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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zX7g7yCxyG5HpVq6hTZtj7q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000200006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000200006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O teste ergom&#233;trico &#233; &#250;til, seguro e eficaz, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos muito idosos, com 75 anos ou mais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vacanti</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Janussi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sespedes</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano B H</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarpi</surname>
            <given-names>Ma&#237;ra de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Lus&#237;ada</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Guilherme &#193;lvaro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>147</fpage>
      <lpage>150</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Descrever as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e hemodin&#226;micas obtidas pelo teste ergom&#233;trico em idosos &gt;75 anos. M&#201;TODOS: Estudados 100 indiv&#237;duos de 75-94 anos (80&#177;4 anos), submetidos a teste ergom&#233;trico sintoma limitante, sendo 65% assintom&#225;ticos, 25% com dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa e 10% com precordialgia t&#237;pica, 32% eram homens, 50% hipertensos, 36% dislipid&#234;micos, 14% diab&#233;ticos e 9% com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via. O protocolo utilizado foi uma adapta&#231;&#227;o para rampa, do protocolo de Bruce, acrescido de 1min de aquecimento com velocidade de 1,0mph sem inclina&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es e 92% dos testes foram eficazes. Os pacientes atingiram em m&#233;dia 95% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista. A dura&#231;&#227;o do exame e os equivalentes metab&#243;licos alcan&#231;ados foram, em m&#233;dia, respectivamente: 6,8 &#177;2min e 6,6 &#177;2,3 METs. Apresentaram resposta inotr&#243;pica hiperreativa 11 dos pacientes e observadas arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares n&#227;o complexas em 37% da amostra. Foram positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica 18% dos testes. Os pacientes com precordialgia t&#237;pica apresentaram mais respostas isqu&#234;micas do que os com dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa e assintom&#225;ticos: 70% vs 16% (p&lt;0,001) e 70% vs 10% (p&lt;0,01), respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: O teste ergom&#233;trico sintoma limitante &#233; &#250;til, seguro e eficaz para analisar as respostas isqu&#234;micas e hemodin&#226;micas, mesmo no indiv&#237;duo muito idoso.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>teste ergom&#233;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico &#233; &#250;til, seguro e eficaz, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos muito idosos, com 75 anos ou mais</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luciano Janussi Vacanti; Luciano B H Sespedes; Ma&#237;ra de Oliveira Sarpi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Guilherme &#193;lvaro - Faculdade de Medicina - UNILUS - Santos, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e hemodin&#226;micas obtidas pelo teste ergom&#233;trico em idosos <underline>&gt;</underline>75 anos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudados 100 indiv&#237;duos de 75-94 anos (80&#177;4 anos), submetidos a teste ergom&#233;trico sintoma limitante, sendo 65% assintom&#225;ticos, 25% com dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa e 10% com precordialgia t&#237;pica, 32% eram homens, 50% hipertensos, 36% dislipid&#234;micos, 14% diab&#233;ticos e 9% com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via. O protocolo utilizado foi uma adapta&#231;&#227;o para rampa, do protocolo de Bruce, acrescido de 1min de aquecimento com velocidade de 1,0mph sem inclina&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es e 92% dos testes foram eficazes. Os pacientes atingiram em m&#233;dia 95% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista. A dura&#231;&#227;o do exame e os equivalentes metab&#243;licos alcan&#231;ados foram, em m&#233;dia, respectivamente: 6,8 &#177;2min e 6,6 &#177;2,3 METs. Apresentaram resposta inotr&#243;pica hiperreativa 11 dos pacientes e observadas arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares n&#227;o complexas em 37% da amostra. Foram positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica 18% dos testes. Os pacientes com precordialgia t&#237;pica apresentaram mais respostas isqu&#234;micas do que os com dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa e assintom&#225;ticos: 70% vs 16% (p&lt;0,001) e 70% vs 10% (p&lt;0,01), respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O teste ergom&#233;trico sintoma limitante &#233; &#250;til, seguro e eficaz para analisar as respostas isqu&#234;micas e hemodin&#226;micas, mesmo no indiv&#237;duo muito idoso.