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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HCKjSs6qsw4gyQmSsPXNMyb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000100005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000100005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre o efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo na aorta tor&#225;cica e eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recentes. Estudo atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Velho</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio Jos&#233; Petersen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dotta</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scherer</surname>
            <given-names>Leonora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bartholomay</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Augusta da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jefferson Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>47</fpage>
      <lpage>51</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a exist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre a presen&#231;a de efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo na aorta e eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recentes. M&#201;TODOS: Estudados com ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico 224 indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recente 5 e 85 controles que realizaram o exame por diversas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas presentes/suspeitas, sendo pesquisado a presen&#231;a do efeito de contraste na aorta e de outras potenciais fontes embolig&#234;nicas card&#237;acas associadas. Um question&#225;rio sobre os fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos para eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos foi coletado no momento do exame. RESULTADOS: O efeito de contraste na aorta apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos (RC=2,83; IC 95%, 1,65-4,46; P&lt;0,001), na an&#225;lise bivariada. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, permaneceu associado a eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recentes (RC=2,05; IC 90%, 1,10-3,85 ; P=0,06). A idade &gt; 60 anos, hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hist&#243;ria de tabagismo e de dislipidemia foram fatores de risco associados independentemente ao efeito de contraste na aorta. A presen&#231;a de efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo no &#225;trio esquerdo e a de excresc&#234;ncias de Lambl foram fatores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos associados independentemente ao efeito de contraste na aorta. CONCLUS&#195;O: O efeito de contraste na aorta esteve associado, de forma independente, aos eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recentes, bem como seus fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos. Estes resultados v&#234;m refor&#231;ar a hip&#243;tese de que o fen&#244;meno &#233; um marcador de m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Associa&#231;&#227;o entre o efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo na aorta tor&#225;cica e eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recentes. Estudo atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Flavio Jos&#233; Petersen Velho; Fernanda Dotta; Leonora Scherer; Eduardo Bartholomay; Daniela Augusta da Silva; Jefferson Gomes Fernandes; Marco Antonio Rodrigues Torres </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem &#150; Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS - Porto Alegre, RS </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a exist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre a presen&#231;a de efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo na aorta e eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recentes. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudados com ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico 224 indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recente <sup>5</sup> e 85 controles que realizaram o exame por diversas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas presentes/suspeitas, sendo pesquisado a presen&#231;a do efeito de contraste na aorta e de outras potenciais fontes embolig&#234;nicas card&#237;acas associadas. Um question&#225;rio sobre os fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos para eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos foi coletado no momento do exame. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O efeito de contraste na aorta apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos (RC=2,83; IC 95%, 1,65-4,46; P&lt;0,001), na an&#225;lise bivariada. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, permaneceu associado a eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recentes (RC=2,05; IC 90%, 1,10-3,85 ; P=0,06). A idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 anos, hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hist&#243;ria de tabagismo e de dislipidemia foram fatores de risco associados independentemente ao efeito de contraste na aorta. A presen&#231;a de efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo no &#225;trio esquerdo e a de excresc&#234;ncias de Lambl foram fatores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos associados independentemente ao efeito de contraste na aorta. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O efeito de contraste na aorta esteve associado, de forma independente, aos eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recentes, bem como seus fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos. Estes resultados v&#234;m refor&#231;ar a hip&#243;tese de que o fen&#244;meno &#233; um marcador de m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo aorta, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares s&#227;o causa importante de mortalidade e invalidez. No Brasil, apesar de sua import&#226;ncia m&#233;dico-social, j&#225; que constituem a primeira causa de morte no pa&#237;s, s&#227;o raros seus estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos<sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares t&#234;m v&#225;rias causas, a fonte embolig&#234;nica, presumivelmente card&#237;aca, &#233; respons&#225;vel por 20 a 40 % dos eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico na avalia&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, como fonte embolig&#234;nica, tem adquirido uma grande aceita&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; sua maior capacidade de resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial das estruturas cardiovasculares mais basais, como o &#225;trio esquerdo e o ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, o septo interatrial e a aorta tor&#225;cica. O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico tem possibilitado o diagn&#243;stico de outros fatores associados a um risco aumentado de eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos. </p>
    <p>Os trombos, os tumores e as vegeta&#231;&#245;es intracavit&#225;rias, a valvulopatia reum&#225;tica (especialmente a estenose mitral), a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo no &#225;trio esquerdo e as placas complexas na aorta proximal s&#227;o fatores que, comprovadamente, est&#227;o associados a um risco aumentado de eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos<sup>4-8</sup>. Outros, como a doen&#231;a degenerativa fibroc&#225;lcica, acometendo a v&#225;lvula mitral e a a&#243;rtica, o forame oval patente com <italic>shunt</italic> direito-esquerdo, o aneurisma do septo interatrial, os <italic>strands</italic> ou excresc&#234;ncias de Lambl na v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e/ou mitral, o prolapso de v&#225;lvula mitral e, mais recentemente, o efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo na aorta<sup>6-9 </sup>t&#234;m sido descritos como fatores potenciais de risco, embora ainda restem d&#250;vidas que certamente ser&#227;o esclarecidas atrav&#233;s de pesquisas futuras na &#225;rea. </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a do efeito de contraste na aorta tem gerado d&#250;vidas e indaga&#231;&#245;es a respeito de seu significado, sendo que, recentemente, foi associado &#224; progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e aos eventos isqu&#234;micos em geral<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a exist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre a presen&#231;a do efeito de contraste na aorta e os eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recentes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold> M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo de caso-controle, constando de 224 indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico recente de um evento isqu&#234;mico encef&#225;lico e os controles de 85 indiv&#237;duos encaminhados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico por diversas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas presentes/suspeitas. </p>
    <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o e todos pacientes que concordaram em participar do estudo assinaram o termo de consentimento pr&#233;-informado. </p>
    <p>No grupo caso, foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico recente (menos do que 30 dias) de eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos, investigados, de novembro/1997 a maio/1999, no Servi&#231;o de Neurologia do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUC, em Porto Alegre, encaminhados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, com a finalidade de detectar fonte emb&#243;lica no cora&#231;&#227;o e/ou na aorta tor&#225;cica. </p>
    <p>O grupo controle foi composto de indiv&#237;duos consecutivos estudados pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico para esclarecimento diagn&#243;stico de diversas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. </p>
    <p> Foram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, no grupo caso e grupo controle: di&#226;metro da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente &gt; 4cm; dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta tor&#225;cica comprovada; fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento, obtida pelo ecocardiograma modo M, &lt; 25% ou, nos casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica segmentar, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (obtida pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico bidimensional atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de Simpson) &lt; 40%; discord&#226;ncia definitiva sobre o diagn&#243;stico de efeito de contraste na aorta entre os dois ecocardiografistas; n&#227;o concord&#226;ncia em participar do estudo e n&#227;o assinatura do termo de consentimento e, s&#243; no grupo controle, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de emboliza&#231;&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e/ou encef&#225;lica. </p>
