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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Q9xwLMtFT3BrpX4mKTB8wyS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000200002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000200002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ra&#231;a e les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo da hipertens&#227;o arterial em pacientes atendidos em um ambulat&#243;rio universit&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia na cidade de Salvador</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noblat</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Beisl</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Barreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>111</fpage>
      <lpage>115</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a ra&#231;a do paciente estaria associada &#224; presen&#231;a de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, acidente vascular cerebral e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica em hipertensos atendidos em ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia em Salvador-BA. M&#201;TODOS: Analisados dados de 622 pacientes com o primeiro atendimento em ambulat&#243;rio de hipertens&#227;o, entre 1982 e 1986, e identificados os com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via ou seq&#252;ela de acidente vascular cerebral, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ou insufici&#234;ncia renal (creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 1,4 mg/dL). Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram utilizados para estimar odds ratio (OR) da associa&#231;&#227;o entre ra&#231;a (mulatos ou negros vs brancos) e les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo de hipertens&#227;o, ajustadas para sexo e idade. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi 53,8&#177;14,3 anos, 74,1% mulheres. Quanto &#224; ra&#231;a, 15,1% eram brancos, 65,9% mulatos e 19,0% negros. Acidente vascular cerebral foi significantemente mais freq&#252;ente em negros ou mulatos do que em brancos (odds ratio ajustada (ORa)=3,44; intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) 95%=1,23-9,67). Quanto &#224;s associa&#231;&#245;es envolvendo ra&#231;a com os eventos hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e insufici&#234;ncia renal as ORa n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significantes, mas foram consistentes com maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e insufici&#234;ncia renal em negros e mulatos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Negros e mulatos hipertensos t&#234;m maior risco de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o alvo do que brancos, com diferen&#231;a racial maior para acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal. Deve ser avaliada se diferen&#231;as raciais em mortalidade relacionada a complica&#231;&#245;es da hipertens&#227;o influenciam as associa&#231;&#245;es observadas entre ra&#231;a e les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>ra&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>negro</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ra&#231;a e les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo da hipertens&#227;o arterial em pacientes atendidos em um ambulat&#243;rio universit&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia na cidade de Salvador</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Antonio Carlos Beisl Noblat; Marcelo Barreto Lopes; Antonio Alberto Lopes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos - Universidade Federal da Bahia - Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar se a ra&#231;a do paciente estaria associada &#224; presen&#231;a de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, acidente vascular cerebral e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica em hipertensos atendidos em ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia em Salvador-BA. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Analisados dados de 622 pacientes com o primeiro atendimento em ambulat&#243;rio de hipertens&#227;o, entre 1982 e 1986, e identificados os com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via ou seq&#252;ela de acidente vascular cerebral, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ou insufici&#234;ncia renal (creatinina s&#233;rica <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,4 mg/dL). Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram utilizados para estimar odds ratio (OR) da associa&#231;&#227;o entre ra&#231;a (mulatos ou negros vs brancos) e les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo de hipertens&#227;o, ajustadas para sexo e idade. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi 53,8&#177;14,3 anos, 74,1% mulheres. Quanto &#224; ra&#231;a, 15,1% eram brancos, 65,9% mulatos e 19,0% negros. Acidente vascular cerebral foi significantemente mais freq&#252;ente em negros ou mulatos do que em brancos (odds ratio ajustada (ORa)=3,44; intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) 95%=1,23-9,67). Quanto &#224;s associa&#231;&#245;es envolvendo ra&#231;a com os eventos hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e insufici&#234;ncia renal as ORa n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significantes, mas foram consistentes com maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e insufici&#234;ncia renal em negros e mulatos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Negros e mulatos hipertensos t&#234;m maior risco de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o alvo do que brancos, com diferen&#231;a racial maior para acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal. Deve ser avaliada se diferen&#231;as raciais em mortalidade relacionada a complica&#231;&#245;es da hipertens&#227;o influenciam as associa&#231;&#245;es observadas entre ra&#231;a e les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> ra&#231;a, negro, hipertens&#227;o arterial</p>
