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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LjNwycbS3tnZnnkyvCLVCJD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000200003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000200003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Epidemiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada em Niter&#243;i: Projeto EPICA - Niter&#243;i</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Victer</surname>
            <given-names>Heraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Linhares</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Clovis Monteiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pacheco</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Cen&#233;sio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina Bernardez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gisele Pinto da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>121</fpage>
      <lpage>124</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar entre os hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados de Niter&#243;i o perfil epidemiol&#243;gico, s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico, aspectos cl&#237;nicos, etiologia, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade dos pacientes internados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal prospectivo e multic&#234;ntrico (julho a setembro/ 2001), incluindo todos os pacientes internados com diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, maiores de 18 anos, e com pontua&#231;&#227;o 8 ou superior pelos crit&#233;rios de Boston. RESULTADOS: Inclu&#237;dos 203 pacientes: 98 p&#250;blicos, 50% eram homens, m&#233;dia de idade de 61,1&#177; 11,3 anos, 65% negros, 57% recebiam at&#233; 1 sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo, 56% eram analfabetos, 66% tinham cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica; tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o de 12,6 dias e a taxa de mortalidade ajustada para a idade de 5,23; 105 privados, 49% eram homens, m&#233;dia de idade de 72 &#177; 12,7 anos, 20% negros, 58% recebiam mais de 6 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos, 11% eram analfabetos, 62% eram isqu&#234;micos; o tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar de 8 dias e a taxa de mortalidade ajustada para idade de 2,94. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das co-morbidades e fatores de risco similar entre os pacientes, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, mais freq&#252;ente no servi&#231;o p&#250;blico. CONCLUS&#195;O: Al&#233;m de assimetrias s&#243;cio-econ&#244;micas, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e a taxa mortalidade ajustada para idade foram maiores no servi&#231;o p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Niter&#243;i</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Epidemiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada em Niter&#243;i - Projeto EPICA - Niter&#243;i</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Leandro Reis Tavares; Heraldo Victer; Jos&#233; Maur&#237;cio Linhares; Clovis Monteiro de Barros; Marcus Vinicius Oliveira; Luis Carlos Pacheco; Cen&#233;sio Henrique Viana; Sabrina Bernardez Pereira; Gisele Pinto da Silva; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro e Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Niter&#243;i - Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar entre os hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados de Niter&#243;i o perfil epidemiol&#243;gico, s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico, aspectos cl&#237;nicos, etiologia, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade dos pacientes internados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal prospectivo e multic&#234;ntrico (julho a setembro/ 2001), incluindo todos os pacientes internados com diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, maiores de 18 anos, e com pontua&#231;&#227;o 8 ou superior pelos crit&#233;rios de Boston. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Inclu&#237;dos 203 pacientes: 98 p&#250;blicos, 50% eram homens, m&#233;dia de idade de 61,1&#177; 11,3 anos, 65% negros, 57% recebiam at&#233; 1 sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo, 56% eram analfabetos, 66% tinham cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica; tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o de 12,6 dias e a taxa de mortalidade ajustada para a idade de 5,23; 105 privados, 49% eram homens, m&#233;dia de idade de 72 &#177; 12,7 anos, 20% negros, 58% recebiam mais de 6 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos, 11% eram analfabetos, 62% eram isqu&#234;micos; o tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar de 8 dias e a taxa de mortalidade ajustada para idade de 2,94. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das co-morbidades e fatores de risco similar entre os pacientes, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, mais freq&#252;ente no servi&#231;o p&#250;blico. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Al&#233;m de assimetrias s&#243;cio-econ&#244;micas, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e a taxa mortalidade ajustada para idade foram maiores no servi&#231;o p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, epidemiologia, Niter&#243;i</p>
