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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">P9rgHsQz5qLS4Tpwtpmtpxd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000100008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200108</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000100008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da associa&#231;&#227;o propafenona - propofol na contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fluxo coronariano e incid&#234;ncia de arritmia em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados de ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assis</surname>
            <given-names>Nilc&#233;a Leal de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Otoni Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Silv&#233;rio Leonardo Macedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valle</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Gustavo do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular S&#227;o Francisco de Assis</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>82</fpage>
      <lpage>87</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2001</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar a influ&#234;ncia da propafenona associada ao propofol na contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica (dP/dt e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), fluxo coronariano e incid&#234;ncia de arritmia em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados de ratos. M&#201;TODOS: Estudados 40 cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos albinos anestesiados com &#233;ter sulf&#250;rico, adaptados a sistema de perfus&#227;o, tipo Langendorff modificado, nutridos com solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit (K-H), (95% de O2, 5% de CO2, pH de 7,4&#177;0,1, press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o entre 90 e 100cm de &#225;gua e temperatura de 37&#177;0,5&#186; C), obtidos registros de controle ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o e distribu&#237;dos em quatro grupos: I (controle), II (propafenona, na dose de 100mcg), III (propofol, na dose de 25mcg) e IV (propafenona-propofol). RESULTADOS: Verificou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o (p&lt;0,05) da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos grupos II e IV, com maior queda no grupo II. Na rela&#231;&#227;o dP/dt, houve queda (p&lt; 0,05) nos grupos II e IV, em todos os per&#237;odos, sendo que o grupo III apresentou depress&#227;o do 1&#186; ao 3&#186; minuto. O fluxo coronariano apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o (p&lt;0,05) em todos os grupos, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle, principalmente no grupo IV com queda de 14 para 11ml/min. O efeito arritmog&#234;nico da propafenona (pr&#243;-arritmia) foi constatado em 50% no grupo II. Na associa&#231;&#227;o com propofol (grupo IV), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa, sendo observadas arritmias (efeito pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmico) em 40% dos cora&#231;&#245;es. CONCLUS&#195;O: A associa&#231;&#227;o propafenona-propofol n&#227;o foi mais nociva do que o uso da propafenona isoladamente, quanto aos efeitos na contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, no fluxo coronariano e na incid&#234;ncia de arritmia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>propafenona</kwd>
        <kwd>propofol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Efeitos da associa&#231;&#227;o propafenona - propofol na contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fluxo coronariano e incid&#234;ncia de arritmia em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados de ratos </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Nilc&#233;a Leal de Moraes Assis; Otoni Moreira Gomes; Silv&#233;rio Leonardo Macedo Garcia; Guilherme Gustavo do Valle </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Funda&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular S&#227;o Francisco de Assis - Servi&#231;o do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Belo Horizonte, MG </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estudar a influ&#234;ncia da propafenona associada ao propofol na contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica (dP/dt e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), fluxo coronariano e incid&#234;ncia de arritmia em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados de ratos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudados 40 cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos albinos anestesiados com &#233;ter sulf&#250;rico, adaptados a sistema de perfus&#227;o, tipo Langendorff modificado, nutridos com solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit (K-H), (95% de O<sub>2</sub>, 5% de CO<sub>2</sub>, pH de 7,4&#177;0,1, press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o entre 90 e 100cm de &#225;gua e temperatura de 37&#177;0,5<sup>o</sup> C), obtidos registros de controle ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o e distribu&#237;dos em quatro grupos: I (controle), II (propafenona, na dose de 100mcg), III (propofol, na dose de 25mcg) e IV (propafenona-propofol). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Verificou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o (p&lt;0,05) da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos grupos II e IV, com maior queda no grupo II. Na rela&#231;&#227;o dP/dt, houve queda (p&lt; 0,05) nos grupos II e IV, em todos os per&#237;odos, sendo que o grupo III apresentou depress&#227;o do 1&#186; ao 3&#186; minuto. O fluxo coronariano apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o (p&lt;0,05) em todos os grupos, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle, principalmente no grupo IV com queda de 14 para 11ml/min. O efeito arritmog&#234;nico da propafenona (pr&#243;-arritmia) foi constatado em 50% no grupo II. Na associa&#231;&#227;o com propofol (grupo IV), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa, sendo observadas arritmias (efeito pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmico) em 40% dos cora&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A associa&#231;&#227;o propafenona-propofol n&#227;o foi mais nociva do que o uso da propafenona isoladamente, quanto aos efeitos na contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, no fluxo coronariano e na incid&#234;ncia de arritmia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, propafenona, propofol</p>