    <p>Estudos realizados nos Estados Unidos mostram que a hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; mais freq&#252;ente em negros do que em brancos<sup>1</sup> e as diferen&#231;as s&#227;o maiores para as formas mais graves e as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; doen&#231;a, particularmente insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, acidente vascular cerebral e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda<sup>2-4</sup>. Similarmente ao observado nos Estados Unidos, no Brasil, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; maior nos negros do que em brancos<sup>5-11</sup> e as diferen&#231;as raciais maiores para as formas mais graves de doen&#231;a<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>De acordo com os dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica, a cidade de Salvador (BA), tem a maior popula&#231;&#227;o de descendentes dos negros africanos. Em 1990, os indiv&#237;duos classificados como negros ou miscigenados (pardos ou mulatos) representavam, aproximadamente, 80% dos 2.500.000 habitantes da cidade<sup>12</sup>. A composi&#231;&#227;o &#233;tnico/racial da Bahia e, especialmente, de Salvador e rec&#244;ncavo baiano, resultou da intensa miscigena&#231;&#227;o dos brancos portugueses com negras africanas<sup>13</sup>. No entanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar na popula&#231;&#227;o, pessoas com caracter&#237;sticas raciais bastante diversas, variando do branco, semelhante ao europeu, ao negro, com tra&#231;os marcantes dos ancestrais africanos. Comparamos pacientes de diversos grupos raciais (branco, mulato, negro), atendidos em ambulat&#243;rio de hipertens&#227;o de um hospital universit&#225;rio da cidade de Salvador com o objetivo principal de avaliar se existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ra&#231;a do paciente e a presen&#231;a de dados indicativos de acidente vascular cerebral, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ou insufici&#234;ncia renal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Desenho de estudo transversal com amostragem por demanda assistencial, utilizando dados de 622 hipertensos admitidos no ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia para hipertens&#227;o arterial do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos da Universidade Federal da Bahia, de agosto de 1982 a julho de 1986. A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes constou de anamnese e exame f&#237;sico, seguindo um protocolo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial incluiu os exames: sum&#225;rio de urina, determina&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de ur&#233;ia, creatinina, &#225;cido &#250;rico, s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio, glicemia em jejum, colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es, triglic&#233;rides e eletrocardiograma de rotina.</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio no bra&#231;o direito em tr&#234;s posi&#231;&#245;es (deitado, sentado e em p&#233;), com intervalos de 2min entre as medidas, utilizando-se o esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio e bra&#231;adeiras com manguito para adulto, de 12cm de largura por 23 cm de comprimento. O manguito era insuflado at&#233; 30mmHg acima da medida da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) previamente aferida pelo m&#233;todo palpat&#243;rio, feita a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o lenta, a uma velocidade de 2 a 3mmHg por segundo e determinada pela ausculta do 1&#186; som cont&#237;nuo (fase I dos sons de Korotkoff) e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) pelo desaparecimento do som (fase V). As press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e a diast&#243;lica foram determinadas atrav&#233;s das m&#233;dias das tr&#234;s medidas iniciais. Hipertens&#227;o arterial foi definida como PAS<underline>&gt;</underline> 140mmHg e/ou PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 90mmHg, ou o uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. Os pacientes foram classificados quanto &#224; etiologia da doen&#231;a em prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria. Quanto &#224; gravidade, foi categorizada em leve, moderada e grave, segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#233;poca da coleta dos dados<sup>14</sup>. Os pacientes que j&#225; apresentavam les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo foram considerados como graves, independente dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos.</p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es da hipertens&#227;o arterial foram avaliadas atrav&#233;s de dados do exame cl&#237;nico inicial e m&#233;todos complementares solicitados na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial. Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda foi diagnosticada atrav&#233;s de crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. Acidente vascular cerebral foi identificado por hist&#243;ria de evento pr&#233;vio (incluindo acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio) ou sua seq&#252;ela, atrav&#233;s do exame f&#237;sico.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial em um dos pais, av&#243;s ou irm&#227;os foram considerados como hist&#243;ria familiar positiva. A dura&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a diagnosticada foi estratificada em tr&#234;s n&#237;veis, (&lt;1 ano, <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 a &lt; 10 e <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 anos). A proced&#234;ncia foi classificada em Capital (Salvador), interior ou outro estado e a ra&#231;a, em 3 grupos: branca, mulata e negra, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Krieger<sup>15</sup>, modificada por Azevedo<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) foi utilizada para comparar m&#233;dias entre os tr&#234;s grupos raciais e o teste do qui-quadrado para comparar propor&#231;&#245;es. Quando os dados n&#227;o foram compat&#237;veis com o uso do qui-quadrado, utilizou-se o teste exato de Fisher. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla foi usada para estimar a o<italic>dds ratio</italic> da associa&#231;&#227;o entre ra&#231;a (branco como refer&#234;ncia) e cada tipo de les&#227;o de org&#227;os-alvo. A <italic>odds ratio</italic> foi ajustada para sexo e idade: &lt; 35 anos, 35-49 anos, 50-59 anos, <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 anos. O <italic>software</italic> <italic>Statistical Package for Social Science -</italic> S<italic>PSS,</italic> vers&#227;o 10.0 para <italic>Windows</italic> foi utilizado para os testes param&#233;tricos e a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla<sup>17, 18</sup>. Utilizou-se o m&#243;dulo <italic>exact2k</italic> do <italic>software</italic> <italic>Computer Programs for Epidemiologists</italic>: PEPI, vers&#227;o 3, para o teste exato de Fisher<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra foi composta de 622 pacientes, 94 (15,1%) brancos, 410 (65,9%) mulatos e 118 (19,0%) negros. O sexo feminino contribuiu com 461 (74,1%) pacientes. Pacientes procedentes da cidade Salvador corresponderam a aproximadamente 85,4% da amostra, n&#227;o sendo observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante, quanto &#224; proced&#234;ncia, entre os grupos raciais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. I</xref>). A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 53,8&#177;14,3 (mediana = 55,0) anos em brancos, 47,3&#177;13,3 (mediana = 47) anos em mulatos e 48,3&#177;14,1 (mediana = 48,5) anos em negros (p&lt;0,001)<italic>.