    <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de definiu que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma das prioridades entre as enfermidades cr&#244;nicas que necessitam de aten&#231;&#227;o dos setores de sa&#250;de em todo o mundo. Apesar dos progressos m&#233;dicos, a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a aumentou nas &#250;ltimas 5 d&#233;cadas e, ainda hoje, a mortalidade pode ultrapassar 50% em 5 anos, a partir do momento do seu diagn&#243;stico<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estima-se que os Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica tenham 4 700 000 portadores desta doen&#231;a, e que 550 000 novos casos surjam anualmente, causando 280 000 mortes/ano<sup>3</sup>. Essa mortalidade &#233; equivalente a do c&#226;ncer e supera a da AIDS. Os gastos norte-americanos j&#225; ultrapassam os US$ 20 bilh&#245;es/ano no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Segundo os dados do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de tivemos cerca de 398 mil interna&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no ano de 2000 com 26 mil mortes. Essas interna&#231;&#245;es correspondem a mais de 30% das interna&#231;&#245;es e consumiram 33% dos gastos com doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, tornando-se a primeira causa de interna&#231;&#227;o de pacientes &gt; 65 anos no SUS. Estima-se que em 2025 o Brasil possua a sexta maior popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos do mundo, aproximadamente 30.000.000 pessoas, ou 15% da popula&#231;&#227;o total, e que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ser&#225; a primeira causa de morte por doen&#231;a cardiovascular no mundo.</p>
    <p>O melhor controle da doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, que, no in&#237;cio do s&#233;culo passado era uma das principais causas da doen&#231;a, bem como os eficientes protocolos de tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas permitiram a cronifica&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes, retardando a mortalidade dessas doen&#231;as, permitindo que evoluam no est&#225;gio final para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; caracterizada por uma fase cr&#244;nica na qual o paciente apresenta-se est&#225;vel e uma outra fase de descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda marcada por reinterna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar freq&#252;ente, outra caracter&#237;stica com importante impacto s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico. Estudos mostram que quase a totalidade dos pacientes internados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca reinterna em at&#233; um ano<sup>6</sup>. Quando avaliamos que estamos tratando de uma popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, com co-morbidades, que necessita de vasto arsenal medicamentoso para controle de sua doen&#231;a e que,mesmo assim, acaba reinternando freq&#252;entemente, podemos conceber um pouco melhor a complexidade e alto custo desta situa&#231;&#227;o. Mesmo nos Estados Unidos o fator s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico &#233; tido como crucial na evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e a baixa renda familiar &#233; um preditor de reinterna&#231;&#227;o<sup>7</sup>. Os custos com interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 70% dos recursos gastos com o manuseio da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Niter&#243;i &#233; uma cidade com 458.465 habitantes e &#233; considerada a terceira em qualidade de vida no pa&#237;s pelo &#205;ndice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal do Programa das Na&#231;&#245;es Unidas para o Desenvolvimento, por&#233;m n&#227;o conhecemos o perfil epidemiol&#243;gico e cl&#237;nico da popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>8</sup>. Estes dados s&#227;o fundamentais para elabora&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas que objetivem melhorar os cuidados na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Este estudo avaliou e comparou o perfil demogr&#225;fico e s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico, al&#233;m de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, entre pacientes admitidos por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada nos hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados de Niter&#243;i.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; um estudo transversal prospectivo que avalia o perfil epidemiol&#243;gico, s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico e cl&#237;nico dos pacientes hospitalizados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, realizado na cidade de Niter&#243;i entre julho e setembro/2001. Elaboramos um question&#225;rio apropriado para coleta de dados, usando um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, assinado pelos pacientes, e o estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes tinham mais de 18 anos, internados sequencialmente nos hospitais participantes com o diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, n&#227;o havendo randomiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O comit&#234; organizador determinou, como amostra populacional para o sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de 10% dos pacientes internados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada na cidade de Niter&#243;i em um ano, 105 pacientes. Como par&#226;metro, foi utilizado DATA-SUS 2000 que registrou 1052 interna&#231;&#245;es. Igual n&#250;mero de pacientes foi inclu&#237;do no sistema privado, pois n&#227;o h&#225; dados na literatura sobre o n&#250;mero de pacientes internados anualmente na cidade de Niter&#243;i nos hospitais privados.</p>
