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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3q6MmxD4FhZNYj5hGs4BjJp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000200010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000200010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transplante de c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea para o mioc&#225;rdio em paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca secund&#225;ria &#225; doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilas-Boas</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Milena B. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinho-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Joel Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Augusto Jos&#233; Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor Ghissoni de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Dourado de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>181</fpage>
      <lpage>184</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Apresentado o primeiro caso de transplante de c&#233;lula de medula &#243;ssea para o mioc&#225;rdio de um portador de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica. Homem, 52 anos, portador de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, em classe funcional III da NYHA, apesar de terap&#234;utica cl&#237;nica otimizada. Como procedimento, foi aspirado 50 ml de medula &#243;ssea atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o da crista il&#237;aca, seguidos de filtragem, separa&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas mononucleares, ressuspens&#227;o e inje&#231;&#227;o intracoronariana. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em repouso, medida pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica com hem&#225;cias marcadas, antes do transplante, era de 24% e, ap&#243;s 30 dias, aumentou para 32% sem alterar o esquema medicamentoso. Foram avaliados, antes e 30 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, respectivamente, o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (82 mm; 76 mm); escore de qualidade de vida de Minnesota (55; 06); dist&#226;ncia caminhada no teste de 6min (513 m; 683 m). Achados demonstraram ser poss&#237;vel realizar a inje&#231;&#227;o intracoronariana de c&#233;lula de medula &#243;ssea, sugerindo que este procedimento &#233; potencialmente seguro e efetivo em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca chag&#225;sica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Transplante de c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea para o mioc&#225;rdio em paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca secund&#225;ria &#225; doen&#231;a de Chagas</p>
    <p>
      <bold>F&#225;bio Vilas-Boas; Gilson Soares Feitosa; Milena B. P. Soares; Joel Alves Pinho-Filho; Augusto Mota; Augusto Jos&#233; Gon&#231;alves Almeida; Cristiane Carvalho; Heitor Ghissoni de Carvalho; Adriano Dourado de Oliveira; Ricardo Ribeiro dos Santos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Santa Izabel e Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz &#150; FIOCRUZ/BA - Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apresentado o primeiro caso de transplante de c&#233;lula de medula &#243;ssea para o mioc&#225;rdio de um portador de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica. Homem, 52 anos, portador de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, em classe funcional III da NYHA, apesar de terap&#234;utica cl&#237;nica otimizada. Como procedimento, foi aspirado 50 ml de medula &#243;ssea atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o da crista il&#237;aca, seguidos de filtragem, separa&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas mononucleares, ressuspens&#227;o e inje&#231;&#227;o intracoronariana. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em repouso, medida pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica com hem&#225;cias marcadas, antes do transplante, era de 24% e, ap&#243;s 30 dias, aumentou para 32% sem alterar o esquema medicamentoso. Foram avaliados, antes e 30 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, respectivamente, o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (82 mm; 76 mm); escore de qualidade de vida de Minnesota (55; 06); dist&#226;ncia caminhada no teste de 6min (513 m; 683 m). Achados demonstraram ser poss&#237;vel realizar a inje&#231;&#227;o intracoronariana de c&#233;lula de medula &#243;ssea, sugerindo que este procedimento &#233; potencialmente seguro e efetivo em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca chag&#225;sica.