</italic></p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0111-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela I</xref> mostra que, aproximadamente, 27,1% dos pacientes sabiam ser hipertensos h&#225; menos de 1 ano, 50,4% entre 1 e 10 anos, e 22,5% h&#225; mais de 10 anos, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos raciais (p = 0,809). Formas secund&#225;rias de hipertens&#227;o arterial foram diagnosticadas em cerca de 2,1% dos brancos, 3,7% dos mulatos e 1,7% dos negros (p = 0,153). Historia familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi relatada por 56,4% dos brancos, 59,0% dos mulatos e 50,8% dos negros (p = 0,283) com a preval&#234;ncia de formas graves ou aceleradas maiores em negros (51,3%) e mulatos (49,9%) do que em brancos (41,5%); no entanto, a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,249). Tratamento para hipertens&#227;o arterial na &#233;poca da primeira visita ambulatorial foi referido por 81,9% dos brancos, 79,3% dos mulatos e 76,3% dos negros (p = 0,598). No grupo de pacientes que n&#227;o estavam em uso de antihipertensivos, a m&#233;dia de PAS variou significantemente (p=0,048) entre os grupos raciais, sendo maior em negros (174,6 &#177; 33,5; mediana = 156) do que em mulatos (159,3 &#177; 25,3; mediana = 156) e em brancos (166,0 &#177; 28,3mmHg; mediana = 163mmHg). A PAD n&#227;o variou significantemente entre os grupos raciais.</p>
    <p>Os resultados das associa&#231;&#245;es entre ra&#231;a e les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo por hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o ajustadas e ajustadas para sexo e idade, atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela II</xref>. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral foi significantemente maior nos pacientes classificados como mulatos ou negros do que nos brancos (<italic>odds ratio</italic> ajustado (ORa) = 3,44; intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) 95% = 1,23 - 9,67; p = 0,013). A compara&#231;&#227;o entre mulatos e brancos foi a que apresentou a diferen&#231;a mais larga na preval&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral (ORa = 3,64; IC 95% = 1,29-10,34; p=0,01). As freq&#252;&#234;ncias de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (ORa = 1,10; IC 95% = 0,69-1,76) e de insufici&#234;ncia renal (ORa=1,27; IC 95%=0,52-3,07) foram tamb&#233;m maiores em pacientes classificados como negros ou mulatos; as diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o aos brancos, no entanto, n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significantes.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0111-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral foi significantemente maior em hipertensos negros ou mulatos do que em brancos, atendidos em um servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia para hipertens&#227;o arterial da cidade de Salvador-BA. Este achado foi observado apesar da menor idade dos negros e mulatos &#224; &#233;poca do primeiro atendimento ambulatorial. Como o estudo &#233; de desenho transversal n&#227;o fica claro at&#233; que ponto diferen&#231;as de sobrevida entre pacientes dos diversos grupos raciais podem ter interferido na associa&#231;&#227;o entre ra&#231;a e acidente vascular cerebral. Para que a sobrevida contribu&#237;sse para uma maior preval&#234;ncia do evento no grupo de negros e mulatos seria necess&#225;rio, no entanto, que a letalidade da doen&#231;a fosse menor nesses pacientes do que nos brancos. N&#227;o existe nenhuma evid&#234;ncia que ap&#243;ie esta possibilidade. Na verdade, os dados apontam que a mortalidade por acidente vascular cerebral &#233; maior em negros do que em brancos. Nos Estados Unidos, a mortalidade relacionada aos acidentes vasculares cerebrais de diferentes etiologias, excetuando infarto cerebral devido &#224; oclus&#227;o extracraniana da car&#243;tida, &#233; maior em negros<sup>20</sup>. Sabe-se tamb&#233;m que a mortalidade pela doen&#231;a em Salvador, cidade de popula&#231;&#227;o, predominantemente, de pessoas negras e mulatas, &#233; uma das maiores da Am&#233;rica Latina, confirmada em estudo em que se comparou a mortalidade na cidade de Salvador com a de sete pa&#237;ses latino-americanos, sendo que Salvador apresentou a maior mortalidade, tr&#234;s vezes maior do que a observada no M&#233;xico, ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o para idade<sup>21</sup>. Estima-se que em, aproximadamente, 80% dos casos de acidente vascular cerebral de Salvador os pacientes s&#227;o hipertensos<sup>22</sup>. Contudo, no estudo comparativo internacional<sup>21</sup>, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar a influencia da ra&#231;a na mortalidade por acidente vascular cerebral em Salvador.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo as associa&#231;&#245;es da ra&#231;a com os eventos de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e insufici&#234;ncia renal n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significante. As <italic>odds ratio</italic> ajustadas, no entanto, foram consistentes com maior preval&#234;ncia do evento insufici&#234;ncia renal no grupo de negro e mulatos do que no grupo de brancos. &#201; interessante notar que as <italic>odds ratio</italic> foram mais expressivas ao se comparar os mulatos com os brancos do que os negros com os brancos. Em verdade, na compara&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ajustada entre negros e brancos para insufici&#234;ncia renal a <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR = 1,06), seguiu dire&#231;&#227;o consistente com menor preval&#234;ncia em negros, (OR = 0,9) ap&#243;s o ajuste por idade e sexo atrav&#233;s da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Portanto, consistente com o que tem sido descrito em outros pa&#237;ses, os nossos dados sugerem uma maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e insufici&#234;ncia renal em negros e mulatos que procuram atendimento devido a hipertens&#227;o arterial em Salvador. Estudos pr&#233;vios t&#234;m evidenciado que hipertensos negros t&#234;m um risco maior para o evento do que