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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hYXy5F6GBhF9G4Wm4HxYWFc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000200007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000200007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Isolamento das veias pulmonares para tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica: resultados cl&#237;nicos ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sartini</surname>
            <given-names>Raul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tondato</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>d'&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lara</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>155</fpage>
      <lpage>159</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica submetidos a um &#250;nico procedimento de isolamento das veias pulmonares. M&#201;TODOS: Estudados 49 pacientes consecutivos (36 homens; idade m&#233;dia de 53&#177;10 anos) com epis&#243;dios freq&#252;entes e sintom&#225;ticos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica de dif&#237;cil controle cl&#237;nico. Para mapeamento da jun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo com as veias pulmonares, foi utilizado o cateter decapolar circular Lasso e para abla&#231;&#227;o 30 watts e 50&#186;C, um cateter com ponta deflect&#237;vel e eletrodo distal de 4mm. RESULTADOS: Em seguimento m&#233;dio de 12&#177;5 meses, 25 (51%) pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e 24 (49%) apresentaram pelo menos uma recorr&#234;ncia. Em 20 (83%), a 1&#170; crise ocorreu antes do 1&#186; m&#234;s e em 4, ap&#243;s 2 a 9 meses. Ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, 15 (63%) pacientes apresentaram melhora importante, 10 tornaram-se assintom&#225;ticos, 5 referiam crises raras, auto-limitadas e de curta dura&#231;&#227;o e 9 (37%) permaneceram com as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas inalteradas, apesar das drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas e foram encaminhados &#224; nova interven&#231;&#227;o. No final do seguimento, 35 (71%) pacientes permaneciam em ritmo sinusal est&#225;vel sem recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento, 50% dos quais sem drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. CONCLUS&#195;O: A maioria dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica sintom&#225;tica, n&#227;o controlados com medica&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica, obt&#233;m controle cl&#237;nico ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento de isolamento das veias pulmonares.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>veias pulmonares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Isolamento das veias pulmonares para tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica. Resultados cl&#237;nicos ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mauricio Scanavacca; Raul Sartini; Fernando Tondato; Andr&#233; d'&#193;vila; Denise Hachul; Francisco Darrieux; Sissy Lara; Eduardo Sosa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica submetidos a um &#250;nico procedimento de isolamento das veias pulmonares. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudados 49 pacientes consecutivos (36 homens; idade m&#233;dia de 53&#177;10 anos) com epis&#243;dios freq&#252;entes e sintom&#225;ticos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica de dif&#237;cil controle cl&#237;nico. Para mapeamento da jun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo com as veias pulmonares, foi utilizado o cateter decapolar circular Lasso e para abla&#231;&#227;o 30 watts e 50<sup>o</sup>C, um cateter com ponta deflect&#237;vel e eletrodo distal de 4mm. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Em seguimento m&#233;dio de 12&#177;5 meses, 25 (51%) pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e 24 (49%) apresentaram pelo menos uma recorr&#234;ncia. Em 20 (83%), a 1&#170; crise ocorreu antes do 1&#186; m&#234;s e em 4, ap&#243;s 2 a 9 meses. Ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, 15 (63%) pacientes apresentaram melhora importante, 10 tornaram-se assintom&#225;ticos, 5 referiam crises raras, auto-limitadas e de curta dura&#231;&#227;o e 9 (37%) permaneceram com as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas inalteradas, apesar das drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas e foram encaminhados &#224; nova interven&#231;&#227;o. No final do seguimento, 35 (71%) pacientes permaneciam em ritmo sinusal est&#225;vel sem recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento, 50% dos quais sem drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A maioria dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica sintom&#225;tica, n&#227;o controlados com medica&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica, obt&#233;m controle cl&#237;nico ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento de isolamento das veias pulmonares.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia, veias pulmonares</p>
    <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia de focos ect&#243;picos com origem nas veias pulmonares foi, recentemente, introduzida na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para tratamento de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica <sup>1,2</sup>. Embora efetiva, esta t&#233;cnica pode ser aplicada somente em uma minoria de pacientes com focos ect&#243;picos muito ativos, o que torna poss&#237;vel sua localiza&#231;&#227;o durante o mapeamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico <sup>3-5</sup>. Em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com mecanismo focal, mas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o espor&#225;dica utilizaram-se manobras farmacol&#243;gicas e eletrofisiol&#243;gicas para induzir a ocorr&#234;ncia desses focos ect&#243;picos durante o mapeamento <sup>6</sup>. Esta t&#233;cnica revelou-se pouco efetiva <sup>7</sup>, pois as recorr&#234;ncias eram freq&#252;entes durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico. Durante procedimentos subseq&#252;entes, observou-se foco ect&#243;pico em outras veias, n&#227;o identificado no mapeamento inicial <sup>6</sup>. Assim, o isolamento emp&#237;rico das quatro veias pulmonares, sem indu&#231;&#227;o e localiza&#231;&#227;o dos focos ect&#243;picos deflagradores da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, vem sendo sugerido para tratar esses pacientes <sup>8-10</sup>. Contudo, os resultados cl&#237;nicos, e a necessidade de novas interven&#231;&#245;es ainda s&#227;o controversos <sup>11-14</sup>. