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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KkNBcdzLyjDgmJb4ffkYQXd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000200008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000200008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria persistente secund&#225;ria a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Acylino de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benchimol</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Buarque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Segadas Acylino de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>165</fpage>
      <lpage>169</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Foram estudados 2 pacientes de 85 anos de idade com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria persistente, caracterizada por dist&#250;rbio ventilat&#243;rio obstrutivo grave e altera&#231;&#245;es das trocas gasosas. A possibilidade de que esse comprometimento respirat&#243;rio decorresse de doen&#231;a pulmonar prim&#225;ria foi exclu&#237;da. Sinais radiol&#243;gicos de edema pulmonar leve foram observados em um dos doentes nos 4 anos anteriores &#224; primeira interna&#231;&#227;o. O quadro respirat&#243;rio foi atribu&#237;do a les&#245;es pulmonares condicionadas &#224; presen&#231;a de edema pulmonar cr&#244;nico. A incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a em pacientes muito idosos pode dar origem a uma enfermidade que poderia ser denominada doen&#231;a pulmonar congestiva.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>COMUNICA&#199;&#195;O BREVE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria persistente secund&#225;ria a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Acylino de Lima Neto; Claudio Buarque Benchimol; Ricardo Segadas Acylino de Lima</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia do Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 2 pacientes de 85 anos de idade com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria persistente, caracterizada por dist&#250;rbio ventilat&#243;rio obstrutivo grave e altera&#231;&#245;es das trocas gasosas. A possibilidade de que esse comprometimento respirat&#243;rio decorresse de doen&#231;a pulmonar prim&#225;ria foi exclu&#237;da. Sinais radiol&#243;gicos de edema pulmonar leve foram observados em um dos doentes nos 4 anos anteriores &#224; primeira interna&#231;&#227;o. O quadro respirat&#243;rio foi atribu&#237;do a les&#245;es pulmonares condicionadas &#224; presen&#231;a de edema pulmonar cr&#244;nico. A incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a em pacientes muito idosos pode dar origem a uma enfermidade que poderia ser denominada doen&#231;a pulmonar congestiva.</p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia e a preval&#234;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva v&#234;em aumentando progressivamente nos pa&#237;ses industrializados, em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do envelhecimento de suas popula&#231;&#245;es e da maior sobrevida de portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana<sup>1</sup>. Conseq&#252;entemente, um n&#250;mero crescente de quadros cl&#237;nicos, at&#233; hoje pouco conhecidos, poder&#225; estar presente entre pacientes dessa faixa et&#225;ria e com essa enfermidade.</p>
    <p>O presente trabalho refere-se a dois pacientes idosos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica, que apresentaram grave e persistente comprometimento respirat&#243;rio, que os levou &#224; morte. A possibilidade desse quadro respirat&#243;rio ser atribu&#237;do a doen&#231;a pulmonar prim&#225;ria foi exclu&#237;da, baseada em dados cl&#237;nicos e exames complementares. Caracterizado pela presen&#231;a de dist&#250;rbio ventilat&#243;rio obstrutivo grave e importante e persistente altera&#231;&#227;o das trocas gasosas, ele se diferencia tamb&#233;m das manifesta&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias j&#225; descritas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato dos Casos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Caso 1 -</bold> Homem de 85 anos foi atendido pela primeira vez no Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo em agosto/98 quando, relatando agravamento de dispn&#233;ia iniciada h&#225; meses, foi trazido ao setor de emerg&#234;ncia e, imediatamente, encaminhado &#224; UTI. Negava antecedentes de tabagismo e de doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria. Trabalhara exposto a carv&#227;o vegetal em ambiente aberto.</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico apresentava-se agitado, objetivamente dispn&#233;ico, cian&#243;tico e com turg&#234;ncia jugular a 90&#186;, com uso acentuado da musculatura inspirat&#243;ria e diminui&#231;&#227;o intensa e difusa do murm&#250;rio vesicular. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era de 104 bpm com ritmo regular, e a press&#227;o arterial de 190/100mmHg. O abdomen encontrava-se distendido e hipertimp&#226;nico. Os membros inferiores n&#227;o estavam edemaciados, mas havia sinais de insufici&#234;ncia venosa cr&#244;nica. Radiografias de t&#243;rax antigas, realizadas nos 4 anos que antecederam seu primeiro atendimento no Hospital, apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es compat&#237;veis com edema pulmonar leve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">fig. 