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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">twfsQBYd6zKnQxMcs7nZZwB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000300002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000300002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anomalia de Ebstein: resultados com a reconstru&#231;&#227;o c&#244;nica da valva tric&#250;spide</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Pedro da</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baumgratz</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana da</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Afiune</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Yussef</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franchi</surname>
            <given-names>S&#244;nia Meiken</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;lian Maria</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Marcelo Silva</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vila</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Henrique Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>212</fpage>
      <lpage>216</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados de uma modifica&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica de plastia da valva tric&#250;spide na anomalia de Ebstein. M&#201;TODOS: De novembro/1993 a agosto/2002, 21 pacientes com anomalia de Ebstein da valva tric&#250;spide, com idades variando de 20 meses a 37 (m&#233;dia: 23) anos, foram submetidos a uma nova t&#233;cnica de plastia da valva tric&#250;spide, onde o megafolheto anterior tric&#250;spide &#233; desinserido da parede ventricular e do anel valvar, total, ou quase totalmente, transformando-o num cone, cujo v&#233;rtice permanece fixo na ponta do ventr&#237;culo direito e cuja base &#233; suturada ao verdadeiro anel tric&#250;spide, inclusive na regi&#227;o septal, ap&#243;s o ajuste, com uma plicatura do anel, ao tamanho da base do cone. RESULTADOS: Houve um (4,7%), &#243;bito hospitalar, causado por baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em portador de miocardiopatia causada pela hip&#243;xia cr&#244;nica. O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi de 4 anos e os ecocardiogramas recentes mostraram boa morfologia do ventr&#237;culo direito e valva tric&#250;spide com discreta ou m&#237;nima insufici&#234;ncia em 18 pacientes e moderada em 2. Em dois dos tr&#234;s portadores de feixe an&#244;malo foi poss&#237;vel localiz&#225;-los e seccion&#225;-los no ato cir&#250;rgico. N&#227;o ocorreu bloqueio atrioventricular em nenhum dos pacientes. CONCLUS&#195;O: A t&#233;cnica utilizada foi eficiente para a corre&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide e a restaura&#231;&#227;o da morfologia do ventr&#237;culo direito, e aplic&#225;vel para todos os tipos anat&#244;micos de Ebstein, exceto o tipo D da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Carpentier.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>doen&#231;a de Ebstein</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia da valva tric&#250;spide</kwd>
        <kwd>plastia valvar tric&#250;spide</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p><bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE</p>
    <p> Anomalia de Ebstein. Resultados com a reconstru&#231;&#227;o c&#244;nica da valva tric&#250;spide</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ebstein's anomaly. Results of the conic reconstruction of the tricuspid valve</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva; Jos&#233; Francisco Baumgratz; Luciana da Fonseca; Jorge Yussef Afiune; S&#244;nia Meiken Franchi; L&#237;lian Maria Lopes; Daniel Marcelo Silva Magalh&#227;es; Jos&#233; Henrique Andrade Vila </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital S&#227;o Joaquim da Real e Benem&#233;rita Sociedade Portugu&#234;sa de Benefic&#234;ncia</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar os resultados de uma modifica&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica de plastia da valva tric&#250;spide na anomalia de Ebstein. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> De novembro/1993 a agosto/2002, 21 pacientes com anomalia de Ebstein da valva tric&#250;spide, com idades variando de 20 meses a 37 (m&#233;dia: 23) anos, foram submetidos a uma nova t&#233;cnica de plastia da valva tric&#250;spide, onde o megafolheto anterior tric&#250;spide &#233; desinserido da parede ventricular e do anel valvar, total, ou quase totalmente, transformando-o num cone, cujo v&#233;rtice permanece fixo na ponta do ventr&#237;culo direito e cuja base &#233; suturada ao verdadeiro anel tric&#250;spide, inclusive na regi&#227;o septal, ap&#243;s o ajuste, com uma plicatura do anel, ao tamanho da base do cone.  </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Houve um (4,7%), &#243;bito hospitalar, causado por baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em portador de miocardiopatia causada pela hip&#243;xia cr&#244;nica. O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi de 4 anos e os ecocardiogramas recentes mostraram boa morfologia do ventr&#237;culo direito e valva tric&#250;spide com discreta ou m&#237;nima insufici&#234;ncia em 18 pacientes e moderada em 2. Em dois dos tr&#234;s portadores de feixe an&#244;malo foi poss&#237;vel localiz&#225;-los e seccion&#225;-los no ato cir&#250;rgico. N&#227;o ocorreu bloqueio atrioventricular em nenhum dos pacientes. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A t&#233;cnica utilizada foi eficiente para a corre&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide e a restaura&#231;&#227;o da morfologia do ventr&#237;culo direito, e aplic&#225;vel para todos os tipos anat&#244;micos de Ebstein, exceto o tipo D da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Carpentier. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> doen&#231;a de Ebstein, insufici&#234;ncia da valva tric&#250;spide, plastia valvar tric&#250;spide</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the results of a technical modification of tricuspid valvuloplasty in Ebstein's anomaly. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> From November 1993 to August 2002, 21 patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve, with ages ranging from 20 months to 37 years (mean, 23 years), underwent a new technique of tricuspid valvuloplasty. This technique consisted of total or almost total detachment of the anterior tricuspid megaleaflet from the ventricular wall and valvular ring, transforming it into a cone, whose vertex remained fixed in the right ventricular tip, and the base was sutured to the tricuspid ring, after its plication, adjusting it to the size of the base of the cone (tricuspid ring), including the septal region. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> One (4.7%) patient with cardiomyopathy caused by chronic hypoxia died in the hospital due to low cardiac output. The mean follow-up lasted 4 years, and the recent echocardiograms showed good morphology of the right ventricle and tricuspid valve with mild or minimal insufficiency in 18 patients and moderate insufficiency in 2 patients. In 2 of the 3 patients with an anomalous bundle, it could be located and sectioned during surgery. No atrioventricular block occurred. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The technique used was efficient in repairing tricuspid insufficiency and restoring right ventricular morphology, being applicable to all anatomic types of Ebstein's anomaly, except for Carpentier classification type D. </p>
    <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ebstein's anomaly, tricuspid insufficiency, tricuspid valvuloplasty </p>
    <p> A anomalia de Ebstein da valva tric&#250;spide &#233; uma cardiopatia cong&#234;nita rara, tratada com t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas variadas desde 1958 &#185;<sup>,</sup>&#178;. At&#233; a d&#233;cada de 70, a troca valvar foi o tratamento de escolha, por&#233;m associada a s&#233;rias complica&#231;&#245;es, como arritmias, trombose e disfun&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese, al&#233;m de alta taxa de mortalidade &#179;. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de Danielson foi o procedimento de plastia tric&#250;spide mais utilizado para o tratamento corretivo desta anomalia na d&#233;cada de 80. Entretanto, essa opera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o restabelece uma boa geometria para o ventr&#237;culo direito e n&#227;o &#233; aplic&#225;vel em um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes, tornando-se necess&#225;ria a substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide por pr&#243;tese em 35,6% dos casos <sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Carpentier e cols. classificaram as varias apresenta&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas desta doen&#231;a e propuseram uma nova t&#233;cnica, consistindo na reconstru&#231;&#227;o da forma do ventr&#237;culo direito e reposicionamento da valva tric&#250;spide ao n&#237;vel normal, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o rotineira de um anel prot&#233;tico. Essa cirurgia foi minuciosamente descrita e publicada em 1988 <sup>5</sup>. Quagebeur e cols. utilizaram cirurgia semelhante em popula&#231;&#227;o mais jovem, na qual foi dispensada o uso do anel prot&#233;tico <sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Desde 1989 aplicamos uma t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica que consiste em desinserir o megafolheto anterior tric&#250;spide da parede ventricular e do anel valvar, total ou quase totalmente, transformando-o num cone, cujo v&#233;rtice permanece fixo na ponta do ventr&#237;culo direito e a base &#233; suturada ao anel tric&#250;spide, ap&#243;s a sua plicatura, ajustando-o ao tamanho da base do cone (anel tric&#250;spide), inclusive na regi&#227;o septal. Este trabalho tem objetivo de analisar os resultados tardios desta t&#233;cnica, cujo princ&#237;pio se assemelha &#224; t&#233;cnica de Carpentier, mas que reconstr&#243;i a por&#231;&#227;o septal da valva tric&#250;spide e dispensa o uso de anel prot&#233;tico. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De novembro/1993 a agosto/2001, foram operados, em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, 21 pacientes com anomalia de Ebstein da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide, utilizando t&#233;cnica a ser descrita. As idades variaram de 20 meses a 37 (m&#233;dia de 23) anos, sendo 10 (48%) pacientes do sexo masculino. </p>
    <p> A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi dispn&#233;ia em 17 (80%) pacientes, cianose em 15 (71 %), arritmia em 6 (28 %) e s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em 3 (14%). Quanto &#224;s doen&#231;as associadas, oito (21%) pacientes tinham forame oval p&#233;rvio, nove (42%) apresentavam comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (42%) e tr&#234;s (14%) eram portadores de feixe an&#244;malo atrioventricular (Wolf-Parkinson-White-WPW). Estenose pulmonar esteve presente em um (4,7%), insufici&#234;ncia mitral importante em um e comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular em outro paciente. </p>