hipertensos brancos, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial<sup>23</sup>. Esta maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o do negro para a doen&#231;a tem sido, inclusive, observada em normotensos<sup>24,25</sup>. Diversos estudos americanos t&#234;m tamb&#233;m demonstrado que o risco de est&#225;gio final de doen&#231;a renal, particularmente por nefropatia hipertensiva, &#233; muito maior em negros do que em brancos<sup>26-33</sup>. A diferen&#231;a racial em est&#225;gio final de doen&#231;a renal por nefropatia hipertensiva n&#227;o &#233; eliminada ap&#243;s o ajuste para diferen&#231;as de hipertens&#227;o arterial, sugerindo formas mais graves ou diferen&#231;as na qualidade do tratamento antihipertensivo entre negros e brancos<sup>30</sup>. Condizente com os dados norte-americanos, Noblat &amp; Lopes mostraram uma incid&#234;ncia de est&#225;gio final de doen&#231;a renal atribu&#237;da &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial 45% maior em negros do que entre os brancos<sup>34</sup>. Al&#233;m do mais foi observada que nos pacientes negros e mulatos com glomerulonefrite prim&#225;ria, a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial na &#233;poca da primeira consulta nefrol&#243;gica foi um importante fator de risco para est&#225;gio final da doen&#231;a renal<sup>35, 36</sup>. Uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre fatores biol&#243;gicos e ambientais, bem como diferen&#231;as raciais no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial parecem contribuir para formas mais graves de hipertens&#227;o arterial e maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvos em negros e mulatos do que em brancos<sup>37, 38</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maior preval&#234;ncia para acidente vascular cerebral em negros e mulatos n&#227;o pode ser explicada por diferen&#231;as na dura&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o e na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes utilizando antihipertensivos na &#233;poca da consulta ao ambulat&#243;rio. Conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela I</xref>, a dura&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o e a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes usando antihipertensivos foi similar entre os grupos raciais. No entanto, entre os pacientes que n&#227;o estavam usando anti-hipertensivos, a m&#233;dia da PAS foi significantemente maior no grupo de negros ou mulatos, achado consistente com formas mais graves nestes pacientes do que em brancos. Os dados tamb&#233;m sugerem que a hipertens&#227;o arterial se desenvolveu mais precocemente em mulatos e negros, considerando as suas menores m&#233;dias de idade, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos brancos, quando procuram atendimento no ambulat&#243;rio de hipertens&#227;o. Este achado &#233; consistente com observa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias, indicando um inicio mais precoce da hipertens&#227;o arterial em negros<sup>39</sup>. Existe evid&#234;ncia, no entanto, que atrav&#233;s de controle rigoroso dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, escolha de anti-hipertensivos, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o as caracter&#237;sticas de cada paciente e estrat&#233;gias para aumentar ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento, o risco de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo se reduz acentuadamente nos negros<sup>38,40</sup>. J&#225; foi mostrado que quando o acesso ao servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de e a qualidade do tratamento anti-hipertensivo s&#227;o similares entre negros e brancos, as diferen&#231;as raciais em acidente vascular cerebral e cardiopatia hipertensiva s&#227;o eliminadas<sup>41</sup>. A import&#226;ncia da escolha do anti-hipertensivo em reduzir eventos renais em pacientes negros com nefropatia hipertensiva foi destacada no <italic>African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension</italic> (AASK)<sup>42</sup>, que mostrou que um regime de tratamento baseado em um inibidor de enzima de convers&#227;o tem efeito significantemente maior na redu&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia renal e do risco de est&#225;gio final da doen&#231;a renal do que regimes baseados em bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio ou beta-bloqueador<sup>40, 43, 44</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora nosso estudo apresente achados interessantes, limita&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o podem ser ignoradas, particularmente ao se generalizar os resultados para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral de hipertensos ou comparar os nossos resultados com os de outros estudos. &#201; importante notar que a nossa amostragem foi determinada pela demanda assistencial, explicando, pelo menos em parte, a frequ&#234;ncia de mulheres ter sido bem maior do que a observada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral de hipertensos. Al&#233;m do mais, o fato do nosso servi&#231;o ser refer&#234;ncia para tratamento de hipertens&#227;o arterial pode ter contribu&#237;do para uma frequ&#234;ncia de formas mais graves da doen&#231;a do que a observada em outros servi&#231;os. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de pacientes por grupo raciais, observada no presente estudo, &#233; provavelmente, diferente da que ocorre na popula&#231;&#227;o geral de hipertensos e em grupos de pacientes atendidos em ambulat&#243;rios de hospitais privados ou consult&#243;rios m&#233;dicos. Negros e mulatos hipertensos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com brancos, procuram mais frequentemente os servi&#231;os p&#250;blicos devido ao seu menor n&#237;vel de renda. &#201; tamb&#233;m importante notar que a classifica&#231;&#227;o racial empregada no presente trabalho difere da que tem sido utilizada em outros estudos. Fora do Brasil, particularmente nos Estados Unidos, a ra&#231;a &#233; frequentemente, declarada pelo pr&#243;prio paciente. No presente estudo, no entanto, a ra&#231;a foi classificada pelo investigador, seguindo crit&#233;rios pr&#233;-definidos<sup>15,16</sup>. Al&#233;m da cor da pele, tipo de cabelo, angula&#231;&#227;o da asa do nariz, espessura labial foram caracter&#237;sticas utilizadas para classificar a ra&#231;a. Acredita-se que os crit&#233;rios utilizados sejam capazes de captar com maior acur&#225;cia diferen&#231;as em caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas ligadas aos grupos raciais do que a auto-declara&#231;&#227;o e a classifica&#231;&#227;o apenas baseada na cor da pele. Al&#233;m do mais, estudos realizados na Bahia mostram uma alta concord&#226;ncia inter-observador na classifica&#231;&#227;o racial que utilizamos. Apesar das diferen&#231;as nos crit&#233;rios para definir ra&#231;a entre os estudos, os resultados s&#227;o concordantes com os descritos no nosso estudo, no que se refere &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvos da hipertens&#227;o arterial em negros e mulatos do que em brancos.