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras- chave:</bold> teste ergom&#233;trico, idoso, doen&#231;a coronariana</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana constitui a principal causa de morte no mundo ocidental. A despeito do aumento de sua preval&#234;ncia com o envelhecimento, talvez seja subdiagnosticada, pois, embora detectada em 1,8% nos homens e em 1,5% nas mulheres com mais de 75 anos<sup>1</sup>, a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana significativa, em estudo envolvendo 5558 aut&#243;psias, foi encontrada em 54% das mulheres e 72% dos homens, com mais de 70 anos <sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabendo da maior preval&#234;ncia de sintomas at&#237;picos e at&#233; mesmo da aus&#234;ncia de precordialgia na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, torna-se importante para o diagn&#243;stico, a suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, em presen&#231;a dos fatores de risco, e o aux&#237;lio de metodologia diagn&#243;stica complementar<sup>3</sup>. Considerando o teste ergom&#233;trico como um exame de baixo custo, de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o e alta reprodutibilidade e concebendo a nossa realidade social, o mesmo apresenta uma boa rela&#231;&#227;o custo-risco-benef&#237;cio, mesmo em pacientes muito idosos. Entretanto devido &#224;s dificuldades do teste ergom&#233;trico nesse grupo: presen&#231;a de co-morbidades, medo e aus&#234;ncia de motiva&#231;&#227;o para realiz&#225;-lo, al&#233;m de menor capacidade funcional e toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio<sup>4</sup>, infelizmente, temos poucos dados a seu respeito numa popula&#231;&#227;o muito idosa, acima de 75 anos<sup>5</sup>. Nossos objetivos foram: avaliar a aplicabilidade do teste ergom&#233;trico na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa ambulatorial, relatando as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e hemodin&#226;micas obtidas e comparar a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de resultados positivos com as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi constitu&#237;da por pacientes em acompanhamento nos ambulat&#243;rios de Cardiologia e Geriatria do Hospital Guilherme &#193;lvaro - Faculdade de Medicina - UNILUS - Santos (SP). Avaliamos, consecutivamente, 100 pacientes de 75 a 94 anos (m&#233;dia: 80 &#177; 4 anos), 65% assintom&#225;ticos, 25% com dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa e 10% com precordialgia t&#237;pica, encaminhados para realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste ergom&#233;trico sintoma limitante. A amostra apresentava as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: 32% eram do sexo masculino, 50% hipertensos, 36% dislipid&#234;micos, 14% diab&#233;ticos e 9% com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, com dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa ou t&#237;pica para doen&#231;a coronariana, com 75 anos ou mais, encaminhados, consecutivamente, para realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico e, os de exclus&#227;o: pacientes acamados, sem consentimento, com anormalidades no eletrocardigrama basal<sup>5,6</sup> (bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, s&#237;ndrome de Wolf-Parkinson-White e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST &gt; 1mm), com contra-indica&#231;&#245;es convencionais &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
    <p>Utilizamos o protocolo de Bruce, precedido de 1min de aquecimento com velocidade de 1,0mph, sem inclina&#231;&#227;o, adaptado com incrementos gradativos e suaves de velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref>), monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua do eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es acrescido de CM5, com o programa de computador <italic>Ergo</italic> PC 13 para <italic>Windows</italic>, com medidas da press&#227;o arterial em repouso, a cada 3min de exerc&#237;-cio, no pico do esfor&#231;o e a cada minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o. O teste era interrompido por exaust&#227;o, eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &gt; 120mm/Hg nos normotensos e &gt; 140mm/Hg nos hipertensos; eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &gt; 260mm/Hg; queda sustentada da PAS; manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de precordialgia t&#237;pica intensa; infradesnivelamento do segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline>3mm; supradesnivelamento do segmento ST<underline>&gt;</underline>2mm em deriva&#231;&#227;o sem presen&#231;a de onda q; arritmia ventricular complexa; aparecimento de taquicardia supraventricular sustentada, taquicardia atrial, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bloqueio atrioventricular de 2<sup>o</sup> ou 3<sup>o</sup> graus, sinais de insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, fal&#234;ncia dos sistemas de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o e/ou registro. A presen&#231;a de sintomas t&#237;picos ou de infradesnivelamento retificado ou descendente do segmento ST<underline>&gt;</underline>1,0mm ou infradesnivelamento ascendente do segmento ST<underline>&gt;</underline>1,5mm, a 0,08s do ponto J, ou ainda o supradesnivelamento do segmento ST<underline>&gt;</underline>1,0mm, caracterizavam a positividade do teste<sup>5, 6</sup>, sendo o mesmo considerado eficaz se o indiv&#237;duo atingisse, no m&#237;nimo, 85% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima preconizada (220 &#150; idade). Definiu-se hipertens&#227;o reativa ao esfor&#231;o como o achado de valores de PAS &gt; 220mmHg e/ou eleva&#231;&#227;o de 15mmHg ou mais da PAD. A medida indireta do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO2max), em METS, foi calculada automaticamente pelo Programa de Computador, usando a f&#243;rmula do <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic><sup>7</sup>. O duplo produto foi obtido pela multiplica&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima obtida pela PAS do pico do esfor&#231;o, permitindo-se que o paciente utilizasse as barras frontais de apoio da esteira ergom&#233;trica. Todos os medicamentos foram suspensos por per&#237;odo equivalente a cinco meias-vidas antes da data do teste.