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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hqGmcCQYpQ9PBDXJLCVDJQQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000100006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000100006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos normotensos submetidos a duas sess&#245;es &#250;nicas de exerc&#237;cios: resistido e aer&#243;bio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bermudes</surname>
            <given-names>Ambrosina Maria Lignani de Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vassallo</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Valentim</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasquez</surname>
            <given-names>Elisardo Corral</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Eliudem Galv&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>57</fpage>
      <lpage>64</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Investigar a influ&#234;ncia de duas sess&#245;es &#250;nicas de exerc&#237;cio resistido (circuito com pesos) e aer&#243;bio sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas, em indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios e normotensos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o numa situa&#231;&#227;o controle, sem realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios (MAPA 1) 25 indiv&#237;duos, ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio resistido (MAPA 2) e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio (MAPA 3). Os exerc&#237;cios resistidos foram realizados sob forma de circuito com pesos, com intensidade de 40% da for&#231;a m&#225;xima individual e os exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos em cicloerg&#244;metro, com intensidade entre 60% e 70% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada no teste ergom&#233;trico. RESULTADOS: A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) de 24h e sub-per&#237;odos vig&#237;lia e sono n&#227;o apresentaram varia&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significantes quando comparada &#224; MAPA2 e MAPA3 e MAPA2 e MAPA3 entre si. A press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) de 24h e diurna apresentaram redu&#231;&#245;es significantes (P&lt;0,05). A m&#233;dia da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 24h e no per&#237;odo vig&#237;lia apresentou aumentos significativos (P&lt;0,05) quando comparada a MAPA2 &#224; MAPA3. CONCLUS&#195;O: Uma sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio resistido em indiv&#237;duos normotensos foi suficiente para promover redu&#231;&#245;es significativas dos n&#237;veis tensionais, no per&#237;odo de sono ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, e a de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio nesses mesmos indiv&#237;duos, foi mais eficaz em promover redu&#231;&#245;es significativas dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>MAPA</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cios resistidos</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos normotensos submetidos a duas sess&#245;es &#250;nicas de exerc&#237;cios: resistido e aer&#243;bio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ambrosina Maria Lignani de Miranda Bermudes; Dalton Valentim Vassallo; Elisardo Corral Vasquez; Eliudem Galv&#227;o Lima </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo - Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria - EMESCAM - Vit&#243;ria, ES </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Investigar a influ&#234;ncia de duas sess&#245;es &#250;nicas de exerc&#237;cio resistido (circuito com pesos) e aer&#243;bio sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas, em indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios e normotensos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram avaliados pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o numa situa&#231;&#227;o controle, sem realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios (MAPA 1) 25 indiv&#237;duos, ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio resistido (MAPA 2) e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio (MAPA 3). Os exerc&#237;cios resistidos foram realizados sob forma de circuito com pesos, com intensidade de 40% da for&#231;a m&#225;xima individual e os exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos em cicloerg&#244;metro, com intensidade entre 60% e 70% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada no teste ergom&#233;trico. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) de 24h e sub-per&#237;odos vig&#237;lia e sono n&#227;o apresentaram varia&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significantes quando comparada &#224; MAPA2 e MAPA3 e MAPA2 e MAPA3 entre si. A press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) de 24h e diurna apresentaram redu&#231;&#245;es significantes (P&lt;0,05). A m&#233;dia da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 24h e no per&#237;odo vig&#237;lia apresentou aumentos significativos (P&lt;0,05) quando comparada a MAPA2 &#224; MAPA3. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Uma sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio resistido em indiv&#237;duos normotensos foi suficiente para promover redu&#231;&#245;es significativas dos n&#237;veis tensionais, no per&#237;odo de sono ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, e a de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio nesses mesmos indiv&#237;duos, foi mais eficaz em promover redu&#231;&#245;es significativas dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> MAPA, exerc&#237;cios resistidos, exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos</p>
    <p> Os diversos estudos que abordam a rela&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) com o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico t&#234;m se concentrado, principalmente, no exerc&#237;cio do tipo aer&#243;bio din&#226;mico<sup>1-9</sup>, ou seja, exerc&#237;cios de natureza cont&#237;nua, que demandam um per&#237;odo de tempo prolongado e envolvem, na sua execu&#231;&#227;o, grandes grupos musculares. Embora os exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios sejam os mais recomendados e tenham conquistado destaque, quando se fala em promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, e atendam bem a esses princ&#237;pios, &#234;nfase cada vez maior vem sendo dada com o mesmo objetivo &#224; pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios contra resist&#234;ncia<sup>10,11</sup>. O exerc&#237;cio contra resist&#234;ncia, ou resistido, consiste num trabalho muscular local, que utiliza sobrecargas, como peso de m&#225;quinas, barras, anilhas, realizado com cargas moderadas e frequentes repeti&#231;&#245;es, apresentando pausas entre as execu&#231;&#245;es, e, portanto, caracterizado como esfor&#231;o descont&#237;nuo. </p>
    <p>Estudiosos t&#234;m se empenhado em esclarecer melhor a import&#226;ncia deste tipo de exerc&#237;cio nas varia&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas<sup>12-18</sup>. A qualidade f&#237;sica envolvida neste tipo de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico &#233; a for&#231;a muscular que, al&#233;m de ser necess&#225;ria no desenvolvimento de atividades atl&#233;ticas, &#233;, em termos de promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, um par&#226;metro essencial para a pr&#225;tica de atividades ocupacionais e de lazer, contribuindo para a auto-sufici&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios, idosos, hipertensos e cardiopatas<sup>17-19</sup>. Este tipo de exerc&#237;cio vem sendo, atualmente, utilizado em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, promovendo, quando realizados sob supervis&#227;o adequada, benef&#237;cios significantes e baixos riscos<sup>10</sup>, e contribuindo para a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial de repouso. Em uma meta-an&#225;lise envolvendo indiv&#237;duos normotensos e hipertensos<sup>11</sup>, observou-se que o exerc&#237;cio resistido din&#226;mico reduziu em m&#233;dia 3% a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e 4% a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) em ambos os grupos, sem que houvesse altera&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de repouso. Contudo, o simples fato do exerc&#237;cio resistido leve a moderado n&#227;o provocar eleva&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas nos valores press&#243;ricos, j&#225; &#233; por si um dado importante, j&#225; que as qualidades f&#237;sicas for&#231;a e/ou resist&#234;ncia muscular localizada s&#227;o essenciais no desenvolvimento de atividades de rotina, que justificariam a aplica&#231;&#227;o deste tipo de exerc&#237;cio para efeito de melhora na aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica. </p>