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, no nosso estudo foi observado maior preval&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral em negros e mulatos do que em brancos, diferen&#231;a que n&#227;o pode ser explicada pela idade e percentuais de homens e mulheres entre os grupos raciais. Os resultados s&#227;o tamb&#233;m consistentes com maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e insufici&#234;ncia renal em negros e mulatos. Formas mais graves de hipertens&#227;o arterial e/ou inicio mais precoce da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, menor ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento e maiores barreiras para um acompanhamento m&#233;dico de boa qualidade podem estar contribuindo para uma maior preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo da hipertens&#227;o arterial em negros e mulatos. Estudos prospectivos devem ser desenvolvidos no Brasil para avaliar se existem diferen&#231;as raciais na letalidade da hipertens&#227;o arterial e complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas, a fim esclarecer se diferen&#231;as de sobrevida entre hipertensos negros, mulatos e brancos t&#234;m alguma influ&#234;ncia nas compara&#231;&#245;es raciais da preval&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo em pacientes atendidos em ambulat&#243;rios de hipertens&#227;o. Devem tamb&#233;m ser desenvolvidos estudos para identificar estrat&#233;gias de tratamento que possam eliminar as diferen&#231;as raciais em les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo por hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> E</bold>
        </label>
        <p>ndere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia </p>
        <p>Antonio Carlos Beisl Noblat </p>
        <p> Rua Quintino de Carvalho, 126/204 </p>
        <p>Cep 40155-280 - Salvador, BA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="noblat@ufba.br">noblat@ufba.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 12/11/02 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 16/6/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Race and hypertensive target-organ damage in patients from an university-affiliated outpatient care referral clinic in the city of Salvador</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess whether a patient's race is associated with the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, stroke, and renal failure in hypertensive patients from an outpatient care referral clinic in the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia. METHODS: We assessed the data of 622 patients collected during their first visit to the hypertension outpatient care clinic between 1982 and 1986, identifying those with a previous history or sequela of stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy, or renal failure (serum creatinine &gt; 1.4 mg/dL). Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of the association between race (mulattos or black vs white individuals) and hypertensive target-organ damage adjusted for sex and age. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 53.8&#177;14.3 years, and 74.1% were women. In regard to race, 15.1% were white, 65.9% mulatto, and 19.0% black. Stroke was significantly more frequent in blacks or mulattos than in white individuals [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) = (1.23-9.67). In regard to the associations involving race and the events of left ventricular hypertrophy and renal failure, the aORs were not statistically significant but were consistent with a greater prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy and renal failure in blacks and mulattos. CONCLUSION: Hypertensive mulattos and blacks have a greater risk of target-organ damage than white individuals do, with a greater racial difference for nonfatal stroke. Whether racial differences in mortality related to hypertensive complications influence the associations observed between race and target-organ damage should be assessed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>race</kwd>
        <kwd>blacks</kwd>
        <kwd>arterial hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Race and hypertensive target-organ damage in patients from an university-affiliated outpatient care referral clinic in the city of Salvador</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Antonio Carlos Beisl Noblat; Marcelo Barreto Lopes; Antonio Alberto Lopes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos - Universidade Federal da Bahia - Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess whether a patient's race is associated with the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, stroke, and renal failure in hypertensive patients from an outpatient care referral clinic in the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We assessed the data of 622 patients collected during their first visit to the hypertension outpatient care clinic between 1982 and 1986, identifying those with a previous history or sequela of stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy, or renal failure (serum creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.4 mg/dL). Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of the association between race (mulattos or black vs white individuals) and hypertensive target-organ damage adjusted for sex and age.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean age of the patients was 53.8&#177;14.3 years, and 74.1% were women. In regard to race, 15.1% were white, 65.9% mulatto, and 19.0% black. Stroke was significantly more frequent in blacks or mulattos than in white individuals [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) = (1.23-9.67). In regard to the associations involving race and the events of left ventricular hypertrophy and renal failure, the aORs were not statistically significant but were consistent with a greater prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy and renal failure in blacks and mulattos.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Hypertensive mulattos and blacks have a greater risk of target-organ damage than white individuals do, with a greater racial difference for nonfatal stroke. Whether racial differences in mortality related to hypertensive complications influence the associations observed between race and target-organ damage should be assessed.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> race, blacks, arterial hypertension</p>