    <p> Os dist&#250;rbios do ritmo card&#237;aco constituem achado freq&#252;ente em portadores de cardiopatias, tornando-se respons&#225;veis pelo desenvolvimento de pesquisas cl&#237;nicas e experimentais cada vez mais destrin&#231;adas. Reconhecer e tratar corretamente as arritmias &#233; de import&#226;ncia prec&#237;pua, uma vez que s&#227;o fatores de risco de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. Desde a demonstra&#231;&#227;o por Wenckeback<sup>1</sup>, no in&#237;cio do s&#233;culo XX, sobre a efic&#225;cia da terap&#234;utica antiarr&#237;tmica, os estudos sobre f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos v&#234;m se acumulando, revelando que o controle dos dist&#250;rbios do ritmo &#233; fundamental na preven&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca e na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>2-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A manuten&#231;&#227;o no controle das arritmias exige, muitas vezes, cuidados adicionais, sendo o tratamento cr&#244;nico ainda um desafio, principalmente, frente a v&#225;rias evid&#234;ncias dos efeitos pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmicos da maioria dos f&#225;rmacos conhecidos<sup>6-9</sup>. Neste sentido, a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica de tratar pacientes com arritmias card&#237;acas envolve cuidadosa an&#225;lise e conhecimento consider&#225;vel do tipo de antiarr&#237;tmico eleito. </p>
    <p>Dentre os antiarr&#237;tmicos mais utilizados em nosso meio para tratamento de arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares, destaca-se a propafenona, classificada como grupo IC segundo Vaughan Willians<sup>10,11</sup>. O cloridrato de 2-3 (propilamino-2-hidroxi) propoxi-3-fenil (propiofenon) ou propafenona foi sintetizado em 1970 e vem sendo largamente utilizado na supress&#227;o de arritmias supraventriculares e ventriculares. O f&#225;rmaco atua na redu&#231;&#227;o da permeabilidade da membrana celular ao s&#243;dio e, menos intensamente, ao c&#225;lcio, interferindo, assim, no potencial de a&#231;&#227;o das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas<sup>12,13</sup>. Possui ainda efeito antiadren&#233;rgico por bloqueio de betarreceptores n&#227;o seletivos. Esses mecanismos sugerem a&#231;&#245;es inotr&#243;pica e cronotr&#243;pica negativas, especialmente se a dose utilizada exceder a dose terap&#234;utica prevista. </p>
    <p>Face a estudos espec&#237;ficos que demonstram a efic&#225;cia antiarr&#237;tmica da propafenona<sup>14-17</sup>, a mesma tem sido tamb&#233;m empregada em portadores de cardiopatias pass&#237;veis de tratamento cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p> No que se refere &#224; anestesia em cirurgia cardiovascular, a gravidade das cardiopatias abordadas suscita preocupa&#231;&#227;o constante com o grau de depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica determinado pela maioria dos f&#225;rmacos anest&#233;sicos.  </p>
    <p>O propofol (2,6-diisopropilfenol) &#233; um agente de indu&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o da anestesia com a&#231;&#227;o e elimina&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pidas, sendo largamente utilizado nas cirurgias cardiovasculares. A administra&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de dose terap&#234;utica produz r&#225;pida hipnose, com m&#237;nimo de excita&#231;&#227;o. O propofol liga-se em mais de 95% &#224;s prote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas com elimina&#231;&#227;o por metabolismo hep&#225;tico, formando conjugados inativos que s&#227;o excretados na urina <sup>18</sup>. Estudos com propofol<sup>19-20</sup> t&#234;m demonstrado a queda de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, al&#233;m da diminui&#231;&#227;o na resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, sem altera&#231;&#227;o significativa da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A demonstra&#231;&#227;o do efeito inotr&#243;pico negativo tem sido apresentada, tanto em estudos cl&#237;nicos como em modelos de experimenta&#231;&#227;o animal<sup>21-24</sup>. </p>
    <p>O fato de que os portadores de cardiopatias em uso de propafenona possam ser submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca e receber administra&#231;&#227;o do propofol, motiva preocupa&#231;&#227;o especial, porque os dois f&#225;rmacos t&#234;m efeito depressor do mioc&#225;rdio, com possibilidade de efeito somat&#243;rio no que diz respeito &#224; contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica. Como n&#227;o foram encontrados na literatura alcan&#231;ada estudos sobre o poss&#237;vel efeito somat&#243;rio de intera&#231;&#227;o desses f&#225;rmacos, desenvolveu-se a presente investiga&#231;&#227;o experimental, que tem por objetivo estudar o desempenho do cora&#231;&#227;o, analisando-se as vari&#225;veis: contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fluxo coronariano e incid&#234;ncia de arritmias. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 40 ratos albinos, adultos, sem distin&#231;&#227;o de sexo, ra&#231;a Wistar, provenientes do biot&#233;rio da Faculdade de Medicina de Barbacena - UNIPAC, com peso entre 210 e 350 (m&#233;dia de 280)g. Todos os animais receberam cuidados human&#237;sticos conforme os "Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal" formulados pelo Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA)<sup>25</sup>, e pelo "Guia para cuidados e uso de animais de laborat&#243;rio" publicados pelos Institutos Nacionais de Sa&#250;de - EUA<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os animais foram anestesiados por inala&#231;&#227;o de &#233;ter sulf&#250;rico em camp&#226;nula fechada e realizada toracotomia ampla, sendo rebatida a parede tor&#225;cica anterior no sentido cef&#225;lico, obtendo-se exposi&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o e vasos da base. Em seguida, 500 UI de heparina s&#243;dica foram administradas na veia cava posterior para a preven&#231;&#227;o de trombose. A aorta do animal foi isolada e reparada com fio de algod&#227;o 2.0, e canulada com cateter pl&#225;stico, calibre 20G, tendo-se o cuidado de, na sua introdu&#231;&#227;o, manter a integridade da valva a&#243;rtica. O cateter foi ent&#227;o fixado &#224; aorta com outro fio de algod&#227;o 2.0. Em seguida, o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi drenado mediante a introdu&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;nula pl&#225;stica fenestrada, calibre 18G, atrav&#233;s do &#225;trio esquerdo e exteriorizada pelo &#225;pice card&#237;aco, evitando-se les&#227;o de vasos coronarianos maiores. O cora&#231;&#227;o foi liberado pela sec&#231;&#227;o em bloco das veias cavas, art&#233;ria pulmonar e aorta, acima da regi&#227;o de canula&#231;&#227;o, sendo imediatamente conectado ao sistema de perfus&#227;o coronariana. </p>