    <p>Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo (realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio) &#233; suficiente para provocar uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial durante o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, tanto em indiv&#237;duos normotensos como em hipertensos<sup>20-38</sup>. Os efeitos agudos ocorrem nos per&#237;odos pr&#233; e imediatamente ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Os efeitos tardios s&#227;o observados ao longo das primeiras 24h que se seguem a uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios e podem ser identificados na discreta redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis tensionais, especialmente nos hipertensos. significando que os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos observados no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios s&#227;o inferiores &#224;queles observados no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio, ou mesmo daqueles observados em um dia controle sem a execu&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos<sup>24-35,37,39</sup>. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PAS e/ou PAD) para valores abaixo dos n&#237;veis controle (pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio), ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo, &#233; denominada redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica p&#243;s exerc&#237;cio. Alguns fatores como n&#237;vel inicial da press&#227;o arterial, tipo e dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio podem influenciar a magnitude e o tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica. Para que esta redu&#231;&#227;o tenha import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica &#233; necess&#225;ria que ela possua magnitude significativa e perdure por um longo per&#237;odo p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio<sup>40</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em recente trabalho<sup>41</sup>, confirmou-se a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica do exerc&#237;cio agudo, uma vez que a queda dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos perdurou por 24h, ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio. Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que a queda da press&#227;o arterial parece ser independente da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio. </p>
    <p>As respostas agudas da press&#227;o arterial desencadeadas pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico por at&#233; 90min, logo ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica de uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios, v&#234;m sendo estudadas, por medida convencional<sup>25,26,28,30,37,38 </sup>ou durante as 24h ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o, atrav&#233;s da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da press&#227;o arterial<sup>34,36</sup>. A maioria dos estudos at&#233; agora realizados, baseia-se em medidas da press&#227;o arterial em repouso mediante registro casual, as quais, j&#225; se sabe, podem sofrer influ&#234;ncias de diversas vari&#225;veis, como ritmos circadianos, atividades f&#237;sicas e mentais<sup>42,43</sup>. </p>
    <p>Um avan&#231;o metodol&#243;gico a ser considerado neste estudo consiste na utiliza&#231;&#227;o da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) para avaliar os efeitos agudos dos exerc&#237;cios resistido e aer&#243;bio sobre a press&#227;o arterial e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Avaliamos os poucos trabalhos na literatura em que a MAPA &#233; utilizada ap&#243;s sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio resistido e/ou aer&#243;bio e seus resultados s&#227;o conflitantes. Neste trabalho, investigamos a influ&#234;ncia de duas sess&#245;es &#250;nicas de exerc&#237;cio resistido (circuito com pesos) e aer&#243;bio sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas arteriais e de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, de um grupo de indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios e normotensos, utilizando-se, a t&#233;cnica da MAPA e comparando-as entre os dois tipos de exerc&#237;cios. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 25 indiv&#237;duos, entre 40 e 50 anos (m&#233;dia 44&#177;1), do sexo masculino, sedent&#225;rios, n&#227;o fumantes, assintom&#225;ticos, normotensos (PAS &lt; 140mmHg e PAD &lt; 90). O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#201;tica M&#233;dica do Centro Biom&#233;dico da Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo e os indiv&#237;duos apresentaram consentimento por escrito. Em todos os indiv&#237;duos foram feitas avalia&#231;&#245;es do peso, altura e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC= peso corporal/altura<sup>2</sup>). </p>
    <p>Antes do inicio do estudo, todos os volunt&#225;rios participaram de um trabalho de adapta&#231;&#227;o aos exerc&#237;cios que seriam executados, a esclarecimentos sobre a t&#233;cnica de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o e ao ambiente do laborat&#243;rio (semana adaptativa). Ap&#243;s essa semana, todos foram submetidos a teste ergom&#233;trico e teste de avalia&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a m&#225;xima isot&#244;nica, em aparelhagem pr&#243;pria. Posteriormente, os indiv&#237;duos foram monitorizados numa situa&#231;&#227;o controle (sem realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios), ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido e ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, definidas aleatoriamente atrav&#233;s de sorteio. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o inicial (MAPA1) foi realizada ap&#243;s os indiv&#237;duos encontrarem-se em repouso sentado, por 5min, e no dia n&#227;o executaram exerc&#237;cios. A MAPA2 foi realizada p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio resistido e MAPA3 p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio. O per&#237;odo de intervalo entre MAPA1 e MAPA2 foi de 48h, e igual tempo entre MAPA2 e MAPA3. O monitor foi instalado nos indiv&#237;duos em torno de 20min ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do exerc&#237;cio, e mantido por 24h. </p>
    <p>Os testes ergom&#233;tricos foram realizados em esteira rolante (modelo KT-10200,Inbramed), conjuntamente com registros de eletrocardiograma em repouso e pr&#233; esfor&#231;o nas 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es convencionais, e registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos nas deriva&#231;&#245;es MC5, V2 e D2 modificado, nas posi&#231;&#245;es deitado e em p&#233;, em inspira&#231;&#227;o profunda e ap&#243;s 15s de hiperpn&#233;ia. O sistema de registro cont&#237;nuo do eletrocardiograma e os valores de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram acompanhados atrav&#233;s de monitor de 3 canais (modelo SM400, TEB). Os testes foram do tipo cont&#237;nuo (protocolo de Bruce). A press&#227;o arterial e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram medidas na condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso (deitado e em p&#233;) e ao final de cada est&#225;gio. Durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o, foram medidas at&#233; 4min p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o. Os testes foram realizados at&#233; que a exaust&#227;o fosse alcan&#231;ada e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima considerada foi a atingida no &#250;ltimo est&#225;gio do teste. Apenas indiv&#237;duos com teste normal<sup>44</sup> foram inclu&#237;dos nos protocolos do estudo. </p>
    <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a MAPA, usando um monitor <italic>SpaceLabs </italic>(modelo 90207), que utiliza a t&#233;cnica oscilom&#233;trica para mensura&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial, permitindo grava&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica/manual da press&#227;o arterial e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante 24h. O aparelho foi programado para obter as medidas de 15 em 15min no per&#237;odo de 06:00 &#224;s 22:00h e a cada 60min de 22:00 &#224;s 06:00h da manh&#227; seguinte. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o foi iniciada no dia controle e nos dias p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cios no in&#237;cio da manh&#227;. Considerando que nem todos colocavam o monitor exatamente no mesmo hor&#225;rio optamos, fundamentados na literatura<sup>45,46</sup>, por analisar a curva de 0 a 24h, considerando o tempo 0 como o momento da coloca&#231;&#227;o do monitor. Os registros eram considerados v&#225;lidos para interpreta&#231;&#227;o, quando obt&#237;nhamos 80% ou mais de medidas v&#225;lidas. Os indiv&#237;duos foram solicitados a manter suas atividades di&#225;rias habituais durante o per&#237;odo de leituras e orientados a manter, desde que poss&#237;vel, o membro superior n&#227;o dominante contendo o manguito, em posi&#231;&#227;o solta e relaxada durante cada medida. Foi fornecido di&#225;rio para preenchimento detalhado das atividades di&#225;rias (sono, trabalho, lazer, alimenta&#231;&#227;o, entre outros). Uma vez que o programa espec&#237;fico do monitor da MAPA apresenta uma programa&#231;&#227;o restrita, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos hor&#225;rios do ciclo sono-vig&#237;lia e considerando que cada indiv&#237;duo tem seu pr&#243;prio padr&#227;o sono/vig&#237;lia, as m&#233;dias da press&#227;o arterial e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram calculadas, a partir dos hor&#225;rios fornecidos por cada um dos indiv&#237;duos no preenchimento do seu di&#225;rio. As normas para interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados foram definidas pelo lII Consenso Brasileiro para uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial<sup>47</sup>. Relat&#243;rio final foi obtido atrav&#233;s do <italic>software </italic>da <italic>SpaceLabs</italic>. </p>