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b">1B</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1a">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig1b">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig1c">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig1d">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A primeira gasometria arterial realizada na UTI apresentava uma PO<sub>2</sub> de 26,5mmHg e PCO<sub>2</sub> de 67,4mmHg. Foi estabelecido o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e instalada pr&#243;tese ventilat&#243;ria. Um ecocardiograma mostrava a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada (resultado repetido em todos os exames realizados posteriormente, com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sempre acima de 70%) e a press&#227;o capilar pulmonar oscilando entre 15 e 23mmHg nas primeiras 24h. As radiografias do t&#243;rax apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es caracter&#237;sticas de congest&#227;o pulmonar. Arteriografia pulmonar foi negativa para doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica, evidenciando aumento do calibre das art&#233;rias pulmonares. Uma bi&#243;psia pulmonar foi realizada, sendo obtido resultado negativo para doen&#231;a pulmonar prim&#225;ria e compat&#237;vel com edema pulmonar. Na UTI, o paciente fez uso descont&#237;nuo de diur&#233;ticos e vasodilatadores. Houve uma progressiva melhora que permitiu o desmame e a alta da UTI.</p>
    <p>Trinta dias ap&#243;s sua hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o persistiam sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar na tomografia do t&#243;rax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1c">fig. 1C</xref>). Foi iniciado o uso regular de diur&#233;ticos, resultando em expressiva melhora, verificada no exame realizado 40 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dessa medica&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1d">fig.1D</xref>).As trocas gasosas tamb&#233;m apresentaram melhora com a introdu&#231;&#227;o dos diur&#233;ticos, permitindo que o paciente recebesse alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p>A despeito dos evidentes progressos obtidos com os diur&#233;ticos que resultaram na normaliza&#231;&#227;o da PCO<sub>2</sub> na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial (36,6mmHg), o paciente manteve grave e irrevers&#237;vel hipoxemia ao longo de toda sua evolu&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>). Avalia&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria indicou a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome obstrutiva grave. A rela&#231;&#227;o volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no 1&#176; segundo(VEF1)/ capacidade vital for&#231;ada (CVF) foi de 45%.</p>
    <fig id="fig2a">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2b">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2c">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O paciente fez uso ambulatorial continuado de diur&#233;ticos, teofilina e oxig&#234;nio domiciliar. Todavia, esta medica&#231;&#227;o foi incapaz de impedir a instala&#231;&#227;o de progressiva intoler&#226;ncia aos esfor&#231;os e agudiza&#231;&#245;es da insufic&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria que resultaram em repetidas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, vindo a falecer em junho/99.</p>
    <p><bold>Caso 2 -</bold> Paciente do sexo masculino com 85 anos de idade, militar reformado, assintom&#225;tico na primeira consulta realizada no Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo em fevereiro/00. Relatava hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o havia 3 meses, tendo sido feito o diagn&#243;stico de pneumonia e derrame pleural. Radiografias realizadas naquela ocasi&#227;o mostravam sinais de edema pulmonar leve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a">fig.2A</xref>).Informava que, posteriormente, fora submetido a toracocentese para esclarecimento de derrame pleural &#224; esquerda, com resultado inconclusivo. Deixara de fumar havia 30 anos. Negava antecedentes de doen&#231;a ou sintomas respirat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico era praticamente normal; a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 70 bpm e a press&#227;o arterial de 130/60mmHg. Resultado de prova de fun&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria realizada no ano anterior exibia uma rela&#231;&#227;o volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no 1&#176; segundo(VEF1)/ capacidade vital for&#231;ada (CVF) de 37%. A primeira dosagem dos gases arteriais apresentava uma PO<sub>2</sub> de 60,2mmHg e uma PCO<sub>2</sub> de 48,3mmHg. As radiografias de t&#243;rax indicavam a presen&#231;a de derrame pleural livre. Foi submetido a toracocentese com bi&#243;psia pleural, mas, novamente, os resultados foram inespec&#237;ficos. Cintigrafia pulmonar foi negativa para doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>Em maio/00 referiu pela primeira vez intoler&#226;ncia aos esfor&#231;os; foi verificada a regress&#227;o espont&#226;nea e completa do derrame pleural. Em janeiro/01 retornou queixando-se de cansa&#231;o; eletrocardiograma mostrou fibrose em parede inferior. Nos 6 meses seguintes surgiram aumento da dispn&#233;ia, nict&#250;ria, tosse e estertores mantidos na base pulmonar esquerda &#150; o paciente tinha como h&#225;bito adotar o dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo. Em julho/01 apresentou edema de membros inferiores e foi internado pela primeira vez. Nova avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria confirmou a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome obstrutiva grave. Tomografia computadorizada do t&#243;rax identificou sinais de edema pulmonar no lobo inferior esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2b">figs. 2B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2c">2C</xref>). Dosagens seq&#252;enciais dos gases arteriais apontaram a persist&#234;ncia de hipoxemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>). Melhoras parciais e tempor&#225;rias foram obtidas com o uso de diur&#233;ticos, vasodilatadores e teofilina. Cinco ecocardiogramas foram realizados ao longo do per&#237;odo evolutivo e todos apresentaram a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo superior a 70%).</p>