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes submetidos ao isolamento emp&#237;rico de tr&#234;s a quatro veias pulmonares, ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um &#250;nico procedimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados prospectivamente, de maio/01 a agosto/02, 49 pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica de dif&#237;cil controle cl&#237;nico, submetidos ao isolamento el&#233;trico e emp&#237;rico das veias pulmonares. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes que apresentavam extra-s&#237;stoles atriais freq&#252;entes ou taquicardias atriais que deflagravam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial durante o mapeamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico, nos quais o procedimento seria dirigido ao foco deflagrador espec&#237;fico.</p>
    <p>Eram 36 homens e 13 mulheres, com idade m&#233;dia de 54&#177;10 (variando entre 32 e 76) anos. Tinham diagn&#243;stico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial h&#225; 2 anos e usado pelo menos tr&#234;s drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, sem sucesso, antes da indica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi considerada parox&#237;stica quando os epis&#243;dios revertiam-se, espontaneamente, em 48h. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes submetidos a cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica ou qu&#237;mica, quando realizadas dentro de um per&#237;odo menor que 48h do in&#237;cio da crise. Dos 49 pacientes, cinco apresentavam diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana cr&#244;nica (2 com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio); um apresentava miocardiopatia dilatada discreta; um hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica e os demais n&#227;o apresentavam cardiopatia estrutural aparente. Sete pacientes tinham diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica sob controle cl&#237;nico. O tamanho m&#233;dio do &#225;trio esquerdo era de 40 mm &#177; 6 mm (entre 29 e 50 mm) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 73&#177;6%. Os pacientes foram submetidos a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral por quatro a seis semanas (RNI entre 2,5 e 3,5) ou realizaram ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico dentro de 24h antes do procedimento para afastar trombo atrial.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram encaminhados ao laborat&#243;rio de eletrofisiologia ap&#243;s pelo menos 8h de jejum. Foram submetidos &#224; seda&#231;&#227;o com propofol intravenoso por anestesista. Foi realizada entuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal ou instalada m&#225;scara lar&#237;ngea, quando necess&#225;ria. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o consistiu da medida autom&#225;tica da press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o invasiva, oximetria e medida do CO2 expirado.</p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s cateteres multipolares foram introduzidos por pun&#231;&#227;o de veia femoral direita: um cateter octapolar ou decapolar (DAIG ou J&amp;J) foi introduzido no seio coronariano; um cateter decapolar circular (<italic>Lasso</italic>, <italic>Biosense Webster</italic>) foi introduzido por uma bainha longa no &#225;trio esquerdo atrav&#233;s de forame oval ou por pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal. Um cateter quadripolar para abla&#231;&#227;o 7 ou 8 French, com espa&#231;o inter-eletrodos de 2mm e eletrodo distal com 4mm de di&#226;metro (EPT ou J&amp;J) foi tamb&#233;m introduzido no &#225;trio esquerdo, por uma segunda pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, quando necess&#225;ria. Ap&#243;s as pun&#231;&#245;es transeptais, procedeu-se &#224; infus&#227;o de 10.000 UI de heparina intravenosa. Ap&#243;s 15min, foi realizado o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado, repetido pelo menos a cada hora. Doses suplementares de heparina foram adicionadas com objetivo de manter o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado entre 250 e 350s. A angiografia das veias pulmonares com contraste (ioxalato de meglumina 32,5g/100ml) foi realizada antes de se iniciar o isolamento das veias pulmonares, exceto a da veia pulmonar inferior direita, que n&#227;o foi estudada sistematicamente. As bainhas transeptais (J&amp;J, DAIG e USCI) utilizadas para introduzir os cateteres eletrodos no &#225;trio esquerdo foram usadas para este fim. As imagens fluorosc&#243;picas pulsadas a 7 quadros/segundo foram obtidas com o equipamento Fisher <italic>(Fisher electrophysiology X-ray imaging system)</italic> na proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda (30<sup>o</sup>-45<sup>o</sup>) para as veias pulmonares esquerdas e na proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior direita (30<sup>o</sup>) para as veias direitas. Neste sistema a mensura&#231;&#227;o do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao raio X &#233; restrita ao tempo de emiss&#227;o dos pulsos de raio X<sup>15</sup>. Eletrogramas bipolares filtrados na faixa de 80 e 600 Hz foram obtidos e gravados em sistema digital (<italic>EMS System</italic> - <italic>Netherlands</italic>).</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica para isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares consistiu no mapeamento da jun&#231;&#227;o veno-atrial esquerda com o cateter <italic>Lasso</italic>, com objetivo de localizar os potenciais venosos pulmonares em conex&#227;o com o &#225;trio esquerdo e desconect&#225;-los com aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia, com pot&#234;ncia m&#225;xima de 30 W e 50<sup>o</sup>C por 30 a 60s. O cateter <italic>Lasso</italic> era introduzido na veia pulmonar ap&#243;s uma angiografia e retirado at&#233; ficar aproximadamente a 5mm de seu &#243;stio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref>). O crit&#233;rio de isolamento da veia foi o desaparecimento dos potenciais el&#233;tricos de seu interior durante o ritmo sinusal ou estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial cont&#237;nua (bloqueio de entrada). Para distinguir os potenciais das veias esquerdas dos eletrogramas da aur&#237;cula esquerda, o isolamento dessas veias foi realizado sob estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica atrial cont&#237;nua do seio coronariano distal. As veias pulmonares direitas foram mapeadas durante ritmo sinusal, sem estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial. A aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia foi dirigida, inicialmente, para o ponto mais sugestivo da localiza&#231;&#227;o da conex&#227;o veno-atrial e mantida por 30s. O bloqueio da condu&#231;&#227;o pela conex&#227;o foi demonstrado pelo alongamento na condu&#231;&#227;o por este setor e pela mudan&#231;a na seq&#252;&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o no &#243;stio da veia, analisada pela ativa&#231;&#227;o no cateter <italic>Lasso</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>). As aplica&#231;&#245;es se repetiram nos outros pontos de conex&#227;o at&#233; o isolamento completo da veia pulmonar. Ap&#243;s a seq&#252;&#234;ncia de 10 a 12 pulsos, foi realizada a avalia&#231;&#227;o da permeabilidade da veia pulmonar por angiografia com contraste. As aplica&#231;&#245;es foram interrompidas quando houve percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva da redu&#231;&#227;o do calibre do &#243;stio da veia. O isolamento da veia pulmonar era considerado completo, quando os potenciais venosos obtidos pelo cateter <italic>Lasso</italic> desapareciam total ou parcialmente, quando havia redu&#231;&#227;o desses potenciais, entretanto, sem seu desaparecimento completo. Angiografia das veias pulmonares foi realizada individualmente ao t&#233;rmino de cada isolamento.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0155-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0155-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do procedimento, era feita infus&#227;o de 10 a 40 &#181;g de isoproterenol, seguida de adenosina (12 a 18mg), na tentativa de identificar focos ect&#243;picos deflagradores residuais. Os pacientes foram mantidos em repouso absoluto por 4h e, em geral, receberam alta no dia seguinte. A enoxiparina subcut&#226;nea (1mg/kg 2x/dia) foi iniciada ap&#243;s 6h do t&#233;rmino do procedimento e mantida at&#233; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral atingir os valores de RNI preconizados (2,5 a 3,5). A manuten&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com antiarr&#237;tmico dependeu da recorr&#234;ncia dos sintomas dentro das primeiras 24h ou da intensidade do desconforto provocado pelas crises de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial previamente &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O seguimento cl&#237;nico foi realizado por consulta m&#233;dica no ambulat&#243;rio da Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, por informa&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico que assistia ao paciente em seu consult&#243;rio particular ou por contato telef&#244;nico com pacientes residentes fora da capital. O primeiro contato foi realizado um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o procedimento e repetido a cada tr&#234;s meses. Os pacientes foram interrogados a respeito da recorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o dos sintomas. Em caso de recorr&#234;ncia, era sugerida a documenta&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica da crise. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial (Holter e grava&#231;&#227;o de eventos sintom&#225;ticos) foi indicada quando o registro da crise no eletrocardiograma convencional n&#227;o era poss&#237;vel. A repeti&#231;&#227;o do procedimento foi indicada apenas aos pacientes que persistissem com recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial sintom&#225;tica, apesar das drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas.</p>
    <p>Para as compara&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas adotou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student e para a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, o teste de Fisher. Em todos os testes, considerou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram abordadas 184 veias nos 49 pacientes (m&#233;dia de 3,7 veias por paciente). A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia dos procedimentos foi de 231&#177;47 min e o tempo m&#233;dio de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radiografia pulsada a 7 quadros/s foi de 12&#177;4 min. Foram aplicados em m&#233;dia 21&#177;12 pulsos de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia por veia: 25&#177;14 na veia pulmonar superior esquerda (VPSE); 22&#177;10 na superior direita (VPSD); 13&#177;9 na inferior esquerda (VPIE) e 23&#177;12 na inferior direita (VPID). Obteve-se isolamento completo da VPSE em 40 (82%) pacientes, da VPSD em 41 (84%), da VPIE em 35 (81%) e da VPID em 30 (67%). Dos 49 pacientes, 18 obtiveram as quatro veias completamente isoladas, 20 tr&#234;s veias isoladas, 6 duas veias isoladas, 3 apenas uma veia foi isolada e, em 2, n&#227;o foi obtido isolamento completo de nenhuma veia pulmonar.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es s&#233;rias durante o procedimento e no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Nenhum paciente apresentou hematoma importante, complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de estenose de veias pulmonares ou evento emb&#243;lico sist&#234;mico ou pulmonar.</p>
    <p>Em um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 12&#177;5 meses de seguimento, 25 (51%) pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, sendo que 22 (88%) tinham 3 ou 4 veias isoladas e 3 (12%) 2 ou menos veias isoladas. Dezenove pacientes permaneciam assintom&#225;ticos e seis referiam a sensa&#231;&#227;o espor&#225;dica de extra-s&#237;stoles. Quinze pacientes (60%) estavam sem medica&#231;&#245;es antiarr&#237;tmicas, 4 (16%) ainda persistiam em uso de betabloqueadores, 3 devido a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e um devido &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o de extra-s&#237;stoles e 6 (24%) estavam em uso de amiodarona.</p>