    <p>A for&#231;a m&#225;xima foi avaliada utilizando-se exerc&#237;cios que envolviam os grupos musculares: grande dorsal, grande peitoral, b&#237;ceps braquial, tr&#237;ceps braquial, b&#237;ceps femoral e quadr&#237;ceps femoral, a fim de se encontrar uma carga m&#225;xima na qual o indiv&#237;duo s&#243; conseguisse executar uma repeti&#231;&#227;o. Foi permitido um n&#250;mero m&#225;ximo de 3 tentativas para cada exerc&#237;cio. N&#227;o foi realizado o teste de carga m&#225;xima para os exerc&#237;cios: gl&#250;teo direito e esquerdo, abdominal e dorsal-lombar. Os exerc&#237;cios utilizados neste teste foram os mesmos do circuito com pesos a ser implementado, que correspondiam aos mesmos grupos musculares avaliados. Antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o deste teste os indiv&#237;duos foram familiarizados com os equipamentos e protocolos dos exerc&#237;cios, permitindo sua adapta&#231;&#227;o, &#224; execu&#231;&#227;o dos movimentos, objetivando excluir a influ&#234;ncia destas vari&#225;veis no teste e permitir um resultado mais adequado, tipo de avalia&#231;&#227;o para prescrever a intensidade do trabalho de for&#231;a, tamb&#233;m utilizado por outros autores<sup>13,14,17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a duas sess&#245;es &#250;nicas de exerc&#237;cios: uma de exerc&#237;cios em circuito com pesos (resistido), consistindo 3 s&#233;ries completas de 10 exerc&#237;cios (esta&#231;&#245;es) cada, com 20 a 25 repeti&#231;&#245;es (em m&#233;dia 23), realizadas em ritmo moderado e cont&#237;nuo com intensidade estimada de 40% da carga m&#225;xima (1RM), cada exerc&#237;cio durando em m&#233;dia 45s, com 30s de intervalo entre cada um e 2min de intervalo entre cada s&#233;rie, e uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, realizada em cicloerg&#244;metro (<italic>Biocycle Magnetic 2500, Moviment</italic>), numa intensidade entre 60% a 80% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada no teste ergom&#233;trico, com velocidade entre 60 a 65rpm e durante 45min de atividade cont&#237;nua; precedida por aquecimento na bicicleta sem qualquer carga durante 5min e repouso sentado por igual per&#237;odo na recupera&#231;&#227;o. Exerc&#237;cios de aquecimento e relaxamento foram realizados antes e depois de cada sess&#227;o respectivamente. </p>
    <p>Para compara&#231;&#227;o de duas m&#233;dias, isto &#233;, a compara&#231;&#227;o do valor antes e ap&#243;s determinado exerc&#237;cio no mesmo grupo, foi utilizado o teste <italic>t </italic>de Student para amostras pareadas e para an&#225;lise das varia&#231;&#245;es hor&#225;rias da MAPA num mesmo grupo, a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas, de 1-via, seguida de teste de Tukey para identificar os pontos de signific&#226;ncia na curva. Para an&#225;lise das diferen&#231;as nos valores das curvas temporais entre os 3 grupos estudados, foi utilizada a ANOVA para medidas repetidas, de 2-vias, seguida de teste de Tukey. Os resultados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EPM) e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi considerado para P &lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados antropom&#233;tricos, et&#225;rios e cardiovasculares s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>, onde podemos observar que os indiv&#237;duos estudados apresentavam caracter&#237;sticas similares e eram normotensos em repouso. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os valores da for&#231;a m&#225;xima isot&#244;nica realizada no teste de avalia&#231;&#227;o da carga m&#225;xima (teste de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima &#150; 1RM) e a intensidade de 40% da carga m&#225;xima (1RM) executada no circuito com pesos, como tamb&#233;m os diversos tipos de exerc&#237;cios utilizados para obten&#231;&#227;o de carga m&#225;xima e carga de trabalho est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Durante a sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cios resistido e aer&#243;bio foi realizada monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com monitor POLAR (modelo Accurex) a fim de se quantificar a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio. Esta medida nos permitiu verificar que os indiv&#237;duos do grupo se exercitaram a uma intensidade m&#233;dia de 68% e 65% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima obtida no teste ergom&#233;trico, na sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios em circuito com pesos (resistido) e na sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, respectivamente. As varia&#231;&#245;es da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante as sess&#245;es &#250;nicas de exerc&#237;cios ficaram dentre dos valores prescritos, ou seja, 60% a 80% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima obtida no teste ergom&#233;trico, segundo orienta&#231;&#227;o do Col&#233;gio Americano de Medicina Esportiva<sup>48</sup>. </p>
    <p>As medidas da press&#227;o arterial ambulatorial apresentaram boa qualidade, com 95% de sucesso nas medidas e um total de 69 medidas v&#225;lidas. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref> encontram-se as m&#233;dias da press&#227;o arterial e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca obtidas nas 24h, e nos per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono. Os valores obtidos para as press&#245;es de 24h, vig&#237;lia e sono foram normais antes e ap&#243;s os exerc&#237;cios. O exerc&#237;cio resistido promoveu eleva&#231;&#227;o discreta por&#233;m significativa de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 24h na vig&#237;lia e eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial no sono, enquanto que o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio promoveu redu&#231;&#227;o significativa das press&#245;es na MAPA sem altera&#231;&#245;es de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01a">figuras 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02a">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a">3</xref> sintetizam as m&#233;dias da PAS, PAD e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, respectivamente. As varia&#231;&#245;es da PAS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01a">figs. 1a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01b">1b</xref>) n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significantes. As m&#233;dias da PAD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02a">figs. 2a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02b">2b</xref>) apresentaram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas (P&lt;0,05) quando comparadas as medidas do controle com as medidas p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio. No per&#237;odo de sono apresentaram redu&#231;&#245;es de 5% e 5,3% (P&lt;0,01) respectivamente quando comparadas as medidas controle com as medidas p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio resistido e controle com medidas p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio. </p>
    <fig id="fig01a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig01b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig02a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig02b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig03a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-e03.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig03b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>As m&#233;dias da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03a">figs. 3a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03b">3b</xref>) apresentaram nas 24h e no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia aumentos significativos de 2,5% (P&lt;0,05) quando comparadas as medidas p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio resistido com as p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Grande parte dos estudos<sup>20-23,27,30-33,35-39</sup> t&#234;m demonstrado que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo aer&#243;bio e resistido provoca queda press&#243;rica duradoura no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s exerc&#237;cio, isto &#233;, provoca uma redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Parece claro que a magnitude e a dura&#231;&#227;o da queda press&#243;rica podem ser influenciadas por diversos fatores, como a amostra estudada (normotensos ou hipertensos), o tipo, a intensidade e a dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio<sup>40</sup>. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, avaliamos, em um mesmo grupo de indiv&#237;duos, o efeito do exerc&#237;cio agudo em circuito com pesos (resistido) e do exerc&#237;cio agudo aer&#243;bio, devidamente padronizados, no comportamento da press&#227;o arterial e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividades habituais; utilizando-se da MAPA, permitindo-nos avaliar o comportamento dessas vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas durante as 24h do dia. </p>
    <p>Pouca &#234;nfase tem sido dado a par&#226;metros cardiovasculares ap&#243;s sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio resistido<sup>49</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos exerc&#237;cios agudos do tipo aer&#243;bio, alguns estudos<sup>24,34,36</sup> utilizaram a t&#233;cnica da MAPA ap&#243;s sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio. </p>