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0147-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O c&#225;lculo do risco de Framighan foi realizado segundo as Diretrizes sobre Dislipidemias da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Consideramos como precordialgia t&#237;pica: dor ou desconforto retro-esternal em queima&#231;&#227;o, peso ou opress&#227;o, provocada por esfor&#231;o ou emo&#231;&#245;es, e com al&#237;vio obtido ao repouso ou com nitratos; e como dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa: dor ou desconforto tor&#225;cico em pontada ou mal caracterizada e sem rela&#231;&#227;o aos esfor&#231;os<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada atrav&#233;s do teste do qui-quadrado, para estudar a diferen&#231;a da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de resultados positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, entre os grupos com precordialgia t&#237;pica, n&#227;o anginosa ou assintom&#225;ticos. Em todos, os testes foi fixado em 0,05 ou 5% (a <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05) o n&#237;vel de rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade. Os dados hemodin&#226;micos foram expressos como m&#233;dias e desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o observamos nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o durante ou ap&#243;s o exame, sendo que 92% dos testes foram eficazes. Os exames foram encerrados, em m&#233;dia, aos 95,7 &#177;9,6 % da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predita para a idade. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do exame foi de 6,8 &#177;2min, alcan&#231;ando um duplo produto de 24945,6 &#177;4576 (bpm x mmHg) e 6,6 &#177;2,3 METs. A resposta inotr&#243;pica hiperreativa foi encontrada em 11% dos pacientes, a presen&#231;a de arritmias n&#227;o complexas (extra-s&#237;stoles supraventriculares ou ventriculares) em 37% e dois indiv&#237;duos (2%), apresentaram taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela II</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0147-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foram sugestivos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica 18% dos testes, sendo que a maioria desses pacientes apresentava dor tor&#225;cica (55,5%) e intermedi&#225;rio ou alto risco para futuros eventos cardiovasculares (55,5%), conforme o c&#225;lculo de risco de Framinghan (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela III</xref>). Os pacientes com precordialgia t&#237;pica apresentaram significativamente mais testes positivos do que os com dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa: 70% versus 16% (p=0,01) e tamb&#233;m mais testes positivos do que aqueles indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos: 70% versus 10% (p=0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref>). Contudo, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a, estatisticamente significativa, na freq&#252;&#234;ncia de testes positivos entre pacientes assintom&#225;ticos e portadores de dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa: 10% versus 16% (p=0,49).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0147-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0147-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Conforme dados do &#250;ltimo censo do IBGE <sup>9</sup>, o Brasil tem mais de 3,6 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos com 75 anos ou mais, o que corresponde a 2% da popula&#231;&#227;o total. Esta faixa et&#225;ria, apesar de proporcionalmente pequena, tem crescido nos &#250;ltimos anos e apresenta uma alta demanda por servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. Ademais, indiv&#237;duos mais idosos apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia de coronariopatia e, quando presente, &#233; mais severa do que nos pacientes mais jovens<sup>10</sup>. O teste ergom&#233;trico apresenta uma boa rela&#231;&#227;o custo-risco-benef&#237;cio para fins diagn&#243;sticos e progn&#243;sticos da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, inclusive na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa<sup>11</sup>. Contudo, numa popula&#231;&#227;o muito idosa (75 anos ou mais), doen&#231;as como: osteo-articulares, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e vasculopatia perif&#233;rica, n&#227;o raro, coexistentes com a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, limitam a capacidade do exerc&#237;cio e podem interferir na obten&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca preconizada. Adicionalmente, fatores psicol&#243;gicos como: medo, ansiedade e falta de motiva&#231;&#227;o, podem interferir no desempenho do exame e at&#233; mesmo em sua seguran&#231;a <sup>12</sup>. Devido a essas co-morbidades, talvez, o teste ergom&#233;trico seja preterido pelo cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>Em fun&#231;&#227;o do exposto, optamos pelo protocolo de Bruce, precedido de 1min de treinamento em baixa velocidade e sem inclina&#231;&#227;o. Op&#231;&#227;o baseada em dois aspectos: 1&#186;) pela familiaridade adotada por todos e 2&#186;) porque os testes realizados em rampa apresentam maior