the technique is relatively safe, it is worth stressing that potential complications may occur and that the correct technique should be used, as should the balloon with appropriate diameter and length <sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>The presence of patent oval foramen protects against arterial hypotension. Shuck et al <sup>32</sup> observed that the occurrence of arterial hypotension is minimal in individuals with patent oval foramen at the time of balloon inflation, probably due to maintenance of the left ventricular filling and right atrial decompression through the oval foramen. The use of the double balloon technique <sup>33</sup>, bifoil or trifoil balloons that allow the passage of some flow from the right ventricle around the balloon, and the use of short periods of inflation (5 s or less) reduce the occurrence of systemic hypotension. </p>
      <p>In the follow-up studies after percutaneous pulmonary valvuloplasty, the initial impression was that the incidence of residual pulmonary valve regurgitation was small. Subsequent larger studies showed that that was a frequent finding, usually of small magnitude after successful percutaneous dilation <sup>34</sup>. The incidence in the most recently published series ranged from 74% to 100% <sup>10,14,18,19,29</sup>. The occurrence of residual pulmonary regurgitation after the procedure may be explained by the fact that the mechanism of valvular opening through the use of balloon catheters consists of commissural separation, rupture, or even avulsion of the leaflets <sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our group of patients, pulmonary insufficiency was present in 95.1% of the cases, usually being mild; however, 26.2% had a moderate reflux, and 3.3% had a severe reflux. Ray et al <sup>19</sup> detected pulmonary insufficiency on Doppler echocardiography in 86% of the 139 patients in their case series, but only 3 had a reflux greater than mild. </p>
      <p>In the results of the VACA study published by McCrindle <sup>18</sup>, residual pulmonary regurgitation was detected in 74% of the patients, being classified as trivial in 22%, mild in 45%, and moderate in 7%. No case of severe pulmonary insufficiency was detected, and the following factors were identified as favoring the occurrence of moderate pulmonary insufficiency: the ratio between the balloon and the pulmonary ring greater than 1.4, and complex valvular morphology due to a previous surgical valvotomy or the presence of valvular dysplasia. </p>
      <p>Rao et al <sup>14</sup>, in a case series with 85 patients from 2 university-affiliated centers, assessed the incidence of pulmonary regurgitation and performed its semiquantification using color Doppler in 4 periods of time: before valvuloplasty, 1 day after, within the period of 2 years, and, finally, in the period from 3 to 10 years. The quantification was performed using the ratio between the width of the jet in its origin and the diameter of the pulmonary ring in the short axis obtained in the parasternal window, considering that the values <underline>&lt;</underline> 10%, 11-25%, 26-50%, and &gt; 50% indicated, respectively, degrees of regurgitation from I to IV. The incidence of pulmonary regurgitation had a gradual, but significant, increase, being greater in the late follow-up, when present in 70 of the 80 (87.5%) patients assessed. No patient had degree IV of pulmonary insufficiency or required surgical intervention because of this reason. </p>
      <p>The frequency of restenosis, in several case series, has ranged from 4.8% to 21% <sup>10,14,16,35</sup>, being related to the use of an inappropriate-sized balloon and the presence of valvular dysplasia <sup> 35</sup>. In our case series, 13.95% (24/172) of the patients evolved with elevation in the gradients at varied time intervals after an effective valvuloplasty. The time of progression of the residual gradient to levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 36 mmHg was 3.56&#177;3.5 years, and in only 29.2% of the cases they were detected after 5 years of follow-up. </p>
      <p>In the series by Rao et al <sup>14</sup>, 11% of the patients had restenosis, all cases occurring in the first 2 years of follow-up. The criterion used for characterizing restenosis was an elevation in the pulmonary transvalvular gradient to levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 mmHg. </p>
      <p>In the VACA study <sup>18</sup>, of the patients with adequate immediate results, only 12% had inadequate late results, maintaining residual gradients <underline>&gt;</underline> 36 mmHg or requiring a new percutaneous or surgical pulmonary valvuloplasty. </p>
      <p>Jarrar et al <sup>16</sup>, in a study of invasive and noninvasive follow-up in children, adolescents, and adults undergoing percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, reported restenosis in 3 of 62 patients (4.8%). The low rates of restenosis and persistence of stenosis found in the study were attributed to the use of high balloon/annulus ratios (BARs), such as 1.4&#177;0.38 and &gt; 1.5 in 5 adults. Although most authors recommend that the BAR should not exceed the value of 1.5, others have suggested its use above that value mainly in adults, when the residual gradient immediately after the procedure is &gt; 35 mmHg <sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>Rao et al <sup>36</sup> investigated the causes of restenosis after balloon valvuloplasty and identified the following factors as predisposing to its occurrence: the use of a balloon/pulmonary ring ratio &lt; 1.2, and gradient measured immediately after valvuloplasty &gt; 30 mmHg. </p>
      <p>In our cohort, the probability of the maintenance of a good result of pulmonary valvuloplasty, with no restenosis, was 94.39% in 1 year, 92.29% in 2 years, 87.38% in 5 years, 82.46% in 8 years, 64.48% in 10 years, and 56.42% in 13 years. The estimates after 10 years of follow-up were based on a smaller number of patients, and, therefore, the results observed after that period are less reliable. Rao et al <sup>14</sup> reported the results of a 3-to-10-year follow-up in 80 patients aged 7&#177;6.4 years, who underwent pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty. The permanence of the success of percutaneous dilation in 1, 2, 5, and 10 years was, respectively, 94%, 89%, 88%, and 84%. In the series by Quereshi<sup> 37</sup>, with 92 patients, 76% maintained an adequate result with no need for reintervention in 5 years, and 67% in 10 years. </p>
      <p>Our study allows the following conclusions: percutaneous balloon dilation of the pulmonary valve is effective to relieve pulmonary valve stenosis documented by the reduction in the mean gradients; pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty is an effective method and its beneficial effects remain in the medium and long runs; the maintenance of a good result was 92.29% in 2 years, 87.38% in 5 years, 82.46% in 8 years, and 64.48% in 10 years; the complications of the procedure were small and not frequent; nonsignificant residual gradients persisted in most patients, restenosis occurring in 13.95% of the cases; the prevalence of residual pulmonary insufficiency was elevated, with approximately 1/3 of the patients with regurgitation intensity greater than mild.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p>35. Walls JT, Lababidi Z, Curtis JJ. Morphologic effects of percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. South Med J 1987;80:475-8.</p>
      <p>36. Rao PS, Thapar MK, Kutayli F. Causes of reestenosis after balloon valvuloplasty for valvular pulmonary stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:979-82.</p>
      <p>37. Qureshi SA. Practical interventional paediatric cardiology. In: Gresch ED, Ramsdale DR. Practical Interventional Cardiology. St. Louis: Mosby, 1997:343-69.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/6YKBjmdmgg36JZpkGXFQjyx/cf1581bbfd9a1944a6b89407a8301c415cf1d77b.gif"/>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Domingos Hatem </p>
          <p> Unidade de Pesquisa do IC/FUC</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 </p>
          <p> Cep 90620-001 </p>
          <p> Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 12/30/02</p>
      <p> Accept: 6/5/03 </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