    <p>Em outubro/01 foi reinternado. No curso dessa hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o uma angiotomografia negativa para doen&#231;a pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica e a marcada eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis sang&#252;&#237;neos do pept&#237;dio natriur&#233;tico cerebral - 931pg/ml (imunoensaio fluorescente- Biosite,BNP) &#150; contribuiram para a confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Quadro de coma profundo irrevers&#237;vel instalou-se em decorr&#234;ncia de parada cardio-respirat&#243;ria, falecendo em dezembro/01.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O quadro respirat&#243;rio condicionado pela insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva &#233; conhecido de longa data, tendo Hope, em 1833, introduzido o termo <italic>asma card&#237;aca</italic> <sup>2</sup>. Presentemente, o conhecimento das altera&#231;&#245;es pulmonares associadas &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva cr&#244;nica tem sido objeto de extensas revis&#245;es <sup>2-4</sup>, mas se desconhece relato a respeito de manifesta&#231;&#245;es pulmonares atribu&#237;veis exclusivamente &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>H&#225; muito sabe-se que a fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria avaliada em repouso, em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva cr&#244;nica, est&#225; comprometida. As altera&#231;&#245;es compreendem: irregularidade entre a ventila&#231;&#227;o e a perfus&#227;o, a redu&#231;&#227;o da distensibilidade pulmonar, a obstru&#231;&#227;o de vias a&#233;reas, hiperreatividade br&#244;nquica, diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar e redu&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a e resist&#234;ncia dos m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios <sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es ventilat&#243;rias de padr&#227;o obstrutivo em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva foram relatadas por diversos autores, segundo revis&#245;es. Light e George<sup>3</sup>descreveram evid&#234;ncias de dist&#250;rbio ventilat&#243;rio obstrutivo em 53% de seus pacientes n&#227;o fumantes portadores da doen&#231;a. Todavia, somente um deles apresentou o resultado da rela&#231;&#227;o VEF1/CVF abaixo de 60% no melhor teste obtido durante o per&#237;odo observado, indicando que, nesse grupo, a maior parte dos pacientes apresentou essa altera&#231;&#227;o em leve intensidade. Petermann e cols.<sup>4</sup> tamb&#233;m observaram dist&#250;rbio obstrutivo leve em 60 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva descompensada, sem comprometimento significativo das trocas gasosas. Outros autores descreveram resposta broncodilatadora significativa ao uso de salbutamol e brometo de ipratropium, indicando que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva cr&#244;nica pode dar lugar a um dist&#250;rbio ventilat&#243;rio obstrutivo leve. Evid&#234;ncias experimentais, associando congest&#227;o vascular peribr&#244;nquica e aumento da resist&#234;ncia das vias a&#233;reas, apoiam esse achado <sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Caruana e cols.<sup>6</sup> exclu&#237;ram o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica em alguns de seus pacientes por apresentarem resultados do VEF1 &lt; 70% do valor previsto, o que, de acordo com o exposto acima, n&#227;o &#233; aceit&#225;vel. Esses mesmos autores n&#227;o procuraram correlacionar esse achado com antecedentes de tabagismo e outras evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas e radiol&#243;gicas caracter&#237;sticas das doen&#231;as pulmonares prim&#225;rias obstrutivas, que deveriam ter sido consideradas para, corretamente, atribuir-lhes o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica. A despeito dos equ&#237;vocos em seus m&#233;todos, esses autores foram citados recentemente em 2 trabalhos <sup>7,8</sup>, como exemplo de doentes respirat&#243;rios incorretamente diagnosticados como portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica, quando acreditamos que, ao menos entre a popula&#231;&#227;o com mais de 75 anos, o inverso esteja ocorrendo com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia, ou seja, pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica e dist&#250;rbio ventilat&#243;rio obstrutivo associado est&#227;o sendo erroneamente rotulados como portadores de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