    <p>Vinte e quatro (49%) pacientes apresentaram pelo menos uma recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial durante o seguimento. Em 20 (83%), a primeira crise ocorreu antes de completar um m&#234;s e em 4 (17%) ap&#243;s 2 a 9 meses de seguimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">figura 3</xref>). Ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas (betabloqueadores: 6, amiodarona: 6, sotalol: 3, propafenona: 2, flecainide: um e bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio: um), 15 (63%) pacientes apresentaram melhora importante, 10 tornaram-se assintom&#225;ticos e 5 referiam crises raras, auto-limitadas e de curta dura&#231;&#227;o. Quatro pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia precoce suspenderam as drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas ap&#243;s um a tr&#234;s meses da sua introdu&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o voltaram a apresentar fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Nove (37%) pacientes permaneciam com as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas inalteradas, apesar das drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas e foram encaminhados &#224; nova interven&#231;&#227;o. No final do seguimento, 35 (71%) pacientes permaneciam em ritmo sinusal est&#225;vel, sem novas recorr&#234;ncias de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento, 50% dos quais sem drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. Nenhum paciente apresentou manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de embolia sist&#234;mica ou de estenose de veias pulmonares.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0155-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A observa&#231;&#227;o de que a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica &#233; deflagrada por focos ect&#243;picos com origem freq&#252;ente nas veias pulmonares abriu uma nova era na abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Contudo, a aplica&#231;&#227;o deste conceito ficou restrita a poucos pacientes, com focos ect&#243;picos muito freq&#252;entes e de f&#225;cil localiza&#231;&#227;o <sup>2-5</sup>. A tentativa de estender os potenciais benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos da elimina&#231;&#227;o dos focos deflagradores para a ampla popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica apresentou dois inconvenientes: 1&#186;) a dificuldade em localizar todos os focos, muitas vezes ocultos e de dif&#237;cil reprodu&#231;&#227;o laboratorial, que resultaram em alta taxa de recorr&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;ao atrial e na realiza&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias sess&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o na tentativa de controle das crises <sup>6-8</sup>; 2&#186;) o risco de provocar estenose das veias pulmonares <sup>16,17</sup>. Com objetivo de contornar essas limita&#231;&#245;es duas estrat&#233;gias foram desenvolvidas a fim de isolar as quatro veias pulmonares em um &#250;nico procedimento, com baixo risco de provocar estenose das veias pulmonares: o mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o de setores espec&#237;ficos do &#243;stio <sup>8,9</sup> e a reconstru&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica do &#225;trio esquerdo com o sistema eletro-anat&#244;mico e abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial dos &#243;stios das veias pulmonares <sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de desconex&#227;o setorial desenvolvida por Haissaguerre e cols. e reproduzida neste estudo, visa isolar eletricamente as veias pulmonares minimizando o risco de uma estenose <sup>8,9</sup>. Baseia-se nas caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas da jun&#231;&#227;o veno-atrial, formada por conex&#245;es de tecido atrial que penetram nas veias em locais determinados <sup>18,19</sup>. Com o cateter circular posicionado no &#243;stio da veia, estas conex&#245;es podem ser identificadas e as aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia mais restritas e de menor intensidade. Utilizando esta t&#233;cnica, Haissaguerre e cols. relataram 3% de estenose sintom&#225;tica <sup>9</sup>. Oral e cols. utilizando a mesma t&#233;cnica, n&#227;o relataram complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares <sup>12</sup>. Marrouche e cols. relataram estenose de veias pulmonares com aplica&#231;&#245;es no interior das veias ou com excessiva pot&#234;ncia atrav&#233;s de cateteres com ponta irrigada. Ap&#243;s o uso do ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco para controlar o local e a pot&#234;ncia das aplica&#231;&#245;es, estenoses graves n&#227;o foram mais observadas <sup>13</sup>. Em nossa casu&#237;stica, nenhum paciente apresentou manifesta&#231;&#245;es pulmonares relacionadas &#224; estenose de veias. Vale salientar que a estenose das veias pulmonares manifesta-se apenas quando a redu&#231;&#227;o do calibre do &#243;stio &#233; muito importante e, principalmente, quando h&#225; mais de uma veia acometida <sup>16,17</sup>. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ocorrem, em geral, nos primeiros dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, e j&#225; foi descrito relato de sua ocorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s dois meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o <sup>20</sup>. N&#227;o avaliamos sistematicamente a permeabilidade angiogr&#225;fica das veias pulmonares durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico, mas todos pacientes, exceto um, tiveram seguimento m&#237;nimo superior a seis meses e n&#227;o apresentaram manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relacionadas a estenose de veias pulmonares. Estes dados iniciais indicam que a t&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o setorial dos &#243;stios das veias pulmonares com pulsos de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia de baixa pot&#234;ncia apresenta baixo risco de provocar uma estenose. Contudo, estudos a longo prazo s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para consolidar a seguran&#231;a deste procedimento.</p>