    <p>O m&#233;todo empregado foi o de Langendorff <sup>27,28</sup>, com modifica&#231;&#245;es, utilizando-se para a perfus&#227;o a solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit (composi&#231;&#227;o: NaCl 126mM/l, NaHCo<sub>3</sub> 25mM/l, KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1,2mM/l, KCl 4,8mM/l, MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1,2mM/l, CaCl<sub>2 </sub>2,5mM/l e glicose 11,5mM/l), gaseificada com mistura contendo 95% de O<sub>2</sub> e 5% de CO<sub>2</sub>, obtendo-se pH de 7,4&#177;0,1 e temperatura de 37&#177;0,5<sup>o</sup>C, pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de unidade de aquecimento para permuta&#231;&#227;o t&#233;rmica (COMEX Ind. Com. Ltda, Belo Horizonte, MG). A solu&#231;&#227;o foi filtrada com filtro do tipo cardioprot monofilamentar com porosidade m&#233;dia 3 micra, colocado logo ap&#243;s o reservat&#243;rio da solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit. A press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o foi ajustada, constantemente, entre 90 e 100cm H<sub>2</sub>O. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a perfus&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o por 15min, com a finalidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o e estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da atividade card&#237;aca, foi introduzido o bal&#227;o de l&#225;tex vazio no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, atrav&#233;s de orif&#237;cio no &#225;trio esquerdo. A valva mitral foi preservada e o bal&#227;o conectado, com aux&#237;lio de c&#226;nula met&#225;lica, ao biomonitor (mod. DH 073, BESE-Bioengenharia, Belo Horizonte, MG). Foram registrados (impressora matricial Epson LX-810) as press&#245;es sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e eletrocardiograma. A press&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi ajustada para 5&#177;2mmHg, por movimentos de introdu&#231;&#227;o e retirada de &#225;gua bidestilada no bal&#227;o de l&#225;tex, em todos os per&#237;odos do grupo I; nos grupos II, III e IV, a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica s&#243; n&#227;o foi ajustada em t<sub>1</sub>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). O fluxo coronariano foi determinado pela aferi&#231;&#227;o do volume drenado em um minuto das cavidades direita e esquerda, recolhido em frasco de vidro graduado. A incid&#234;ncia de arritmia foi analisada pela observa&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco, registrado em tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico na deriva&#231;&#227;o D<sub>2 </sub>por dois eletrodos fixados no cora&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0082-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os 40 cora&#231;&#245;es foram distribu&#237;dos em quatro grupos e preparados segundo o m&#233;todo descrito. Foram perfundidos pela solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit, &#224; temperatura de 37<sup>o </sup>C, por um per&#237;odo de 30min, fazendo-se registro dos par&#226;metros pesquisados no controle (t<sub>0</sub>), ap&#243;s o 1&#186; (t<sub>1</sub>), 3&#186; (t<sub>2</sub>), 5&#186; (t<sub>3</sub>), 10&#186; (t<sub>4</sub>) e 15&#186; (t<sub>5</sub>) minutos, com as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: grupo I - controle: 10 cora&#231;&#245;es sem administra&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos; grupo II - propafenona: 10 cora&#231;&#245;es diferindo do grupo controle pela administra&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s o tempo zero, de 100mcg de propafenona dilu&#237;dos em 0,1ml da solu&#231;&#227;o K-H por via lateral pr&#243;pria acima do bulbo da c&#226;nula inserida na aorta; grupo III-propofol: 10 cora&#231;&#245;es diferindo do grupo controle pela administra&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s o tempo zero, de 25mcg de propofol dilu&#237;dos em 0,1ml da solu&#231;&#227;o K-H por via lateral pr&#243;pria, acima do bulbo da c&#226;nula inserida na aorta; grupo IV - propafenona-propofol: 10 cora&#231;&#245;es diferindo dos grupos anteriores, pela administra&#231;&#227;o de 0,1ml da solu&#231;&#227;o K-H, contendo 100mcg de propafenona, em via lateral pr&#243;pria acima do bulbo da c&#226;nula inserida na aorta e a seguir 0,1ml da solu&#231;&#227;o contendo 25 mcg de propofol, pela mesma via lateral. </p>
    <p>Foram estudadas as varia&#231;&#245;es da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, referida em bpm, da velocidade m&#225;xima de encurtamento da fibra card&#237;aca (dP/dt em mmHg.s<sup>-1</sup>), do fluxo coronariano (ml/min) e a incid&#234;ncia de arritmia. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica constituiu-se na aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste "t" de Student para dados emparelhados (n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia: p&lt;0,05) e an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para &#250;nico fator, com igual n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diminuiu (p&lt;0,05) nos grupos II e IV (1&#186; ao 15&#186;min) e no grupo III, apenas, no 3&#186; e 10&#186;min, por&#233;m n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa no grupo I. No grupo II, foi registrada queda de 100% (controle) para 71% (1&#186;min), 68% (3&#186;min), 71% (5&#186;min), 83% (10&#186;min) e 78% (15<sup>o</sup>min); no grupo IV, houve quedas em valores percentuais de 100% para 77% (1&#186;min), 69% (3&#186;min), 70% (5&#186;min), 76% (10&#186;min) e 80% (15&#186;min), em m&#233;dias. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos, os grupos II e IV mostraram varia&#231;&#227;o significante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, por&#233;m n&#227;o demonstraram varia&#231;&#227;o significativa quando comparados entre si. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentou varia&#231;&#227;o significativa (p&lt;0,05) apenas no 1&#186;min na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos II e III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0082-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0082-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A dP/dt diminuiu no grupo II (do 1&#186; ao 15&#186;min), no grupo III (1&#186; e 3&#186;min) e no grupo IV (do 1&#186; ao 15&#186;min). Em valores percentuais, no grupo II, foi registrada queda de 100% (controle) para 62% (1&#186;min), 75% (3&#186;min), 80% (5&#186;min), 78% (10&#186;min) e 76% (15&#186;min). No grupo III houve queda percentual de 100% (tempo zero) para 77% (1&#186;min) e 86% (3&#186;min). No grupo IV houve queda percentual de 100% (tempo zero) para 54% (1&#186;min), 62% (3<sup>o</sup>min), 68% (5&#186;min), 73% (10&#186;min) e 76% (15&#186;min). Todas essas quedas, evidenciadas em valores m&#233;dios percentuais, foram estatisticamente significantes (p&lt;0,05). Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos, a rela&#231;&#227;o dP/dt foi menor (p&lt;0,05) no grupo II quando comparado ao grupo controle em todos os per&#237;odos. O grupo III apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o significante (p&lt;0,05) apenas no 1<sup>o</sup> min em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. O grupo IV apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o significante (p&lt;0,05) do 1&#186; ao 5&#186; min quando comparado com o grupo controle. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos II e III a rela&#231;&#227;o dP/dT n&#227;o apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o significante. As varia&#231;&#245;es ocorridas entre os grupos II e IV e III e IV n&#227;o foram significantes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0082-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0082-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O fluxo coronariano diminuiu nos grupos II e IV (1<sup>o</sup> ao 15<sup>o</sup>min) e no grupo III (3<sup>o</sup>, 5<sup>o</sup>, 10<sup>o</sup> e 15<sup>o</sup>min). Percentualmente, no grupo II foi registrada queda de 100% (controle), para 88% (1<sup>o</sup>min), 86% (3<sup>o</sup>min) 80% (5<sup>o</sup>min), 75 (10<sup>o</sup>min) e 72% (15<sup>o</sup>min). No grupo III houve queda percentual de 100% (controle) para 99% (1<sup>o</sup>min), 92% (3<sup>o</sup>min), 89 % (5<sup>o</sup>min), 84% (10<sup>o</sup>min) e 77% (15<sup>o</sup>min). No grupo IV houve queda percentual de 100% (controle) para 91% (1<sup>o</sup>min), 88% (3<sup>o</sup>min), 85% (5<sup>o</sup>min), 79% (10<sup>o</sup>min) e 74% (15<sup>o</sup>min). Todas essas quedas, evidenciadas em valores m&#233;dios percentuais, foram estatisticamente significantes (p&lt;0,05). Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos, o fluxo coronariano n&#227;o diminuiu nos grupos II e IV quando comparados ao grupo controle. Ocorreu queda significante (p&lt;0,05) no 10<sup>o</sup> e 15<sup>o</sup>min do grupo III, na compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante (p&lt;0,05) entre os grupos II e IV, entre os grupos III e IV e quando o grupo II foi comparado ao grupo III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab.III</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0082-00008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0082-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Durante o estudo, n&#227;o foram constatadas arritmias nos grupos I (controle) e III (propofol). No grupo II (propafenona) foram observadas arritmias em cinco dos 10 cora&#231;&#245;es, sendo que na associa&#231;&#227;o propofol-propafenona (grupo IV) n&#227;o se observou aumento das arritmias, constatadas em quatro dos 10 cora&#231;&#245;es estudados. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar dos grandes avan&#231;os em eletrofisiologia cl&#237;nica e experimental nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos, a morte s&#250;bita de origem card&#237;aca ainda representa uma entidade de complexa fisiopatologia. Os portadores de coronariopatia, assim como os de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, constituem grupos de importante risco para morte s&#250;bita<sup>29-31</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em cerca de 75% das mortes s&#250;bitas s&#227;o evidenciados epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>32-35</sup>. Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva apresentam arritmias ventriculares graves e morte s&#250;bita em at&#233; 50% dos casos<sup>36</sup>. Com o intuito de tentar prevenir essas complica&#231;&#245;es severas, &#233; instituida a terap&#234;utica antiarr&#237;tmica. Entretanto, devido aos efeitos adversos dos antiarr&#237;tmicos, que podem inclusive piorar a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva pelo efeito negativo na contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, tratar adequadamente uma arritmia card&#237;aca &#233; um desafio na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>Face a esses dados, v&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m procurado o f&#225;rmaco antiarr&#237;tmico ideal para preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento dessas arritmias. No entanto, apesar de estudos realizados, alguns dos antiarr&#237;tmicos, at&#233; ent&#227;o dispon&#237;veis, t&#234;m demonstrado efeito pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmico, depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e aumento da mortalidade <sup>37,38</sup>. </p>
    <p>O <italic>Cardiac Arrhythmia Supression Trial</italic> (CASH)<sup>39</sup>, estudo multic&#234;ntrico com randomiza&#231;&#227;o, demonstrou que os pacientes tratados com antiarr&#237;tmicos do grupo IC apresentaram maior risco de morte s&#250;bita, comparados ao grupo placebo. Outros estudos<sup>40,41</sup> demonstraram resultados semelhantes com o uso de f&#225;rmacos do grupo IC, o que levou &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses antiarr&#237;tmicos somente em casos potencialmente letais, evitando-se seu uso cr&#244;nico. </p>
    <p>As dificuldades para a abordagem de um paciente cl&#237;nico, muitas vezes, est&#227;o na exist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as concomitantes, que requer a administra&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios f&#225;rmacos em um mesmo momento. A intera&#231;&#227;o desses f&#225;rmacos pode gerar conseq&#252;&#234;ncias nem sempre esperadas na abordagem inicial do paciente. M&#250;ltiplas s&#227;o as possibilidades de intera&#231;&#227;o e, por isso, geram um campo inesgot&#225;vel de pesquisa, extremamente importantes na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Pesquisar a intera&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos em ensaios cl&#237;nicos gera dificuldades e, assim, o uso de modelos em experimenta&#231;&#227;o animal &#233; fundamental. Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos de um f&#225;rmaco <italic>in vivo</italic> podem ser dif&#237;ceis de analisar devido &#224;s interfer&#234;ncias metab&#243;licas do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo e &#224;s mudan&#231;as na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pr&#233;-carga e p&#243;s-carga.</p>
    <p> Entre os f&#225;rmacos utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a propafenona vem se destacando pela efici&#234;ncia na supress&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares. N&#227;o &#233; raro a utiliza&#231;&#227;o deste f&#225;rmaco durante cirurgias em que tamb&#233;m s&#227;o utilizados anest&#233;sicos,existindo, portanto, a possibilidade de efeito interativo. </p>