    <p>Os dados foram coletados por uma equipe que entrevistou os pacientes, registrando dados demogr&#225;ficos e consultando os prontu&#225;rios para complementa&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es. O diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi confirmado pelos crit&#233;rios de Boston e os pacientes submetidos a tratamento estat&#237;stico tinham pontua&#231;&#227;o 8 ou maior pelos mesmos crit&#233;rios: 98 no sistema p&#250;blico e 105 no sistema privado.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelos testes de chi-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, para compara&#231;&#245;es de propor&#231;&#245;es. Para compara&#231;&#245;es de m&#233;dias entre dois grupos independentes foi aplicado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney, na aus&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou com um n&#250;mero pequeno de eventos. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi usado para avaliar o grau de associa&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi ajustada para idade utilizando-se o m&#233;todo indireto. As mortalidades esperadas para as idades de 61 e 72 anos foram retiradas da t&#225;bua de mortalidade do IBGE 2000.</p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi o n&#237;vel de 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo software estat&#237;stico SAS<sup>&#174;</sup> System.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Analisamos dados de 203 pacientes, 98 internados nos hospitais p&#250;blicos e 105 nos hospitais privados. Os resultados encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0121-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Comparativamente, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo. A m&#233;dia de idade foi acentuadamente diferente, havendo uma d&#233;cada de diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes do servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico e do privado, sendo que no servi&#231;o p&#250;blico encontravam-se mais analfabetos e pessoas com renda familiar de at&#233; 1 sal&#225;rio-m&#237;nimo.</p>
    <p>Quando analisamos fatores de risco e comorbidades, houve uma distribui&#231;&#227;o semelhante e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, exceto quanto ao tabagismo, mais prevalente no servi&#231;o p&#250;blico (p=0,001). A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco e comorbidades acham-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0121-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os pacientes foram internados, na sua imensa maioria em classe funcional III e IV, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as entre os servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico e privado. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pois 2/3 dos pacientes, em ambos os servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, eram portadores da doen&#231;a de etiologia isqu&#234;mica. O abandono do tratamento foi a principal causa de descompensa&#231;&#227;o no servi&#231;o p&#250;blico.</p>
    <p>Apesar do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o maior no grupo de pacientes proveniente do servi&#231;o p&#250;blico e das j&#225; relatadas diferen&#231;as s&#243;cio-econ&#244;micas, inicialmente n&#227;o foram verificadas diferen&#231;as na mortalidade dos grupos. Ap&#243;s o ajuste da mortalidade para a idade, pois havia uma diferen&#231;a de uma d&#233;cada na m&#233;dia de idade dos servi&#231;os, verificamos uma mortalidade ajustada para idade menor no servi&#231;o privado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo pioneiro retrata a medicina baseada em brasileiros, demonstrando as assimetrias do perfil epidemiol&#243;gico e as condi&#231;&#245;es s&#243;cio-econ&#244;micas no servi&#231;o p&#250;blico e privado de sa&#250;de da cidade de Niter&#243;i.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma das mais importantes causas de admiss&#227;o hospitalar no SUS. Seu impacto social e econ&#244;mico obriga-nos a uma compreens&#227;o aprofundada do tema para que possamos organizar estruturas de sa&#250;de, otimizar custos e, principalmente, melhorar a qualidade de vida e a sobrevida dos pacientes, aplicando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos que reduzam a morbi-mortalidade.</p>