dura&#231;&#227;o e prefer&#234;ncia pelos pacientes mais idosos <sup>13,14</sup>. Freq&#252;entemente, o idoso apresenta um decl&#237;nio gradual da capacidade funcional e, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de co-morbidades, pode interferir em sua toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o e na conclus&#227;o do teste. No entanto, com este protocolo, observamos que 92% dos pacientes atingiram no m&#237;nimo 85% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima e, em m&#233;dia, 96% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima predita. Nossos resultados foram superiores a outros obtidos em idosos, utilizando protocolos convencionais em esteira, os quais atingiram de 80 a 84% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima<sup>13,15</sup>. Kurata e cols, com protocolo em bicicleta, alcan&#231;aram em pacientes de 75 a 88 anos, em m&#233;dia, 84% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima<sup>16</sup>. A despeito das limita&#231;&#245;es de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, pudemos observar que o teste ergom&#233;trico, al&#233;m de seguro, p&#244;de ser considerado eficaz.</p>
    <p>Encontramos uma elevada freq&#252;&#234;ncia de arritmias n&#227;o complexas durante o teste ergom&#233;trico, especialmente extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares e supraventriculares isoladas e monom&#243;rficas. Tivemos apenas 2 epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada, ocorridos no pico do esfor&#231;o e apresentando menos de 5 batimentos. Sabe-se que as arritmias ocorrem mais freq&#252;entemente com a idade, principalmente sob alta carga de esfor&#231;o, mas, n&#227;o necessariamente representam adversidade, exceto quando acompanhadas de respostas isqu&#234;micas<sup>17</sup>. O fato de 11% dos pacientes terem apresentado resposta inotr&#243;pica hiperreativa pode ser justificado pela alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertensos na amostra (50%) associada &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</p>
    <p>Goraya e cols. relataram que apenas a presen&#231;a de angina durante o teste e a capacidade funcional estiveram associadas ao risco de futuros eventos cardiovasculares no paciente idoso, e que a diferen&#231;a adicional de 1 MET era respons&#225;vel por uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 18% nos eventos card&#237;acos e &#243;bitos<sup>11</sup>. Esse fato ressalta a import&#226;ncia de obtermos um teste m&#225;ximo, sintoma limitante, a fim de se aferir de forma fidedigna, o progn&#243;stico do paciente idoso. Vivacqua e cols estudaram 1528 idosos submetidos ao teste ergom&#233;trico, sendo que 10% apresentavam mais de 75 anos e desses, 91% atingiram a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima preconizada e, em m&#233;dia, um duplo produto de 23133 &#177;3218 (bpm x mmHg) e 5,6 METs nas mulheres e 5,9 METs nos homens<sup>18</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo de oxig&#234;nio mioc&#225;rdico ao esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, representado pelo duplo produto, e os equivalentes metab&#243;licos (METs), nossos resultados foram discretamente maiores, o que, talvez, possa ser explicado pela diferen&#231;a de protocolos utilizados.</p>
    <p>Protocolos que resultam em testes de curta dura&#231;&#227;o causam uma grande discrep&#226;ncia entre o consumo de oxig&#234;nio e a carga de trabalho, mas como n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de benef&#237;cio adicional com exerc&#237;cios muito prolongados, sugere-se que 10min seria a dura&#231;&#227;o ideal do exame<sup>19</sup>. Entretanto, devido as co-morbidades e dificuldades encontradas na popula&#231;&#227;o muito idosa, j&#225; descritas anteriormente, que podem interferir no desempenho do exame, tivemos um teste com dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de aproximadamente 7min, a despeito da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de rampa, proporcionando maior dura&#231;&#227;o do teste, quando comparado ao protocolo de Bruce<sup>14</sup>. Considerando a elevada idade destes pacientes, em m&#233;dia 80 anos, e os resultados hemodin&#226;micos obtidos, acreditamos que a dura&#231;&#227;o do exame, equivalente &#224; conclus&#227;o do segundo est&#225;gio do protocolo de Bruce, foi adequada para promover um teste eficaz.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o t&#237;nhamos a pretens&#227;o de estabelecer sensibilidade e especificidade nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, mas baseados no teorema de Bayes, observamos que nossos resultados estariam dentro do esperado. A an&#225;lise pr&#233;-teste &#233; fundamental para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do exame, exigindo o conhecimento da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, dos fatores de risco e especialmente as caracter&#237;sticas da dor tor&#225;cica. Par&#226;metros que fazem parte do teorema de Bayes: a probabilidade de um indiv&#237;duo ter a doen&#231;a &#233; igual &#224; probabilidade pr&#233;-teste do indiv&#237;duo versus o &#237;ndice de probabilidade do teste ser positivo<sup>20</sup>. Este &#237;ndice depende da sensibilidade e especificidade do exame. A determina&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade e especificidade tendo a angiografia como padr&#227;o ouro, incluiu poucos idosos na maioria do estudos dispon&#237;veis<sup>21,22</sup>. Vasilomanolaskis e cols. relataram sensibilidade e especificidade respectivamente de 56,2% e 83,7% para pacientes