    <p>O propofol &#233; um f&#225;rmaco que vem sendo utilizado freq&#252;entemente em cirurgias cardiovasculares com possibilidade de intera&#231;&#227;o com a propafenona. Entretanto, n&#227;o foram encontrados na literatura, estudos sobre o efeito somat&#243;rio da associa&#231;&#227;o propafenona-propofol. Considerando que os dois f&#225;rmacos t&#234;m efeito depressor do mioc&#225;rdico, um estudo torna-se necess&#225;rio. </p>
    <p>Salerno e cols.<sup>42 </sup>evidenciaram queda da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em pacientes tratados com a propafenona. Baker e cols.<sup>43</sup> relataram resultados semelhantes. Meneghin<sup>44 </sup>observou que mesmo em cora&#231;&#245;es sadios, a propafenona apresenta efeito inotr&#243;pico negativo, por&#233;m de modo revers&#237;vel. Fato semelhante foi evidenciado por Santana<sup>45</sup>, Faraj<sup>46</sup>, e Nakamura e cols.<sup>47</sup>, todos estudando cora&#231;&#245;es isolados de ratos. </p>
    <p>Na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, a propafenona produziu significativa depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Ao associar-se o proprofol, entretanto, n&#227;o houve intensifica&#231;&#227;o do efeito depressor. </p>
    <p>Rouby e cols.<sup>48</sup>, estudando os efeitos do propofol em pacientes com cora&#231;&#227;o artificial, concluiram que a depress&#227;o cardiovascular do propofol est&#225; relacionada ao efeito de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o venosa e arterial e n&#227;o &#224; depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. No presente estudo por&#233;m, comprovou-se efeito depressor significante do propofol no mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diminuiu significativamente em todos os per&#237;odos avaliados no grupo da propafenona e do propofol, contrariando Rioul e cols.<sup>23 </sup>que n&#227;o demonstraram efeito cronotr&#243;pico negativo significativo em mioc&#225;rdio de ratos. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do fluxo coronariano n&#227;o revelou diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa nos grupos II e IV em todos os tempos analisados, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, exceto no 10&#186; e 15&#186;min do grupo II. </p>
    <p>Efeito pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmico da propafenona foi relatado por Podrid<sup>37 </sup>e Zipes<sup>38</sup>. Na nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o, 50% dos cora&#231;&#245;es estudados no grupo II apresentaram arritmia. Entretanto, com o uso do propofol, isoladamente, n&#227;o foram observadas arritmias e n&#227;o ocorreu aumento da incid&#234;ncia de arritmias quando associou-se propofol &#224; propafenona. </p>
    <p>Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a propafenona exerce efeitos inotr&#243;pico e cronotr&#243;pico negativos, com efeito arritmog&#234;nico e diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano. A associa&#231;&#227;o propafenona-propofol n&#227;o exacerbou o efeito inotr&#243;pico negativo da propafenona, quando em uso isolado e nem aumentou a sua a&#231;&#227;o arritmog&#234;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Nilc&#233;a Leal Moraes Assis </p>
        <p> Rua Bar&#227;o do Rio Branco, 737 </p>
        <p> Cep 35010-030 - Governador Valadares, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="nilcealm@cardiol.br">nilcealm@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 19/11/01 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 5/5/03</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of propafenone associated with propofol on myocardial contractility, heart rate, coronary flow, and the incidence of arrhythmia in isolated hearts of rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of propafenone associated with propofol on myocardial contractility (dP/dt and heart rate), coronary flow, and the incidence of arrhythmia in isolated rat hearts. METHODS: Forty albino rats were anesthetized with sulfuric ether, a modified Langendorff method was performed, and the rats were fed with Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution, (95% O2, 5% CO2, pH 7.4&#177;0.1, perfusion pressure between 90 and 100cm of water, and temperature 37&#177; 0.5&#186;C). Control records were obtained after a stabilization period and rats were distributed into the following 4 groups: I (control), II (100mcg propafenone), III (25mcg propofol), and IV (propafenone-propofol). RESULTS: A decrease (P&lt;0.05) in the heart rate in groups II and IV was observed, with a greater decrease in group II. A decrease was noted in the dP/dt ratio (P&lt; 0.05) in groups II and IV, during all periods. Group III experienced depression from the 1st to the 3rd minute. Coronary flow had a decrease (P&lt;0.05) in all groups, compared with the control group, especially in group IV with a decrease from 14mL/min to 11mL/min. Arrhythmogenic effects of propafenone (pro-arrhythmia) were verified in 50% of group II. In the association with propofol (group IV), no significant difference occurred, and arrhythmias (pro-arrhythmic effect) were observed in 40% of the hearts. CONCLUSION: The association propafenone-propofol was not harmful to the use of propafenone solely, regarding the effects observed in myocardial contractility, coronary flow, and in the incidence of arrhythmias.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>myocardial contractility</kwd>
        <kwd>propafenone</kwd>
        <kwd>propofol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Effects of propafenone associated with propofol on myocardial contractility, heart rate, coronary flow, and the incidence of arrhythmia in isolated hearts of rats </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Nilc&#233;a Leal de Moraes Assis; Otoni Moreira Gomes; Silv&#233;rio Leonardo Macedo Garcia; Guilherme Gustavo do Valle </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Funda&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular S&#227;o Francisco de Assis - Servi&#231;o do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT </bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To study the influence of propafenone associated with propofol on myocardial contractility (dP/dt and heart rate), coronary flow, and the incidence of arrhythmia in isolated rat hearts. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Forty albino rats were anesthetized with sulfuric ether, a modified Langendorff method was performed, and the rats were fed with Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution, (95% O<sub>2</sub>, 5% CO<sub>2</sub>, pH 7.4&#177;0.1, perfusion pressure between 90 and 100cm of water, and temperature 37&#177; 0.5<sup>o</sup>C). Control records were obtained after a stabilization period and rats were distributed into the following 4 groups: I (control), II (100mcg propafenone), III (25mcg propofol), and IV (propafenone-propofol).