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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Tb5xDyTZY8bWWMdWp5s8gvc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000100007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000100007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de oxig&#234;nio obtido pelo m&#233;todo de Fick e pela calorimetria indireta no paciente grave</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marson</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Auxiliadora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coletto</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Dorival</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Basile-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Anibal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>72</fpage>
      <lpage>76</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Correlacionar o &#237;ndice de consumo de oxig&#234;nio medido atrav&#233;s da calorimetria indireta (VO2I DELTA) &#224;s medidas calculadas pela equa&#231;&#227;o reversa de Fick (VO2I FICK) em pacientes graves, v&#237;timas de trauma ou sepse. M&#201;TODOS: Analisados 14 pacientes v&#237;timas de trauma (n=5) ou sepse (n=9), com m&#233;dia de idade de 39,4 &#177; 5,4 anos, sendo 10 homens e 4 mulheres, APACHE II de 21,3&#177;1,8, ISS de 24,8&#177;6, Sepsis Score de 19,6&#177;2,3, com risco de &#243;bito calculado pelo APACHE II de 41,9&#177;7,1%, submetidos &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva com cateter de Swan-Ganz e realizadas, pelos dois m&#233;todos, 4 s&#233;ries de medidas do VO2I (T1 a T4). RESULTADOS: Houve uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os dois m&#233;todos (r = 0,77), para a m&#233;dia das quatro medidas seriadas. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois m&#233;todos nos tempos T1 (VO2I DELTA = 138&#177;28 e VO2I FICK = 159&#177;38 mL.min-1.m-2, p = 0,10) e T3 (VO2I DELTA = 144&#177;26 e VO2I FICK = 158&#177;35 mL.min-1.m-2, p = 0,14). Houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos tempos T2 (VO2I DELTA = 141&#177;27 e VO2I FICK = 155&#177;26 mL.min-1.m-2, p = 0,03) e T4 (VO2I DELTA = 145&#177;24 e VO2I FICK = 162&#177;26 mL.min-1.m-2, p = 0,01). CONCLUS&#195;O: A calorimetria indireta &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo, isento de complica&#231;&#245;es, que pode ser usado para avalia&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio no paciente grave de forma t&#227;o eficaz quanto &#224; equa&#231;&#227;o reversa de Fick.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>consumo de oxig&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>trauma</kwd>
        <kwd>sepse</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Correla&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de oxig&#234;nio obtido pelo m&#233;todo de Fick e pela calorimetria indireta no paciente grave </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fl&#225;vio Marson; Maria Auxiliadora Martins; Francisco Antonio Coletto; Antonio Dorival Campos; Anibal Basile-Filho </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP - Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Correlacionar o &#237;ndice de consumo de oxig&#234;nio medido atrav&#233;s da calorimetria indireta (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>DELTA</sub>) &#224;s medidas calculadas pela equa&#231;&#227;o reversa de Fick (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>FICK</sub>) em pacientes graves, v&#237;timas de trauma ou sepse. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Analisados 14 pacientes v&#237;timas de trauma (n=5) ou sepse (n=9), com m&#233;dia de idade de 39,4 &#177; 5,4 anos, sendo 10 homens e 4 mulheres, APACHE II de 21,3&#177;1,8, ISS de 24,8&#177;6, Sepsis Score de 19,6&#177;2,3, com risco de &#243;bito calculado pelo APACHE II de 41,9&#177;7,1%, submetidos &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva com cateter de Swan-Ganz e realizadas, pelos dois m&#233;todos, 4 s&#233;ries de medidas do VO<sub>2</sub>I (T<sub>1</sub> a T<sub>4</sub>). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Houve uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os dois m&#233;todos (r = 0,77), para a m&#233;dia das quatro medidas seriadas. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois m&#233;todos nos tempos T<sub>1</sub> (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>DELTA</sub> = 138&#177;28 e VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>FICK</sub> = 159&#177;38 mL.min<sup>-1</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>, p = 0,10) e T<sub>3</sub> (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>DELTA</sub> = 144&#177;26 e VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>FICK</sub> = 158&#177;35 mL.min<sup>-1</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>, p = 0,14). Houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos tempos T<sub>2</sub> (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>DELTA</sub> = 141&#177;27 e VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>FICK</sub> = 155&#177;26 mL.min<sup>-1</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>, p = 0,03) e T<sub>4 </sub>(VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>DELTA</sub> = 145&#177;24 e VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>FICK</sub> = 162&#177;26 mL.min<sup>-1</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>, p = 0,01). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A calorimetria indireta &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo, isento de complica&#231;&#245;es, que pode ser usado para avalia&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio no paciente grave de forma t&#227;o eficaz quanto &#224; equa&#231;&#227;o reversa de Fick.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> consumo de oxig&#234;nio, trauma, sepse</p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o seriada do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) &#233; &#250;til para se monitorar a disfun&#231;&#227;o do sistema circulat&#243;rio e sua resposta a alguma interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Embora o transporte de oxig&#234;nio (DO<sub>2</sub>) para os tecidos possa estar adequado, n&#227;o garante o seu aproveitamento pela c&#233;lula, pois os dist&#250;rbios da microcircula&#231;&#227;o, como observado em pacientes s&#233;pticos ou politraumatizados, poder&#227;o dificultar sua capta&#231;&#227;o<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora a an&#225;lise dos diversos par&#226;metros obtidos pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva (cateter de Swan-Ganz) seja &#250;til para os casos de maior complexidade, a obten&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> depende da an&#225;lise gasom&#233;trica do sangue arterial e venoso central, da mensura&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina s&#233;rica e de sua satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio. Assim, o VO<sub>2</sub> &#233; calculado pela diferen&#231;a arteriovenosa do conte&#250;do de oxig&#234;nio multiplicado pelo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Uma outra maneira de se calcular o VO<sub>2</sub> &#233; atrav&#233;s da calorimetria indireta, onde o seu consumo &#233; quantificado pela an&#225;lise das trocas gasosas respirat&#243;rias, obtido de forma n&#227;o invasiva e tamb&#233;m seriada. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi o de correlacionar o consumo de oxig&#234;nio obtido pelo m&#233;todo de Fick e pela calorimetria indireta no paciente grave. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo em pacientes graves, v&#237;timas de trauma ou sepse, de ambos os sexos, com necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada (mais de 3 dias) e de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva, admitidos no Centro de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Universit&#225;rio. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: a contra-indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva, idade &gt;80 anos e &lt;15 anos, a necessidade de fra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio no ar inspirado (FiO<sub>2</sub>) &gt; 0,6, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia &lt; 50 mmHg, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &lt; 50 ou &gt; 140 bpm, presen&#231;a de f&#237;stula a&#233;rea bronco-pleural, choque circulat&#243;rio irrevers&#237;vel, morte encef&#225;lica e, finalmente, recusa do paciente ou de seu respons&#225;vel legal em participar do estudo. As indica&#231;&#245;es de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva foram: avalia&#231;&#227;o da instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da reposi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiopulmonar ou renal e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o durante a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica com valores de press&#227;o positiva ao final da expira&#231;&#227;o (PEEP) maiores que 10 cm de H<sub>2</sub>O. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva foi feita atrav&#233;s da inser&#231;&#227;o de um cateter de Swan-Ganz na art&#233;ria pulmonar, atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o da veia jugular interna ou subcl&#225;via, de prefer&#234;ncia pelo lado direito. Ocorrendo a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e hemodin&#226;mica do paciente em at&#233; 3 dias da interna&#231;&#227;o no centro de terapia intensiva, os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram estratificados de acordo com o sistema APACHE II (<italic>Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation</italic> II)<sup>2</sup>, em caso de trauma foram classificados pelo ISS<sup>3</sup> (<italic>Injury Severity Score</italic>) e, em caso de sepse, pelo sistema de gradua&#231;&#227;o de sepse (SS - <italic>Sepsis Score</italic>)<sup>4</sup>, no primeiro dia da interna&#231;&#227;o no CTI. Os crit&#233;rios de sepse/choque s&#233;ptico seguiram o modelo definido pela Confer&#234;ncia de Consenso promovida pelos membros do <italic>American College of Chest Physicians</italic> (ACCP) em associa&#231;&#227;o com a <italic>Society of Critical Care Medicine </italic>(SCCM)<sup>5</sup>, em 1991, a saber: a) uma resposta sist&#234;mica &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o evidenciada por 2 ou mais dos seguintes dados: temperatura &gt;38 <sup>0</sup>C ou &lt;36 <sup>0</sup>C, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &gt;90 bpm, freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria &gt;20 respira&#231;&#245;es por minuto ou PaCO<sub>2</sub> &lt;32 mmHg, leuc&#243;citos &gt;12.000 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup> ou &lt;4.000 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup> ou presen&#231;a de mais de 10% de formas jovens (bast&#245;es); b) hipotens&#227;o com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt;90 mmHg ou uma redu&#231;&#227;o &gt;40 mmHg do basal apesar de reposi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica adequada, juntamente com anormalidades da perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica, que podem incluir acidose l&#225;ctica, olig&#250;ria ou altera&#231;&#227;o aguda da consci&#234;ncia. Para os casos de trauma tamb&#233;m foi calculado o TRISS (<italic>Trauma and Injury Severity Score)</italic><sup>6</sup>, que estima a probabilidade de sobrevida baseado nas caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas e fisiol&#243;gicas do paciente.O peso dos pacientes foi obtido atrav&#233;s de estimativa baseada no &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea de acordo com a idade. </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 14 pacientes, 10 homens e 4 mulheres, com idade m&#233;dia de 39,4 &#177; 5,4 anos. Nos pacientes com sepse (n = 9 ou 64,3% do total), 5 (55,6%) eram do sexo masculino e o SS foi de 19,6 &#177; 2,3. Nos pacientes v&#237;timas de trauma, todos eram homens representando 35,7% do total de pacientes. O ISS foi de 24,8 &#177; 6,0. O peso corporal m&#233;dio de toda a casu&#237;stica foi de 65,6 &#177; 1,7 kg e a altura de 167,1 &#177; 2,2cm. O &#237;ndice APACHE II de todos os pacientes, no dia da admiss&#227;o no CTI foi de 21,3 &#177; 1,8 e o risco de &#243;bito geral, calculado a partir do APACHE II, de 41,9 &#177; 7,1%. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram ventilados mecanicamente com ventilador mec&#226;nico microprocessado (BIRD 8400 ST<italic>i</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> - Bird Prod. Corp., EUA ou SERVO 900C<sup>&#174;</sup>, Siemens Elema, Su&#233;cia). Os pacientes foram ventilados no modo volume-controlado, com volume corrente de 8 a 10 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>, numa freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 12 a 16 respira&#231;&#245;es por minuto, com FiO<sub>2</sub> (fra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio no ar inspirado) menor que 0,6. A detec&#231;&#227;o de vazamento de ar no circuito do respirador ou pelo tubo endotraqueal foi feita por observa&#231;&#227;o rigorosa tanto visual quanto auditiva e pela observa&#231;&#227;o dos valores do quociente respirat&#243;rio fornecidos pelo calor&#237;metro que, estando fora da faixa de 0,5 a 1, representava uma possibilidade de vazamento de ar no circuito interno ou externo. </p>
    <p>As medidas de consumo de oxig&#234;nio foram obtidas em todos os pacientes com o calor&#237;metro port&#225;til (Deltatrac II<sup>&#174;</sup><italic>Metabolic Monitor</italic> - Datex-Ohmeda, Finl&#226;ndia). Foi realizada uma calibra&#231;&#227;o inicial, antes do protocolo de estudo, com o teste de queima do &#225;lcool, de acordo com especifica&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Antes de cada estudo, o calor&#237;metro foi aquecido por 30min e a seguir calibrado com uma mistura conhecida de gases contendo 5% de di&#243;xido de carbono (CO<sub>2</sub>) e 95% de O<sub>2</sub>. A linha de coleta de gases inspirat&#243;rios foi posicionada na sa&#237;da do sistema de umidifica&#231;&#227;o e aquecimento do respirador. Todo o ar expirado foi coletado da via expirat&#243;ria (expurgo) do respirador. Todos estes procedimentos foram realizados, de acordo com as especifica&#231;&#245;es fornecidas pelo fabricante. </p>