    <p>A espirografia de nossos pacientes revelou a presen&#231;a de dist&#250;rbio ventilat&#243;rio obstrutivo grave, sendo que ambos apresentaram resposta ao uso de salbutamol. Neles, a exclus&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica foi obtida a partir da aus&#234;ncia de tosse cr&#244;nica, tabagismo significativo, sinais radiol&#243;gicos de enfisema e altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas compat&#237;veis com a doen&#231;a na bi&#243;psia pulmonar, entre outros. Contribu&#237;ram, ainda, para excluir o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a os sinais inequ&#237;vocos de ac&#250;mulo de l&#237;quido nos pulm&#245;es e no espa&#231;o pleural (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">figs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a">2</xref>), de vez que tais evid&#234;ncias n&#227;o fazem parte da hist&#243;ria natural dessa enfermidade. Esse conjunto de dados n&#227;o nos deixou outra alternativa sen&#227;o a de atribuir esse grave dist&#250;rbio obstrutivo &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica, confirmando as altera&#231;&#245;es obstrutivas j&#225; descritas por Light e George <sup>3</sup>. Entretanto, em contraste com as altera&#231;&#245;es de leve intensidade encontradas por esses autores, nossos pacientes apresentaram obstru&#231;&#227;o grave (VEF1/CVF&lt;50%). Essa discrep&#226;ncia pode ser atribu&#237;da, ao menos em parte, &#225;s diferentes faixas et&#225;rias, j&#225; que todos os pacientes daqueles autores tinham menos de 75 anos.</p>
    <p>Graves e persistentes altera&#231;&#245;es de trocas gasosas tamb&#233;m foram observadas em nossos doentes. A insatura&#231;&#227;o do oxig&#234;nio arterial, que &#233; referida como incomum na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva cr&#244;nica, mesmo quando medida durante exerc&#237;cio, esteve presente em nossos casos no decorrer de v&#225;rios meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>). No primeiro caso, a PO<sub>2</sub>, que antes da introdu&#231;&#227;o de diur&#233;ticos era de 53,7mmHg, medida com suplementa&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio a 5l/min por cateter nasal, evoluiu, em 5 dias de uso regular dessa medica&#231;&#227;o, para 56,3mmHg, em ar. Contudo, seu melhor resultado n&#227;o passou de 59,8mmHg, em ar, durante o acompanhamento ambulatorial.</p>
    <p>A PCO<sub>2</sub> esteve elevada, caracterizando a presen&#231;a de hipoventila&#231;&#227;o grave, nas exacerba&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a. No caso 1, a sua substancial melhora observada 5 dias ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o do uso regular de diur&#233;tico, traduziu a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria, obtida pela remo&#231;&#227;o do l&#237;quido acumulado nos pulm&#245;es e na cavidade pleural (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1d">fig. 1D</xref>), com conseq&#252;ente redu&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga do trabalho respirat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Essas altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais, mantidas mesmo depois de comprovada a regress&#227;o dos sinais radiol&#243;gicos de ac&#250;mulo de l&#237;quido nos pulm&#245;es e nas cavidades pleurais, foram atribu&#237;das a altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais induzidas nos pulm&#245;es pelo edema pulmonar hidrost&#225;tico cr&#244;nico <sup>2</sup>. Elas consistem em intensa prolifera&#231;&#227;o de fibroblastos e histi&#243;citos nos septos alveolares, resultando em densos dep&#243;sitos de fibras col&#225;genas, que Bachofen e Cols.<sup>5</sup> chegam a denominar fibrose pulmonar congestiva e que podem levar &#224; compress&#227;o de pequenas vias a&#233;reas adjacentes. Os vasos sang&#252;&#237;neos pulmonares de todas as dimens&#245;es sofrem altera&#231;&#245;es importantes, entre as quais o dep&#243;sito de tecido conjuntivo denso nas t&#250;nicas &#237;ntima e advent&#237;cia <sup>2,5</sup>. Verifica-se ainda uma intensa prolifera&#231;&#227;o de pneum&#243;citos tipo II, traduzindo a presen&#231;a de atividade reparadora, e de macr&#243;fagos alveolares, fagocitando prote&#237;nas e hem&#225;cias. A fragmenta&#231;&#227;o da membrana basal capilar, quando presente, correlaciona-se com a dura&#231;&#227;o e a gravidade da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Esse conjunto de altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais associadas ao edema pulmonar hidrost&#225;tico cr&#244;nico vem sendo intensamente investigado com o objetivo de ter esclarecida sua poss&#237;vel participa&#231;&#227;o na fisiopatologia da intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, caracter&#237;stica da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva cr&#244;nica <sup>2,9</sup>. Todavia, nossas observa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas sugerem que, de maneira an&#225;loga ao que j&#225; se comprovou experimentalmente, mais do que contribuir para a intensifica&#231;&#227;o de sintomas, elas s&#227;o capazes de lesar o par&#234;nquima pulmonar e dar origem a graves dist&#250;rbios funcionais, at&#233; hoje n&#227;o descritos na literatura, requerendo, inclusive, o uso cr&#244;nico de oxig&#234;nio suplementar.</p>