    <p>Estudos recentes</p>
    <p><sup>7,9,48,50</sup> enfatizam a MAPA por permitir a execu&#231;&#227;o de medidas press&#243;ricas em intervalos pr&#233;-determinados, durante atividades de rotina e do sono, oferecendo uma curva representativa do comportamento press&#243;rico do indiv&#237;duo durante 24h. Portanto, h&#225; uma importante distin&#231;&#227;o entre o presente estudo e grande parte dos trabalhos encontrados na literatura</p>
    <p><sup>22,25,28,30,37-39</sup>: enquanto os demais trabalhos tratam do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico e resistido, individualmente, atrav&#233;s da medida convencional ou da MAPA, no nosso estudo os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a ambos os exerc&#237;cios, comparados durante o per&#237;odo de 24h, e avaliados pela MAPA, com registros dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos durante a execu&#231;&#227;o de suas atividades habituais, na vig&#237;lia e no sono; procedimento este pouco utilizado p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o </p>
    <p><sup>24,34,36</sup>.  </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; resposta da PAS ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, nossos resultados s&#227;o conflitantes com a literatura, porque a maioria dos estudos<sup>20,28,35,36,51</sup> encontrou redu&#231;&#245;es significativas da PAS, variavando de 3 a 9mmHg, em indiv&#237;duos normotensos. Entretanto, corroboram os resultados de outros estudos<sup>24,26</sup> que n&#227;o observaram queda desse par&#226;metro em indiv&#237;duos normotensos. Pescatello e cols<sup>24</sup> avaliando indiv&#237;duos normotensos e hipertensos, mensuraram a resposta da press&#227;o arterial ambulatorial em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio agudo de intensidades diferentes, durante 13h ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o, e n&#227;o demonstraram redu&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial em normotensos, mas sim redu&#231;&#245;es significativas da PAS (5mmHg) e da PAD (8mmHg) nos hipertensos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s m&#233;dias dos valores de PAS ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio resistido, nossos resultados confirmam os de outros autores<sup>28,39,47,50</sup>; que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o verificaram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa desse par&#226;metro em indiv&#237;duos normotensos. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; resposta da PAD ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, nossos resultados confirmam os de outros estudos<sup>30,35,51,52</sup>, com redu&#231;&#245;es significativas desse par&#226;metro entre 2 e 6mmHg, por&#233;m s&#227;o contr&#225;rios aos resultados de outros pesquisadores<sup>20,28</sup>, cujas redu&#231;&#245;es significativas da PAD em indiv&#237;duos normotensos n&#227;o foram encontradas. Nossos resultados tamb&#233;m corroboram outro estudo<sup>36,</sup> em que queda significativa da PAD (2mmHg) ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio agudo aer&#243;bio, persistindo por 24h, parece ser predominante no per&#237;odo do sono. Entretanto, com rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, esse mesmo estudo n&#227;o encontrou varia&#231;&#245;es significativas da PAD, enquanto em nosso estudo foi achada redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PAD no mesmo per&#237;odo. Tratando-se de PAD, mesmo as redu&#231;&#245;es, por n&#243;s encontradas nas 24h, e per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono, acreditamos que tenha significado cl&#237;nico relevante. </p>
    <p>Hill e cols.<sup>51</sup>, estudando indiv&#237;duos normotensos com idade entre 22 e 33 anos, ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido com intensidade de 70% 1 RM e dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 14min, relataram queda significativa (8mmHg) na PAD e n&#227;o significativa, ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de resist&#234;ncia muscular de baixa intensidade, observada por Brown e cols<sup>33</sup>. Outros autores<sup>39</sup> constataram, que ap&#243;s 50% de carga volunt&#225;ria m&#225;xima, a PAD caiu significativamente. Em nosso estudo, encontramos redu&#231;&#227;o da PAD durante o sono p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio resistido, resultado que vai de encontro ao observado em outro estudo<sup>28</sup>, que concluiu n&#227;o haver queda da press&#227;o arterial ap&#243;s sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio resistido. </p>
    <p>Estudos realizados com indiv&#237;duos normotensos<sup>24</sup> observaram valores menores de press&#227;o arterial antes do exerc&#237;cio (controle) naqueles indiv&#237;duos, e que a sua diferen&#231;a absoluta na recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio &#233; bem menor que a encontrada nos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, e, portanto, menos prov&#225;vel de alcan&#231;ar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. </p>
    <p>O comportamento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio tem apresentado resultados controversos na literatura. Rueckert e cols.<sup>34</sup> estudaram indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, de ambos os sexos, e observaram que ap&#243;s sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca estava significativamente aumentada nas 3h seguintes ao exerc&#237;cio. Esses autores sugeriram que essa taquicardia, mantida na recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, podia ser motivada pelo mecanismo barorreflexo influenciado pela queda da press&#227;o arterial ou uma redu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio da atividade vagal com exacerba&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica para o cora&#231;&#227;o, segundo outros autores<sup>30</sup>. Outros estudos n&#227;o relataram altera&#231;&#245;es da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>21,22,24,36</sup>. Suas varia&#231;&#245;es, ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, tamb&#233;m foram observadas<sup>38</sup> e as diferen&#231;as parecem estar relacionadas &#224; intensidade do exerc&#237;cio, pois os autores verificaram que, ap&#243;s 45min de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio leve (30% do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio), observava-se sua queda, ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio moderado (50% do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio), seu aumento e, ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio mais intenso (80% do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio), seu aumento transit&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios trabalhos na literatura<sup>53-58 </sup>consideram a medida da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca como um par&#226;metro a mais na an&#225;lise do comportamento das vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares obtidas atrav&#233;s da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial das 24h e o analisando, encontramos em nossos resultados aumentos significativos (2,5%) na m&#233;dia de 24 horas e no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, quando comparamos a MAPA p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio resistido com a MAPA p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, ao passo que comparando a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o controle com a MAPA p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio e p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio resistido, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. Nossos resultados corroboram os de outros pesquisadores<sup>24</sup> que n&#227;o encontraram em indiv&#237;duos normotensos diferen&#231;as significativas na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca antes e ap&#243;s sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, o mesmo acontecendo em outro estudo<sup>47</sup> onde a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; significativamente aumentada ap&#243;s sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio resistido. </p>