    <p>Os ecocardiogramas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios evidenciavam insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide importante em 12 (57,8%) pacientes e moderada em nove (42,7%). </p>
    <p>T&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica - Ap&#243;s a institui&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de canula&#231;&#227;o bicaval, e infus&#227;o de cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea para prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, foi realizada atriotomia direita obl&#237;qua (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>). O megafolheto anterior tric&#250;spide foi desinserido, total ou parcialmente, da parede ventricular e do anel valvar, a sua borda livre rotacionada no sentido hor&#225;rio, transformando-o num cone cujo v&#233;rtice permaneceu fixo na ponta do ventr&#237;culo direito pelas cordoalhas e m&#250;sculos papilares. A base (folhetos tricusp&#237;deos) foi ent&#227;o suturada no anel tric&#250;spide em sua posi&#231;&#227;o verdadeira, no limite entre o &#225;trio direito e o ventr&#237;culo direito atrializado, ap&#243;s a plicatura do anel, que teve o seu di&#226;metro ajustado ao tamanho da base do cone (anel tric&#250;spide). Esta t&#233;cnica reconstr&#243;i tamb&#233;m a por&#231;&#227;o septal da valva tric&#250;spide, onde &#233; usada sutura delicada e superficial nas proximidades do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular. Em cinco pacientes, algumas fenestra&#231;&#245;es foram criadas no folheto, para facilitar a entrada de sangue no ventr&#237;culo direito. Em dois casos houve necessidade de transferir m&#250;sculos papilares malposicionados para as proximidades do &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo direito. N&#227;o foi utilizado anel prot&#233;tico para valva tric&#250;spide nesta s&#233;rie de pacientes.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0212-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0212-00002-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Houve preocupa&#231;&#227;o em se deixar uma comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial valvada, permitindo a passagem do sangue apenas da direita para a esquerda, o que foi conseguido com o fechamento parcial do forame oval, e da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial com t&#233;cnicas apropriadas e com a abertura obl&#237;qua na borda superior da fossa oval nos casos de septo interatrial &#237;ntegro. Procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos associados &#224; plastia da valva tric&#250;spide foram: sec&#231;&#227;o de feixe an&#244;malo em 2 pacientes, ventriculoseptoplastia em um e amplia&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito com enxerto valvado (monoc&#250;spide) de peric&#225;rdio bovino e plastia de valva mitral em um outro. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Houve um (4,7%) &#243;bito hospitalar, em portador de miocardiopatia biventricular causada pela hip&#243;xia cr&#244;nica. Apesar da plastia da valva tric&#250;spide ter sido efetiva, a insufici&#234;ncia biventricular com baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco levou &#224; fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, culminando com &#243;bito no 4&#186; dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>A primeira paciente desta s&#233;rie, submetida &#224; cirurgia aos 11 anos de idade, necessitou ser reoperada 4 anos ap&#243;s, sendo realizada nova plastia valvar. Presentemente, apresenta-se em excelentes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, com desenvolvimento p&#244;ndero-estatural adequado para a idade. Um dos pacientes desenvolveu grave miocardiopatia biventricular ap&#243;s sete anos. Os outros pacientes evolu&#237;ram sem intercorr&#234;ncias, permanecendo assintom&#225;ticos. </p>
    <p>Uma paciente deu &#224; luz a um bebe normal, ap&#243;s gesta&#231;&#227;o que transcorreu sem problemas, dois anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia. </p>
    <p>Dois pacientes que apresentavam WPW no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio tiveram a sec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do feixe an&#244;malo com sucesso, enquanto no 3&#186; paciente n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel localizar o feixe no ato cir&#250;rgico. Bloqueio atrioventricular n&#227;o foi observado em nenhum dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>Os ecocardiogramas recentes mostram bom resultado cir&#250;rgico em todos os pacientes, com boa morfologia da valva tric&#250;spide e do ventr&#237;culo direito e m&#237;nima ou discreta insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>), ap&#243;s tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento de quatro anos. Um (4,7%) paciente, apresentou insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada no eco p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sem sintomas cl&#237;nicos. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0212-00002-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas na anomalia de Ebstein est&#227;o bem definidas em pacientes: 1) sintom&#225;ticos, em classe funcional III e IV da NYHA; 2) em classe funcional I e II, por&#233;m com cardiomegalia, apresentando &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico de 0,65 ou maior; 3) cianose significativa e policitemia; 4) que tenham apresentado embolia paradoxal; 5) com taquicardia incontrol&#225;vel e feixe AV acess&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Na hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a, observa-se um significativo aumento da mortalidade na vida adulta, pelo desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva ou arritmias<sup>7,8</sup>. A morte s&#250;bita causada por arritmias n&#227;o relacionadas ao WPW ocorre em 60% (CL 43%-77%) dos pacientes portadores de anomalia de Ebstein que morrem de causas card&#237;acas<sup>9,10</sup>. A morte s&#250;bita se correlaciona mais com a cardiomegalia do que com a classe funcional (NYHA)<sup>9</sup>. Embolia paradoxal ou abscesso cerebral &#233; importante fator causal de morte, principalmente em pacientes &gt; de 50 anos<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes assintom&#225;ticos n&#227;o operados, quando comparados a pessoas h&#237;gidas, apresentam limitada toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de trabalho<sup>12</sup>, sendo, portanto, indicados testes ergom&#233;tricos seriados para definir objetivamente a limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica desses pacientes, bem como sua evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo. O desenvolvimento de t&#233;cnicas de plastia valvar mais simples, com menor risco cir&#250;rgico, remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo direito e menor &#237;ndice de troca valvar pode ampliar a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para esse grupo de pacientes. </p>
    <p>Estudos anat&#244;micos, a experi&#234;ncia cir&#250;rgica e estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos sugerem que o ventr&#237;culo direito (sua forma, complac&#234;ncia e contratilidade) pode ser um fator t&#227;o importante quanto a disfun&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide na fisiopatologia dessa doen&#231;a. A cirurgia proposta por Carpentier e cols. teve como principal objetivo restaurar o volume e a forma do ventr&#237;culo direito<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica aqui descrita utiliza o princ&#237;pio inovador de Carpentier e cols. que consiste em desinserir a valva tric&#250;spide, que se encontra deslocada para o interior do ventr&#237;culo direito, trazendo-a para o n&#237;vel normal do anel tricusp&#237;deo, isto &#233;, deixando a por&#231;&#227;o atrializada do ventr&#237;culo direito em posi&#231;&#227;o subvalvar. Entretanto, a t&#233;cnica utilizada se diferencia pela rota&#231;&#227;o, no sentido hor&#225;rio, da borda lateral do megafolheto da valva tric&#250;spide, formando-se um cone, ignorando-se o folheto septal quando este for an&#244;malo. A sutura da base desse cone &#233; feita ao n&#237;vel normal do anel tricusp&#237;deo, inclusive na sua por&#231;&#227;o septal, onde a linha de sutura t&#234;m que ser muito superficial, evitando-se o bloqueio atrioventricular, complica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o observada nesta serie de pacientes. Outra diferen&#231;a &#233; a n&#227;o coloca&#231;&#227;o de anel prot&#233;tico tricusp&#237;deo em nenhum dos casos operados, enquanto Carpentier preconiza o uso de anel prot&#233;tico na maioria dos casos<sup>5</sup>. Quaegebeur e Cols. descrevem t&#233;cnica parecida com a de Carpentier, a qual foi aplicada a pacientes mais jovens, sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anel prot&#233;tico, por&#233;m sem cobrir tamb&#233;m a por&#231;&#227;o septal do anel tric&#250;spide<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nossa t&#233;cnica assegura a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide em sua por&#231;&#227;o septal, evitando regurgita&#231;&#227;o significativa a curto e longo prazo. Estes resultados ficaram demonstrados nos ecocardiogramas p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>), que evidenciaram bom posicionamento da valva tric&#250;spide e a restaura&#231;&#227;o da morfologia ventricular normal. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o ocorreu bloqueio atrioventricular em nenhum paciente, o que coincide com a experi&#234;ncia de Wu e Huang<sup>13</sup> que, numa s&#233;rie mais recente, utilizaram peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo fresco, em alguns pacientes para reconstruir a parte septal da valva tric&#250;spide, suturando-o na parte septal do anel. &#193; semelhan&#231;a de nossa casu&#237;stica, n&#227;o houve nenhum caso de bloqueio atrioventricular ap&#243;s a manipula&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o septal. Entretanto, essa sutura deve ser bem superficial. Devido &#224; cobertura total da &#225;rea do orif&#237;cio tric&#250;spide e &#224; restaura&#231;&#227;o do anel tric&#250;spide &#224; sua posi&#231;&#227;o e tamanho normais, a valva tornou-se competente, com insufici&#234;ncia discreta em 6 pacientes, estando todos em classe funcional I. </p>