    <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es pulmonares induzidas pela insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva cr&#244;nica tendem &#224; irreversibilidade. A descri&#231;&#227;o de fibrose extensa nos septos alveolares e vasos pulmonares aponta nesse sentido <sup>5</sup>. Outras evid&#234;ncias de irreversibilidade s&#227;o a persist&#234;ncia da redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de difus&#227;o pulmonar ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco e a aus&#234;ncia de melhora de altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar ap&#243;s melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, obtida pelo uso de carvedilol. Esse conjunto de altera&#231;&#245;es irrevers&#237;veis ou de complexa reversibilidade parece repercutir sobre o progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a, agravando-o.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nossos casos sugerem que, acometendo insidiosamente indiv&#237;duos de idade avan&#231;ada, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica pode originar comprometimento pulmonar, cuja gravidade, aparentemente, pode se sobrepor &#224; do dist&#250;rbio hemodin&#226;mico que lhe deu origem. Seu in&#237;cio lento, fortuitamente documentado em um de nossos casos, parece ser marcado por manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e radiol&#243;gicas discretas e espontaneamente revers&#237;veis. Ao longo do tempo, as altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais acabam resultando num quadro respirat&#243;rio grave, marcado pela presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome ventilat&#243;ria obstrutiva e altera&#231;&#245;es dos gases arteriais. Nesse est&#225;gio, o uso de diur&#233;ticos, embora capaz de reverter imagens caracter&#237;sticas de edema pulmonar hidrost&#225;tico, mostra-se incapaz de reverter as altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi encontrada na bibliografia sobre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica qualquer refer&#234;ncia a manifesta&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias caracter&#237;sticas desta doen&#231;a. &#201; prov&#225;vel que elas venham a surgir, na medida em que a pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a seja melhor conceituada. Futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para confirmar, ou n&#227;o, se casos avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a podem, efetivamente, dar lugar a esta s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria grave, que poderia ser denominada doen&#231;a pulmonar congestiva.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> E</bold>
        </label>
        <p>ndere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia </p>
        <p>Dr. Jos&#233; Acylino de Lima Neto </p>
        <p> Rua Cel. Antonio Ribeiro, 36 </p>
        <p> Cep 37472-000 - Carmo de Minas - MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="acylino@starweb.com.br">acylino@starweb.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 29/7/02 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 11/8/03</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Persistent respiratory insufficiency secondary to diastolic heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>This study assessed two 85-year-old patients diagnosed with diastolic heart failure and persistent respiratory insufficiency characterized by severe obstructive ventilatory disorder and gas exchange alterations. The possibility that the respiratory impairment was consequent to primary pulmonary disease was excluded. Radiological signs of mild pulmonary edema had been observed in 1 of the patients during the 4 years preceding the first hospitalization. The respiratory findings were attributed to pulmonary lesions conditioned to the presence of chronic pulmonary edema. The incidence of the disease in very elderly patients may create an illness that can be called congestive pulmonary disease.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>BRIEF REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Persistent respiratory insufficiency secondary to diastolic heart failure</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Acylino de Lima Neto; Claudio Buarque Benchimol; Ricardo Segadas Acylino de Lima</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pneumology Service of the Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study assessed two 85-year-old patients diagnosed with diastolic heart failure and persistent respiratory insufficiency characterized by severe obstructive ventilatory disorder and gas exchange alterations. The possibility that the respiratory impairment was consequent to primary pulmonary disease was excluded. Radiological signs of mild pulmonary edema had been observed in 1 of the patients during the 4 years preceding the first hospitalization. The respiratory findings were attributed to pulmonary lesions conditioned to the presence of chronic pulmonary edema. The incidence of the disease in very elderly patients may create an illness that can be called congestive pulmonary disease.</p>
      <p>The incidence and prevalence of congestive heart failure have progressively increased in industrialized countries, because of their population aging and the longer survival of individuals with coronary artery disease <sup>1</sup>. Consequently, an increasing number of clinical findings, as of yet unknown, may be present in elderly patients with congestive heart failure.</p>
      <p>This study assesses 2 elderly patients with diastolic heart failure, who developed severe and persistent respiratory impairment, which led to death. The possibility that the respiratory findings could be attributed to primary pulmonary disease was ruled out based on clinical data and complementary tests. These respiratory findings, characterized by the presence of severe obstructive ventilatory disorder and important and persistent gas exchange alterations, also differ from the respiratory manifestations already described in chronic congestive heart failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Case 1 -</bold> The patient was an 85-year-old man, who sought medical care at the Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo in August 1998 for the first time, when, reporting worsening of the dyspnea initiated months before, he was brought to the emergency unit and immediately referred to the ICU. The patient denied antecedents of smoking and of respiratory disease, but reported exposure to vegetal coal in an open environment during work.</p>