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; um mal epid&#234;mico neste in&#237;cio de s&#233;culo. Na Am&#233;rica Latina, o mal &#233; ainda agravado por ser uma regi&#227;o end&#234;mica para doen&#231;a de Chagas onde cerca de 11 milh&#245;es de pessoas s&#227;o portadoras da doen&#231;a<sup>1</sup>. Em pacientes chag&#225;sicos, o tratamento etiol&#243;gico espec&#237;fico, ap&#243;s a instala&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, nunca teve sua efic&#225;cia comprovada. O tratamento desses pacientes, portanto, em nada difere de outras etiologias<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dada a limita&#231;&#227;o de efic&#225;cia das alternativas terap&#234;uticas farmacol&#243;gicas vigentes para o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>2</sup>, outras formas de tratamento v&#234;m sendo desenvolvidas<sup>3</sup>. A demonstra&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de c&#233;lulas adultas de medula &#243;ssea de se diferenciarem <italic>in vitro</italic> em v&#225;rios tipos celulares foi o est&#237;mulo inicial para o emprego experimental no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos preliminares do uso de c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea no tratamento da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica v&#234;m sendo desenvolvidos no Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz (FIOCRUZ-BA), no modelo de camundongos infectados por <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>, que apresentaram uma significativa diminui&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o e regress&#227;o da fibrose ap&#243;s dois meses de tratamento com c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea adultas, em compara&#231;&#227;o com animais controle<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Essas e outras evid&#234;ncias<sup>6-8</sup> serviram como base para o desenho de um protocolo para o emprego de terapia com c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea em pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 52 anos, com tr&#234;s anos de diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica. Vinha evoluindo com quadro est&#225;vel, por&#233;m com severa limita&#231;&#227;o funcional, em uso de digoxina 0.25mg/d, enalapril 10mg BID, furosemida 40mg/d, espironolactona 25 mg/d e carvedilol 6,25 mg BID. A press&#227;o arterial era 120/80 mmhg, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 64 bpm, freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria 18 ipm, 61 kg, apresentava estase de jugulares, pulm&#245;es limpos, bulhas normofon&#233;ticas com sopro holossist&#243;lico mitral, irradiado para axila, grau II/VI, sem B3. O f&#237;gado estava sob o rebordo costal direito e n&#227;o havia edema perif&#233;rico. O eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es revelava ritmo sinusal, bloqueio completo do ramo direito do feixe de His e bloqueio divisional &#226;ntero-superior. Radiografia de t&#243;rax apresentava cardiomegalia. Os exames bioqu&#237;micos e hematol&#243;gicos de rotina estavam normais: ALT 33.6 UI/l, AST 37.5 UI/l, s&#243;dio 136 mEq/l, pot&#225;ssio 4.4 mEq/l, glicose 83 mg/dl, hemoglobina 15.6 g/dl.</p>
    <p>O procedimento foi realizado com o paciente sob seda&#231;&#227;o, atrav&#233;s de cinco pun&#231;&#245;es da crista de cada osso il&#237;aco, de onde foram retirados cerca de 50 ml de medula &#243;ssea. O material foi passado em sistema de filtragem de medula &#243;ssea (Universidade de Washington&#174; - EUA), em seguida, as c&#233;lulas mononucleares foram separadas atrav&#233;s de gradiente de Ficol. Ap&#243;s ressuspens&#227;o em 20 ml de salina albuminada (5%), cerca de 2,4 X 10<sup>8</sup> c&#233;lulas foram injetadas no sistema coronariano direito e esquerdo, atrav&#233;s de cateter de angioplastia. Foram injetados 10ml da suspens&#227;o na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior, lentamente em 10min, 5 ml na art&#233;ria circunflexa e 5 ml na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita. Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi exclu&#237;da atrav&#233;s de coronariografia. O paciente n&#227;o apresentou arritmias nem altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas durante o procedimento. Os dados vitais permaneceram est&#225;veis durante todo o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0181-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o nos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica nem nos par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e hematol&#243;gicos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>). Ap&#243;s 4 dias, o paciente obteve alta hospitalar, em uso das mesmas medica&#231;&#245;es que vinha utilizando previamente, acrescidas de &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico 1g/d. No seguimento inicial de 30 dias, foram realizadas reavalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas semanais e laboratoriais ao t&#233;rmino do per&#237;odo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0181-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Observaram-se redu&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros ventriculares pela ecocardiografia e aumento significativo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tanto pela ecocardiografia quanto pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica com hem&#225;cias marcadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>). A capacidade funcional, avaliada tanto pela classe funcional da NYHA, quanto pelo teste de corredor de 6min, apresentou melhora significativa, assim como o escore de qualidade de vida de Minnesota (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. III</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0181-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0181-00010-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica &#233; uma das principais causas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na Am&#233;rica Latina e sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; semelhante a outras formas de miocardiopatia dilatada. A fase cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a caracteriza-se pelo processo inflamat&#243;rio multifocal por c&#233;lulas mononucleares. Nessa fase da infec&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o existe uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de parasitas (<italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>) e a intensidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o ou fibrose<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, v&#225;rias op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas v&#234;m sendo desenvolvidas ou aprimoradas no sentido de retardar o progresso da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. No entanto, a revers&#227;o do processo nunca foi alcan&#231;ada na sua plenitude e o progn&#243;stico desses pacientes continua sendo bastante limitado.</p>
    <p>A terapia celular surgiu como uma op&#231;&#227;o promissora para o tratamento de casos avan&#231;ados de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Orlic e cols demonstraram, em camundongos infartados, o reparo do mioc&#225;rdio atrav&#233;s da forma&#231;&#227;o de novas fibras card&#237;acas e neoangiog&#234;nese ap&#243;s transplante de c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea<sup>6</sup>. Strauer e cols foram os primeiros a demonstrar a exeq&#252;ibilidade e seguran&#231;a da infus&#227;o intracoronariana de c&#233;lulas tronco de medula &#243;ssea, para o tratamento de pacientes com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica<sup>7</sup>. Perin e cols. demonstraram, pela primeira vez, a transfer&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas mononucleares de medula &#243;ssea para o mioc&#225;rdio de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, sem possibilidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica. Utilizando uma t&#233;cnica de mapeamento endomioc&#225;rdico eletromec&#226;nico (NOGA), as c&#233;lulas eram injetadas por via endoc&#225;rdica na periferia da regi&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, resultando em melhora de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este &#233; o primeiro relato de transplante de c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea para o cora&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica. O modelo da doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; particularmente atraente para o emprego da terapia com c&#233;lulas-tronco. Em tese, para que ocorra a fixa&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas tronco no mioc&#225;rdio &#233; preciso que alguma citocina ou fator quimiot&#225;tico esteja sendo produzido, atraindo as c&#233;lulas<sup>3</sup>. Como na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica ocorre produ&#231;&#227;o elevada de citocinas, devida &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o multifocal sub-reentrante, esses fatores podem ser respons&#225;veis pela atra&#231;&#227;o, fixa&#231;&#227;o e diferencia&#231;&#227;o celular<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diferentemente de experi&#234;ncias pr&#233;vias, injetamos uma quantidade de c&#233;lulas cerca de 10 a 20 vezes superior (2,4 X 10<sup>8</sup>) ao que vinha sendo relatado em pacientes com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica<sup>7,8</sup>. A aus&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos relacionados &#224; infus&#227;o de c&#233;lulas em concentra&#231;&#227;o mais elevada pode ser atribu&#237;da, em parte, a dois fatores: 1) emprego de regime de infus&#227;o lenta sob baixa press&#227;o; 2) aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana em vasos epic&#225;rdicos ou na microcircula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto que merece considera&#231;&#227;o &#233; o tipo de c&#233;lula empregado. Utilizamos a t&#233;cnica de aspira&#231;&#227;o da medula &#243;ssea e separa&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares, dentre as quais se incluem aquelas reconhecidas como c&#233;lulas-tronco. Uma outra forma de se obter c&#233;lulas pluripotentes &#233; atrav&#233;s de estimula&#231;&#227;o da medula com fator de estimula&#231;&#227;o do crescimento de col&#244;nias (G-CSF) e retiradas, atrav&#233;s de af&#233;reses seriadas, das popula&#231;&#245;es de c&#233;lulas tronco presentes no sangue perif&#233;rico. A desvantagem te&#243;rica em retirar c&#233;lulas de sangue perif&#233;rico acha-se no fato de n&#227;o estar estabelecido qual linhagem celular &#233; respons&#225;vel pela diferencia&#231;&#227;o em cardiomi&#243;citos. Em outras palavras, &#233; poss&#237;vel que outra linhagem das c&#233;lulas mononucleares ir&#225; se diferenciar em cardiomi&#243;cito, ou mesmo em novos vasos, nervos, etc. Outra desvantagem te&#243;rica do emprego de c&#233;lulas do sangue perif&#233;rico &#233; que essas c&#233;lulas