    <p>Com o paciente est&#225;vel, em ambiente calmo, sem manipula&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas nem dos par&#226;metros do respirador, durante pelo menos 30min, foram feitas 30 medi&#231;&#245;es minuto a minuto do VO<sub>2 </sub>(mL.min<sup>-1</sup>). Ao final de cada per&#237;odo de 30 min era calculada a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub>. As quatro s&#233;ries de medidas hemodin&#226;micas foram iniciadas em seguida a cada per&#237;odo de estudo de calorimetria indireta. O delineamento do estudo encontra-se esquematizado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0072-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As press&#245;es arterial perif&#233;rica, arterial pulmonar e venosa central foram monitorizadas com m&#243;dulos de press&#227;o invasiva (DIXTAL 2010- Biom&#233;dica Ind. e Com. LTDA, Brasil). Os transdutores de press&#227;o invasiva foram posicionados ao n&#237;vel da linha axilar m&#233;dia, no 4&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal. </p>
    <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva foi feita inserindo-se um cateter de Swan-Ganz (Baxter Healthcare Corp., EUA) calibre 7 <italic>French</italic> na art&#233;ria pulmonar. O posicionamento adequado do cateter de Swan-Ganz foi confirmado atrav&#233;s de uma radiografia de t&#243;rax na incid&#234;ncia &#226;ntero-posterior. </p>
    <p>O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco foi medido atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica de termodilui&#231;&#227;o, utilizando-se um computador (DIXTAL 2010- Biom&#233;dica Ind. e Com. LTDA, Brasil). Foram realizadas 4 inje&#231;&#245;es consecutivas de solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 0,9% gelada, com temperatura variando entre 0 e 5 graus Celsius (<sup>o</sup>C), num tempo menor do que 4s, na fase expirat&#243;ria do ciclo respirat&#243;rio.O valor obtido foi dado em litros por minuto e indexado &#224; superf&#237;cie corporal total (&#237;ndice card&#237;aco em L.min<sup>-1</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>) </p>
    <p>Conhecendo-se o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina (Hb) em g.dL<sup>-1</sup> e outras vari&#225;veis da equa&#231;&#227;o de Fick, obtidas atrav&#233;s das gasometrias arterial e venosa mista, como a press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio arterial, a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial, a press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio venoso misto e a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio venoso misto (PaO<sub>2</sub>, SaO<sub>2</sub>, PvO<sub>2</sub> e SvO<sub>2</sub>, respectivamente) calculou-se o VO<sub>2</sub>I (mL.min<sup>-1</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>). A press&#227;o parcial dos gases foi dada em mmHg e a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio em porcentagem (%). </p>
    <p>Foram realizadas quatro medidas comparativas do &#237;ndice de consumo de oxig&#234;nio entre calorimetria indireta (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>DELTA</sub>) e pelo m&#233;todo de Fick (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>FICK</sub>). </p>
    <p> A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica levou em considera&#231;&#227;o a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores das m&#233;dias das quatro medidas seriadas de &#237;ndice de consumo de oxig&#234;nio entre todos os pacientes pelos dois m&#233;todos (calorimetria indireta e equa&#231;&#227;o de Fick). A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois m&#233;todos foi realizada atrav&#233;s do teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon, baseada na hip&#243;tese nula (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>DELTA </sub>igual ao VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>FICK</sub>) e com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (a = 0,05). Foram consideradas significativas as diferen&#231;as com p &lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Houve uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os dois m&#233;todos (r = 0,77), conforme visualizado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0072-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Nos pacientes com sepse, a mortalidade foi de 55,6% contra um risco de &#243;bito calculado a partir do APACHE II de 51,8 &#177; 8,6%. Nos pacientes traumatizados, a mortalidade foi nula (risco APACHE II de 24,8 &#177; 6 % e TRISS de 68,3 &#177; 13,3%). A mortalidade geral foi de 35,7% (risco APACHE II de 41,9 &#177; 7,1%). </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois m&#233;todos nas medidas de VO<sub>2</sub>I nos tempos T<sub>1 </sub>e T<sub>3</sub> (p = 0,10 e p = 0,14, respectivamente). No entanto, nos tempos T<sub>2</sub> e T<sub>4</sub> houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os dois m&#233;todos (p = 0,03 em T<sub>2</sub> e p = 0,01 em T<sub>4</sub>). A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre as medidas nos tempos T<sub>1</sub> a T<sub>4</sub> (T<sub>1 FICK</sub> &#150; T<sub>1 DELTA,</sub> T<sub>2 FICK</sub> &#150; T<sub>2 DELTA</sub>, T<sub>3 FICK</sub> &#150; T<sub>3 DELTA</sub> e T<sub>4 FICK</sub> &#150; T<sub>4 DELTA</sub>) foi de 17&#177;4 mL.min<sup>-1</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup> (10 &#177; 2 %). Os valores de VO<sub>2</sub>I obtidos pela calorimetria indireta e pelo m&#233;todo de Fick, nos tempos T<sub>1</sub> a T<sub>4</sub>, s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0072-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A finalidade deste estudo foi correlacionar o VO<sub>2</sub> obtido pelo m&#233;todo de Fick e pela calorimetria indireta em pacientes graves, v&#237;timas de trauma m&#250;ltiplo ou sepse. O m&#233;todo de Fick para a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> ainda &#233; o mais utilizado em terapia intensiva. Como &#233; invasivo, torna-se necess&#225;ria a inser&#231;&#227;o de um cateter de Swan-Ganz na art&#233;ria pulmonar por acesso venoso central e est&#225; associado a v&#225;rias complica&#231;&#245;es bem documentadas<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p> A calorimetria indireta &#233; um outro m&#233;todo dispon&#237;vel para a medi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub>, n&#227;o invasivo, isento de complica&#231;&#245;es e obtido atrav&#233;s de um calor&#237;metro port&#225;til conectado a um respirador. Sendo um equipamento de alto custo, este m&#233;todo exige profissionais treinados a fim de se obter medidas calorim&#233;tricas adequadas. Estes cuidados incluem: calibra&#231;&#227;o do equipamento de maneira apropriada antes de cada uso, an&#225;lise cuidadosa dos resultados e realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes <italic>in vitro</italic>, com queima de &#225;lcool, periodicamente<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre a m&#233;dia das quatro medidas seriadas foi de r = 0,77). No entanto, na an&#225;lise por per&#237;odos, em