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A decrease (P&lt;0.05) in the heart rate in groups II and IV was observed, with a greater decrease in group II. A decrease was noted in the dP/dt ratio (P&lt; 0.05) in groups II and IV, during all periods. Group III experienced depression from the 1st to the 3rd minute. Coronary flow had a decrease (P&lt;0.05) in all groups, compared with the control group, especially in group IV with a decrease from 14mL/min to 11mL/min. Arrhythmogenic effects of propafenone (pro-arrhythmia) were verified in 50% of group II. In the association with propofol (group IV), no significant difference occurred, and arrhythmias (pro-arrhythmic effect) were observed in 40% of the hearts.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The association propafenone-propofol was not harmful to the use of propafenone solely, regarding the effects observed in myocardial contractility, coronary flow, and in the incidence of arrhythmias. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> myocardial contractility, propafenone, propofol</p>
      <p>Cardiac rhythm disturbances are a frequent finding in patients with heart diseases, and are responsible for the development of increasing clinical and experimental research. To recognize and treat arrhythmias correctly is of utmost importance because they are risk factors for sudden cardiac death. Since the study by Wenckeback <sup>1</sup>, at the beginning of the 20th century, about the efficiency of antiarrhythmic therapy, several studies have been conducted demonstrating that the control of rhythm disturbances is essential in the prevention of sudden cardiac death and in the reduction of mortality because of acute myocardial infarction <sup>2-5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Maintenance of arrhythmia control usually demands additional care, and chronic treatment is still a challenge, especially in light of evidence of the arrhythmogenic effects of most known medications <sup>6-9</sup>. The clinical decision to treat patients with cardiac arrhythmias involves careful analysis and knowledge of the elected antiarrhythmic medication. </p>
      <p>Among the most commonly used antiarrhythmic medications in our country for the treatment of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias, propafenone stands out, classified as an IC drug according to Vaughan Willians <sup>10,11</sup>. 2-3 hydrochloride (hydroxy-2 propylamine) 3 propoxy phenyl (propafenone) was synthesized in 1970 and has been widely used in the suppression of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. The medication contributes to the reduction of the permeability of the cellular membrane to sodium and to a lesser extent to calcium, disrupting the action potential of myocardial fibers <sup>12,13</sup>. It also has an antiadrenergic effect to block nonselective beta-adrenergic receptors. These mechanisms suggest negative inotropic and chronotropic effects especially if the dose exceeds that predicted. </p>
      <p>Because of specific studies <sup>14-17</sup> that demonstrated the antiarrhythmic efficiency of propafenone, it has been used in patients with heart diseases that can be surgically treated. </p>
      <p>Regarding anesthesia in cardiovascular surgery, the severity of heart diseases leads to concern about the level of myocardial depression caused by most anesthetic medications. </p>
      <p>Propofol (2,6-diisopropyphenol) is an intravenous anesthetic agent for use in the induction and maintenance of an anesthetized state with rapid action and elimination and is widely used in cardiovascular surgeries. Intravenous injection of a therapeutic dose produces hypnosis rapidly with minimal excitation. Propofol binds to plasma proteins above 95% with elimination through hepatic metabolism, forming inactive compounds that are eliminated in the urine<sup>18</sup>. Studies of propofol <sup>19-20</sup> have demonstrated decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and in the cardiac index, in addition to the decrease in peripheral vascular resistance without a significant alteration in heart rate. The negative inotropic effect has been presented both in clinical studies and in experimental models in animals <sup>21-24</sup>. </p>
      <p>A special concern is that patients with heart diseases who use propafenone may undergo cardiac surgery and receive propofol, because both medications are myocardial depressors with the possibility of an enhancing effect concerning myocardial contractility. As studies in the literature about the possible enhancing effect of interaction of these medications were not found, the present experimental investigation was conducted aiming at studying the heart's performance, assessing the variables&#247;myocardial contractility, heart rate, coronary flow, and incidence of arrhythmias. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Forty adult albino Wistar rats housed in the vivarium at the Medical School of Barbacena &#150; UNIPAC, were studied without regard to sex, with weights ranging from 210 to 350g (mean, 280g). All animals were treated according to the "Ethical Principles in Animal Research" adopted by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA) <sup>25</sup>, and by the "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" published by the National Institutes of Health - USA <sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>After anesthesia with inhalation of sulfuric ether, the animals underwent a wide thoracotomy. The anterior thoracic wall was reflected, and the heart and the great vessels were exposed. After that, 500 UI of sodium heparin were administered in the posterior vena cava to prevent thrombosis. The animal's aorta was isolated and repaired with a 2.0 cotton thread, and cannulated with a 20G-caliber plastic catheter, making sure that the integrity of the aortic valve was maintained during introduction of the catheter. The catheter was then fixed to the aorta with another 2.0 cotton thread. Next, the left ventricle was drained with the introduction of a fenestrated 18G-caliber plastic cannula through the left atrium and was taken out through the cardiac apex, avoiding greater coronary vessel lesions. The heart was released by cutting the vena cava, pulmonary artery, and the aorta above the cannulation region and was immediately connected to the coronary perfusion system. </p>