    <p>Poucos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos avaliaram os pacientes hospitalizados. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela II</xref> apresenta estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes hospitalizados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada e suas caracter&#237;sticas, sendo que apenas Villacorta e cols.<sup>6</sup> e Barretto e cols.<sup>9</sup> em nosso meio relataram s&#233;rie de pacientes admitidos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada em centros terci&#225;rios.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0121-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas s&#243;cio-econ&#244;micas de nossos pacientes refletem as profundas desigualdades que marcam nossa sociedade, por vezes consideradas distantes, ou que negamos nos alentando na expectativa da melhora, por&#233;m, desigualdades essas que se tornam mais exuberantes na frieza dos n&#250;meros.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante a diferen&#231;a de uma d&#233;cada na m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes do servi&#231;o p&#250;blico e privado (61 &#177; 11,3 <italic>vs</italic> 72 &#177; 12,7 anos). A m&#233;dia de idade do paciente do servi&#231;o p&#250;blico ficou abaixo dos 65 anos, a observada como predisponente para o aparecimento da doen&#231;a pelo estudo de Framingham<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o similar entre homens e mulheres com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no EPICA-Niter&#243;i, foi um achado a ser melhor explicado, pois n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica que substancie uma diferen&#231;a t&#227;o grande entre a popula&#231;&#227;o acometida pela doen&#231;a na nossa cidade e em outros pa&#237;ses, cabendo aos homens maior propor&#231;&#227;o de portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Fato esse evidenciado pelo estudo Framingham<sup>2</sup>, e confirmado por Vilacortta e cols.<sup>6</sup> e Barretto e cols.<sup>9</sup> que avaliaram pacientes idosos hospitalizados pela doen&#231;a em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as s&#243;cio-econ&#244;micas verificadas correspondem &#224; heran&#231;a social de nosso pa&#237;s, com um predom&#237;nio de negros no sistema p&#250;blico (65%) e um predom&#237;nio de n&#227;o-negros na rede privada (80%).</p>
    <p>O menor acesso ao sistema de sa&#250;de e as dificuldades econ&#244;micas fazem com que os pacientes do servi&#231;o p&#250;blico, provavelmente, sejam acometidos mais precocemente pelas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e/ou apresentem uma menor ades&#227;o terap&#234;utica, acarretando mortes mais precoces. O baixo grau de instru&#231;&#227;o e a baixa renda j&#225; foram identificados por Philbin e cols.7, como fatores de risco e/ou agravantes tanto para o desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca quanto para a readmiss&#227;o hospitalar. Nosso estudo, que avaliou pioneiramente no pa&#237;s as condi&#231;&#245;es s&#243;cio-econ&#244;micas, encontrou baixa escolaridade (56% de analfabetos) e baixa renda (57% tem renda de at&#233; 1 sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo) na popula&#231;&#227;o do setor p&#250;blico. A taxa de analfabetismo do servi&#231;o privado tamb&#233;m n&#227;o &#233; desprez&#237;vel chegando a 11% dos pacientes, por&#233;m a renda &#233; bem mais alta, atingindo renda maior que 6 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos para 58% dos pacientes do servi&#231;o privado.</p>
    <p>Nos dois servi&#231;os, os pacientes foram corretamente internados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, com classe funcional III (p&#250;blico 50% e privado 43%) ou IV (p&#250;blico 42% e privado 55%). Villacorta e cols.,<sup>6</sup> ressaltam uma mortalidade maior, no primeiro ano, dos pacientes que chegam &#224; sala de emerg&#234;ncia em classe funcional IV.</p>
    <p>A etiologia isqu&#234;mica foi a mais prevalente em ambos os servi&#231;os, ulrapassando os 60% dos pacientes e n&#227;o foi identificada rela&#231;&#227;o entre a etiologia e o progn&#243;stico do paciente. Bart e cols.<sup>11</sup> demonstraram que a etiologia isqu&#234;mica &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade, por&#233;m Cohn e col.<sup>12</sup> e Parameshwar e col.<sup>13</sup> n&#227;o relacionaram a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica com pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Quando verificado o tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de nossos pacientes (8 dias na rede privada e 12,6 dias na p&#250;blica) foi observado que n&#227;o h&#225; grande diferen&#231;a entre estudos internacionais e os dados do SUS. Registro Sueco<sup>14</sup> demonstra tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar com a doen&#231;a em 1996 de 10,7 dias. Apesar disso, nosso tempo m&#233;dio de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o tanto no sistema p&#250;blico quanto no privado foi superior ao verificado pelo DATA-SUS em 2000<sup>4</sup>. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela III</xref> compara dados do SUS no Brasil e em Niter&#243;i.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0121-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A mortalidade do servi&#231;o p&#250;blico, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, mostrou-se maior que a do servi&#231;o privado. Nossa mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi superior &#224; verificada pelo DATA-SUS 2000, que foi de 6,6% na m&#233;dia Brasil e de 6,2% em Niter&#243;i, por&#233;m ainda inferior a verificada por Vilacortta e cols.,<sup>6</sup> Barretto e cols.,<sup>9</sup> e Croft e cols.