      <p>On physical examination, the patient was restless, objectively dyspneic, cyanotic, and had jugular venous distension at 90&#186;. The use of the inspiratory musculature was markedly visible, and the respiratory sounds were intensely and diffusely reduced. His heart rate was 104 bpm with regular rhythm, and his blood pressure was 190/100 mmHg. His abdomen was distended and hypertympanic. The lower limbs were not edematous, but signs of chronic venous insufficiency existed. Previous chest X-rays performed during the 4 years preceding his first visit to our hospital showed alterations compatible with mild pulmonary edema (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">fig. 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">1B</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig1b-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig1c-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig1d-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>His first arterial blood gas analysis in the ICU showed PO<sub>2</sub> of 26.5 mmHg and PCO<sub>2</sub> of 67.4 mmHg. The diagnosis of respiratory insufficiency was established and a ventilatory prosthesis was installed. The echocardiogram showed preserved systolic function (this result was repeated in all tests performed later, the left ventricular ejection fraction being always above 70%), and pulmonary capillary pressure oscillating from 15 to 23 mmHg in the first 24 hours. The chest X-rays had alterations characteristic of pulmonary congestion. The pulmonary arteriography was negative for thromboembolic disease and showed an increase in the caliber of the pulmonary arteries. A pulmonary biopsy was performed, the result being negative for primary pulmonary disease and compatible with pulmonary edema. In the ICU, the patient received diuretics and vasodilators discontinuously. He improved progressively, which allowed ventilator weaning and discharge from the ICU.</p>
      <p>Signs of pulmonary congestion persisted on chest computed tomography 30 days after his hospitalization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1c-body2">fig. 1C</xref>). Diuretics were started on a regular basis, which resulted in a significant improvement confirmed on the examination performed 40 days after the beginning of that medication (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1d-body2">fig. 1D</xref>). Gas exchanges also improved with the introduction of the diuretics, allowing the patient to be discharged from the hospital.</p>
      <p>Despite the evident progress obtained with the diuretics, which resulted in normalization of the PCO<sub>2</sub> on the first ambulatory assessment (36.6 mmHg), the patient remained with a severe and irreversible hypoxemia during his entire evolution (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>). The ventilatory assessment indicated the presence of severe obstructive syndrome. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC) was 45%.</p>
      <fig id="fig2a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2b-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2c-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0165-00008-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>During ambulatory follow-up, the patient continuously used diuretics, theophylline, and domiciliary oxygen. However, this medication could not prevent the occurrence of progressive intolerance to effort and exacerbations of respiratory insufficiency, which resulted in repeated hospitalizations. The patient died in June 1999.</p>
      <p><bold>Case 2 -</bold> The patient was an 85-year-old retired military male, asymptomatic on his first visit to the Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo in February 2000. He reported being hospitalized 3 months before, when the diagnoses of pneumonia and pleural effusion were established. Radiographies performed on that occasion showed signs of mild pulmonary edema (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a-body2">fig. 2A</xref>). The patient reported that later he underwent thoracocentesis to clarify a left pleural effusion, but the result was inconclusive. He reported quitting smoking 30 years before and denied previous diseases and respiratory symptoms.</p>
      <p>The physical examination was almost normal. His heart rate was 70 bpm and his blood pressure was 130/60 mmHg. The results of the ventilatory function test performed in the preceding year showed a forced expiratory volume in 1 second to a forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/ FVC) of 37%. The first measurement of the arterial gases showed a PO<sub>2</sub> of 60.2 mmHg and a PCO<sub>2</sub> of 48.3 mmHg. The chest radiographies showed the presence of free pleural effusion. The patient underwent thoracocentesis with a pleural biopsy, but again the results were unspecific. Pulmonary scintigraphy was negative for thromboembolic disease.</p>