T<sub>1</sub> e T<sub>3</sub> n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os dois m&#233;todos. Nos tempos T<sub>2</sub> e T<sub>4</sub>, houve uma pequena diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois m&#233;todos, variando de 14 a 17 mL.min<sup>-1</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>, o que pode representar muito pouco na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Neste estudo, alguns fatores podem ter interferido na acur&#225;cia das medidas de calorimetria indireta, como a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dois modelos diferentes de ventiladores mec&#226;nicos, apesar de serem modelos similares quanto aos seus recursos dispon&#237;veis e terem demonstrado estabilidade nos par&#226;metros de FiO<sub>2</sub> e volume minuto em todo o estudo. &#201; poss&#237;vel que as diferen&#231;as encontradas em dois per&#237;odos de medi&#231;&#227;o (T<sub>2</sub> e T<sub>4</sub>) reflitam apenas uma varia&#231;&#227;o, perfeitamente normal e temporal, encontrada em estudos de curta dura&#231;&#227;o. Raz&#227;o pela qual a maioria dos estudos ainda realiza estes testes comparativos de dura&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o inferior a 2h ou 2 medi&#231;&#245;es, a fim de reduzir as discrep&#226;ncias em certas medi&#231;&#245;es, que pelas considera&#231;&#245;es tecidas acima podem muito bem ocorrer, por&#233;m n&#227;o invalidando nenhum dos dois m&#233;todos <sup>8-12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora a mortalidade global da casu&#237;stica tenha sido muito pr&#243;xima &#224;quela prevista pelo &#237;ndice APACHE II, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel associar uma maior mortalidade &#224; baixa capacidade de extrair oxig&#234;nio (baixo VO<sub>2</sub>I) por nenhum dos dois m&#233;todos. Apesar de v&#225;rios trabalhos terem sido realizados em pacientes graves, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; defini&#231;&#245;es claras do uso da calorimetria nesses casos, embora este m&#233;todo seja defendido como forma de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o mais adequada do consumo de oxig&#234;nio e da adequa&#231;&#227;o das suas necessidades cal&#243;ricas. Nesse particular, v&#225;rios estudos comparativos entre os dois m&#233;todos, em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, mostraram que a calorimetria indireta &#233; fidedigna para a obten&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0072-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o se deseja, contudo, com estes resultados, substituir um m&#233;todo de medi&#231;&#227;o da VO<sub>2</sub> tradicional e de uso mais rotineiro (cateter de Swan-Ganz) pela calorimetria indireta. Alguns par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos s&#227;o muito &#250;teis na avalia&#231;&#227;o das condi&#231;&#245;es cardiocirculat&#243;rias do doente grave e somente poss&#237;veis de serem obtidos com a introdu&#231;&#227;o de um cateter na art&#233;ria pulmonar como, por exemplo, a press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar. A necessidade de uma familiaridade e treinamento maiores com este novo equipamento de alto custo s&#227;o, certamente, fatores limitantes ao seu uso rotineiro, por&#233;m fundamental para que se aprofundem as pesquisas e as valida&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas com calorimetria indireta no nosso meio, uma vez que &#233; um equipamento de uso relativamente recente, enquanto que a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva &#233; um procedimento j&#225; bem padronizado nas UTIs, desde a d&#233;cada de 70. </p>
    <p>Outro ponto a ser considerado &#233; que o m&#233;todo de Fick parte de uma equa&#231;&#227;o utilizando v&#225;rios par&#226;metros que s&#227;o medidos, como o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco por termodilui&#231;&#227;o e os conte&#250;dos arterial e venoso misto de O<sub>2</sub>, determinando erros matem&#225;ticos cumulativos. Alguns destes par&#226;metros tamb&#233;m s&#227;o utilizados para o c&#225;lculo da oferta de oxig&#234;nio. Assim, o VO<sub>2</sub> calculado pelo m&#233;todo de Fick pode ter um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 15%<sup>16</sup>. Esta varia&#231;&#227;o forma a base da recomenda&#231;&#227;o geral de que o VO<sub>2</sub> calculado deve se alterar pelo menos 15% para ser considerado uma mudan&#231;a fisiol&#243;gica significativa. </p>
    <p>Diferen&#231;as importantes de 32 &#177; 2% (p &lt; 0,001) foram encontradas entre os valores de VO<sub>2DELTA</sub> e VO<sub>2FICK</sub><sup>7</sup>. No entanto, ap&#243;s rigorosa reinspe&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos e dos equipamentos, os autores verificaram vazamento interno do calor&#237;metro. No presente estudo, um caso foi exclu&#237;do ap&#243;s a constata&#231;&#227;o de vazamento, por&#233;m no circuito externo do respirador (a falha foi constatada somente ao final do estudo). Em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca, houve uma maior precis&#227;o no VO<sub>2 </sub>obtido por calorimetria indireta do que nos valores obtidos pelo m&#233;todo de Fick, embora as varia&#231;&#245;es observadas tenham sido relacionadas, principalmente, ao m&#233;todo de medi&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, ou seja, as maiores varia&#231;&#245;es ocorreram devidas &#224; temperatura do l&#237;quido injetado e &#224; fase do ciclo respirat&#243;rio na qual foram feitas as medi&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Erros muito parecidos entre o VO<sub>2FICK </sub>e VO<sub>2DELTA</sub> (5% e 4%, respectivamente), foram encontrados<sup>7</sup>, com a diferen&#231;a de que foi utilizado monitor cont&#237;nuo de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, ainda n&#227;o muito bem difundido em nosso meio. No entanto, outro estudo<sup>10</sup> comparou os dois m&#233;todos em pacientes v&#237;timas de trauma m&#250;ltiplo, encontrando, em todas as medidas comparativas, valores significativamente maiores no VO<sub>2DELTA</sub>, concluindo que a calorimetria indireta deve ser o m&#233;todo preferencial na medida do VO<sub>2</sub> em pacientes gravemente traumatizados. </p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es s&#233;pticas ap&#243;s cirurgias ou traumas acham-se associadas a maiores taxas metab&#243;licas. Em pacientes com sepse ou choque s&#233;ptico, os valores do VO<sub>2</sub>, ao contr&#225;rio do que se poderia esperar, est&#227;o relativamente diminu&#237;dos, frente &#224;s maiores necessidades metab&#243;licas, pela ativa&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos de defesa do organismo e, tamb&#233;m, pela febre. As medidas de trocas gasosas devem ser suficientemente longas para assegurar uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o correta dos resultados obtidos, evitando os per&#237;odos de condi&#231;&#245;es inst&#225;veis, como por exemplo, altera&#231;&#245;es de par&#226;metros do ventilador mec&#226;nico e aspira&#231;&#245;es traqueais. Neste sentido, &#233; muito importante o n&#250;mero e a dura&#231;&#227;o das medidas