com menos de 40 anos e 84,4 e 70% para aqueles com mais de 60 anos<sup>23</sup>. Portanto, o teste ergom&#233;trico &#233; mais sens&#237;vel e menos espec&#237;fico para a detec&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana no idoso, quando comparado ao mais jovem. Nossos pacientes com precordialgia t&#237;pica apresentaram resultados positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, significativamente mais freq&#252;entes do que aqueles com dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa ou assintom&#225;ticos, o que est&#225; de acordo com resultados pr&#233;vios <sup>22</sup>. Em indiv&#237;duos idosos, h&#225; uma redu&#231;&#227;o da especificidade do exame, devido a doen&#231;as que afetam a complasc&#234;ncia ventricular, como a hipertens&#227;o arterial, as miocardiopatias e as doen&#231;as valvares, ocasionando altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de repouso, como a depress&#227;o do segmento ST <sup>11</sup>. Contudo, apesar de esperarmos mais resultados falso-positivos, gostar&#237;amos de ressaltar que 25% dos indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos e 50% daqueles com dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o anginosa eram considerados de alto risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, conforme o <italic>score</italic> de risco de Framinghan<sup>8</sup>, justificando, talvez, os resultados positivos obtidos, nestes grupos.</p>
    <p>A despeito das limita&#231;&#245;es do teste ergom&#233;trico, nesta popula&#231;&#227;o muito idosa, o exame pode ser considerado eficaz e seguro. Ademais, no nosso contexto social, devido a sua boa rela&#231;&#227;o custo-risco-benef&#237;cio, salvo suas tradicionais limita&#231;&#245;es, o mesmo seria apropriado como primeiro exame complementar a ser solicitado na pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aos Drs. Alberto M. Soares, Luis Marrochi e Maria N. Matiolli, pela coopera&#231;&#227;o prestada pelo Servi&#231;o de Geriatria.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> E</bold>
        </label>
        <p>
          <bold>ndere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Luciano Janussi Vacanti </p>
        <p> Av. Conselheiro N&#233;bias, 580 sala 81 </p>
        <p>Cep 11045-002 - Santos, SP</p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 26/11/02 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 13/5/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Exercise stress testing is useful, safe, and efficient even in patients aged 75 years or older</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and hemodynamic variables obtained with exercise testing in elderly patients SW &gt;75 years. METHODS: This study assessed 100 patients aged 75-94 years (80&#177;4 years) undergoing symptom-limited exercise testing, 65% of whom were asymptomatic, 25% had nonanginal chest pain, and 10% had typical precordialgia. Of the 100 patients, 32% were males, 50% were hypertensive, 36% were dyslipidemic, 14% were diabetic, and 9% had had previous coronary artery disease. A ramp-adaptation of the Bruce protocol (ramped Bruce protocol) was used, preceded by a 1-minute warm-up with no treadmill incline and a velocity of 1.0 mph. RESULTS: No complications were observed, and 92% of the tests were efficient. On average, the patients reached 95% of the maximum heart rate predicted. The mean duration of the test and the mean metabolic equivalent reached were, respectively, 6.8 &#177;2 minutes and 6.6 &#177;2.3 METs. Eleven patients had a hyperreactive inotropic response, and 37% of the sample had noncomplex ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. Eighteen percent of the tests were positive for myocardial ischemia. The patients with typical precordialgia had more ischemic responses than did those with nonanginal chest pain or those who were asymptomatic: 70% vs 16% (P&lt;0.001) and 70% vs 10% (P&lt;0.01), respectively. CONCLUSION: The symptom-limited exercise test is useful, safe, and efficient for analyzing ischemic and hemodynamic responses, even in very elderly individuals.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>exercise test</kwd>
        <kwd>elderly</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Exercise stress testing is useful, safe, and efficient even in patients aged 75 years or older</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luciano Janussi Vacanti; Luciano B H Sespedes; Ma&#237;ra de Oliveira Sarpi</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Guilherme &#193;lvaro - Faculdade de Medicina - UNILUS - Santos, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To describe the clinical and hemodynamic variables obtained with exercise testing in elderly patients SW <underline>&gt;</underline>75 years.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This study assessed 100 patients aged 75-94 years (80&#177;4 years) undergoing symptom-limited exercise testing, 65% of whom were asymptomatic, 25% had nonanginal chest pain, and 10% had typical precordialgia. Of the 100 patients, 32% were males, 50% were hypertensive, 36% were dyslipidemic, 14% were diabetic, and 9% had had previous coronary artery disease. A ramp-adaptation of the Bruce protocol (ramped Bruce protocol) was used, preceded by a 1-minute warm-up with no treadmill incline and a velocity of 1.0 mph.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No complications were observed, and 92% of the tests were efficient. On average, the patients reached 95% of the maximum heart rate predicted. The mean duration of the test and the mean metabolic equivalent reached were, respectively, 6.8 &#177;2 minutes and 6.6 &#177;2.3 METs. Eleven patients had a hyperreactive inotropic response, and 37% of the sample had noncomplex ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. Eighteen percent of the tests were positive for myocardial ischemia. The patients with typical precordialgia had more ischemic responses than did those with nonanginal chest pain or those who were asymptomatic: 70% vs 16% (P&lt;0.001) and 70% vs 10% (P&lt;0.01), respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The symptom-limited exercise test is useful, safe, and efficient for analyzing ischemic and hemodynamic responses, even in very elderly individuals.</p>