    <p>Nenhum desses autores demonstrou preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, realizando o seu fechamento rotineiro. Em nossa casu&#237;stica, deixamos sempre uma comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial valvada, que permita fluxo apenas da direita para a esquerda quando aumenta a press&#227;o no &#225;trio direito, a qual foi &#250;til no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de 3 pacientes que apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o importante do ventr&#237;culo direito e, &#224;s custas de uma leve dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, mantiveram um bom d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos com esta t&#233;cnica, neste grupo de pacientes, do ponto de vista anat&#244;mico e funcional, s&#227;o encorajadores. O caso de &#243;bito precoce de nossa s&#233;rie n&#227;o est&#225; relacionado &#224; t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica, mas ao estado pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio do paciente, o que incentiva a indica&#231;&#227;o mais precoce da cirurgia, antes que se deteriorem as fun&#231;&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito e esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Concluindo, a t&#233;cnica descrita &#233; eficiente para a corre&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide e a restaura&#231;&#227;o da morfologia do ventr&#237;culo direito, sendo aplic&#225;vel para todos os tipos anat&#244;micos de Ebstein, exceto o tipo D da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Carpantier. </p>
    <p>&#201; prov&#225;vel que com esta t&#233;cnica, que dispensa o uso de pr&#243;tese, as indica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas sejam ampliadas para os pacientes assintom&#225;ticos ou pouco sintom&#225;ticos, a fim de prevenir o aparecimento de complica&#231;&#245;es tardias, tais como arritmia e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. </p>
    <p>Estudos com maior n&#250;mero de casos ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar as prov&#225;veis vantagens dessa t&#233;cnica, quando comparada com a de Carpentier.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Maestro Cardim, 769 - Sala 202 </p>
        <p> Cep 01323-001 </p>
        <p> Para&#237;so - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="clinicajpdasilva@uol.com.br">clinicajpdasilva@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 30/12/02 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 07/4/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ebstein's anomaly: results of the conic reconstruction of the tricuspid valve</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of a technical modification of tricuspid valvuloplasty in Ebstein's anomaly. METHODS: From November 1993 to August 2002, 21 patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve, with ages ranging from 20 months to 37 years (mean, 23 years), underwent a new technique of tricuspid valvuloplasty. This technique consisted of total or almost total detachment of the anterior tricuspid megaleaflet from the ventricular wall and valvular ring, transforming it into a cone, whose vertex remained fixed in the right ventricular tip, and the base was sutured to the tricuspid ring, after its plication, adjusting it to the size of the base of the cone (tricuspid ring), including the septal region. RESULTS: One (4.7%) patient with cardiomyopathy caused by chronic hypoxia died in the hospital due to low cardiac output. The mean follow-up lasted 4 years, and the recent echocardiograms showed good morphology of the right ventricle and tricuspid valve with mild or minimal insufficiency in 18 patients and moderate insufficiency in 2 patients. In 2 of the 3 patients with an anomalous bundle, it could be located and sectioned during surgery. No atrioventricular block occurred. CONCLUSION: The technique used was efficient in repairing tricuspid insufficiency and restoring right ventricular morphology, being applicable to all anatomic types of Ebstein's anomaly, except for Carpentier classification type D.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ebstein's anomaly</kwd>
        <kwd>tricuspid insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>tricuspid valvuloplasty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold> ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
      <p> Ebstein's anomaly. Results of the conic reconstruction of the tricuspid valve </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva; Jos&#233; Francisco Baumgratz; Luciana da Fonseca; Jorge Yussef Afiune; S&#244;nia Meiken Franchi; L&#237;lian Maria Lopes; Daniel Marcelo Silva Magalh&#227;es; Jos&#233; Henrique Andrade Vila</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital S&#227;o Joaquim da Real e Benem&#233;rita Sociedade Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the results of a technical modification of tricuspid valvuloplasty in Ebstein's anomaly.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> From November 1993 to August 2002, 21 patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve, with ages ranging from 20 months to 37 years (mean, 23 years), underwent a new technique of tricuspid valvuloplasty. This technique consisted of total or almost total detachment of the anterior tricuspid megaleaflet from the ventricular wall and valvular ring, transforming it into a cone, whose vertex remained fixed in the right ventricular tip, and the base was sutured to the tricuspid ring, after its plication, adjusting it to the size of the base of the cone (tricuspid ring), including the septal region.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> One (4.7%) patient with cardiomyopathy caused by chronic hypoxia died in the hospital due to low cardiac output. The mean follow-up lasted 4 years, and the recent echocardiograms showed good morphology of the right ventricle and tricuspid valve with mild or minimal insufficiency in 18 patients and moderate insufficiency in 2 patients. In 2 of the 3 patients with an anomalous bundle, it could be located and sectioned during surgery. No atrioventricular block occurred.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The technique used was efficient in repairing tricuspid insufficiency and restoring right ventricular morphology, being applicable to all anatomic types of Ebstein's anomaly, except for Carpentier classification type D. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ebstein's anomaly, tricuspid insufficiency, tricuspid valvuloplasty </p>