    <p>Os resultados cl&#237;nicos do isolamento das veias pulmonares no tratamento de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ainda s&#227;o controversos. A taxa de manuten&#231;&#227;o de ritmo sinusal est&#225;vel sem recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial varia entre 70% a 94% <sup>11-14,21</sup>. Os motivos para essas diferen&#231;as podem estar relacionadas com a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, a t&#233;cnica de isolamento utilizada, o n&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados no mesmo paciente, uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas e o modo de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes <sup>22</sup>. Focos ect&#243;picos externos aos &#243;stios das veias pulmonares ou com origem em outras estruturas atriais t&#234;m sido relacionados com a recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ap&#243;s o isolamento das veias pulmonares <sup>23,24</sup>. No entanto, a reconex&#227;o de veias previamente isoladas parece ser a causa mais comum das recorr&#234;ncia e a obten&#231;&#227;o de isolamento definitivo, sem o aumento do risco de estenose, &#233; uma das quest&#245;es t&#233;cnicas a ser resolvida. Tem sido sugerido que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cateteres com ponta irrigada ou de 8 mm para produzir les&#245;es mais profundas na borda atrial, evitando o interior das veias, relacionam-se com melhores resultados <sup>13</sup>. Entretanto, Macle e cols. utilizando cateteres com ponta irrigada realizaram 2 ou 3 procedimentos em 49% dos pacientes obtendo controle cl&#237;nico em 80% deles, 44% com uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos <sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Merece destaque, o fato da maior parte das recorr&#234;ncias de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ocorrer nas primeiras duas semanas do procedimento, sendo muitas delas transit&#243;rias e desaparecendo nas semanas seguintes. Esta observa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi feita por outros autores <sup>13,25,</sup>. Neste estudo, 50% dos pacientes com recorr&#234;ncia no primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s o procedimento n&#227;o apresentaram novas crises de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ap&#243;s 4 a 6 semanas, alguns mesmo ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o das drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. Este fen&#244;meno poderia ser explicado por um processo inflamat&#243;rio transit&#243;rio e secund&#225;rio &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia, assim como a evolu&#231;&#227;o do processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o <sup>26</sup>. Postergando uma nova interven&#231;&#227;o por 4 a 6 semanas e restringindo-as aos pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e sem controle medicamentoso, indicamos um novo procedimento para apenas 16% dos nossos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, a maior parte dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica de dif&#237;cil controle cl&#237;nico obt&#233;m controle das crises ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento de isolamento das veias pulmonares. As recorr&#234;ncias, quando ocorridas, s&#227;o mais freq&#252;entes nas primeiras duas semanas, mas a maioria dos pacientes obt&#233;m controle cl&#237;nico satisfat&#243;rio durante o seguimento.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> E</bold>
        </label>
        <p>
          <bold>ndere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Mauricio I. Scanavacca </p>
        <p> InCor - Unidade de Arritmias Card&#237;acas </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. Eneas C. Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Cep 05403-000 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mauricio.scanavacca@incor.usp.br">mauricio.scanavacca@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 16/1/03 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 21/7/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Pulmonary veins isolation to treat patients with refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: clinical results after a single procedure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to access the clinical outcome of patients submitted to a single procedure of radiofrequency pulmonary veins (PV) isolation to treat refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS: This study included 49 consecutive patients (36 male; mean age 54&#177;10 years old) who had frequent symptomatic paroxysmal AF refractory to at least three antiarrhythmic drugs. We used a circular decapolar catheter for mapping PVs - left atrial connections and a 4-mm distal tip catheter for ablation (30 W and 50 C), aiming to achieve electrical isolation of 3 -4 PVs. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (51%) did not present any AF recurrence in a mean follow-up of 12&#177;5 months. Twenty-four (49%) had at least one recurrence during outcome; twenty (83%) of them within the first month after the procedure and four after two to nine months. After introducing antiarrhythmic drugs 15 (63%) patients were under control, 10 were asymptomatic and five complained of sporadic short duration AF episodes. Nine (37%) patients remained very symptomatic despite the use of antiarrhythmic drugs and were referred to a new procedure of PV isolation. No patient presented major complications. At the end of the follow-up, 35 (71%) patients remained in stable sinus rhythm with no AF recurrences after a single procedure, 50% of them without antiarrhythmic drugs. CONCLUSION: Most patients who present symptomatic paroxysmal AF refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs obtain a good clinical control after a single PV isolation procedure.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>atrial fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>radiofrequency catheter ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>pulmonary veins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary veins isolation to treat patients with refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Clinical results after a single procedure</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mauricio Scanavacca; Raul Sartini; Fernando Tondato; Andr&#233; d'&#193;vila; Denise Hachul; Francisco Darrieux; Sissy Lara; Eduardo Sosa</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart Institute (InCor) of S&#227;o Paulo University - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The purpose of this study was to access the clinical outcome of patients submitted to a single procedure of radiofrequency pulmonary veins (PV) isolation to treat refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This study included 49 consecutive patients (36 male; mean age 54&#177;10 years old) who had frequent symptomatic paroxysmal AF refractory to at least three antiarrhythmic drugs. We used a circular decapolar catheter for mapping PVs - left atrial connections and a 4-mm distal tip catheter for ablation (30 W and 50 C), aiming to achieve electrical isolation of 3 -4 PVs.