      <p>The method used was the modified Langendorff <sup>27,28</sup>, using Krebs-Henseleit solution for perfusion (composition: NaCl 126mM/l, NaHCo<sub>3</sub> 25mM/l, KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1.2mM/l, KCl 4.8mM/l, MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1.2mM/l, CaCl<sub>2 </sub>2.5mM/l, and glucosin 11.5mM/l), gassed with a mixture containing 95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>, obtaining 7.4&#177;0.1 pH and 37&#177;0.5<sup>o</sup>C temperature with the use of a heating unit for thermal permutation (COMEX Ind. Com. Ltda, Belo Horizonte, MG). The solution was filtered with a CardioPro monofilament filter (American BioTech Corporation, New York, NY, USA) with holes of 3 micra, placed right after the deposit of the Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution. Perfusion pressure was kept constant, between 90 and 100cm H<sub>2</sub>O. </p>
      <p>After heart perfusion for 15 minutes, for the purpose of recovering and stabilizing cardiac activity, an empty plastic balloon was introduced into the left ventricle through a hole in the left atrium. The mitral valve was preserved, and the balloon was connected to a monitor (model DH 073, BESE-Bioengenharia, Belo Horizonte, MG) with the help of a metal cannula. Systolic and diastolic pressure, heart rate, and an electrocardiogram were recorded (printer Epson LX-810). Diastolic pressure was adjusted to 5<underline>+</underline>2 mmHg, through movements of introduction and withdrawal of redistilled water in the latex balloon in all periods of group I; in groups II, III, and IV, the diastolic pressure was not adjusted except in t<sub>1</sub> period (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). Coronary flow was determined by the assessment of the drained volume of the right and left cavities in 1 minute, collected in a graduated glass bottle. The incidence of arrhythmia was assessed by observing cardiac rhythm, recorded on the electrocardiogram in D<sub>2 </sub>derivation by 2 electrodes placed on the heart. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0082-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The 40 hearts were distributed into 4 groups and prepared according to the method described. The groups were perfused with a Krebs-Henseleit solution at 37<sup>o</sup>C temperature for 30 minutes, and the parameters were recorded in the control (t<sub>0</sub>), after the 1st (t<sub>1</sub>), 3rd (t<sub>2</sub>), 5th (t<sub>3</sub>), 10th (t<sub>4</sub>), and 15th (t<sub>5</sub>) minute. The groups can be characterized as follows: group I- control: 10 hearts without medication; group II - propafenone: 10 hearts differing from the control group due to the administration of 100mcg of propafenone diluted in 0.1 mL of the K-H solution via a proper lateral route above the bulb of the cannula inserted into the aorta; 10 hearts differing from the control group because of the administration of 25mcg of propofol diluted in 0.1 mL of the K-H solution via a proper lateral route above the bulb of the cannula inserted into the aorta; group IV - propafenone: 10 hearts differing from the previous groups by the administration of 0.1 mL of the K-H solution containing 100mcg of propafenone in an appropriate lateral vein above the cannular bulb inserted in the aorta followed by 0.1 mL of the solution containing 25 mcg of propofol by the same route. </p>
      <p>The variations of heart rate in bpm, of the velocity of circumferential cardiac fiber shortening (dP/dt in mmHg.s<sup>-1</sup>), of coronary flow (mL/min), and the incidence of arrhythmias were studied. For statistical analysis, we used the Student <italic>t</italic> test for paired data (significance level: P&lt;0.05) and single-factor analysis of variance with the same significance level.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart rate decreased (P&lt;0.05) in groups II and IV (1st to 15th min), and in group III, only in the 3rd and 10th minutes; however, no statistically significant difference existed in group I. In group II, a decrease was recorded from 100% (control) to 71% (1st min), 68% (3rd min), 71% (5th min), 83% (10th min), and 78% (15th min); in group IV decreases occurred from 100% to 77% (1st min), 69% (3rd min), 70% (5th min), 76% (10th min), and 80% (15th min), on average. In the comparison between groups, groups II and IV demonstrated significant variation compared with the control group; however, they did not have significant variation when compared with each other. Heart rate had a significant variation (P&lt;0.05) only in the first minute in the comparison between groups II and III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). The dP/dt decreased in group II (from the 1st to the 15th min), in group III (1st and 3rd min), and in group IV (from the 1st to the 15th min). In percentage values, in groupII, a decrease was recorded from 100% (control) to 62% (1st min), 75% (3rd min), 80% (5th min), 78% (10th min), and 76% (15th min). In group III, a percentage decrease occurred from 100% (initial) to 77% (1st min), and 86% (3rd min). In group IV, a percentage decrease occurred from 100% (initial) to 54% (1st min), 62% (3rd min), 68% (5th min), 73% (10th min), and 76% (15th min). All these decreases demonstrated in mean percentile values were statistically significant. In the comparison between groups, the dP/dt ratio was smaller (P&lt;0.05) in group II when compared with that in the control group in all periods. Group III had a significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) only in the first minute regarding the control group. Group IV had a significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) from the first to the fifth minute compared with the control group. In the comparison between groups II and III, the dP/dT ratio did not have a significant decrease. Variations occurred between groups II and IV, and II and IV were not significant (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0082-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0082-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0082-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0082-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Coronary flow decreased in groups II and IV (1st to 15th min), and in group III (3rd, 5th, 10th, and 15th min). In terms of percentages, in group II a decreases from 100% (control), to 88% (1st min), 86% (3rd min), 80% (5th min), 75% (10th min), and 72% (15th min) was recorded. In group III, a percentage decrease from 100% (control), to 99% (1st min), 92% (3rd min), 89% (5th min), 84% (10th min), and 77% (15th min) was recorded. In group III, a percentage decrease from 100% (control), to 91% (1st min), 88% (3rd min), 85% (5th min), 79% (10th min), and 74% (15th min) was recorded. </p>