mobilizadas podem seguir, preferencialmente, uma linhagem hematopoi&#233;tica, tendo permanecido fixas na medula &#243;ssea as c&#233;lulas que poderiam seguir uma linhagem cardiomiocit&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de eventos adversos relacionados ao procedimento sugere a sua seguran&#231;a. A melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ocorreu de forma consistente atrav&#233;s de dois m&#233;todos, sendo um deles o padr&#227;o-ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Na aus&#234;ncia de mudan&#231;as no esquema terap&#234;utico e, estando o paciente est&#225;vel h&#225; mais de 2 meses, n&#227;o encontramos nenhuma justificativa que pudesse explicar a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, a n&#227;o ser a terapia celular. Os demais par&#226;metros de melhora (capacidade funcional, qualidade de vida, classe funcional) devem ser analisados com cautela, especialmente por tratar-se de vari&#225;veis subjetivas, influenci&#225;veis pela motiva&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
    <p>O caso aqui relatado demonstra que foi poss&#237;vel realizar a inje&#231;&#227;o intracoronariana de c&#233;lulas transplantadas da medula &#243;ssea em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica, sugindo que este procedimento &#233; potencialmente seguro e efetivo. Ser&#225; necess&#225;ria uma s&#233;rie maior de casos para confirmar se os achados observados repetir-se, justificando o in&#237;cio de ensaios cl&#237;nicos de fase II.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> E</bold>
        </label>
        <p>
          <bold>ndere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>F&#225;bio Vilas-Boas </p>
        <p> Av. Juracy Magalh&#227;es Jr., 2096/109 </p>
        <p>Cep 41920-000 - Salvador - BA</p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 11/8/03 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 26/8/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Bone marrow cell transplantation to the myocardium of a patient with heart failure due to Chagas' disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We report the first case of bone marrow cell transplantation to the myocardium of a patient with heart failure due to chagas' disease. The patient is a 52-year-old man with chronic heart failure, NYHA functional class III, despite the optimized clinical therapy. The procedure consisted of aspiration of 50 mL of bone marrow through puncture of the iliac crest, followed by filtration, separation of the mononuclear cells, resuspension, and intracoronary injection. The left ventricular ejection fraction at rest, measured using radionuclide ventriculography with labeled red blood cells prior to transplantation, was 24%, and, after 30 days, it increased to 32% with no change in the medicamentous schedule. The following measurements were assessed before and 30 days after transplantation: left ventricular end diastolic diameter (82 mm and 76 mm, respectively); Minnesota living with heart failure questionaire score (55 and 06, respectively); and distance walked in the 6-minute walking test (513 m and 683 m, respectively). Our findings show that intracoronary injection of bone marrow cells may be performed, suggesting that this is a potentially safe and effective procedure in patients with due to Chagas' disease heart failure.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Bone marrow cell transplantation to the myocardium of a patient with heart failure due to Chagas' disease</p>
      <p>
        <bold>F&#225;bio Vilas-Boas; Gilson Soares Feitosa; Milena B. P. Soares; Joel Alves Pinho-Filho; Augusto Mota; Augusto Jos&#233; Gon&#231;alves Almeida; Cristiane Carvalho; Heitor Ghissoni de Carvalho; Adriano Dourado de Oliveira; Ricardo Ribeiro dos Santos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Santa Izabel and Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz - FIOCRUZ/BA - Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report the first case of bone marrow cell transplantation to the myocardium of a patient with heart failure due to chagas' disease. The patient is a 52-year-old man with chronic heart failure, NYHA functional class III, despite the optimized clinical therapy. The procedure consisted of aspiration of 50 mL of bone marrow through puncture of the iliac crest, followed by filtration, separation of the mononuclear cells, resuspension, and intracoronary injection. The left ventricular ejection fraction at rest, measured using radionuclide ventriculography with labeled red blood cells prior to transplantation, was 24%, and, after 30 days, it increased to 32% with no change in the medicamentous schedule. The following measurements were assessed before and 30 days after transplantation: left ventricular end diastolic diameter (82 mm and 76 mm, respectively); Minnesota living with heart failure questionaire score (55 and 06, respectively); and distance walked in the 6-minute walking test (513 m and 683 m, respectively). Our findings show that intracoronary injection of bone marrow cells may be performed, suggesting that this is a potentially safe and effective procedure in patients with due to Chagas' disease heart failure.</p>