necess&#225;rias para se atingir estimativas do gasto energ&#233;tico di&#225;rio. Embora ainda n&#227;o haja uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o e nem do n&#250;mero de medidas di&#225;rias por calorimetria indireta, alguns estudos apontam para a conveni&#234;ncia das medidas de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, variando de cinco a 30min<sup>18,19</sup>. Duas medidas di&#225;rias de 15min s&#227;o suficientes para se estimar o gasto energ&#233;tico de 24h com erro de 4%. Para fins cl&#237;nicos &#233; aceit&#225;vel a extrapola&#231;&#227;o do gasto energ&#233;tico de 24h a partir de medidas realizadas durante 30min<sup>16</sup>. Outro estudo<sup>20</sup> sugeriu que medidas mais curtas, de 5min, s&#227;o suficientes para medir o gasto energ&#233;tico, se a varia&#231;&#227;o daquelas medidas for menor do que 5%. A principal vantagem de medidas de curta dura&#231;&#227;o seria a possibilidade de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria em v&#225;rios pacientes graves, reduzindo os custos do equipamento. No nosso estudo, decidiu-se pela ado&#231;&#227;o de quatro intervalos de medidas de calorimetria indireta a fim de minimizar poss&#237;veis erros causados pela inexperi&#234;ncia no uso do calor&#237;metro e interfer&#234;ncias do meio (temperatura, press&#227;o e umidade). No entanto, infelizmente, nenhum m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o tanto da oferta quanto do consumo de oxig&#234;nio no paciente grave &#233; isento de limita&#231;&#245;es e cr&#237;ticas. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, os resultados do presente estudo apontam para o fato da exist&#234;ncia de uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre o VO<sub>2 </sub>obtido pela calorimetria indireta e pelo m&#233;todo de Fick, podendo a calorimetria indireta ser utilizada como m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro em pacientes graves, de forma t&#227;o eficaz quanto a equa&#231;&#227;o reversa de Fick, com a vantagem de ser um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo, isento de complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Anibal Basile-Filho </p>
        <p> Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Cep 14049-900 </p>
        <p> Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="abasile@fmrp.usp.br">abasile@fmrp.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 2/12/02 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 5/6/03 </p>
    <p> Projeto de Pesquisa Financiado pela FAPESP 99/07266-7 (A.B.F.) </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Correlation between oxygen consumption calculated using Fick's method and measured with indirect calorimetry in critically ill patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare the oxygen consumption index measured by using indirect calorimetry (VO2I Delta) with a portable metabolic cart and calculated according to Fick's principle (VO2 I Fick) in critically ill patients. METHODS: Fourteen patients (10 men and 4 women, mean age 39.4 &#177; 5.4 years) were analyzed, 5 of them trauma victims and 9 sepsis victims. The following mean scores were obtained for these patients: APACHE II = 21.3&#177;1.8, ISS = 24.8&#177;6, and sepsis score = 19.6&#177;2.3. The mortality risk (odds ratio), calculated from APACHE II, was 41.9&#177;7.1%. All patients underwent mechanical ventilation and invasive hemodynamic monitoring with a Swan-Ganz catheter. VO2 was obtained using the 2 methods (VO2I Delta and VO2I Fick) at 4 different times (T1-T4). RESULTS: A good correlation was found between the 2 methods (r=0.77) for the mean of the 4 serial measurements. No statistically significant differences were observed between indirect calorimetry and Fick's equation at T1 (VO2I Delta = 138&#177;28 and VO2I Fick = 59&#177;38 mL.min-2.m-2, P=0.10) and T3 (VO2I Delta = 144&#177;26 and VO2I Fick = 158&#177;35 mL.min-2.m-2, P=0.14), but a significant difference was observed at T2 (VO2I Delta = 141&#177;27 and VO2I Fick = 155&#177;26 mL.min-2.m-2, P=0.03) and T4 (VO2I Delta = 145&#177;24 and VO2I Fick = 162&#177;26 mL.min-2.m-2, P=0.01). CONCLUSION: We may state that indirect calorimetry can be used for oxygen consumption analysis in critically ill patients and is as efficient as Fick's reverse equation, with the benefit of being a noninvasive and risk-free procedure.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>oxygen consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>trauma</kwd>
        <kwd>sepsis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Correlation between oxygen consumption calculated using Fick's method and measured with indirect calorimetry in critically ill patients</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fl&#225;vio Marson; Maria Auxiliadora Martins; Francisco Antonio Coletto; Antonio Dorival Campos; Anibal Basile-Filho </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Research supported by FAPESP 99/07266-7 (A.B.F.) - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT </bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To compare the oxygen consumption index measured by using indirect calorimetry (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>Delta</sub>) with a portable metabolic cart and calculated according to Fick's principle (VO<sub>2 </sub>I<sub>Fick</sub>) in critically ill patients.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Fourteen patients (10 men and 4 women, mean age 39.4 &#177; 5.4 years) were analyzed, 5 of them trauma victims and 9 sepsis victims. The following mean scores were obtained for these patients: APACHE II = 21.3&#177;1.8, ISS = 24.8&#177;6, and sepsis score = 19.6&#177;2.3. The mortality risk (odds ratio), calculated from APACHE II, was 41.9&#177;7.1%. All patients underwent mechanical ventilation and invasive hemodynamic monitoring with a Swan-Ganz catheter. VO<sub>2</sub> was obtained using the 2 methods (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>Delta</sub> and VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>Fick</sub>) at 4 different times (T<sub>1</sub>-T<sub>4</sub>).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A good correlation was found between the 2 methods (r=0.77) for the mean of the 4 serial measurements. No statistically significant differences were observed between indirect calorimetry and Fick's equation at T<sub>1</sub> (VO<sub>2</sub>I <sub>Delta</sub> = 138&#177;28 and VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>Fick</sub> = 59&#177;38 mL.min<sup>-2</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>, P=0.10) and T<sub>3</sub> (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>Delta</sub> = 144&#177;26 and VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>Fick</sub> = 158&#177;35 mL.min<sup>-2</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>, P=0.14), but a significant difference was observed at T<sub>2</sub> (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>Delta</sub> = 141&#177;27 and VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>Fick</sub> = 155&#177;26 mL.min<sup>-2</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>, P=0.03) and T<sub>4</sub> (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>Delta</sub> = 145&#177;24 and VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>Fick</sub> = 162&#177;26 mL.min<sup>-2</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>, P=0.01).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> We may state that indirect calorimetry can be used for oxygen consumption analysis in critically ill patients and is as efficient as Fick's reverse equation, with the benefit of being a noninvasive and risk-free procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> oxygen consumption, trauma, sepsis</p>