      <p>Studies carried out in the United States have shown that arterial hypertension is more frequent in black than in white individuals <sup>1</sup>, and the racial differences are greater in the more severe forms and in the complications related to the disease, mainly chronic renal failure, stroke, and left ventricular hypertrophy <sup>2-4</sup>. Similarly to that observed in the Unites States, in Brazil, the prevalence of arterial hypertension is greater among black than among white individuals <sup>5-11</sup>, the racial differences being greater in the more severe forms of the disease <sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, the city of Salvador, in the state of Bahia, has the largest population of black African descendants in Brazil. In 1990, the individuals classified as black or mixed (mulatto) represented approximately 80% of the 2.5 million inhabitants of the city <sup>12</sup>. The ethnic/racial composition of the population in Bahia, and especially in the city of Salvador and in the area of the Reconcavo Baiano, resulted from the intense mixture of white Portuguese men and black African women <sup>13</sup>. However, individuals with very diverse racial characteristics may be identified in the population, which ranges from white individuals, similar to Europeans, to blacks with marked traits of their African ancestors. We compared patients of different racial groups (white, mulatto, black) treated in the hypertension outpatient care clinic of a university-affiliated hospital in the city of Salvador, aiming at assessing whether an association exists between a patient's race and the presence of data indicating stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy, or renal failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a cross-sectional study with sampling resulting from demand for medical care, with data from 622 hypertensive individuals who were admitted to the outpatient care referral clinic for arterial hypertension at the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos of the Universidade Federal da Bahia, from August 1982 to July 1986. The patients' assessment comprised anamnesis and physical examination according to a particular protocol. Laboratory assessment included the following examinations: urinalysis, serum measurements of urea, creatinine, uric acid, sodium, potassium, fasting glycemia, total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, and routine electrocardiography.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure was measured in the right arm according to the auscultatory method with the patient in 3 positions (lying down, seated, and standing up) at 2-minute intervals, using a mercury-column sphygmomanometer and cuffs for adults, measuring 12 cm wide by 23 cm long. The cuff was inflated up to 30 mmHg above the systolic blood pressure (SBP) previously measured according to the palpation method, and deflation was slowly performed at a rate of 2 to 3 mm Hg per second. Systolic blood pressure was determined by the auscultation of the first continuous sound (phase I of the Korotkoff sounds) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by the disappearance of the sound (phase V), and the means of the 3 initial measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressures were calculated. Arterial hypertension was defined as SBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg or DBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg, or both, or the use of antihypertensive medication. The patients were classified according to the etiology of the disease as primary or secondary. In regard to severity, hypertension was categorized as mild, moderate, or severe, according to the classification at the time of data collection <sup>14</sup>. The patient's who already had target-organ damage were considered as having severe hypertension, independent of the blood pressure levels.</p>
      <p>The complications of arterial hypertension were assessed through data collected at the initial clinical examination and the complementary methods required in the first outpatient care clinic visit. Left ventricular hypertrophy was diagnosed through electrocardiographic criteria. Stroke was identified through the history of a previous event (including transient ischemic stroke) or its sequela identified on physical examination.</p>
      <p>The patients with a history of arterial hypertension in one of the parents, grandparents, or siblings were considered as having a positive familial history. The duration of the disease diagnosed was stratified into 3 levels, &lt; 1 year, <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 to &lt; 10 years, and <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 years. The patients' origins were classified as follows: from the state capital (the city of Salvador); from the inner area of the state; and from another state. Race was classified into 3 groups: white, mulatto, and black, according to the classification of Krieger et al <sup>15</sup> modified by Azev&#234;do <sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means between the 3 racial groups and the chi-square test to compare proportions. When data were not compatible with the use of the chi-square test, the Fisher exact test was used. Multiple logistic regression was used for estimating the odds ratio of the association between race (white as a reference) and each type of target-organ damage. The odds ratio was adjusted for sex and age: &lt; 35 years, 35-49 years, 50-59 years, <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 years. The Statistical Package for Social Science - SPSS software<italic>,</italic> version 10.0 for Windows, was used for the parametric tests and multiple logistic regression <sup>17, 18</sup>. The exact2k module of the Computer Programs for Epidemiologists software (PEPI), version 3, was used for Fisher exact test <sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample comprised 622 patients, 94 (15.1%) white, 410 (65.9%) mulatto, and 118 (19.0%) black. Four hundred sixty-one (74.1%) patients were women. Patients from the city of Salvador corresponded to approximately 85.4% of the sample, and no statistically significant difference regarding the patient's origin was found between the racial groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">tab. I</xref>). The mean age was 53.8&#177;14.3 (median = 55.0) years in the whites, 47.3&#177;13.3 (median = 47) years in the mulattos, and 48.3&#177;14.1 (median = 48.5) years in the blacks (P&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0111-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table I</xref> shows that approximately 27.1% of the patients knew they were hypertensive at least for 1 year, 50.4% for 1 to 10 years, and 22.5% for more than 10 years, and no significant difference existed between the racial groups (P = 0.809). Secondary forms of arterial hypertension were diagnosed in approximately 2.1% of the white individuals, 3.7% of the mulattos, and 1.7% of the blacks (P = 0.153). Familial history of arterial hypertension was reported by 56.4% of the white individuals, 59.0% of the mulattos, and 50.8% of the blacks (P = 0.283) with a greater prevalence of severe or accelerated forms in the blacks (51.3%) and mulattos (49.9%) than in the white individuals (41.5%); the difference, however, was not statistically significant (P = 0.249). Treatment for arterial hypertension at the time of the first outpatient care clinic visit was reported by 81.9% of the white individuals, 79.3% of the mulattos, and 76.3% of the blacks (P = 0.598). In the patients who were not using antihypertensive drugs, the mean SBP varied significantly (P = 0.048) among the racial groups, being greater in the blacks (174.6 &#177; 33.5; median = 156) than in the mulattos (159.3 &#177; 25.3; median = 156) and whites (166.0 &#177; 28.3 mmHg; median = 163 mmHg). Diastolic blood pressure did not significantly vary among the racial groups.</p>
      <p>The results of the association between race and hypertensive target-organ damage adjusted and nonadjusted for sex and age with multiple logistic regression analysis are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">table II</xref>. The frequency of stroke was significantly greater in patients classified as mulatto or black than in those classified as white [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.23-9.67; P = 0.013). The comparison between mulatto and white individuals showed the greatest difference in the prevalence of stroke (aOR = 3.64; 95% CI = 1.29-10.34; P = 0.01). The frequencies of left ventricular hypertrophy (aOR = 1.10; 95% CI = 0.69-1.76) and renal failure (aOR = 1.27; 95% CI = 0.52-3.07) were also greater in the patients classified as black or mulatto; the differences in regard to white individuals, however, were not statistically significant.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-02-0111-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the present study, the prevalence of stroke was significantly greater in hypertensive blacks or mulattos than in white individuals treated in a referral service for arterial hypertension in the city of Salvador, in the state of Bahia. This was observed despite the lower age of the blacks and mulattos at the time of the first outpatient care clinic visit. As the study has a cross-sectional design, it is not clear to which extent the differences in survival among the patients of the different racial groups may have interfered with the association between race and stroke. The lethality of the disease should be lower in black and mulatto patients as compared with that in white ones, so that survival could contribute to a greater prevalence of the event in those groups. No evidence supports this hypothesis. In fact, the data indicate that mortality due to stroke is greater in black than in white individuals. In the United States, mortality related to strokes of different etiologies, except for cerebral infarction due to the extracranial occlusion of the carotid artery, is greater among blacks <sup>20</sup>. It has been known that mortality due to the disease in the city of Salvador, where the population is predominantly composed of blacks and mulattos, is one of the greatest in Latin America. This was confirmed in a study comparing the mortality in the city of Salvador with that in 7 Latin American countries, the city of Salvador having the greatest mortality, 3 times greater than that observed in Mexico, after correcting for age <sup>21</sup>. In approximately 80% of the cases of stroke in the city of Salvador, the patients are estimated to be hypertensive <sup>22</sup>. However, in an international comparative study <sup>21</sup>, the influence of race on mortality due to stroke in the city of Salvador could not be assessed.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the associations of race and the events of left ventricular hypertrophy and renal failure were not statistically significant. The adjusted odds ratio, however, was consistent with a greater prevalence of the event and renal failure in blacks and mulattos than in white individuals. It is worth noting that the odds ratios were more expressive when comparing mulatto with white individuals than black with white individuals. In fact, in the nonadjusted comparison between black and white individuals for renal failure, the odds ratio (OR = 1.06) was consistent with the lower prevalence in blacks (OR = 0.9) after adjusting for age and sex through logistic regression. However, in agreement with that which has been reported in other countries, our data suggest a greater prevalence of left ventricular hypertension and renal failure in the blacks and mulattos who sought medical care due to arterial hypertension in the city of Salvador. Previous studies have shown that hypertensive blacks have a greater risk for the event than hypertensive white individuals, even after adjusting for blood pressure levels <sup>23</sup>. This greater predisposition of the blacks for the disease has been observed even in normotensive individuals <sup>24,25</sup>. Several North American studies have shown that the risk for the end-stage of renal disease, particularly for hypertensive nephropathy, is much greater among black than among white individuals <sup>26-33</sup>. The racial difference in the end-stage of renal disease due to hypertensive nephropathy is not eliminated after adjusting for the differences in arterial hypertension, suggesting the existence of more severe forms or differences in the quality of the antihypertensive treatment between black and white individuals <sup>30</sup>. In accordance with the North American data, Noblat &amp; Lopes<sup>34</sup> reported an incidence of the end-stage of renal disease attributed to hypertension 45% greater among black than among white individuals. In addition, in black and mulatto patients with primary glomerulonephritis, the presence of arterial hypertension observed at the time of the first nephrologic consultation was an important risk factor for the end-stage of renal disease <sup>35,36</sup>. An interaction between biological and environmental factors, as well as racial differences in the treatment of arterial hypertension, seem to contribute to more severe forms of arterial hypertension and a greater risk of target-organ complications in blacks and mulattos than those in white individuals <sup>37,38</sup>.</p>