      <p><bold>Key word:</bold> exercise test, elderly, coronary artery disease</p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease is the major cause of death in the Western world. Although its prevalence increases with age, coronary artery disease may be underdiagnosed. It is detected in only 1.8% of the men and 1.5% of the women above the age of 75 years <sup>1</sup>, although an autopsy study of 5,558 patients <sup>2</sup> revealed significant coronary artery disease in 54% of women and 72% of men above the age of 70 years.</p>
      <p>Considering the greater prevalence of atypical symptoms and even the absence of precordialgia in the elderly population, the following factors are important for the diagnosis: clinical suspicion in the presence of risk factors and the help of complementary methodologies <sup>3</sup>. Exercise testing is a low-cost examination, easy to perform, and highly reproducible, and, considering our social reality, it has a good cost-risk-benefit ratio even in very elderly patients. However, due to the difficulties of exercise testing in that age group, such as the presence of comorbidities, anxiety about the test, and lack of motivation to undergo it, in addition to lower functional capacity and tolerance for exercising<sup>4</sup>, we unfortunately have little data about it in a population above the age of 75 years <sup>5</sup>. This study aimed at assessing the applicability of exercise testing in an elderly population followed up on an outpatient care basis, reporting the clinical and hemodynamic variables obtained, and at comparing the frequency of positive results and the patients' clinical characteristics.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The population studied comprised patients followed up at the Cardiology and Geriatric Outpatient Care Clinics of the Hospital Guilherme &#193;lvaro of the Medical School of UNILUS, Santos, S&#227;o Paulo. We consecutively assessed 100 patients, whose ages ranged from 75 to 94 years (mean = 80 &#177; 4 years), 65% of whom were asymptomatic, 25% had nonanginal chest pain, and 10% had typical precordialgia. They were referred for symptom-limited exercise testing. The sample had the following characteristics: 32% were males, 50% hypertensive, 36% dyslipidemic, 14% diabetics, and 9% had previous coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: asymptomatic patients, patients with nonanginal chest pain, or with typical coronary artery disease chest pain, aged 75 years or more, consecutively referred for exercise testing. The exclusion criteria were as follows: bedridden patients; no consent; baseline electrocardiographic abnormalities <sup>5,6</sup>, such as left bundle-branch block, Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome, and depression of the ST segment &gt; 1 mm, with conventional contraindications to exercise testing.</p>
      <p>A 1-minute warm-up with no treadmill inclination and a velocity of 1.0 mph preceded the Bruce treadmill protocol, which was adjusted with gradual, mild increases in velocity and incline (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>). The test was continuously monitored with 12-lead electrocardiography and CM5, with Ergo PC 13 software for Windows, and blood pressure measurements at rest, every 3 minutes during exercise, at peak effort, and every minute during the recovery period. The test was interrupted for the following reasons: exhaustion; diastolic blood pressure increase (DBP) &gt; 120 mmHg in normotensive patients or &gt; 140 mmHg in hypertensive patients; systolic blood pressure increase (SBP) &gt; 260 mmHg; sustained drop in SBP; clinical manifestation of intense typical precordialgia; depression of the ST segment <underline>&gt;</underline>3 mm; elevation in the ST segment <underline>&gt;</underline>2 mm in a lead without the presence of the Q wave; complex ventricular arrhythmia; the appearance of sustained supraventricular tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, or atrial fibrillation; 2nd- or 3rd-degree atrioventricular block, signs of left ventricular failure; failure in the monitoring or recording systems, or both. The presence of typical symptoms or symptoms of straightened or descending depression in the ST segment <underline>&gt;</underline>1.0 mm or ascending depression of the ST segment <underline>&gt;</underline>1.5 mm, 0.08 seconds from the J point, or even an elevation in the ST segment &#179; 1.0 mm, characterized a positive test <sup>5, 6</sup>. The test was considered successful if the patient reached at least 85% of the maximum heart rate recommended (220 &#150; age). Hypertension reactive to effort was defined as SBP levels &gt; 220 mmHg or an elevation of 15 mmHg or more in DBP, or both. The indirect measure of maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max), in METS, was automatically calculated by the software using the formula of the American College of Sports Medicine <sup>7</sup>. The double product was obtained by multiplying the maximum heart rate obtained by the SBP value at peak effort, the patient being allowed to hold the frontal support rails of the treadmill. All medications were suspended for a period equivalent to 5 half-lives before the test.