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Twenty-five patients (51%) did not present any AF recurrence in a mean follow-up of 12&#177;5 months. Twenty-four (49%) had at least one recurrence during outcome; twenty (83%) of them within the first month after the procedure and four after two to nine months. After introducing antiarrhythmic drugs 15 (63%) patients were under control, 10 were asymptomatic and five complained of sporadic short duration AF episodes. Nine (37%) patients remained very symptomatic despite the use of antiarrhythmic drugs and were referred to a new procedure of PV isolation. No patient presented major complications. At the end of the follow-up, 35 (71%) patients remained in stable sinus rhythm with no AF recurrences after a single procedure, 50% of them without antiarrhythmic drugs.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Most patients who present symptomatic paroxysmal AF refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs obtain a good clinical control after a single PV isolation procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> atrial fibrillation, radiofrequency catheter ablation, pulmonary veins</p>
      <p>Radiofrequency (RF) ablation of ectopic beats from pulmonary veins that trigger atrial fibrillation has been recently introduced in the clinical practice<sup>1,2</sup>. Although effective, this technique can only be used for few patients who present quite active foci, which allow electrophysiological mapping and precise localization<sup>3-5</sup>. The strategy for patients with focal atrial fibrillation without active foci during electrophysiological mapping was to apply provocative maneuvers to induce their activity<sup>6</sup>. Using this strategy patients presented frequent recurrences, as many ectopic foci were present in other veins not identified in the first study<sup>7</sup>. Therefore, the empirical isolation of the four pulmonary veins has been suggested as the most effective method to treat those patients<sup>8-10</sup>. However, there are some controversies about the clinical results and necessity of new procedures to obtain a good clinical control of these patients<sup>11, 14</sup>. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical results obtained from patients with refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation submitted to a single radiofrequency procedure to empirically isolate three or four pulmonary veins.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From January 2001 to August 2002, forty-nine consecutive patients were prospectively studied. They presented refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and were referred to radiofrequency catheter ablation, aiming to empirically isolate pulmonary veins of the left atrium. Thirty-six men and 13 women, mean age of 54&#177;10 years old (32 to 76 y.o.) presenting atrial fibrillation for more than two years and having unsuccessfully used at least three antiarrhythmic drugs before considering atrial fibrillation ablation were included in this study. Patients presenting frequent atrial premature contractions (APC) or atrial tachycardia triggering atrial fibrillation during the electrophysiological mapping were excluded. In those patients the procedures were referred for specific foci mapping and focal ablation. Atrial fibrillation was regarded paroxysmal when episodes were spontaneously reverted before 48 hs. Patients submitted to electrical (ECV) or chemical (CCV) cardioversion were enrolled in this study if ECV or CCV were performed within a period of 48 hs from the beginning of the crises. Among 49 patients, five presented chronic coronary disease (two with previous myocardial infarction); one presented mild dilated cardiomyopathy; one assymetric hypertrophic myocardiopathy and the others did not present structural heart disease. Seven patients had systemic arterial hypertension under clinical control. The mean left atrium size was 40 &#177; 6 mm (29 to 50 mm). Patients underwent oral anticoagulation from four to six weeks (RNI between 2.5 and 3.5) or performed transesophageal echocardiography within 24 hs to assure there was not any atrial thrombus before the procedure. Pulmonary magnetic resonance angiography (MRI) with Gadolinium was suggested but not mandatory to perform the study.</p>
      <p>Patients were taken to the electrophysiologic room after 8 hs of fasting state, and sedated with intravenous propofol. Arterial blood pressure, digital oximetry and CO<sup>2</sup> exhaled were non-invasively monitored. Three multipolar electrode catheters were inserted into the femoral vein and placed under fluoroscopy guidance. One 6 F decapolar catheter was inserted into the coronary sinus; one 6 F circular decapolar ("Lasso" &#150; J&amp;J) catheter was introduced by a long sheath in the left atrium through the foramem oval or by transeptal puncture. One 7 F or 8 F (EPT or J&amp;J) regular catheter for RF ablation with a 4-mm distal tip electrode was also introduced in the left atrium by a second transeptal puncture if necessary. Heparin was infused (10.000 IU) and the activated coagulation time (ACT) was evaluated after 15 minutes, repeated each hour, aiming to maintain ACT between 250 and 350 seconds. Pulmonary veins angiography was performed with Meglumine loxalate (32,5 g/100ml) using one of the long transeptal sheathes, except for the right inferior pulmonary vein that was not systematically evaluated. The pulsed fluoroscopic images in a 7 square / second were obtained (Fisher system) in the left anterior oblique position (40<sup>0</sup>) for the left pulmonary veins and in the right anterior oblique position (30<sup>0</sup>) for the right pulmonary veins. In this system the fluoroscopic time measurement is restricted to X-ray pulsed-time<sup>15</sup>. Electrophysiological data were digitally recorded by a PC Electrophysiologic Measurement System (EMS 4.2 &#150; University of Limburg - The Netherlands).</p>