<sup>10</sup>. Esses dados apontam para a necessidade de uma pol&#237;tica cont&#237;nua de aten&#231;&#227;o com a qualidade dos cuidados cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>O achado de maior mortalidade no setor p&#250;blico necessita de novas pesquisas, avaliando o porqu&#234; dessa diferen&#231;a: se &#233; devida ao acesso a recursos especializados (leitos de terapia intensiva, suporte inotr&#243;pico, e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular), se pelo acesso a tratamentos em observ&#226;ncia &#224;s diretrizes da SBC ou se h&#225; rela&#231;&#227;o com a qualifica&#231;&#227;o do profissional respons&#225;vel. Talvez um pouco de cada uma dessas vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>O profissional do s&#233;culo XXI dever&#225; n&#227;o apenas estar engajado na busca de novos conhecimentos, mas tamb&#233;m em busca da aplica&#231;&#227;o dos avan&#231;os terap&#234;uticos na sua regi&#227;o (estados de efetividade - fundamentais na constru&#231;&#227;o de um sistema de sa&#250;de de qualidade com compromisso social). No futuro, os indicadores de desempenho dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de balizar&#227;o os pacientes no momento das suas escolhas e na cobran&#231;a pela adequada gest&#227;o dos recursos empregados pelo governo e pelas seguradoras de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> E</bold>
        </label>
        <p>ndere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia </p>
        <p>Leandro Reis Tavares </p>
        <p> Rua Ot&#225;vio Carneiro, 110/201 </p>
        <p>Cep 24230-191 - Niter&#243;i, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="reis@nitnet.com.br">reis@nitnet.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 30/12/02 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 5/6/03</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology of decompensated heart failure in the city of Niter&#243;i: EPICA - Niter&#243;i Project</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare the epidemiological and socioeconomic profiles, clinical features, etiology, length of hospitalization, and mortality of patients with decompensated heart failure admitted to public and private hospitals in the city of Niter&#243;i. METHODS: We carried out a prospective, multicenter study (from July to September 2001) comprising all patients older than 18 years with the primary diagnosis of heart failure and admitted to hospitals in the city of Niter&#243;i, whose scores according to the Boston criteria were 8 or above. Proportions were compared using the chi-square and Fisher exact tests. RESULTS: The sample comprised 203 patients as follows: 1) 98 patients from public hospitals: 50% were men, their mean age was 61.1&#177;11.3 years, 65% were black, 57% had an income of 1 minimum wage or less, 56% were illiterate, 66% had ischemic heart disease, their mean length of hospitalization was 12.6 days, and the mortality rate adjusted for age was 5.23; 2) 105 patients from private hospitals: 49% were men, their mean age was 72&#177;12.7 years, 20% were black, 58% had an income greater than 6 minimum wages, 11% were illiterate, 62% had ischemic heart disease, their mean length of hospitalization was 8 days, and the mortality rate adjusted for age was 2.94. The distribution of comorbidities and risk factors was similar among the patients of the 2 hospital systems, except for the smoking habit, which was more frequent among patients from public hospitals. CONCLUSION: In addition to the socioeconomic asymmetries, the hospitalization length and the mortality rate adjusted for age were greater in patients in the public health system.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Niter&#243;i</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Epidemiology of decompensated heart failure in the city of Niter&#243;i - EPICA - Niter&#243;i Project</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Leandro Reis Tavares; Heraldo Victer; Jos&#233; Maur&#237;cio Linhares; Clovis Monteiro de Barros; Marcus Vinicius Oliveira; Luis Carlos Pacheco; Cen&#233;sio Henrique Viana; Sabrina Bernardez Pereira; Gisele Pinto da Silva; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro and Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Niter&#243;i<bold> - </bold>Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare the epidemiological and socioeconomic profiles, clinical features, etiology, length of hospitalization, and mortality of patients with decompensated heart failure admitted to public and private hospitals in the city of Niter&#243;i.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We carried out a prospective, multicenter study (from July to September 2001) comprising all patients older than 18 years with the primary diagnosis of heart failure and admitted to hospitals in the city of Niter&#243;i, whose scores according to the Boston criteria were 8 or above. Proportions were compared using the chi-square and Fisher exact tests.