      <p>Serial determination of oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) is useful for monitoring the dysfunction of the circulatory system and its response to certain therapeutic interventions. Even though oxygen transport (DO<sub>2</sub>) to tissues may be adequate, this does not guarantee oxygen utilization by the cell because microcirculation disorders such as those observed in septic or poly-traumatized patients may impair its uptake <sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although the analysis of various parameters obtained by invasive hemodynamic monitoring (Swan-Ganz catheter) is useful for more complex cases, the determination of VO<sub>2 </sub>depends on analysis of arterial blood and central venous gases, on the measurement of serum hemoglobin concentration and on hemoglobin oxygen saturation. Thus, VO<sub>2</sub> is calculated by the arteriovenous difference in oxygen content multiplied by cardiac output. Another way to calculate VO<sub>2</sub> is with indirect calorimetry, whereby consumption is quantified by the analysis of respiratory gas exchanges in a noninvasive, serial manner. The objective of the present study was to correlate oxygen consumption obtained by using the Fick method and indirect calorimetry in critically ill patients. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Research Ethics Committee of the University Hospital, Ribeir&#227;o Preto Medical School, University of S&#227;o Paulo, approved the present study. </p>
      <p>A prospective study was conducted on critically ill patients of both sexes, victims of trauma or sepsis who required prolonged, mechanical ventilation (more than 3 days) and invasive hemodynamic monitoring (IHM) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the above hospital. Exclusion criteria were the following: clinically contraindicated IHM, age &gt;80 and &lt;15 years, the need for FiO<sub>2</sub> (oxygen fraction of inspired air) &gt;0.6, mean arterial pressure (MAP) &lt;50 mmHg, heart rate (HR) &lt;50 or &gt;140 bpm, presence of a bronchopleural air fistula, irreversible circulatory shock, brain death, and finally refusal to participate in the study by the patient or the person legally responsible. The indications for IHM were as follows: assessment of hemodynamic instability, monitoring of blood volume replacement in patients with cardiopulmonary or renal disease, and monitoring during mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) values higher than 10 cm H<sub>2</sub>O. IHM was performed by inserting a Swan-Ganz catheter into the pulmonary artery by puncture of the internal jugular vein or subclavian vein, preferably on the right side. When respiratory and hemodynamic stabilization occurred within 3 days of admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), the patients were included in the study. </p>
      <p>All patients were stratified according to the Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) system <sup>2</sup>. Victims of trauma were also classified by the injury severity score (ISS) <sup>3 </sup>and patients with sepsis by the sepsis score (SS) system <sup>4</sup> on the first day of admission to the ICU. The criteria used to determine the presence of sepsis/septic shock followed the model defined by the Consensus Conference promoted by the members of the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) in association with the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) <sup>5 </sup>in 1992, ie, (a) systemic response to infection demonstrated by 2 or more of the following data: temperature &gt;38<sup>o </sup>C or &lt;36<sup>o </sup>C, heart rate &gt;90 beats per minute, respiratory frequency &gt;20 breaths per minute or PaCO<sub>2</sub> &lt;32 mmHg, leukocytes &gt;12,000 cells/mm<sup>3</sup> or &lt;4,000 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>, or the presence of more than 10% young forms (rods); (b) hypotension with systolic arterial pressure &lt;90 mmHg or a reduction of &gt;40 mmHg compared with basal levels despite adequate volume repletion, together with abnormalities in peripheral perfusion, such as lactic acidosis, oliguria, or acute alteration of consciousness. The Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) <sup>6 </sup>was also calculated for victims of trauma to estimate the probability of survival based on the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the patient. Patient weight was estimated based on body mass index according to age. </p>
      <p>We studied 14 patients, 10 men and 4 women, average age 39.4&#177;5.4 years. Among the patients with sepsis (n=9 or 64.3% of the total), 5 (55.6%) were males and SS was 19.6&#177;2.3. All the patients who were victims of trauma were males and corresponded to 35.7% of the total. ISS was 24.8&#177;6.0. The mean body weight of the entire series was 65.6&#177;1.7 kg, and height was 167.1&#177;2.2 cm. The mean APACHE II index for all patients on the day of admission to the ICU was 21.3&#177;1.8. The overall death risk calculated from the APACHE II was 41.9&#177;7.1%. </p>
      <p>All patients were mechanically ventilated with a micro-processed mechanical ventilator (BIRD 8400ST<italic>i</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> - Bird Prod. Corp., USA, or SERVO 900C<sup>&#174;</sup>, Siemens Elema, Sweden). The patients were ventilated in the controlled-volume mode, with a tidal volume of 8 to 10 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>, at a frequency of 12 to 16 breaths per minute, with an FiO<sub>2</sub> of less than 0.6. Air leakage in the respirator's circuit or through the endotracheal tube was detected by rigorous visual and auditory observation and by observation of the respiratory quotient values provided by the calorimeter. When these values were outside the 0.5 to 1 range, they represented a possibility of air leakage in the internal or external circuit. </p>
      <p>Oxygen consumption measurements were obtained for all patients by using a portable calorimeter (Deltatrac II<sup>&#174;</sup> Metabolic Monitor - Datex-Ohmeda, Finland). An initial calibration was performed before the study protocol by using the alcohol-burning test according to the manufacturer's specifications. Before each study, the calorimeter was heated for 30 minutes and then calibrated with a known mixture of gases containing 5% carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and 95% oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>). The line for inspiratory gas collection was positioned in the outlet of the humidifying and heating system of the respirator. All expired air was collected from the expiratory pathway (purging) of the respirator. All the procedures described were performed according to the manufacturer's specifications. </p>