      <p>The pulmonary veins isolation technique consisted in mapping the left veno-atrial junction using the "Lasso" catheter to localize pulmonary veins in connection with the left atrium and disconnect them by applying RF pulse of 30 W and 50<sup>0</sup> C from 30 to 60 seconds. The "Lasso" decapolar catheter was introduced in the pulmonary vein after angiography and then removed until being nearly five mm of the ostium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Pulmonary vein isolation was performed if potentials were present. The vein isolation criterion was the disappearance of electrical potentials in the vein during sinus rhythm or continuous atrial stimulation (entrance block) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The isolation of such veins was performed under continuous electrical stimulation of the distal coronary sinus in order to distinguish left vein potentials from left atrial appendage electrograms. The right pulmonary veins were mapped during sinus rhythm with no atrial stimulation. RF ablation was initially directed towards the most suggestive point regarding the atrial vein connection localization and kept for 30 s. Conduction block through the veno-atrial connection was shown by conduction delay in this specific sector and by the change in activation sequence of the ostium analyzed by the circular catheter activation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">figure 2</xref>). Applications were repeated in other connection points until complete isolation of pulmonary vein was obtained. After 10 to 12 pulses sequence, we performed evaluation of the pulmonary vein permeability by angiography with contrast. Applications were stopped when there was reduction of vein ostium size or still due to the amount of applications, initially and empirically established around 20 to 25 applications. Pulmonary vein isolation was complete when all venous potentials obtained from the circular catheter disappeared. However, when amplitude of such potentials was reduced but with no complete disappearance, we considered pulmonary vein connections just as partially modified. After the end of the procedure, infusion of 10 to 40 micrograms of isoproterenol was performed followed by 12 to 18 mg of adenosine, in order to identify ectopic triggers outside the veins. Patients were kept in resting position during 4 hours and in general discharged the day after. Subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin (1 mg/Kg/ twice a day) was started six hours after the end of the procedure and maintained until oral coagulation was obtained (INR 2.5 to 3.5). Antiarrhythmic maintenance depended on symptoms recurrence within the first 24 hours or on the discomfort intensity provoked by atrial fibrillation crises before ablation.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0155-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0155-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Clinical follow-up was performed according to clinical appointments in our institution, or still by telephone contact with patients unable to come personally. Patients with pulmonary vein stenosis suspicion were evaluated by pulmonary vein angiography, transesophageal echo or pulmonary ventilation/perfusion cintilography one to six months after the procedure. Patients were clinically evaluated in one month and each three months. In case of recurrence, we suggested EKG documentation of the crise. Ambulatorial monitoring (Holter and symptomatic events recordings) was used to clarify suggestive symptoms of atrial fibrillation recurrence not documented in EKG. Typical symptoms of atrial fibrillation recurrence were accepted in the absence of EKG documentation.</p>
      <p>As Statistical Analysis we used the Student <italic>t-test to</italic> compare continuous variables and the Fisher test to compare proportions. We considered 5% a significant statistical level.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We performed ostial radiofrequency ablation in 184 veins (49 patients - 3.7 veins per patient). A mean of 21&#177;12 RF pulses per vein was applied in each patient: 25&#177;14 at the left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV) ostium; 22&#177;10 at the right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV); 13&#177;9 at the left inferior pulmonary vein (LIPV) and 23&#177;12 at the right inferior pulmonary vein (RIPV). Procedure mean time and X ray time exposition were 231&#177;47 min and 12&#177;4 min, respectively. Complete isolation was obtained in 146 out 184 (79%) veins, 40 LSPV (82%), 41RSPV (84%), 35 (81%) and 30 of 45 RIPV (67%). All four pulmonary veins were completely isolated in 18 patients; three veins in 20 patients; two veins in six; one vein in three and two patients did not have any vein completely isolated. In those cases, just the ostium electrogram amplitude reduction was obtained.</p>
      <p>Patients did not present any important complication during hospitalization and follow-up. No patient presented important hematoma or vascular complication. There were no complications related to transeptal puncture, pulmonary vein stenosis or embolic events.</p>
      <p>After ablation, 25 patients (51%) did not present recurrence in a mean follow-up of 12&#177;5 months. Of those, 22 (88%) had three or four pulmonary veins isolated and three (12%) had two or less veins isolated. Nineteen patients remained asymptomatic and six complained of palpitations related to premature contractions. Fifteen (60%) patients were not using antiarrhythmic drugs; four (16%) were using beta-blockers, three due to systemic arterial hypertension and one due to premature ectopic beats perception; and six (24%) were under amiodarone.</p>
      <p>Twenty-four (49%) patients presented at least one recurrence during follow-up; in 20 (83%) recurrence occurred within the first month after RF ablation, and in four (17%) after two to nine months of follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">figure 3</xref>). After introducing antiarrhythmic drugs (beta-blockers: six, amiodarone: six, sotalol: three, propafenone: two, flecainide: one and diltiazen: one), fifteen (63%) patients presented important symptoms relief, ten became asymptomatic (including four patients who stopped drugs) and five referred sporadic and short AF episodes. Nine (37%) remained with symptoms unchanged despite the use of antiarrhythmic drugs and seven were submitted to a second procedure. At the end of the follow-up, 35 (71%) of the patients remained in stable sinus rhythm without atrial fibrillation recurrences after a single procedure. No patient presented symptoms related to systemic emboli or pulmonary veins stenosis.