      <p> Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve is a rare congenital heart disease, treated with various surgical techniques since 1958 <sup>1,2</sup>. Until the 1970s, valvular replacement was the treatment of choice, despite its association with severe complications, such as arrhythmias, thrombosis, prosthetic dysfunction, in addition to a high mortality rate <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The Danielson method <sup>4 </sup>was the most used tricuspid valvuloplasty procedure for correcting Ebstein's anomaly in the 1980s. However, as that surgery does not provide good geometry for the right ventricle and is not applicable to a large number of patients, tricuspid valve replacement with a prosthesis is required in 35.6% of the cases. </p>
      <p>Carpentier et al <sup>5</sup> classified the various anatomical presentations of the disease and proposed a new technique, which consists of the reconstruction of the right ventricle form and repositioning of the tricuspid valve at the normal level with the routine use of a prosthetic ring. This surgery was carefully described and reported on in 1988 <sup>5</sup>. Quagebeur et al <sup>6 </sup>used a similar surgery, but without the prosthetic ring, in a younger population. </p>
      <p>Since 1989, we have been using a surgical technique consisting of total or almost total detachment of the anterior tricuspid megaleaflet from the ventricular wall and valvular ring, transforming it into a cone, whose vertex remained fixed in the right ventricular tip and the base was sutured to the tricuspid ring, after its plication, adjusting it to the size of the base of the cone (tricuspid ring), including the septal region. This study aimed at analyzing the late results of this technique, whose principle is similar to that of the Carpentier technique, but with reconstruction of the septal portion of the tricuspid valve, not requiring the use of a prosthetic ring. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From November 1993 to August 2001, 21 patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve were operated on at our institution by using the technique described below. The ages ranged from 20 months to 37 years (mean of 23 years), and 10 (48%) patients were men. </p>
      <p> The clinical presentations were as follows: dyspnea in 17 (80%) patients, cyanosis in 15 (71 %), arrhythmia in 6 (28%), and low cardiac output syndrome in 3 (14%). In regard to associated diseases, 8 (21%) patients had patent oval foramen, 9 (42%) had interatrial septal defect, and 3 (14%) had anomalous atrioventricular bundle [Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW)]. Pulmonary stenosis was observed in 1 (4.7%) patient, significant mitral insufficiency in 1, and interventricular septal defect in another patient. </p>
      <p>The preoperative echocardiographies showed significant tricuspid insufficiency in 12 (57.8%) patients and moderate insufficiency in 9 (42.7%). </p>
      <p>Surgical technique - After installing extracorporeal circulation with bicaval cannulation, and infusing blood cardioplegia for myocardial protection, an oblique right atriotomy was performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). The anterior tricuspid megaleaflet was totally or partially detached from the ventricular wall and valvular ring, its free margin being rotated clockwise, transforming it into a cone whose vertex remained fixed in the tip of the right ventricle by the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. The base (tricuspid leaflets) was then sutured in the tricuspid ring in its true position, in the threshold between the right atrium and the atrialized right ventricle, after plication of the ring, which had its diameter adjusted to the size of the base of the cone (tricuspid ring). This technique also reconstructs the septal portion of the tricuspid valve, in which a delicate and superficial suture is used in the proximity of the atrioventricular conduction system. In 5 patients, some fenestrations were created in the leaflet to facilitate the entrance of blood into the right ventricle. In 2 cases, misplaced papillary muscles needed to be transferred to the proximities of the right ventricular apex. No prosthetic ring was used for the tricuspid valve in this series of patients. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0212-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0212-00002-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>A valved interatrial communication was left, allowing the passage of blood from right to left. This was obtained with the partial closure of the oval foramen and the interatrial septal defect with appropriate techniques and the oblique opening in the superior margin of the fossa ovalis in the cases of intact interatrial septum. The following surgical procedures were associated with tricuspid valvuloplasty: section of the anomalous bundle in 2 patients; ventriculoseptoplasty in 1 patient; and enlargement of the right ventricular outflow tract with a valved graft (monocuspid) of bovine pericardium and mitral valvuloplasty in another. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One (4.7%) patient with biventricular cardiomyopathy caused by chronic hypoxia died during hospitalization. Although the tricuspid valvuloplasty was effective, the biventricular insufficiency with low cardiac output led to multisystem organ failure, culminating in death on the fourth postoperative day. </p>