      <p>With the patient in stable condition in a calm environment, with no manipulation of the upper airways or of the parameters of the respirator for at least 30 minutes, minute to minute VO<sub>2 </sub>measurements (mL.min<sup>-1</sup>) were made. At the end of each 30-minute period, the mean and standard deviation of VO<sub>2</sub> were calculated. The 4 series of hemodynamic measurements were started immediately after each period of study by indirect calorimetry. The design of the study is schematically illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0072-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Arterial peripheral pressure and arterial pulmonary and central venous pressure were monitored with invasive pressure modules (Dixtal 2010 - Biom&#233;dica Ind. e Com. Ltda., Brazil). The invasive pressure transducers were positioned at the level of the middle axillary line in the fourth intercostal space. </p>
      <p>Invasive hemodynamic monitoring was performed by inserting a Swan-Ganz catheter (Baxter Healthcare Corp., USA) caliber 7 French into the pulmonary artery. The proper positioning of the Swan-Ganz catheter was confirmed by a chest X-ray of anteroposterior incidence. </p>
      <p>Cardiac output was measured by the thermodilution technique using a computer (Dixtal 2010 - Biom&#233;dica Ind. e Com. Ltda., Brazil). Four consecutive injections of ice-cold 0.9% saline solution, varying in temperature from 0 to 5<sup>o</sup>C, were performed within less than 4 seconds during the expiratory phase of the respiratory cycle. The value obtained is reported as liters per minute related to total body surface (cardiac index in L.min<sup>-1</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>). </p>
      <p>On the basis of cardiac index, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in g.dL<sup>-1</sup> and other variables of the Fick equation obtained by arterial and mixed venous gas measurements, such as partial pressure of arterial oxygen, arterial oxygen saturation, partial pressure of mixed venous oxygen, and saturation of mixed venous oxygen (PaO<sub>2</sub>, SaO<sub>2</sub>, PvO<sub>2</sub>, and SvO<sub>2</sub>, respectively), we calculated VO<sub>2</sub>I (mL.min<sup>-1</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>). Partial gas pressure was expressed as mmHg and oxygen saturation as a percentage (%). </p>
      <p>Four comparative measurements of oxygen consumption index were made using indirect calorimetry (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>Delta</sub>) and the Fick method (VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>Fick</sub>). </p>
      <p>Data were analyzed statistically considering the mean values of 4 serial measurements of oxygen consumption index obtained for all patients by the 2 methods (indirect calorimetry and Fick's equation). The 2 methods were compared by using the nonparametric Wilcoxon test based on the null hypothesis (Vo<sub>2</sub>I<sub>Delta </sub>equal to VO<sub>2</sub>I<sub>Fick</sub>) and with a 95% confidence interval (a = 0.05)<italic>. </italic>Differences were considered significant when P &lt; 0.05. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A good correlation existed between the 2 methods (r=0.77), as can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">figure 2</xref>. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0072-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In patients with sepsis, mortality was 55.6% versus a death risk of 51.8&#177;8.6% calculated from APACHE II. In traumatized patients, mortality was zero (APACHE II risk of 24.8&#177;6 % and TRISS of 68.3 &#177; 13.3%). Overall mortality was 35.7% (APACHE II risk of 41.9 &#177; 7.1%). </p>
      <p>No significant difference was noted in VO<sub>2</sub>I measurements between the 2 methods at times T<sub>1 </sub>and T<sub>3</sub> (P = 0.10 and P = 0.14, respectively). However, at times T<sub>2</sub> and T<sub>4</sub>, the difference between methods was significant (P = 0.03 at T<sub>2</sub> and P = 0.01 at T<sub>4</sub>). The mean difference between the measurements at times T<sub>1</sub> to T<sub>4</sub> (T<sub>1Fick</sub> &#150; T<sub>1Delta</sub>, T<sub>2Fick</sub> &#150; T<sub>2Delta</sub>, T<sub>3Fick</sub> &#150; T<sub>3Delta</sub>, and T<sub>4Fick</sub> &#150; T<sub>4Delta</sub>) was 17 &#177; 4 mL.min<sup>-1</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup> (10 &#177; 2 %). The VO<sub>2</sub>I values obtained by indirect calorimetry and by Fick's method at times T<sub>1</sub> to T<sub>4</sub> are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0072-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to compare the VO<sub>2</sub> obtained by the Fick method and by indirect calorimetry in critically ill patients who were victims of multiple trauma or sepsis. The Fick method for VO<sub>2 </sub>monitoring continues to be the procedure most frequently used in intensive care. However, it is invasive because it requires the insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter into the pulmonary artery through a central venous access and is associated with several well-documented complications <sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Indirect calorimetry is another method available for VO<sub>2</sub> measurement, which is noninvasive and free of complications and requiring the use of a portable calorimeter connected to a respirator. However, in addition to involving expensive equipment, this method requires trained professionals in order to obtain adequate calorimetric measurements as well as several precautions, such as appropriate calibration of the equipment before each use, careful analysis of the results, and the periodic execution of <italic>in vitro</italic> tests with alcohol burning <sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>The correlation between the mean of the 4 serial measurements was r = - 0.77. However, in the analysis according to time periods, no significant differences were detected between the 2 methods at T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>3</sub>. At T<sub>2</sub> and T<sub>4</sub>, a small, significant difference existed between the 2 methods, ranging from 14 to 17 mL.min<sup>-1</sup>.m<sup>-2</sup>, which may mean very little in clinical practice. In the present study, some factors may have interfered with the accuracy of the indirect calorimetry measurements, such as the use of 2 different models of mechanical ventilators, even though the models were similar in terms of available resources and demonstrated the stability of the FiO<sub>2</sub> and minute volume parameters throughout the study. It is possible that the differences detected at 2 measuring time points (T<sub>2</sub> and T<sub>4</sub>) reflect only a perfectly normal and temporal variation observed in studies of short duration. This is the reason why most studies continue to perform these comparative tests over a