      <p>Heart failure is epidemic at the beginning of this century. In Latin America, an endemic region for Chagas' disease with approximately 11 million people suffering from the disease, the situation is even worse <sup>1</sup>. In chagasic patients, no specific etiologic treatment after heart failure syndrome is in place has yet been proven efficient. Therefore, the treatment of these patients does not differ from that of patients with heart failure due to other etiologies <sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Given the limited efficacy of the current pharmacological therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of heart failure<sup>2</sup>, other forms of treatment have been developed <sup>3</sup>. The demonstration of the capacity of adult bone marrow cells to differentiate <italic>in vitro</italic> into various cell types was the initial stimulus for their experimental use in the treatment of heart failure <sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Preliminary studies on the use of bone marrow cells for the treatment of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy have been carried out at the Gon&#231;alo Moniz Research Center (FIOCRUZ-BA) using a mice model infected by <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>, which showed a significant reduction in inflammation and a regression in fibrosis after 2 months of treatment with adult bone marrow cells as compared with that in control animals <sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>This and other findings <sup>6-8</sup> served as a basis for designing a protocol for the use of bone marrow cell therapy in patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is a 52-year-old man diagnosed 3 years previously with heart failure of chagasic etiology. The patient was stable, despite severe functional limitation, using digoxin (0.25 mg/d), enalapril (10 mg BID), furosemide (40 mg/d), spironolactone (25 mg/d) and carvedilol (6.25 mg BID). His blood pressure was 120/80 mmHg, his heart rate was 64 bpm, his respiratory rate was 18 ipm, and his weight was 61 kg. The patient had bilateral jugular stasis, his lungs were clear, the intensity of the cardiac sounds was normal, and a II/VI-degree mitral holosystolic murmur could be heard radiating to the axilla, with no S3. The liver border was under the right costal margin, and no peripheral edema existed. The 12-lead electrocardiogram revealed sinus rhythm, complete right bundle-branch block and anterosuperior divisional block. The chest radiography showed cardiomegaly. The routine biochemical and hematological tests were normal as follows: ALT, 33.6 UI/L; AST, 37.5 UI/L; sodium, 136 mEq/L; potassium, 4.4 mEq/L; glucose, 83 mg/dL; hemoglobin, 15.6 g/dL.</p>
      <p>The procedure was performed with the patient sedated, and comprised 5 punctures of the crest of each iliac bone, from where approximately 50 mL of bone marrow where withdrawn. The material was passed through a bone marrow filtering system (Washington University<sup>&#174;</sup> - USA), and, then, the mononuclear cells were separated through a Ficol gradient. After resuspension in 20 mL of albumin saline solution (5%), approximately 2.4 x 10<sup>8</sup> cells were injected in the right and left coronary system, through an angioplasty catheter as follows: 10 mL of the suspension were slowly injected in the anterior descending coronary artery for 10 minutes; 5 mL in the circumflex artery; and 5 mL in the right coronary artery. Coronary artery disease was excluded through coronary angiography. The patient experienced neither arrhythmias nor electrocardiographic alterations during the procedure. The vital data remained stable during the entire period of hospitalization (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. I</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0181-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Alterations were not observed in the markers of myocardial necrosis nor in the biochemical and hematological parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">tab. II</xref>). After 4 days, the patient was discharged using the same medications used prior to the procedure in addition to ascorbic acid (1g/d). In the initial 30-day follow-up, weekly clinical reassessments were performed, as were laboratory assessments at the end of the period.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0181-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A reduction in the ventricular diameters was observed on echocardiography and there was a significant increase in the left ventricular ejection fraction both on echocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography with labeled red blood cells. Functional capacity, assessed both with the NYHA functional classification and 6-minute walking test, showed a significant improvement, as did the quality of life score (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">tab. III</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0181-00010-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chagasic cardiomyopathy is one of the major causes of heart failure in Latin America, and its clinical presentation is similar to other forms of dilated cardiomyopathy. The chronic phase of the disease is characterized by a multifocal inflammatory infiltration of mononuclear cells. In this phase, no association exists between the presence of parasites (<italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>) and the intensity of inflammation or fibrosis <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>In recent decades, several therapeutic options have been developed or improved to delay the progression of ventricular dysfunction in patients with heart failure. However, plain reversion of the process has not yet been obtained, and the prognosis of these patients remains very limited.</p>