    <p>M&#233;dias de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca maiores foram observadas na curva de 24h, obtida, a cada hora ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o do monitor, quando comparamos a MAPA controle com a MAPA p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio resistido. Entretanto, esses aumentos significativos foram isolados e ocorreram nas 3h ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio. N&#227;o houve um deslocamento da curva para cima. Nossos resultados corroboram os de O'Connor e cols.<sup>47</sup>, que relataram que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio resistido est&#225; significativamente aumentada nas 2h que seguem o exerc&#237;cio. N&#227;o sendo a MAPA o m&#233;todo mais indicado para se aferir freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, torna-se necess&#225;rio em estudos futuros, empregar-se outra metodologia para que se tenham dados menos controversos quanto a esse par&#226;metro. </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios autores t&#234;m procurado explicar os mecanismos envolvidos na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio. &#201; poss&#237;vel que a queda press&#243;rica na recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio se deva, principalmente, &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica total<sup>25,30,31,34,35</sup>. Redu&#231;&#227;o que pode estar relacionada &#224; vasodilata&#231;&#227;o provocada pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, tanto na musculatura ativa<sup>34,35</sup>, como na musculatura inativa<sup>25,26,31</sup>. Piepoli e cols.<sup>31</sup> relataram que a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o nos m&#250;sculos inativos pode estar relacionada &#224; intensidade do exerc&#237;cio. Hagberg e cols.<sup>32</sup> demonstraram que a redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco &#233; o mecanismo respons&#225;vel pela redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica p&#243;s-treinamento f&#237;sico. Atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica de reinala&#231;&#227;o e equil&#237;brio de CO<sub>2</sub>, esses autores verificaram que a queda de press&#227;o arterial ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de treinamento f&#237;sico estava associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em decorr&#234;ncia de uma bradicardia de repouso, uma vez que n&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas no volume sist&#243;lico<sup>32</sup>. Em recente estudo, Rondon e cols.<sup>59</sup> observaram, em idosos hipertensos n&#227;o obesos, que a redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio estava associada &#224; queda do volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e, como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, do volume sist&#243;lico e d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Outros mecanismos tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido propostos, tais como: mecanismos termo-regulat&#243;rios<sup>27</sup>; aumento do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo muscular, como prov&#225;vel conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica perif&#233;rica<sup>25,60</sup>; modula&#231;&#227;o direta de opi&#243;ides end&#243;genos sobre o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo, aumentando a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica<sup>61</sup>; altera&#231;&#245;es no funcionamento dos barorreceptores arteriais<sup>22 </sup>e receptores cardiopulmonares<sup>26 </sup>de volume, como aumento na sua sensibilidade e altera&#231;&#227;o no ponto de ajuste desses reflexos na recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, podendo contribuir para o efeito vasodilatador p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Rueckert e cols.<sup>34</sup> observaram que a redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio era determinada por mecanismo bif&#225;sico, ou seja, dependia da queda da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica nos 30min iniciais da recupera&#231;&#227;o e da queda do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, ap&#243;s este per&#237;odo. Portanto, os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio ainda s&#227;o controversos, podendo estar relacionados, al&#233;m de outros fatores, &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ou da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica. </p>
    <p>Alguns estudos<sup>39,62</sup> tamb&#233;m t&#234;m avaliado mecanismos relacionados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse e da ansiedade p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, sugerindo que o efeito ansiol&#237;tico, tanto do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio quanto do exerc&#237;cio resistido, tenha import&#226;ncia na queda press&#243;rica p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Ressaltamos, entretanto, que os mecanismos envolvidos na g&#234;nese da redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica n&#227;o foram objeto de nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados comprovaram que uma sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio resistido foi eficaz em promover redu&#231;&#245;es significativas dos n&#237;veis tensionais de indiv&#237;duos normotensos no per&#237;odo de sono, ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, quando avaliados pela MAPA. Tamb&#233;m a sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio foi mais eficaz em promover redu&#231;&#245;es significativas dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos desses mesmos indiv&#237;duos, tendo em vista que ocorreram redu&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial nas 24h, nos per&#237;odos vig&#237;lia/sono, ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio. Entretanto, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca desses indiv&#237;duos encontrou-se elevada nas 24h no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio agudo resistido. </p>
    <p>Mais esclarecimentos se fazem necess&#225;rios para que se estabele&#231;a o papel do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico agudo na modula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, e a contribui&#231;&#227;o da MAPA, seguramente, representar&#225; um avan&#231;o para estudos futuros.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Eliudem Galv&#227;o Lima </p>
        <p> Rua Guilherme Serrano, 265/ 501 </p>
        <p> Cep 29055-550 - Vit&#243;ria, ES </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="eliudem@terra.com.br">eliudem@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 23/10/02 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 10/3/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive individuals undergoing two single exercise sessions: resistive exercise training and aerobic exercise training</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of 2 single exercise sessions on blood pressure in sedentary normotensive individuals: one of resistive exercise training (circuit weight training) and the other of aerobic exercise training. METHODS: Using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, this study assessed 25 individuals as follows: in a controlled situation at rest (ABPM 1); after resistive exercise training (ABPM 2); and after aerobic exercise training (ABPM 3). Resistive exercise training was performed as circuit weight training with an intensity of 40% of each individual's maximum strength. The aerobic exercise training was performed on a cycloergometer with intensity between 60% and 70% of the maximum heart rate (HR) reached during previous exercise testing. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure (SBP) values during 24 hours and during subperiods of wakefulness and sleep showed no statistically significant variations when the results obtained at rest were compared with those of ABPM2 and ABPM3, and when the results of ABPM2 were compared with those of ABPM3. The mean heart rate during 24 hours and in the wakefulness period showed significant increases (P&lt;0.05), when ABPM2 was compared with ABPM3. CONCLUSION: A single session of resistive exercise training in normotensive individuals was sufficient to cause significant reductions in blood pressure levels after exercise in the period of sleep. The session of aerobic exercise training in these same individuals was more effective in significantly reducing blood pressure levels.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ABPM</kwd>
        <kwd>resistive exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>aerobic exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive individuals undergoing two single exercise sessions. Resistive exercise training and aerobic exercise training</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ambrosina Maria Lignani de Miranda Bermudes; Dalton Valentim Vassallo; Elisardo Corral Vasquez; Eliudem Galv&#227;o Lima </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo - Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Vit&#243;ria - Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To assess the influence of 2 single exercise sessions on blood pressure in sedentary normotensive individuals: one of resistive exercise training (circuit weight training) and the other of aerobic exercise training. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, this study assessed 25 individuals as follows: in a controlled situation at rest (ABPM 1); after resistive exercise training (ABPM 2); and after aerobic exercise training (ABPM 3). Resistive exercise training was performed as circuit weight training with an intensity of 40% of each individual's maximum strength. The aerobic exercise training was performed on a cycloergometer with intensity between 60% and 70% of the maximum heart rate (HR) reached during previous exercise testing.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Systolic blood pressure (SBP) values during 24 hours and during subperiods of wakefulness and sleep showed no statistically significant variations when the results obtained at rest were compared with those of ABPM2 and ABPM3, and when the results of ABPM2 were compared with those of ABPM3. The mean heart rate during 24 hours and in the wakefulness period showed significant increases (P&lt;0.05), when ABPM2 was compared with ABPM3.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> A single session of resistive exercise training in normotensive individuals was sufficient to cause significant reductions in blood pressure levels after exercise in the period of sleep. The session of aerobic exercise training in these same individuals was more effective in significantly reducing blood pressure levels.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> ABPM, resistive exercise, aerobic exercise</p>