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The sample comprised 203 patients as follows: 1) 98 patients from public hospitals: 50% were men, their mean age was 61.1&#177;11.3 years, 65% were black, 57% had an income of 1 minimum wage or less, 56% were illiterate, 66% had ischemic heart disease, their mean length of hospitalization was 12.6 days, and the mortality rate adjusted for age was 5.23; 2) 105 patients from private hospitals: 49% were men, their mean age was 72&#177;12.7 years, 20% were black, 58% had an income greater than 6 minimum wages, 11% were illiterate, 62% had ischemic heart disease, their mean length of hospitalization was 8 days, and the mortality rate adjusted for age was 2.94. The distribution of comorbidities and risk factors was similar among the patients of the 2 hospital systems, except for the smoking habit, which was more frequent among patients from public hospitals.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In addition to the socioeconomic asymmetries, the hospitalization length and the mortality rate adjusted for age were greater in patients in the public health system.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> heart failure, epidemiology, Niter&#243;i</p>
      <p>The World Health Organization has defined heart failure as one of the priorities among the chronic illnesses requiring attention from health sectors worldwide. Despite medical progress, the prevalence of the disease has increased in the past 5 decades, and currently, the mortality rate may exceed 50% in 5 years from the time the disease is diagnosed <sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is estimated that the United States has 4.7 million patients with heart failure, and that 550,000 new cases appear annually, causing 280,000 deaths/year <sup>3</sup>. This mortality is equivalent to that due to cancer and exceeds that due to AIDS. The North American expenditures for the treatment of heart failure already exceed US$ 20 billion/year.</p>
      <p>According to the data of the Unified Health System in Brazil (SUS), approximately 398,000 hospitalizations and 26,000 deaths occurred due to heart failure in the year 2000. Heart failure accounts for more than 30% of the total of hospitalizations and for 33% of the expenditures with diseases of the circulatory system, and is the first cause of hospitalization of patients &gt; 65 years in the SUS <sup>4</sup>. It is estimated that in 2025, Brazil will have the sixth greatest elderly population in the world, approximately 30 million people, or 15% of its entire population, and that heart failure will be the first cause of death due to cardiovascular disease in the world.</p>
      <p>The better control of rheumatic disease, which, in the beginning of last century, was 1 of the major causes of disease, in addition to the efficient protocols to treat systemic arterial hypertension and acute coronary syndromes, allowed these patients to become chronic, delaying death due to these diseases and allowing the patients to evolve in the final stages to heart failure <sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Heart failure is characterized by a chronic phase in which the patient is stable and another phase of acute decompensation marked by frequent rehospitalizations, another characteristic with a significant socioeconomic impact. Some studies have shown that almost all patients hospitalized due to heart failure are hospitalized again within 1 year <sup>6</sup>. Considering that we are dealing with an elderly population with comorbidities, in need of a vast medicamentous armamentarium to control diseases, and that, in addition, ends up with frequent rehospitalizations, we can better understand the complexity and high cost of the situation. Even in the United States, the socioeconomic factor is considered crucial to the evolution of this disease, the low familial income being a predictor of rehospitalization <sup>7</sup>. The costs of hospitalization account for 70% of the resources expended during heart failure management.</p>
      <p>The city of Niter&#243;i has 458,465 inhabitants and is considered the third city in the country regarding the quality of life according to the Index of Municipal Human Development of the United Nations Program for Development; however, the epidemiological and clinical profiles of the population are not known <sup>8</sup>. These data are fundamental for the elaboration of public polices aiming at improving health care in heart failure. This study assessed and compared the demographic and socioeconomic profiles, in addition to the clinical characteristics, of patients admitted to public and private hospitals in the city of Niter&#243;i due to decompensated heart failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a prospective cross-sectional study that assesses the epidemiological, socioeconomic, and clinical profiles of patients hospitalized due to decompensated heart failure in the city of Niter&#243;i between July and September 2001. We developed a questionnaire appropriate for data collection using written informed consent signed by the patients. The study was approved by the committee on ethics in research of the medical school of the Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      <p>The study sample comprised all patients older than 18 years sequentially admitted to the participating hospitals with the primary diagnosis of decompensated heart failure, with no randomization.</p>