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0147-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The Framingham risk was calculated according to the guidelines on dyslipidemias of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology <sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>A retrosternal pain or discomfort in the form of burning, weight, or oppression triggered by effort or emotion, and relieved with rest or nitrates, was considered typical precordialgia. A sharp or ill-characterized chest pain or discomfort, not related to effort, was considered nonanginal chest pain <sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed with the chi-square test to study the differences in the frequency of positive results for myocardial ischemia among the groups with typical precordialgia, with nonanginal precordialgia, or those who were asymptomatic. In all tests, the rejection level of the null hypothesis was 0.05 or 5% (a <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05). The hemodynamic data were expressed as mean and standard deviation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No complications were observed during or after the tests, which were efficient in 92% of the patients. On average, the tests ended when 95.7&#177;9.6% of the heart rate predicted for age was achieved. The mean duration of the tests was 6.8&#177;2 minutes, and a double product of 24,945.6&#177;4,576 (bpm x mmHg) and mean metabolic equivalent of 6.6&#177;2.3 METs were reached. A hyperreactive inotropic response was found in 11% of the patients, noncomplex arrhythmias (supraventricular or ventricular extrasystoles) in 37%, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 2% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">table II</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0147-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Eighteen percent of the tests suggested myocardial ischemia, and most of these patients had chest pain (55.5%) and were at intermediate or high risk for future cardiovascular events (55.5%), according to the Framingham risk score calculated (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">table III</xref>). Patients with typical precordialgia had significantly more positive tests than did those with nonanginal chest pain [70% versus 16% (P=0.01)] and also more positive tests than asymptomatic patients had [70% versus 10% (P=0.001)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">figure 1</xref>). However, no statistically significant difference was found in the frequency of positive tests among asymptomatic patients and those with nonanginal chest pain [10% versus 16% (P=0.49)].</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0147-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0147-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>According to data from the last census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) <sup>9</sup>, Brazil has more than 3.6 million individuals aged 75 years or older, corresponding to 2% of the total population. Although proportionally small, this age group has been increasing in recent years, as has its demand on health care services. In addition, elderly individuals have a greater prevalence of coronary artery disease, which, when present, is more severe than that in younger patients <sup>10</sup>. Exercise testing has a good cost-risk-benefit ratio for diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease, including in the elderly population <sup>11</sup>. However, in a very old population (75 years or more), diseases, such as osteo-articular disorders, previous stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and peripheral vasculopathy, frequently coexisting with coronary artery disease, limit the capacity to exercise and may interfere with obtainment of the recommended heart rate. In addition, psychological factors, such as fear, anxiety, and lack of motivation, may interfere with test performance and even with safety <sup>12</sup>. Due to these comorbidities, exercise testing may be neglected by clinicians.</p>
      <p>The Bruce protocol was used preceded by a 1-minute warm-up at low velocity and no treadmill inclination based on the 2 following factors: 1) due to the widespread use of Bruce protocol, professionals are acquainted with it; and 2) because tests performed on a ramp last longer and are preferred by elderly patients <sup>13,14</sup>. The elderly usually have a gradual decline in functional capacity, which, even in the absence of comorbidities, may interfere with their tolerance for effort and ability to complete the test. However, with that protocol, we observed that 92% of the patients reached at least 85% of their maximum heart rate, and a mean of 96% of the maximum heart rate predicted for their age. Our results were higher than those obtained in elderly individuals using conventional treadmill protocols, who reached 80% to 84% of the maximum heart rate <sup>13,15</sup>. Kurata et al <sup>16</sup>, with a bicycle protocol, reported that, on average, 84% of the maximum heart rate was reached in patients aged 75 to 88 years. Despite the limitations of our population, exercise testing proved to be safe and efficient.</p>