      <p>Several studies about the relation between blood pressure (BP) levels and physical exercise have mainly concentrated on exercise of the dynamic aerobic type <sup>1-9</sup>, ie, continuous exercises, requiring a prolonged period of time and involving great groups of muscles. Aerobic exercises have been recognized as the most recommended when the issue is health promotion. Although they have successfully served this purpose, greater emphasis has been given to the practice of resistive exercise with the same objective <sup>10,11</sup>. Resistance or resistive training consists of local muscle work with overloads, such as weights, bars, and clamps, performed with moderate weights, frequent repetitions, and pauses, being, therefore, characterized as a discontinuous exertion. </p>
      <p>Researchers have tried to better clarify the importance of resistive exercise in blood pressure variation <sup>12-18</sup>. The physical quality involved in this type of physical effort is muscle strength, which, in addition to being necessary to the development of athletic activities, is, in terms of health promotion, an essential parameter for the practice of occupational and leisure activities, contributing to the self-sufficiency of sedentary, elderly, hypertensive individuals, and those with heart diseases as well <sup>17-19</sup>. Currently, resistive exercises have been used in cardiac rehabilitation programs, promoting, when practiced under appropriate supervision, significant benefits and low risks <sup>10</sup>, contributing to the reduction in resting blood pressure. In a meta-analysis with normotensive and hypertensive individuals <sup>11</sup>, dynamic resistance exercise has been reported to cause a mean 3% reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and a 4% reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in both groups, with no change in body weight and in resting heart rate. However, the mere fact that mild to moderate resistive exercise does not cause chronic elevations in blood pressure values is, in itself, significant, because physical qualities, such as, muscle strength or localized muscle resistance, or both, are essential to the development of routine activities, justifying the use of this type of exercise for improving physical fitness. </p>
      <p>Some studies have shown that acute physical exercise (1 single exercise session) is sufficient to cause a reduction in blood pressure during the period of exercise recovery, both in normotensive and hypertensive individuals <sup>20-38</sup>. The acute effects occur prior to and immediately after physical exercise. Late effects are observed within the first 24 hours following an exercise session and may be identified as the mild reduction observed in blood pressure levels, especially in hypertensive individuals. This means that the blood pressure levels observed in the period of exercise recovery are lower than those observed prior to exercise, or even those observed in a control day without physical exercise <sup>24-35,37,39</sup>. After acute physical exercise, this reduction in blood pressure (SBP or DBP, or both) to values below control levels (pre-exercise) is called acute postexercise blood pressure response. Some factors, such as initial blood pressure levels and type and duration of exercise, may influence the magnitude and duration of blood pressure response. For this reduction to be clinically important, it needs to have a significant magnitude and to last a long time after exercise <sup>40</sup>. </p>
      <p>A recent study <sup>41</sup> confirmed the clinical relevance of acute exercise, because the drop in blood pressure levels lasted 24 hours after a session of aerobic physical exercise. The drop in blood pressure has also been shown to be independent of exercise intensity. </p>
      <p>The acute responses of blood pressure triggered by physical exercise for as long as 90 minutes right after an exercise session have been studied with conventional measurements<sup> 25,26,28,30,37,38 </sup>or with continuous blood pressure monitoring during the 24 hours following the session <sup>34,36</sup>. Most studies carried out so far have been based on blood pressure measurements at rest with casual recordings, which, as already known, may be influenced by different variables, such as circadian rhythms, and physical and mental activities <sup>42,43</sup>. </p>
      <p>A methodological advance to be considered in this study is the use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) to assess the acute effects of resistive and aerobic exercises on blood pressure and heart rate. We analyzed the few studies using ABPM after a single session of resistance or aerobic exercise, or both, reported in the literature and their controversial results. Our study assessed the influence of 2 single sessions of resistive (circuit weight training) and aerobic exercise training on changes in blood pressure and heart rate in a group of sedentary normotensive individuals using the ABPM technique and compared the results obtained with the 2 types of exercise. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study sample comprised 25 male, sedentary, nonsmoking, asymptomatic, normotensive (SBP &lt; 140 mmHg and DBP &lt; 90 mmHg) individuals aged 40 to 50 years (mean of 44&#177;1 years). The study protocol was approved by the committee on medical ethics of the Biomedical Center of the Federal University of Esp&#237;rito Santo, and the individuals provided written consent to participate in the study. All participants were assessed in regard to weight, height, and body mass index (BMI = body weight/height<sup>2</sup>). </p>
      <p>Before beginning the study, all volunteers took part in an "adaptation week" to get used to the exercises and to the laboratory environment. They also received an explanation about the monitoring technique. After that, all volunteers underwent exercise testing and the test to assess the maximum isotonic strength in an appropriate device. Later, individuals' blood pressure levels were monitored in a control situation (at rest, with no exercise), in a resistive exercise training session, and in an aerobic exercise session, which were randomly defined. Initial ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM1) was performed after the individuals had rested sitting for 5 minutes; on that day, they did not exercise. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring after resistive exercise (ABPM2) and after aerobic exercise (ABPM3) were then performed. The interval between ABPM1 and ABPM2 was 48 hours; the same interval was observed between ABPM2 and ABPM3. The monitors were installed on the individuals approximately 20 minutes after the end of the exercise session, and maintained for 24 hours. </p>
      <p>Exercise testing was performed on a treadmill (KT-10200 model, Inbramed) with electrocardiographic recordings at rest, prior to exercise in the 12 conventional leads, and in the MC5, V2, and modified D2 leads with the patients lying down and standing, in deep inspiration, and after 15 seconds of hyperpnea. The system of continuous electrocardiographic recording and the values of heart rate were followed up with a 3-channel monitor (SM400 model, TEB). The test was of the continuous type (Bruce treadmill protocol). Blood pressure and heart rate were measured at rest (with the patient lying down or standing) and at the end of each stage. During recovery, measurements were taken up to 4 minutes after physical exertion. Tests were performed until exhaustion was reached, and the maximum heart rate was that obtained at the last stage of the test. Only individuals with normal tests <sup>44</sup> were included in the study protocols. </p>
      <p>All individuals underwent ABPM with a SpaceLabs monitor (90207 model), which uses the oscillometric technique for blood pressure measurement, allowing automate/manual recording of blood pressure and heart rate during 24 hours. The device was programmed to obtain the measures every 15 minutes from 6 AM to 10 PM and every 60 minutes from 10 PM to 6 AM. Monitoring was initiated at the beginning of the morning on the control day and on the days after exercise. Considering that not everybody had the monitor placed exactly at the same hour, we chose, based on the literature <sup>45,46</sup>, to analyze the curve from 0 to 24 hours, considering 0 the moment of monitor placement. The recordings were considered valid for interpretation when 80% or more measurements obtained were valid. The individuals were required to maintain their usual daily activities during the period of readings and recommended to maintain, whenever possible, the nondominant upper limb surrounded by the cuff in a relaxed position during every measurement. A journal was provided for the patients to report their daily activities in detail (sleep, work, leisure, meals). Because the specific ABPM monitor program has restricted programming in regard to the times of the sleep-wakefulness cycle, and considering that each individual has his own pattern of sleep-wakefulness, the blood pressure and heart rate measures were calculated based on the times provided by each individual when filling out his journal. The rules for interpreting the results were defined by the III Brazilian Consensus for the use of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring <sup>47</sup>. The final report was obtained with SpaceLabs software. </p>