      <p>The organizing committee determined as a population sample for the public health system 10% of the patients hospitalized due to decompensated heart failure in the city of Niter&#243;i in 1 year, which was 105 patients. The parameter used was the DATA-SUS 2000, which recorded 1052 hospitalizations. An equal number of patients was collected in the private hospital system, because no data exist in the literature about the number of patients admitted to private hospitals per year in the city of Niter&#243;i.</p>
      <p>Data were collected by a team that interviewed the patients, recording demographic data and consulting the medical records to complement information. The diagnosis of heart failure was confirmed by the Boston criteria, and the patients whose score was 8 or above underwent statistical treatment: 98 patients in the public health system and 105 patients in the private health system.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed with the chi-square and Fisher exact tests for comparing proportions. For comparing the means between the 2 independent groups, the Student <italic>t</italic> test and the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test were used in the absence of normal distribution or with a small number of events. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the degree of association between 2 numerical variables. In-hospital mortality was adjusted for age using the indirect method. The mortalities expected for ages between 61 and 72 years were collected from the mortality table of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) 2000.</p>
      <p>The significance level adopted was 5%. The statistical analysis was performed with SAS<sup>&#174;</sup> System statistical software.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study analyzed data from 203 patients, 98 admitted to public hospitals and 105 to private hospitals. The results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0121-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Comparatively, no difference was observed in the distribution by sex. The mean age was extremely different, with 1 decade of difference between the patients from the public and private health systems. In the public hospitals, more illiterate individuals and those whose familial income did not exceed 1 minimum wage were found.</p>
      <p>In regard to risk factors and comorbidities, a similar distribution was observed with no statistically significant difference, except for smoking, which prevailed among patients from the public health service (P=0.001). The distribution of the risk factors and comorbidities are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0121-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Most patients were hospitalized in functional classes III and IV, no difference being observed between the public and private health services. No difference was also found in regard to the etiology of the heart failure, because 2/3 of the patients in both health services had the ischemic etiology of the disease. Treatment suspension was the major cause of decompensation in the public health service.</p>
      <p>Despite the longer length of hospitalization in the group of patients from the public health service and the already reported socioeconomic differences, initially no difference was observed in mortality between the groups. After adjusting mortality to age, because a difference of 1 decade existed between the mean ages of the services, a lower mortality adjusted for age was observed in the private health service.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This pioneering study portrays Brazilian-based medicine showing the asymmetries in the epidemiological profile and the socioeconomic conditions in the public and private health sectors in the city of Niter&#243;i.</p>
      <p>Heart failure is one of the most important causes of hospital admission in the SUS <sup>4</sup>. Its social and economic impact forces us to develop an in-depth understanding of this issue, so as to allow for organization of health care structures, optimization of costs, and mainly improvement in the quality of life and in the patients' survival, using medication that reduces morbidity and mortality.</p>
      <p>Few epidemiological studies have assessed hospitalized patients. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table II</xref> shows studies that assess hospitalized patients with decompensated heart failure and their characteristics. Only Villacorta et al <sup>6</sup> and Barretto et al <sup>9</sup> in Brazil have reported a series of patients admitted with decompensated heart failure in tertiary centers.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0121-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The socioeconomic characteristics of our patients reflect the great inequalities of our society, which are either overlooked or denied in hope of improvement. These inequalities, however, are highlighted by the objectivity of numerical figures.</p>