      <p>Cell therapy has emerged as a promising option for the treatment of advanced cases of heart failure. Orlic et al<sup>6</sup>, in a study with infarcted mice, reported myocardial repair through the formation of new cardiac fibers and neoangiogenesis after bone marrow cell transplantation. Strauer et al<sup>7</sup> were the first to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of intracoronary infusion of bone marrow stem cells for the treatment of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Perin et al <sup>8</sup> showed, for the first time, the implatation of bone marrow mononuclear cells to the myocardium of patients with ischemic heart failure with no possibility of percutaneous or surgical revascularization. Using a technique of electromechanical endomyocardial mapping (NOGA), the cells were injected via the endocardial route in the periphery of the ischemic region, resulting in improvement in clinical and laboratory parameters.</p>
      <p>Our's the first report of bone marrow cell transplantation to the heart of a patient with chagasic heart failure. The Chagas' disease model is particularly attractive for the use of stem cell therapy. Theoretically, howing of stem cells in the myocardium requires that some cytokine or chemotactic factor be produced, attracting the cells <sup>3</sup>. In chronic Chagas' heart disease, an elevated production of cytokines occurs due to persistent multifocal inflammation; therefore, these factors may account for cell attraction, fixation, and differentiation <sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In contrast with previous studies, we injected approximately 10 to 20 times more cells (2.4 X 10<sup>8</sup>) than what has been reported in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy <sup>7,8</sup>. The lack of adverse effects related to the infusion of a greater cell concentration may be partially attributed to the following 2 factors: 1) use of a slow-infusion regimen under low pressure; 2) absence of coronary artery disease in epicardial vessels or in the microcirculation.</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0181-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The cell type used is worth noting. We used the technique of bone marrow aspiration and separation of mononuclear cells, among which were those recognized as stem cells. Another way of obtaining pluripotent cells is through stimulation of the bone marrow with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and removal, through serial aphereses, of populations of stem cells present in the peripheral blood. The theoretical disadvantage of removing cells from the peripheral blood lies in the fact that it has not yet been determined which cell lineage is responsible for the differentiation into cardiomyocytes; ie, another mononuclear cell lineage may differentiate into cardiomyocytes, or even into new vessels, nerves, etc. Another theoretical disadvantage of the use of peripheral blood cells is that the mobilized cells may have preferentially followed a hematopoietic lineage, while the cells that could differentiate into the cardiomyocyte lineage remained in the bone marrow.</p>
      <p>The lack of adverse events related to the procedure indicates its safety. Improvement in ventricular function was consistently identified through 2 methods, one of which is the gold standard for assessing ejection fraction. In the absence of changes in the therapeutic regimen, and with the patient stable for more than 2 months, we found no explanation for the improvement in ventricular function other than cell therapy. The other parameters of improvement (functional capacity, quality of life, functional class) should be carefully analyzed, especially because they are subjective variables influenced by the patient's motivation.</p>
      <p>The case reported showed that intracoronary injection of transplanted bone marrow cells can be performed in patients with chagasic heart failure, suggesting that the procedure is potentially safe and effective. A larger case series is required to confirm whether the results observed can be reproduced and justify the beginning of phase II clinical trials.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> F&#225;bio Vilas-Boas</p>
          <p> Av. Juracy Magalh&#227;es Jr., 2096/109</p>
          <p>Cep 41920-000 - Salvador, BA, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="fabiovboas@cardiol.br">fabiovboas@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 8/11/03</p>
      <p>Accepted: 8/26/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