      <p>To find the maximum load with which the individual could only perform 1 exercise repetition, the maximum strength was assessed with exercises involving the following muscle groups: latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, biceps femoris, and quadriceps femoris. For each exercise, a maximum of 3 attempts were allowed. The test of maximum load was not performed for exercises involving the following muscle groups: right and left gluteal, abdominal, and dorsal-lumbar muscles. The exercises performed in this test were the same as those in the circuit weight training to be implemented, which corresponded to the same muscle groups assessed. Before undergoing this test, the individuals were acquainted with the equipment and exercise protocols, which allowed their adaptation to exercises, aiming at ruling out the influence of these variables on the test and obtaining a more appropriate result with the type of assessment to prescribe the intensity of the workout also used by other authors <sup>13,14,17</sup>. </p>
      <p>The individuals underwent 2 single exercises sessions: 1) 1 session of circuit weight training (resistive exercises), consisting of 3 complete series of 10 exercises each, with 20 to 25 repetitions (mean of 23), performed in a moderate and continuous rhythm with an estimated intensity of 40% of the maximum load (test of 1 maximum repetition - 1MR), each exercise lasting 45 seconds on average, with 30-second intervals between each exercise and 2-minute intervals between each series; and 2) 1 session of aerobic exercise on a cycloergometer (Biocycle Magnetic 2500, Movement) with an intensity between 60% and 80% of the maximum heart rate reached during exercise testing, and a velocity between 60 and 65 rpm, comprising 45 minutes of continuous activity. This session was preceded by a 5-minute warm-up on a bicycle without resistance and an equal period of recovery with the individual seated at rest. Warm-up and relaxation exercises were performed respectively before and after each exercise session. </p>
      <p>For comparing the 2 means, ie, the value before and after a certain exercise in the same group, the Student <italic>t</italic> test was used for paired samples. For analyzing the hourly variations in ABPM in the same group, the 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for repetitive measures, followed by the Tukey test to identify the points of significance in the curve. For analyzing the differences in the values of the temporal curves in the 3 groups studied, the 2-way ANOVA was used for repetitive measures, followed by the Tukey test. The results were expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean (SEM), and the significance level adopted was P &lt; 0.05. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Age and the anthropometric and cardiovascular data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>, where the individuals studied are shown as having similar characteristics and as being normotensive at rest. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <label>Table II</label>
        <p content-type="label"><xref/><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>. </p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>During the single sessions of resistive and aerobic exercises, heart rate was monitored with the POLAR monitor (Accurex model) to quantify the intensity of the exercise. This measure allowed us to verify that the individuals exercised at a mean intensity of 68% and 65% of the maximum heart rate obtained in the exercise test in the circuit weight training (resistive exercises) and aerobic exercise sessions, respectively. The variations in heart rate during the single exercise sessions were within prescribed values, ie, 60% to 80% of the maximum heart rate obtained in the exercise test according to the recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine <sup>48</sup>. </p>
      <p>The ambulatory blood pressure measures were of good quality with 69 valid measures and a 95% rate of success. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table III</xref> shows the mean values of blood pressure and heart rate obtained during 24 hours, during wakefulness and sleep. The values obtained for blood pressure during 24 hours, wakefulness and sleep were normal before and after exercises. The resistive exercise caused a mild but significant increase in heart rate during 24 hours and wakefulness, and an increase in blood pressure during sleep; the aerobic exercise caused a significant reduction in blood pressure with no change in heart rate. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01a-body2">Figures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02a-body2">2</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig03a-body2">3</xref> synthesize, respectively, the means of SBP, DBP, and heart rate. The variations in SBP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01a-body2">figs. 1a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01b-body2">1b</xref>) were not statistically significant. The means of DBP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02a-body2">figs. 2a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02b-body2">2b</xref>) showed significant reductions (P&lt;0.05) when the control measures were compared with those obtained after the aerobic exercise. During sleep, when the control measures were compared with those after resistive exercise and with those after aerobic exercise, reductions of 5% and 5.3% (P&lt;0.01) were respectively obtained. </p>
      <fig id="fig01a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig01b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig02a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig02b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig03a-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-e03-en.jpg"/></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="fig03b-body2">
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0057-00006-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>The means of heart rate (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig03a-body2">figs. 3a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03b-body2">3b</xref>) showed a significant increase of 2.5% (P&lt;0.05) in the 24 hours and in the wakefulness period when the measures obtained after resistive exercise were compared with those obtained after aerobic exercise. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Most studies <sup>20-23,27,30-33,35-39</sup> have shown that acute aerobic and resistive physical exercises cause a long-lasting blood pressure drop during exercise recovery, ie, cause a reduction in blood pressure after exercise. The magnitude and duration of this blood pressure drop may be clearly influenced by several factors, such as the sample studied (normotensive or hypertensive individuals), and the type, intensity, and duration of exercise <sup>40</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study assessed, in the same group of individuals, the effect of appropriately standardized acute exercise, both in circuit weight training (resistance exercise) and acute aerobic exercise, on the behavior of blood pressure and heart rate during usual activities. For this, ABPM was used, allowing the assessment of the behavior of these hemodynamic variables over 24 hours. </p>
      <p>Little emphasis has been given to cardiovascular parameters after a single session of resistive exercise <sup>49</sup>. In regard to acute exercises of the aerobic type, some studies <sup>24,34,36</sup> have used the ABPM technique after a single exercise session. </p>
      <p>Recent studies <sup>7,9,48,50</sup> have focused on ABPM because it allows blood pressure measurements at predetermined intervals, during routine activities and sleep, providing a curve representing an individual's blood pressure behavior during 24 hours. Therefore, an important distinction exists between the present study and most studies in the literature <sup>22,25,28,30,37-39</sup>: while other studies have dealt with aerobic and resistive exercises individually through conventional blood pressure measurement or ABPM, in our study, the individuals underwent both exercises, which were compared during 24 hours and assessed through ABPM with blood pressure recordings during usual activities, in wakefulness and sleep. This procedure has rarely been used after exertion <sup>24,34,36</sup>. </p>
      <p>In regard to blood pressure response after 1 single session of aerobic exercise, our results are not in accordance with those in the literature, because most studies <sup>20,28,35,36,51</sup> have found significant reductions in SBP, ranging from 3 to 9 mmHg, in normotensive individuals. However, our results support those of other studies <sup>24,26</sup>, in which no drop in SBP was observed in normotensive individuals. Pescatello et al<sup>24</sup>, assessing normotensive and hypertensive individuals, measured the response of ambulatory blood pressure to different intensities of acute aerobic exercise for 13 hours after exertion; those authors found no reduction in blood pressure in normotensive individuals, but significant reductions in SBP (5 mmHg) and in DBP (8 mmHg) in hypertensive individuals. In regard to the mean values of SBP after a single session of resistance exercise, our results confirm those of other authors <sup>28,39,47,50</sup>, who also found no significant reduction in SBP in normotensive individuals. </p>