      <p>All these decreases where statistically significant, demonstrated in mean percentage values (P&lt;0.05). In the comparison between groups, coronary flow did not decrease in groups II and IV as compared with that in the control group. A significant decrease occurred (P&lt;0.05) in the 10th and 15th minutes of group III, as compared with the control group. No significant difference occurred (P&lt;0.05) between groups II and IV, between groups II and IV, and when group II was compared with group III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0082-00008-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0082-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>During the study, arrhythmias were not present in groups I (control) and III (propofol). In group II (propafenone), arrhythmias were observed in 5 of the 10 hearts, and in the propofol-propafenone association (group IV) an increase in the arrhythmias were observed in 4 of the 10 hearts studied.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the great advances in clinical and experimental electrophysiology in the last 20 years, sudden cardiac death is still a complex physiopathologic event. Patients with coronary disease as well as those with congestive heart failure are an important risk group for sudden death <sup>29-31</sup>. </p>
      <p>Around 75% of sudden deaths are due to episodes of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation <sup>32-35</sup>. Patients with congestive heart failure experience severe ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in up to 50% of cases<sup>36</sup>. Aiming at preventing these severe complications, antiarrhythmic therapeutics are indicated. However, the proper treatment of a cardiac arrhythmia is a challenge in clinical practice due to the adverse effects of antiarrhythmic medications, which may even worsen the congestive heart failure due to the negative effect of myocardial contractility. </p>
      <p>With these data, several studies have searched for the ideal antiarrhythmic medication to prevent and treat these arrhythmias. However, despite the studies conducted, some of the available antiarrhythmic drugs, have pro-arrhythmic effects, and may cause myocardial depression and increased mortality <sup>37,38</sup>. </p>
      <p>The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CASH) <sup>39</sup>, a randomized multicenter study, demonstrated that patients treated with IC antiarrhythmic medications have a greater risk of sudden death compared with the placebo group. Other studies <sup>40,41</sup> demonstrated similar results with the use of IC medications, which led to the use of these antiarrhythmics only in potentially lethal cases, avoiding their chronic use. </p>
      <p>The difficulties in approaching clinical treatment of a patient are frequently due to concomitant diseases, which requires the administration of several medications at the same time. The interaction of these medications may generate unexpected consequences in the initial approach to the patient. Several possibilities of interaction exist, and, therefore, they are an extensive research field, extremely important in clinical practice. The study of the interaction of these medications in clinical trials is difficult, and the use of experimental animal models is essential. In addition to that, the effects of an in vivo medication may be difficult to assess, due to the metabolic interferences of the autonomous nervous system and due to the changes in the heart rate, preload, and afterload. </p>
      <p>Among the most commonly used medications in clinical practice, propafenone stands out because of its efficacy in suppressing ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. The use of this medication is not rare during surgeries where anesthesia is used, and therefore the possibility of an interactive effect is present.</p>
      <p> Propofol is a medication that has been used frequently in cardiovascular surgeries with the possibility of interaction with propafenone. However, studies on the add-on effect of the propafenone-propofol association were not found. Taking into account that the 2 medications have a suppressor myocardial effect, a study is necessary. </p>
      <p>Salerno et al <sup>42 </sup>reported a decrease in left ventricular function in patients receiving propafenone. Baker et al <sup>43</sup> reported similar results. Meneghin <sup>44 </sup>observed that even in healthy hearts, propafenone has a reversible negative inotropic effect. A similar fact was reported by Santana <sup>45</sup>, Faraj<sup>46</sup>, and Nakamura et al <sup>47</sup>, all of whom studied isolated rat hearts. </p>
      <p>In the present investigation, propafenone produced significant myocardial depression. However, associated with propofol it did not have an additive effect. </p>
      <p>Rouby et al <sup>48</sup>, studying the effects of propofol in patients with artificial hearts, concluded that cardiovascular depression of propofol is associated with the venous and arterial vasodilation effect rather than with myocardial depression. However, in the present study the significant depressive myocardial effect of propofol was confirmed. </p>
      <p>Heart rate significantly decreased in all assessed periods in the propafenone and propofol groups, contrary to the findings of Riou et al <sup>23 </sup>who did not demonstrate significant negative chronotropic effects in the myocardium of rats. </p>
      <p>Coronary flow analysis did not demonstrate a significant decrease in groups II and IV in all times assessed, regarding the control groups apart from the 10th and 15th minutes of group II. </p>
      <p>The pro-arrhythmic effect of propafenone was reported by Podrid <sup>37 </sup>and Zipes <sup>38</sup>. In our investigation, 50% of the hearts studied in group II experienced arrhythmias. However, with the use of propofol, in isolation, arrhythmias were not observed, and an increase in the incidence of arrhythmias associated with the use of propofol and propafenone did not occur. </p>
      <p>Based on the results obtained, we conclude that propafenone has negative inotropic and chronotropic effects, with arrhythmogenic effects and decreases in coronary flow. Propafenone-propofol association neither exaggerated the negative inotropic effect of propafenone in isolation nor increased its arrhythmogenic effect.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Nilc&#233;a Leal Moraes Assis </p>
          <p> Rua Bar&#227;o do Rio Branco, 737</p>
          <p> Cep 35010-030 - Governador Valadares, MG - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="nilcealm@cardiol.br">nilcealm@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received 11/19/02</p>
      <p> Accepted 5/5/03</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