period lasting not less than 2 hours or 2 measurements, in order to reduce the discrepancies in certain measurements that might occur for the reasons mentioned above but that do not invalidate either method <sup>8-12 </sup>(<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>) <sup>13-15</sup>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0072-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Although the overall mortality rate for the series was very close to that predicted by the APACHE II index, it was not possible to associate greater mortality with the low ability to extract oxygen (low VO<sub>2</sub>I) in either method. Although several studies have been conducted on critically ill patients, there still is no clear definition of the use of calorimetry in these cases, although this method has been defended as a more appropriate way of monitoring oxygen consumption and the adequacy of the caloric needs of the patient. In this respect, comparative studies of the 2 methods in different clinical situations have shown that indirect calorimetry is reliable for the determination of VO<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). </p>
      <p>However, it is not our intention, with these results, to replace a more traditional and more routinely used (Swan-Ganz catheter) technique with indirect calorimetry. Some hemodynamic parameters are highly useful for the evaluation of the cardiocirculatory conditions of critically ill patients and can only be determined by introducing a catheter into the pulmonary artery, as is the case, for example, for the occlusion pressure of the pulmonary artery. The need for greater familiarity with, and training for this new high-cost equipment, is definitely a limiting factor for its routine use. Nevertheless, it is fundamental for more in-depth research and technical validation of the use of indirect calorimetry in Brazil, since this is equipment of relatively recent use, whereas invasive hemodynamic monitoring is a procedure that has been well standardized in ICUs since the 1970s. </p>
      <p>Another point to be considered is that the Fick method is based on an equation using several measured parameters such as CO determined by thermodilution and the arterial and mixed venous blood O<sub>2</sub> content, leading to cumulative mathematical errors. Some of these parameters are also used to calculate oxygen supply. Thus, VO<sub>2</sub> calculated with the Fick method can have a coefficient of variation of up to 15%<sup>16</sup>. This variation justifies the general recommendation that calculated VO<sub>2</sub> should show at least a 15% alteration to be considered a significant physiological change. </p>
      <p>Important differences of 32 &#177; 2% (P&lt;0.001) were detected between VO<sub>2DELTA</sub> and VO<sub>2 Fick </sub>values <sup>7</sup>. However, after rigorous reinspection of methods and equipment, the authors detected an internal leakage in the calorimeter. In the present study, 1 patient was excluded after a leak was detected, although in the external circuit of the respirator (the fault was detected only at the end of the study). In patients undergoing heart surgery, greater precision was found in the VO<sub>2 </sub>value obtained by indirect calorimetry than in the value obtained by the Fick method. The variations obtained, however, were mainly related to the method for CO measurement, ie, the greatest variations occurred due to the temperature of the injected fluid and to the phase of the respiratory cycle during which the measurements were made. </p>
      <p>Closely similar errors have been observed for VO<sub>2 Fick </sub>and VO<sub>2 Delta</sub> (5% and 4%, respectively) <sup>17</sup>, with the difference being that a continuous CO monitor was used, which is still not easily available in Brazil. However, another study <sup>10 </sup>compared the 2 methods in patients who were victims of multiple trauma and detected significantly higher VO<sub>2Delta</sub> values and concluded that indirect calorimetry should be the preferential method for VO<sub>2</sub> measurement in severely traumatized patients. </p>
      <p>Septic complications after surgery or trauma are associated with higher metabolic rates. In patients with sepsis or septic shock, VO<sub>2 </sub>values, contrary to what might be expected, are relatively reduced in the presence of greater metabolic necessities by the activation of the defense mechanisms of the organism and also by fever. Gas exchange measurements should be sufficiently long to ensure a correct interpretation of the results obtained, avoiding periods of unstable conditions, such as alterations of parameters of the mechanical ventilator and tracheal aspiration. In this respect, the number and duration of the measurements necessary to reach estimates of daily energy expenditure are very important. Although thus far, no standardization has occurred of the duration or the number of daily measurements by indirect calorimetry, some studies have indicated the convenience of measurements of short duration ranging from 5 to 30 minutes <sup>18,19</sup>. Two daily measurements of 15 minutes are sufficient to estimate 24-hour energy expenditure with a 4% error. For clinical purposes, it is acceptable to extrapolate 24-hour energy expenditure from measurements made over a period of 30 minutes <sup>19</sup>. Another study <sup>20</sup> suggested that shorter measurements over a period of 5 minutes are sufficient to measure energy expenditure when their variation is less than 5%. The major advantage of measurements of short duration is the possibility of daily monitoring of several critically ill patients, with a consequent reduction in equipment costs. In the present study, we decided to use 4 intervals of measurements of indirect calorimetry in order to minimize possible errors caused by lack of experience with the use of the calorimeter and interference by the environment (temperature, pressure, and humidity). However, unfortunately, no method for the assessment of oxygen supply and consumption in critically ill patients is free from limitations and criticisms. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the present results indicate the existence of a good correlation between VO<sub>2</sub> obtained by indirect calorimetry and by the Fick method, with the possibility of using indirect calorimetry as a method for the assessment of this parameter in critically ill patients as effectively as when using the reverse Fick equation, with the advantage that calorimetry is a noninvasive method free of complications. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Fl&#225;vio Marson </p>
          <p> Disciplina de Terapia Intensiva </p>
          <p> Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia </p>
          <p> Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 </p>
          <p> Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> Cep 14049-900 </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="abasile@fmrp.usp.br">abasile@fmrp.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received 12/2/02</p>
      <p> Accepted 6/5/03</p>
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