      <p>The greater prevalence of strokes in blacks and mulattos cannot be explained by differences in the duration of hypertension nor in the proportion of patients using antihypertensive drugs at the time of the outpatient care clinic visit. As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">table I</xref>, the duration of hypertension and the proportion of patients using antihypertensive drugs were similar in the racial groups. However, among the patients not using antihypertensive drugs, the mean SBP was significantly greater in blacks and mulattos, which is consistent with the more severe forms found in these patients than in the white ones. These data also suggest that arterial hypertension developed earlier in mulattos and blacks than in white individuals, considering the lower mean ages of the first 2 groups by the time they seek medical treatment in the hypertension outpatient care clinics. This finding is consistent with previous reports on an earlier start of arterial hypertension in blacks <sup>39</sup>. Evidence exists that the risk of target-organ damage can be drastically reduced in blacks through strict control of blood pressure levels, the choice of antihypertensive drugs, and considering the characteristics of each patient and the strategies to increase adherence to treatment <sup>38,40</sup>. It has already been shown that when the access to health service and the quality of the antihypertensive treatment are similar in black and white individuals, the racial differences in stroke and hypertensive heart disease are eliminated <sup>41</sup>. The importance of the choice of the antihypertensive drug to reduce renal events in black patients with hypertensive nephropathy was highlighted in the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) <sup>42</sup>, which showed that a treatment regimen based on an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor has a significantly greater effect on the reduction of the progression of renal failure and of the risk of the end-stage of renal disease than regimens based on calcium-channel blockers or beta-blockers <sup>40,43,44</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although our study had interesting findings, limitations cannot be ignored, particularly when the results are extended to a general population of hypertensive individuals or compared with the results of other studies. It is worth noting that our sample was determined by the demand for medical care, which may explain, at least partly, the much higher frequency of illness in women compared with that observed in the general population of hypertensive individuals. In addition, the fact that ours is a referral service for the treatment of arterial hypertension may have contributed to the higher frequency of more severe forms of the disease than that observed at other services. The distribution of patients into racial groups observed in the present study may be different from that occurring in the general population of hypertensive individuals and in the group of patients treated in the outpatient care clinics of private hospitals or medical offices. Hypertensive blacks and mulattos, compared with whites, seek public health services more frequently due to their lower income levels. It is important to note that the racial classification used in the present study differs from that used in other studies. Outside Brazil, particularly in the United States, race is frequently declared by the patient himself. In the present study, however, race was classified by the investigator according to predefined criteria <sup>15,16</sup>. In addition to skin color, the type of hair, angulation of the wing of the nose, and labial thickness were characteristics used for classifying the patient's race. These criteria are believed to more accurately capture the differences in the phenotypical characteristics linked to the racial groups than is self-declaration and classification based only on skin color. In addition, studies carried out in the state of Bahia showed a high interobserver concordance in regard to the racial classification used. Despite the differences existing in the criteria for defining race in the studies, the results are in accordance with those reported in our study in regard to the greater prevalence of hypertensive target-organ damage in blacks and mulattos compared with that in white individuals.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, in our study, a greater prevalence of stroke was observed in blacks and mulattos than in white individuals, and this difference cannot be explained by age and percentages of men and women in the racial groups. The results are also consistent with a greater prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy and renal failure in blacks and mulattos. More severe forms of arterial hypertension or an earlier start of blood pressure elevation, or both, adherence to treatment, and greater obstacles for a good-quality medical follow-up may be contributing to a greater prevalence of alterations in target organs in arterial hypertension in blacks and mulattos. Prospective studies should be carried out in Brazil to assess the existence of racial differences in the lethality of arterial hypertension and in the complications of the disease. These studies should also clarify whether the differences in survival between hypertensive blacks, mulattos, and white individuals have any influence in the racial comparisons of the prevalence of complications in target organs in patients treated in outpatient care hypertension clinics. Further studies should also be carried out to identify treatment strategies that may eliminate the racial differences in target-organ damage due to arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Antonio Carlos Beisl Noblat</p>
          <p> Rua Quintino de Carvalho, 126/204</p>
          <p>Cep 40155-280 - Salvador, BA, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="noblat@ufba.br">noblat@ufba.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 11/12/02</p>
      <p>Accepted: 6/16/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