      <p>The first patient in this series underwent surgery at the age of 11 years and required reoperation 4 years later, when a new valvuloplasty was performed. Currently, the patient is in excellent clinical condition, with age-appropriate height and weight development. Another patient developed severe biventricular cardiomyopathy after 7 years. The other patients evolved with no intercurrent events and remained asymptomatic.</p>
      <p> One patient gave birth to a healthy baby after an uneventful pregnancy 2 years after surgery. </p>
      <p>Two patients with WPW in the preoperative period had successful sectioning of the anomalous bundle, while, in a third patient, the bundle could not be located during surgery. No atrioventricular block was observed in the patients. </p>
      <p>The recent echocardiograms showed a good surgical result in all patients, with a good morphology of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle, and minimum or mild tricuspid insufficiency (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>) after a mean follow-up of 4 years. One (4.7%) patient had moderate tricuspid insufficiency on the postoperative echocardiography, with no clinical symptoms. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-03-0212-00002-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The surgical indications in Ebstein's anomaly are well defined for the following patients: 1) symptomatic, in NYHA functional class III or IV; 2) in functional class I or II, with cardiomegaly and a cardiothoracic index of 0.65 or greater; 3) significant cyanosis and polycythemia; 4) presence of paradoxical embolism; 5) presence of uncontrollable tachycardia and accessory AV bundle. </p>
      <p>In the natural history of the disease, a significant increase in mortality is observed in adulthood due to the development of congestive heart failure or arrhythmias <sup>7,8</sup>. The sudden death caused by arrhythmias not related to WPW occurs in 60% (CL 43%-77%) of the patients with Ebstein's anomaly who die due to cardiac causes<sup> 9,10</sup>. Sudden death correlates more with cardiomegaly than with functional class (NYHA) <sup>9</sup>. Paradoxical embolism or cerebral abscess is an important cause of death, mainly in patients &gt; 50 years <sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>The nonoperated on asymptomatic patients, when compared with healthy people, have a limited tolerance for exercise and a reduction in the capacity to work <sup>12</sup>, being, therefore, indicated for serial exercise tests to objectively define their physical limitations and their long-term evolution. The development of simpler techniques of valvuloplasty, with lower surgical risks, remodeling of the right ventricle, and lower index of valvular replacement may broaden the surgical indication for this group of patients. </p>
      <p>Anatomical and echocardiographic studies, as well as surgical experience, suggest that the right ventricle (its form, compliance, and contractility) may be a factor as important as tricuspid dysfunction in the pathophysiology of this disease. The main objective of the surgery proposed by Carpentier et al <sup>5 </sup>was to restore right ventricular volume and form. </p>
      <p>The technique here described uses the innovative principle of Carpentier et al, which consists of detaching the dislocated tricuspid valve from the interior of the right ventricle, bringing it to the normal level of the tricuspid ring, ie, leaving the atrialized portion of the right ventricle in the subvalvular position. However, the technique used in this study is different in regard to the clockwise rotation of the lateral margin of the tricuspid valve megaleaflet, forming a cone, and ignoring the septal leaflet when it is anomalous. The suture of the base of this cone is performed at the normal level of the tricuspid ring, including its septal portion, where the suture line has to be very superficial, avoiding atrioventricular block, a complication not observed in this series of patients. Another difference is the non use of the prosthetic tricuspid ring in any of the cases, while Carpentier recommended its use in most cases <sup>5</sup>. Quaegebeur et al <sup>6 </sup>reported a technique similar to that of Carpentier, which was used in younger patients, with no prosthetic ring, but also without covering the septal portion of the tricuspid ring. </p>
      <p>Our technique assures the reconstruction of the tricuspid valve in its septal portion, avoiding significant regurgitation in the short- and long-term. These results were demonstrated in the postoperative echocardiograms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig.2</xref>), which evidenced good positioning of the tricuspid valve and restoration of the normal ventricular morphology.</p>