</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0155-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The electrophysiologic observation that atrial fibrillation is triggered by ectopic foci frequently originated in the pulmonary veins opened a new era in radiofrequency catheter ablation. However, just few patients presented frequent spontaneous ectopic beats enough to allow mapping of specific foci<sup>2-5</sup>. The attempts to apply the potential clinical benefits of AF triggers by catheter ablation presented major limitations. Difficulty to localize all ectopic foci which triggered atrial fibrillation and low reproducibly of the provocative maneuvers to induce the triggers resulting in high AF recurrence rate after ablation, consequently, many ablation procedures were necessary to obtain good clinical control<sup>6- 8</sup>. Additionally, multiples radiofrequency pulses applied in the ostium of pulmonary veins may cause pulmonary vein stenosis, sometimes resulting in severe pulmonary hypertension <sup>16 &#150; 17</sup>. Aiming to solve these problems two strategies were developed in order to isolate the four pulmonary veins in a single procedure with low risk of pulmonary veins stenosis: mapping and ablating specific sectors of pulmonary veins ostia<sup>8,9</sup> and circumferential ablation of pulmonary veins ostia using a 3-D electro-anatomic system<sup>10, 11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pulmonary vein isolation technique developed by Haissaguerre et al aims to electrically isolate pulmonary veins minimizing the stenosis risk<sup>8,9</sup>. It is based on recognizing veno-atrial junction connections by the circular catheter positioned at the pulmonary veins ostia<sup>18, 19</sup>. Through the use of this technique, radiofrequency applications can be optimized and the stenosis risk lower. Haisaguerre et al, reported 3% of symptomatic pulmonary veins stenosis<sup>9</sup>. Oral et al, applying the same technique did not report pulmonary veins complications<sup>12</sup>. Marrouche et al, reported pulmonary vein stenosis during high energy radiofrequency application inside the veins through irrigated tip catheters. Pulmonary vein stenosis were not observed after using intracardiac echocardiogram to adequate radiofrequency applications<sup>13</sup>. In this study we did not observe any manifestation related to pulmonary veins stenosis. However, clinical manifestation occurs just when the pulmonary vein stenosis is very important, mainly when there is more than one vein involved<sup>16, 17</sup>. Symptoms, in general, occur in the first days after the procedure, but can occur later<sup>20</sup>. In this study, we did not evaluate pulmonary veins systematically during follow-up, however all patients but one were followed for more than six months and none of them reported any symptom related to pulmonary veins stenosis. These initial data confirm other observations suggesting that ablation of pulmonary vein ostia applying low energy radiofrequency pulses presents low risk of promoting pulmonary vein stenosis. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary to confirm the safety of this procedure.</p>
      <p>There are some controversies related to the clinical results of pulmonary veins isolation to treat patients with recurrent atrial fibrillation. Stable sinus rhythm without atrial fibrillation recurrence has been reported from 70% to 94%<sup>11 &#150;14, 21</sup>. This success rate variation can be related to patients selection, pulmonary veins isolation technique, number of procedures applied, antiarrhythmic drugs used and patient's follow-up<sup>22</sup>. Ectopic foci located outside the pulmonary vein ostia or related to other atrial structures have been described as a cause of atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary veins isolation<sup>23, 24</sup>. In our study, some patients without complete PV isolation had also good clinical evolution and radiofrequency applications around the pulmonary veins ostia could be responsible for that. Those lesions applied around the pulmonary veins ostia could ablate focal triggers of atrial fibrillation and could explain why two of our patients without any PV completely isolated became free of atrial fibrillation recurrence, one of them without antiarrhythmic drugs. Pappone et al, have systematically applied RF lesions around the four pulmonary veins. Although pulmonary veins isolation was obtained in just 75% of all patients, 85% of them did not present atrial fibrillation, most of them without antiarrhythmic drugs<sup>10,11</sup>. However, reconnection of pulmonary vein previously isolated seems to be the most common cause of recurrence and obtaining a definitive, without increasing the pulmonary veins stenosis risk is one of the technical challenges to be solved. Marrouche et al has suggested that performing deep lesions outside the vein through an 8-mm tip catheter is related to better results<sup>13</sup>. However, Macle et al, using a 4-mm irrigated tip had to perform two or three procedures in 49% of patients obtaining clinical control in 80% of them, 44% using antiarryhthmic drugs<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study 47% of our patients presented at least one recurrence after pulmonary veins isolation. In most of them recurrences occurred within two weeks after radiofrequency ablation. But, after the first month they became asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic after antiarrhythmic introduction. This observation was also reported by other authors<sup>13, 25</sup>. The radiofrequency lesion repair process could be responsible for this evolution<sup>13</sup>. Otherwise, an inflammatory process induced by radiofrequency lesions on the pulmonary veins ostia could induce atrial fibrillation transitory episodes. Such observations were reported by other authors that suggested to perform a new intervention for pulmonary vein isolation just after six or eight weeks of the first procedure<sup>11, 14</sup>. Postponing a new intervention for 4 to 6 weeks and restricting it to symptomatic patients non controlled by antiarrhythmic drugs we indicated a new procedure just for 16% of our patients.</p>
      <p>In summary, most patients presenting refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation obtain a good clinical control after a single procedure of empirical isolation of four pulmonary veins. Atrial fibrillation recurrences, when occur, are more frequent in first two weeks after the procedure, but, in most patients it is possible to obtain a good clinical control during outcome.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Mauricio I. Scanavacca</p>
          <p> Unidade de Arritmias Card&#237;acas do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC- FMUSP</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo (SP) - Cep 05488-000</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mauricio.scanavacca@incor.usp.br">mauricio.scanavacca@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
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