      <p>A high frequency of noncomplex arrhythmias was found during exercise testing, especially isolated and monomorphic ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles. Only 2 episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia occurred at peak effort, with less than 5 beats. Arrhythmias occur more frequently as age increases, mainly during great effort, but they do not necessarily represent adversity, except when accompanied by ischemic responses <sup>17</sup>. The fact that 11% of the patients had hyperreactive inotropic responses may be justified by the high prevalence of hypertensive patients in the sample (50%) associated with the interruption of medications for undergoing the test.</p>
      <p>Goraya <sup>11</sup> reported that only the presence of angina during the test and functional capacity were associated with the risk of future cardiovascular events in elderly patients, and that the additional difference of 1 MET accounted for an 18%-reduction in cardiac events and death. This fact stresses the importance of reaching a maximum symptom-limited test, to reliably assess the prognosis of elderly patients. Vivacqua et al <sup>18</sup> studied 1,528 elderly persons undergoing exercise testing, 10% of whom were older than 75 years. Of the latter, 91% reached the maximum recommended heart rate, the mean double product of 23,133 &#177;3,218 (bpm x mmHg), and the mean metabolic equivalents of 5.6 METs and 5.9 METs, women and men, respectively. In regard to myocardial oxygen consumption on maximum effort, represented by the double product and metabolic equivalents (METs), our results were slightly greater, which may be explained by the difference in the protocols used.</p>
      <p>Protocols resulting in short-duration tests cause great discrepancy between oxygen consumption and workload, but, as no evidence exists about the additional benefit of very prolonged exercises, 10 minutes has been suggested as the ideal duration for the test <sup>19</sup>. However, due to the already described comorbidities and difficulties found in the very old population, which may interfere with test performance, the mean duration of our tests was approximately 7 minutes, despite the use of the ramp protocol, providing longer test duration as compared with that of the Bruce protocol <sup>14</sup>. Considering the advanced ages of these patients (mean of 80 years), and the hemodynamic results obtained, we believe that the duration of the tests, coinciding with the conclusion of the second stage of the Bruce protocol, was adequate, efficient testing.</p>
      <p>We did not intend to establish sensitivity and specificity in this population, but, based on Bayes theorem, our results were within the expected range. The pretest analysis is fundamental for interpreting the test, requiring knowledge of the clinical history, the risk factors, and especially the characteristics of chest pain. The following parameters are part of Bayes theorem: the probability of an individual having the disease is equal to the pretest probability of the individual versus the probability index of the test being positive <sup>20</sup>. This index depends on the sensitivity and specificity of the test. Most studies available determining the sensitivity and specificity of the test with angiography as the gold standard include very few elderly individuals <sup>21,22</sup>. Vasilomanolaskis et al<sup>23</sup> reported a sensitivity and specificity of 56.2% and 83.7%, respectively, for patients under the age of 40 years, and 84.4% and 70%, respectively, for those over the age of 60 years. Therefore, exercise testing is more sensitive and less specific for detecting coronary atherosclerotic disease in the elderly than in younger persons. Our patients with typical precordialgia had significantly more frequent positive results for myocardial ischemia than did those with nonanginal or asymptomatic chest pain, which is in accordance with results of previous studies <sup>22</sup>. In the elderly, the specificity of the test decreases, due to diseases that affect ventricular compliance, such as arterial hypertension, cardiomyopathies, and valvular diseases, causing electrocardiographic changes at rest, such as depression of the ST segment <sup>11</sup>. However, although more false-positive results are expected, it is worth emphasizing that 25% of the asymptomatic individuals and 50% of those with nonanginal chest pain were considered at high-risk for coronary artery disease, according to the Framingham risk score <sup>8</sup>, perhaps justifying the positive results obtained in these groups.</p>
      <p>Despite the limitations of exercise testing in a very elderly population, the examination may be considered appropriate and safe. Moreover, within our social context, due to the good cost-risk-benefit ratio of the test, except for its traditional limitations, exercise testing is suitable for a first complementary examination in assessing myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank Drs. Alberto M. Soares, Luis Marrochi, and Maria N. Matiolli for their cooperation in the Geriatric Service.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Luciano Janussi Vacanti</p>
          <p> Av. Conselheiro N&#233;bias, 580 - S/81</p>
          <p>Cep 11045-002 - Santos, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lucvacanti@hotmail.com">lucvacanti@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 26/11/02</p>
      <p>Accepted: 13/5/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