      <p>No atrioventricular block occurred in any patient, which coincides with the experience of Wu and Huang <sup>13</sup>, who, in a more recent series, used fresh autologous pericardium in some patients to reconstruct the septal portion of the tricuspid valve, suturing it in the septal part of the ring. Similarly to our case series, no case of atrioventricular block was observed after manipulation of the septal portion. However, this suture should be very superficial. Due to the total coverage of the area of the tricuspid orifice and to restoration of the tricuspid ring to its normal position and size, the valve became competent, with mild insufficiency in 6 patients, all being in functional class I. </p>
      <p>None of the authors showed concern in regard to the interatrial septal defect, performing its routine closure. In our case series, we always left a valved interatrial communication, allowing flow only from right to left when the right atrial pressure increased. This was useful in the postoperative period of 3 patients, who had significant right ventricular dysfunction, but maintained good cardiac output due to mild oxygen desaturation.</p>
      <p>The results obtained with this technique in this group of patients, from the anatomic and functional points of view, are encouraging. The early death in our series does not relate to the surgical technique, but to the preoperative state of the patient, which indicates that surgical intervention should have been taken earlier before deterioration of right and left ventricular function. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the technique reported is efficient for correcting tricuspid insufficiency and restoring right ventricular morphology, being applicable to all anatomic types of Ebstein's anomaly, except for Carpentier classification type D. </p>
      <p>This technique, which does not require the use of prosthesis, may extend the surgical indication to asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic patients to prevent the appearance of late complications, such as arrhythmia and ventricular dysfunction. </p>
      <p>Further studies with larger case series are required to determine the probable advantages of this technique as compared with that of Carpentier.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p> 1. Hunter SW, Lillehei CW. Ebstein malformation of the tricuspid valve. Study of a case together with suggestions of a new form of surgical therapy. Chest Disease 1958; 33: 297-304. </p>
      <p>2. Hardy KL, May IA, Webster CA, Kimball KG. Ebstein's anomaly: a functional concept and successful definitive repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1964; 48: 927-940. </p>
      <p>3. Barbero-Marcial M, Verginnelli G, Awad M, Ferreira.S, Ebaid m, Zerbini EJ: Surgical treatment of Ebstein's anomaly. Early and late results in twenty patients subjected to valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 78: 416-422. </p>
      <p>4. Danielson GK, Driscoll DJ, Mair DD, Warnes CA, Oliver WC Jr. Operative treatment of Ebstein anomaly. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992; 104: 1195-1202. </p>
      <p>5. Carpentier A, Chauvaud S, Mace L, Relland J, Mihaileanu S, Marino JP, et al. A new reconstructive operation for Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988; 96: 92-101.</p>
      <p>6. Quaegebeur JM, Sreenam N, Fraser AG, Bogers AJ, Stumper OF, Hess J, et al. Surgery for Ebstein anomaly: the clinical and echocardiographic evaluation of a new technique. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991; 17: 722-8. </p>
      <p>7. Giuliani ER, Fuster V, Brandenburg RO, Mair DD. Ebstein's anomaly:the clinical features and natural history of Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. Mayo Clin Proc 1977; 54: 163-173. </p>
      <p>8. Hansen JF, Leth A, Dorp S, Wennevold A. The prognosis in Ebstein's disease of the heart: long term follow up of 22 patients. Acta Med Scand 1977; 201: 331-335. </p>
      <p>9. Gentles TL, Calder AL, Clarkson PM, Neutze JM. Predictors of long term survival with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 377-381. </p>
      <p>10. Watson H: Natural history of Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve in childhood and adolescence: An international cooperative study of 505 cases. Br Heart J 1974; 36: 417-427. </p>
      <p>11. Mathews JL, Pennington WS, Isobe JH, Gaskin TA, Dumas JH, Kahn DR: Paradoxical embolization with Ebstein's anomaly.Arch Surg 1983; 118: 1101. </p>
      <p>12. Barber G, Danielson GK, Heise CT, Driscoll DJ. Cardiorespiratory response to exercise in Ebstein's anomaly.Am J Cardiol 1985; 56: 509-514. </p>
      <p>13. Wu Q and Huang Z. Anatomic correction of Ebstein anomaly. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001; 122: 1237-8.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/twfsQBYd6zKnQxMcs7nZZwB/cf1581bbfd9a1944a6b89407a8301c415cf1d77b.gif"/>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva </p>
          <p> Rua Maestro Cardim, 769 - S/202</p>
          <p> Cep 01323-001</p>
          <p> Para&#237;so - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="clinicajpdasilva@uol.com.br">clinicajpdasilva@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 12/30/02 </p>
      <p> Accepted: 04/07/03 </p>
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