      <p>In regard to the DBP response after 1 single session of aerobic exercise, our results are in accordance with those of other studies <sup>30,35,51,52</sup>, which found significant reductions in DBP ranging from 2 to 6 mmHg; however, our results are contrary to those of other researchers <sup>20,28</sup>, who found no significant reduction in DBP in normotensive individuals. Our results also support another study <sup>36</sup>, in which a significant decrease in DBP (2 mmHg) after acute aerobic exercise, persistent for 24 hours, seemed to predominate during sleep. However, in regard to the wakefulness period, that same study found no significant variation in DBP, while our study found a significant reduction in DBP during the same period. We believe that the reductions found in DBP in 24 hours and during the wakefulness and sleep periods have relevant clinical significance. </p>
      <p>Hill et al <sup>51</sup>, studying normotensive individuals aged 22 to 33 years after resistive exercise with a 70% intensity, 1MR, and mean duration of 14 minutes, have reported a significant (8 mmHg) drop in DBP. Brown et al <sup>33</sup> have reported no significant drop in DBP after a session of low intensity muscular resistance. Other authors <sup>39</sup> have reported that after 50% of voluntary maximum load, DBP significantly dropped. In our study, a reduction in DBP was observed during sleep after resistance exercise, which is not in accordance with the results of another study <sup>28</sup>, which concluded that no drop in blood pressure occurred after 1 single session of resistive exercise.</p>
      <p> Studies carried out with normotensive individuals <sup>24</sup> reported lower values of blood pressure before exercise (control) in those individuals, and that the absolute difference in the exercise recovery was smaller than that found in hypertensive individuals, and, therefore, less likely to reach statistical significance. </p>
      <p>Reports in the literature on heart rate behavior during exercise recovery have been controversial. Rueckert et al <sup>34</sup>, studying hypertensive individuals of both sexes, report that after a session of aerobic exercise, heart rate was significantly increased in the 3 hours following exercise. Those authors suggest that tachycardia, maintained during the exercise recovery period, could be caused by a baroreflex mechanism influenced by blood pressure drop or a postexercise reduction in vagal activity with exacerbation of the sympathetic activity for the heart, according to other authors <sup>30</sup>. Other studies have reported no changes in heart rate <sup>21,22,24,36</sup>. Changes in heart rate after physical exercise have also been reported <sup>38</sup>, and the differences seem to be related to the intensity of the exercise, because the authors observed the following: after 45 minutes of mild aerobic exercise (30% of maximum oxygen consumption), a drop in heart rate is observed; after moderate exercise (50% of maximum oxygen consumption), an increase is observed; and after more intense exercise (80% of maximum oxygen consumption), a transient increase is observed. </p>
      <p>Several studies in the literature <sup>53-58 </sup>have considered heart rate measurement as 1 more parameter to analyze the behavior of the cardiovascular variables obtained through ambulatory monitoring during 24 hours. Our results show a significant increase (2.5%) in mean heart rate during 24 hours and in the wakefulness period when ABPM after resistive exercise was compared with ABPM after aerobic exercise; on the other hand, no statistically significant difference was observed when control monitoring was compared with ABPM after aerobic exercise and after resistive exercise. Our results corroborate those of other researchers<sup>24</sup>, who found no significant differences in the heart rate of normotensive individuals before and after 1 single session of aerobic exercise. This has also been reported in another study <sup>47</sup> in which heart rate significantly increased after 1 single session of resistive exercise. </p>
      <p>Greater means of heart rate were observed in the 24-hour curve obtained every hour after monitor placement when control ABPM was compared with ABPM after resistive exercise. However, these significant increases were isolated and occurred in the 3 hours following exercise. No upward displacement of the curve was observed. Our results corroborate those of O'Connor et al <sup>49</sup> who reported that heart rate after 1 single session of resistance exercise significantly increased in the 2 hours following exercise. Because ABPM is not the best choice for heart rate assessment, future studies require another methodology for the obtainment of less controversial data regarding that parameter. </p>
      <p>Several authors have tried to explain the mechanisms involved in blood pressure reduction during the exercise recovery period. The drop in blood pressure during exercise recovery may be mainly due to the reduction in total peripheral vascular resistance <sup>25,30,31,34,35</sup>. This reduction may be related to the vasodilation caused by physical exercise in both active <sup>34,35</sup> and inactive <sup>25,26,31</sup> musculature. Piepoli et al<sup>31</sup> have reported that vasodilation in inactive muscles may be related to exercise intensity. Hagberg et al <sup>32</sup> have shown that the reduction in cardiac output is the mechanism responsible for blood pressure reduction after physical training. Through the technique of CO<sub>2 </sub>reinhalation and balance, those authors observed that blood pressure drop after a period of physical training was associated with a reduction in cardiac output due to bradycardia at rest, because no significant changes in systolic volume were observed <sup>32</sup>. In a recent study with nonobese hypertensive elderly individuals, Rondon et al <sup>59</sup> reported that the postexercise reduction in blood pressure was associated with a drop in left ventricular final diastolic volume, and, consequently, in systolic volume, and in cardiac output. The following mechanisms have also been proposed: thermoregulatory mechanisms<sup> 27</sup>; an increase in muscle blood flow as a probable consequence of the reduction in the peripheral sympathetic activity<sup> 25,60</sup>; direct modulation of endogenous opioids upon blood flow, increasing peripheral vasodilation <sup>61</sup>; changes in the functioning of arterial baroreceptors <sup>22 </sup>and cardiopulmonary receptors <sup>26 </sup>of volume, such as an increase in their sensitivity and alteration in the point of adjustment of these reflexes in exercise recovery, which may contribute to the postexercise vasodilating effect. Rueckert et al <sup>34</sup> have reported that the postexercise blood pressure reduction was determined by a biphasic mechanism, ie, it depended on the drop in peripheral vascular resistance in the initial 30 minutes of recovery and on the drop in cardiac output after that period. Therefore, the mechanisms responsible for blood pressure reduction after exercise remain controversial, and may be related, in addition to other factors, to the reduction in cardiac output or in peripheral vascular resistance. </p>
      <p>Some studies <sup>39,62</sup> have also assessed the mechanisms related to the reduction in stress and anxiety after exercise, suggesting that the ansiolytic effect of both aerobic and resistance exercises may play an important role in blood pressure decline after exercise. It is worth emphasizing, however, that the mechanisms involved in the genesis of blood pressure reduction were not an object of our investigation. </p>
      <p>Our results confirm that 1 single session of resistive exercise was effective in causing a significant reduction in blood pressure levels after exercise in normotensive individuals during sleep when assessed with ABPM. In addition, the single session of aerobic exercise was more effective in causing significant blood pressure reductions in these same individuals, considering that reductions in blood pressure occurred after exercise in 24 hours and in the wakefulness and sleep periods. However, these individuals' heart rates were elevated during 24 hours, in the wakefulness period, and during acute resistive exercise recovery. </p>
      <p>This issue requires further clarification for the establishment of the role played by acute physical exercise in blood pressure modulation. The contribution of ABPM will certainly represent an advance for future studies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold> References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Eliudem Galv&#227;o Lima </p>
          <p> Rua Guilherme Serrano, 265/501</p>
          <p> Cep 29055-550 - Vit&#243;ria, ES, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="eliudem@terra.com.br">eliudem@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 10/23/02</p>
      <p> Accepted: 03/10/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