      <p>In May 2000, the patient complained of intolerance to effort for the first time, spontaneous and complete regression of the pleural effusion then being observed. In January 2001, the patient returned complaining of fatigue. The electrocardiogram showed fibrosis in the inferior wall. In the following 6 months, dyspnea increased, nocturia and cough appeared, and rales persisted in the left pulmonary base (the patient used to lie in the left lateral decubitus position). In July 2001, the patient had edema of the lower limbs, being hospitalized then for the first time. A new evaluation of the ventilatory function confirmed the presence of severe obstructive syndrome. Chest computed tomography identified signs of pulmonary edema in the left inferior lobe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2b-body2">figs. 2B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2c-body2">2C</xref>). Sequential measurements of the arterial gases showed persistence of hypoxemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>). Partial and temporary improvements were obtained with the use of diuretics, vasodilators, and theophylline. Five echocardiograms were performed throughout the evolution period, all of which showed preservation of systolic function with the left ventricular ejection fraction greater than 70%.</p>
      <p>In October 2001, the patient was hospitalized again. During this new hospitalization, a negative angiotomography for thromboembolic pulmonary disease and the marked elevation in the serum levels of the cerebral natriuretic peptide &#150; 931 pg/mL (fluorescent immunoassay &#150; Biosite, BNP) &#150; contributed to confirmation of the diagnosis of heart failure. Irreversible deep coma occurred due to cardiopulmonary arrest, and the patient died in December 2001.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Respiratory findings conditioned by congestive heart failure have long been well known; in 1833, Hope introduced the term cardiac asthma <sup>2</sup>. Currently, the knowledge about the pulmonary alterations associated with chronic congestive heart failure has been the object of extensive reviews<sup>2-4</sup>, but a report on the pulmonary manifestations attributed exclusively to diastolic heart failure is still lacking.</p>
      <p>The respiratory function assessed at rest in patients with chronic congestive heart failure has long been known to be impaired. The alterations are as follows: irregularity between ventilation and perfusion; a reduction in pulmonary distensibility; obstruction of the airways; bronchial hyperreactivity; a reduction in the capacity of pulmonary diffusion; and a reduction in the strength and resistance of the respiratory muscles <sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Obstructive ventilatory alterations in patients with congestive heart failure have been reported by several authors according to reviews. Light and George <sup>3</sup> reported evidence of obstructive ventilatory disorder in 53% of their nonsmoking patients with the disease. However, only one of them had the FEV1/FVC ratio below 60% in the best test obtained during the period observed, indicating that, in that group, most patients had mild obstructive ventilatory disorder. Petermann et al <sup>4</sup> also reported a mild obstructive disorder in 60 patients with decompensated congestive heart failure, with no significant impairment in gas exchanges. Other authors reported a significant bronchodilating response to the use of salbutamol and ipratropium bromide, indicating that chronic congestive heart failure may result in a mild obstructive ventilatory disorder. Experimental evidence associating peribronchial vascular congestion and increased airway resistance supports this finding <sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Caruana et al <sup>6</sup> ruled out the diagnosis of diastolic heart failure in some of their patients because they had FEV1 results &lt; 70% of the foretold value, which, according to the above reported, is unacceptable. These same authors did not try to correlate this finding with antecedents of smoking and other clinical and radiological findings characteristic of primary obstructive pulmonary disease, which should have been considered to correctly establish the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Despite the flaws in their methods, these authors were recently cited in 2 studies <sup>7,8</sup>, as providing examples of patients with respiratory disorders incorrectly diagnosed as having diastolic heart failure. In fact, we believe that, at least in the population older than 75 years, the inverse has been more frequent, ie, patients with diastolic heart failure and associated obstructive ventilatory disorder are erroneously labeled as having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>
      <p>Spirography of our 2 patients revealed the presence of severe obstructive ventilatory disorder, although both responded to the use of salbutamol. In their cases, the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was ruled out due to the lack of chronic cough, significant smoking, radiological signs of emphysema, and histological alterations compatible with disease in lung biopsy, among others. The unequivocal signs of fluid accumulation in the lungs and pleural space contributed to rule out the diagnosis of the disease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">figs. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a-body2">2</xref>), because these are not part of the natural history of that illness. These data left us with no option other than attributing this severe obstructive disorder to diastolic heart failure corroborating the findings of Light and George <sup>3</sup>, However, in contrast with the mild abnormalities described by these authors, our patients showed severe obstruction (FEV1/FVC&lt;50%). This difference can be, in part, attributed to patient's age, since these authors patients aged 75 years or less.</p>