      <p>The difference of 1 decade between the mean age of patients of the public and private health services (61&#177;11.3 vs 72&#177;12.7 years) is noteworthy. The mean age of the patients of the public health service was lower than 65 years, which, in the Framingham Study, was reported as the age predisposing persons to the appearance of the disease <sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The similar distribution observed between men and women with heart failure in the EPICA-Niter&#243;i project is a finding that deserves better explanation, as no scientific evidence exists supporting such a great difference between the population suffering from the disease in our city and that in other countries, men corresponding to the greatest proportion of individuals affected by heart failure. This fact was evidenced in the Framingham Study <sup>2</sup> and confirmed by Villacorta et al <sup>6</sup> and Barretto et al <sup>9</sup>, who studied elderly patients hospitalized due to the disease in our country.</p>
      <p>The socioeconomic differences observed correspond to the social heritage in our country, with a predominance of blacks in the public health system (65%) and a predominance of nonblacks in the private health system (80%).</p>
      <p>The lower access to health care and economic difficulties may cause the patients of the public health system to be affected earlier by cardiovascular diseases or to have a lower adherence to treatment, or both, resulting in earlier deaths. The low degree of instruction and the low income had already been identified by Philbin et al 7 as risk or worsening factors, or both, for the development of heart failure or for hospital readmission. Our study, which pioneered in assessing the socioeconomic conditions in our country, found a low educational level (56% of illiteracy) and a low income (57% earns up to 1 minimum wage) in the population assisted by the public health system. The illiteracy rate among the patients assisted by the private health system is not also insignificant, reaching 11% of the patients; the income, however, is much higher, with 58% of the patients in the private health system earning more than 6 minimum wages.</p>
      <p>In both systems, the patients have been correctly hospitalized with decompensated heart failure in functional classes III (public health system, 50%; private health system, 43%) or IV (public health system, 42%; and private health system, 55%). In his study, Villacorta <sup>6</sup> highlighted a higher mortality rate in the first year for patients arriving at the emergency unit in functional class IV.</p>
      <p>The ischemic etiology prevailed in both systems, exceeding 60% of the patients. No correlation was found between the etiology of heart failure and the patient's prognosis. Bart et al <sup>11</sup> reported that the ischemic cause is an independent predictor of mortality; Cohn et al <sup>12</sup> and Parameshwar et al <sup>13</sup>, however, reported no relation between ischemic heart failure and worse prognosis.</p>
      <p>Analyzing the length of hospitalization of our patients (8 days in the private health system and 12.6 days in the public health system), no great difference exists compared with that in the international studies and data from SUS. A Swedish study <sup>14</sup> reported a mean length of hospitalization for patients with heart failure in 1996 of 10.7 days. Nevertheless, our mean length of hospitalization both in the public and private health systems was longer than that reported by DATA-SUS in 2000 <sup>4</sup>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table III</xref> compares data from SUS in Brazil and in the city of Niter&#243;i.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0121-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mortality rate in the public health system after adjusting for age was greater than that in the private health system. Our in-hospital mortality rate was greater than that reported by DATA-SUS 2000, which was 6.6% for Brazil and 6.2% in the city of Niter&#243;i; however, it was still lower than that reported by Villacorta <sup>6</sup>, Barretto <sup>9</sup>, and Croft <sup>10</sup>. These data indicate the need for continuous policing concerning the quality of cardiovascular care.</p>
      <p>The reason for the greater mortality rate found in the public health system requires further studies assessing this difference: whether it is due to access to specialized resources (intensive care beds, inotropic support, and cardiovascular monitoring) or to access to treatment in accordance with the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, or whether a relation with the qualification of the professional responsible exists. Maybe it is a mixture of all these variables.</p>
      <p>The professional of the 21st century should not only be engaged in the search for new knowledge but also for the application of therapeutic advances in his region (states of effectiveness &#150; fundamental for the construction of a health system having quality and social commitment). In the future, the performance indicators of the health services will guide patients at the time of choice and in claiming the appropriate management of the resources from the government and the health management organizations.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Leandro Reis Tavares</p>
          <p> Rua Ot&#225;vio Carneiro, 110/201</p>
          <p>Cep 24230-191 - Niter&#243;i, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="reis@nitnet.com.br">reis@nitnet.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 12/30/02</p>
      <p>Accepted: 6/5/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
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