      <p>Severe and persistent alterations in gas exchanges have also been observed in our patients. The insaturation of arterial oxygen, which has been referred to as uncommon in chronic congestive heart failure, even when measured during exercise, was present in our patients throughout several months of follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>). In the first patient, a PO<sub>2</sub> of 53.7 mmHg measured with oxygen supplementation at 5 L/min through a nasal catheter prior to the introduction of diuretics evolved to 56.3 mmHg with room air in 5 days of regular use of that medication. However, his best result did not exceed 59.8 mmHg with room air during ambulatory follow-up.</p>
      <p>PCO<sub>2</sub> was elevated, characterizing the presence of severe hypoventilation during the exacerbations of the disease. The substantial improvement observed in the first patient 5 days after the regular introduction of diuretics translated the improvement in the ventilatory function obtained with the removal of the fluid accumulated in the lungs and in the pleural cavity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1d-body2">fig. 1D</xref>), with a consequent reduction in the respiratory work overload.</p>
      <p>These functional alterations maintained even after confirming the regression of the radiological signs of fluid accumulation in the lungs and in the pleural cavities were attributed to structural alterations induced in the lungs by chronic hydrostatic pulmonary edema <sup>2</sup>. They consisted of intense proliferation of fibroblasts and histiocytes in the alveolar septa, resulting in dense deposits of collagen fibers that Bachofen et al <sup>5</sup> denominated congestive pulmonary fibrosis, which may lead to compression of the small adjacent airways. The pulmonary blood vessels of all dimensions undergo important changes, among which are the deposition of dense connective tissue in the intima and adventitia layers <sup>2,5</sup>. An intense proliferation of type II pneumocytes is still observed, translating into the presence of a reparative activity, as are alveolar macrophages phagocytizing proteins and red blood cells. Fragmentation of the capillary basal membrane, when present, correlates with the duration and severity of the disease.</p>
      <p>These morphological and functional alterations associated with chronic hydrostatic pulmonary edema have been intensely investigated aiming at clarifying their possible participation in the pathophysiology of intolerance to exercise, characterizing chronic congestive heart failure <sup>2,9</sup>. However, our clinical observations suggest that, similarly to that which has already been experimentally confirmed, more than contributing to the intensification of the symptoms, they can damage the pulmonary parenchyma and originate severe functional disorders, which have not been reported in the literature so far, requiring the chronic use of supplementary oxygen.</p>
      <p>The pulmonary manifestations induced by chronic congestive heart failure tend toward irreversibility. The description of extensive fibrosis in the alveolar septa and pulmonary vessels points towards this direction <sup>5</sup>. Other indications of irreversibility are the persistence of the reduced capacity of pulmonary diffusion after cardiac transplantation and absence of enhancement in the alterations of pulmonary function after improvement in left ventricular function obtained with the use of carvedilol. These irreversible alterations or alterations of complex reversibility seem to influence the prognosis of the disease, worsening it.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, our patient cases suggest that, with an insidious course in elderly individuals, diastolic heart failure may cause pulmonary impairment, whose severity may apparently overlap that of the hemodynamic disorder causing it. Its slow start, fortunately documented in one of our patients, seems to be marked by mild clinical and radiological manifestations, which are spontaneously reversible. Over time, structural and functional alterations end up resulting in severe respiratory findings, marked by the presence of obstructive ventilatory syndrome and changes in arterial gases. In this stage, the use of diuretics, although able to revert the characteristic images of hydrostatic pulmonary edema, is not able to revert the functional changes.</p>
      <p>In the literature about diastolic heart failure, no reference was found about the characteristic respiratory manifestations of this disease. They may appear, as the disease is better assessed and conceptualized. Further investigations are required to confirm, or not, whether advanced cases of the disease may effectively result in this severe respiratory syndrome, which could be called congestive pulmonary disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Dr. Jos&#233; Acylino de Lima Neto</p>
          <p> Rua Cel. Antonio Ribeiro, 36</p>
          <p>Cep 37472-000 - Carmo de Minas, MG, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="acylino@starweb.com.br">acylino@starweb.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 7/29/02</p>
      <p>Accepted: 8/11/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
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