    <p>No estudo foram identificados, como eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos, os pacientes com acidentes vasculares encef&#225;licos isqu&#234;micos completos ou ataques isqu&#234;micos transit&#243;rios na avalia&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica, utilizando os crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e tomogr&#225;ficos convencionais. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de efeito de contraste na aorta foi estabelecido quando se observou uma imagem ecodensa, semelhante a uma n&#233;voa, apresentando oscila&#231;&#227;o f&#225;sica relacionada ao ciclo card&#237;aco. Por defini&#231;&#227;o, considerou-se artefato de fundo, os casos que n&#227;o apresentavam movimenta&#231;&#227;o f&#225;sica com o ciclo card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p>Como metodologia, o paciente ou um familiar respondeu a um question&#225;rio sobre suas condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de atuais e sobre fatores de risco para eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos. Em seguida, todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico realizado por um examinador com experi&#234;ncia nesse exame. Os pacientes foram sedados antes da entuba&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica com midazolam, em dose variando entre 2 e 15 mg IV. Os exames foram realizados com o equipamento <italic>XP10 da Acuson-USA</italic>, utilizando-se transdutor esof&#225;gico multiplanar com freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 5 MHz. Para o diagn&#243;stico de forame oval patente, foi realizada inje&#231;&#227;o (&#245;es) de solu&#231;&#227;o salina aerada em uma veia perif&#233;rica dos pacientes do grupo caso. Os exames foram gravados em fitas de videocassete e analisados por um segundo ecocardiografista. O segundo observador desconhecia o diagn&#243;stico do examinador. Nos casos em que houve diverg&#234;ncia com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de efeito de contraste na aorta, foi tentada a obten&#231;&#227;o de um consenso e quando n&#227;o alcan&#231;ado, o paciente foi exclu&#237;do do estudo. </p>
    <p>Foram obtidas, inicialmente, estat&#237;sticas descritivas para todas as vari&#225;veis estudadas, incluindo m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para os dados quantitativos e percentuais para os categ&#243;ricos. </p>
    <p>Para controlar os efeitos de confus&#227;o, foi elaborado um modelo de an&#225;lise multivariada atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos e efeito de contraste na aorta foi conduzida atrav&#233;s de tabelas de conting&#234;ncias, obtendo-se estimativas de risco relativo atrav&#233;s da raz&#227;o de chances (RC) com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC): 95% para as an&#225;lises bivariadas e 90% para as an&#225;lises multivariadas. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica das associa&#231;&#245;es foi determinada atrav&#233;s dos testes de qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher, quando necess&#225;rio. T&#233;cnicas semelhantes foram utilizadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre o efeito de contraste na aorta e os outros diversos fatores considerados no estudo. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis de maior relev&#226;ncia, de acordo com a literatura, foram inclu&#237;das no modelo matem&#225;tico, independentemente da signific&#226;ncia atingida na an&#225;lise bivariada. </p>
    <p>Entre as potenciais fontes embolig&#234;nicas detectadas pela ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, definiu-se que algumas n&#227;o seriam estudadas na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. As vari&#225;veis com preval&#234;ncia inexpressiva na amostra n&#227;o foram estudadas na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. O forame oval patente n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica porque seu diagn&#243;stico foi realizado, na maioria das vezes, pela inje&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina aerada, a qual n&#227;o foi feita rotineiramente nos pacientes do grupo controle. O prolapso de v&#225;lvula mitral e a degenera&#231;&#227;o fibroc&#225;lcica mitro-a&#243;rtica n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos como fatores na an&#225;lise, pois s&#227;o diagn&#243;sticos mais comumente feitos atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. </p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica aceitos foram &#181; = 0,05 para as an&#225;lises bivariadas e &#181; = 0,1 para as an&#225;lises multivariadas. Os dados foram processados e analisados com o aux&#237;lio do programa SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>) vers&#227;o 6.0 for Windows. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De um total de 355 indiv&#237;duos que realizaram ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, 309 foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, sendo que 224 fizeram parte do grupo caso e 85 integraram o grupo controle. Foram 46 pacientes exclu&#237;dos do estudo. </p>
    <p>A idade variou de 15 a 85 anos, com uma m&#233;dia de 62 &#177; 13 no grupo caso e 53,1 &#177; 18,1 no grupo controle. Eram do sexo masculino 170 indiv&#237;duos. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> apresenta a ocorr&#234;ncia de efeito de contraste na aorta e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos nos dois grupos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0047-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p> O efeito de contraste na aorta apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com os eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos (RC = 2,83), na an&#225;lise bivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). Tamb&#233;m demonstrou-se associa&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos com hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (RC = 3,79), diabetes melittus (RC = 2,96), dislipidemia (RC = 2,77) e com a idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 anos (RC = 2,54). Entre os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, as excresc&#234;ncias de Lambl (RC = 6,50) e a presen&#231;a de placas complexas na aorta (RC=3,27) apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com os eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recentes. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0047-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada observou-se que o efeito de contraste na aorta permaneceu associado, de forma independente, aos eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recentes (RC = 2,05; IC 90%, 1,10 - 3,85; P = 0,06) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0047-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que a hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi o &#250;nico fator de risco cl&#237;nico (RC = 2,68) associado de forma independente aos eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos. Confirmou-se, na an&#225;lise multivariada, a associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre as placas complexas na aorta e eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos (RC= 2,92; IC 1,34-6,67; P=0,02) e as excrec&#234;ncias de Lambl permaneceram associadas intensamente aos eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recentes (RC=6,93; IC90% 3,18-15,12; P&lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise multivariada da associa&#231;&#227;o entre efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo na aorta e a presen&#231;a de outros fatores de risco para evento isqu&#234;mico encef&#225;lico, observou-se, entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, que a idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 anos, hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hist&#243;ria de tabagismo e hist&#243;ria de dislipidemia associaram-se de forma independente ao efeito de contraste na aorta. Entre as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, o efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo no &#225;trio esquerdo e as excresc&#234;ncias de Lambl permaneceram associados de forma independente ao efeito de contraste na aorta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0047-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo no &#225;trio esquerdo em portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial est&#225; associado ao maior risco de tromboembolismo<sup>5,11-13</sup>, existindo algumas evid&#234;ncias de que o efeito de contraste na aorta esteja associado &#224; doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana e aos eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos<sup>10,14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nossa s&#233;rie, o efeito de contraste na aorta teve uma preval&#234;ncia elevada, tanto no grupo caso quanto no controle (52,7% vs. 28,2%). Na an&#225;lise bivariada, foi demonstrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o efeito de contraste na aorta e os eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recentes (RC = 2,83; IC 95% 1,65 - 4,46; P &lt; 0,001). A an&#225;lise multivariada confirma que essa associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; independente (RC = 2,05; IC 90% 1,10 &#150; 3,86; P = 0,06).</p>
    <p> Embora a presen&#231;a de efeito de contraste na aorta seja atribu&#237;da ao fen&#244;meno de <italic>rouleax</italic>, observado em fluxos estagnantes devido &#224; agrega&#231;&#227;o eritroc&#237;tica, outros fatores, como o anticorpo anticardiolipina, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de sedimenta&#231;&#227;o globular, o aumento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de fibrinog&#234;nio, bem como da viscosidade plasm&#225;tica, est&#227;o relacionados ao fen&#244;meno. Estes fatos explicam a sua presen&#231;a na aus&#234;ncia de fluxos estagnantes. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que apresentavam doen&#231;as que gerassem fluxos inequivocamente estagnantes na aorta tor&#225;cica, como a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica significativa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e o aneurisma de aorta. &#201; prov&#225;vel, no entanto, que estes outros fatores envolvidos na agrega&#231;&#227;o eritroc&#237;tica (conhecidos ou n&#227;o) sejam os principais respons&#225;veis pelo aparecimento do efeito de contraste na aorta no grupo caso. Em contrapartida, o aumento do fibrinog&#234;nio plasm&#225;tico, o aumento da viscosidade sang&#252;&#237;nea e a eleva&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de sedimenta&#231;&#227;o globular s&#227;o fatores associados &#224;s cardiopatias e &#224;s doen&#231;as vasculares encef&#225;licas<sup>15-24</sup>, e suas presen&#231;as concomitantes poderiam vir a explicar a associa&#231;&#227;o do efeito de contraste na aorta e os eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de fluxos estagnantes. </p>
    <p>O fato do grupo controle ter sido constitu&#237;do por indiv&#237;duos com suspeita de cardiopatia n&#227;o volunt&#225;rios acabou influenciando alguns resultados do estudo. As doen&#231;as observadas com mais freq&#252;&#234;ncia no grupo controle foram: estenose mitral, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e endocardite infecciosa, as quais podem estar associadas a fluxos estagnantes e a eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos. A constitui&#231;&#227;o deste grupo controle foi devido ao fato de que o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico &#233; um m&#233;todo invasivo de investiga&#231;&#227;o que, embora tenha risco m&#237;nimo, &#233; capaz de provocar desconforto, o que nos impediu de realizar em volunt&#225;rios sadios. &#201; muito prov&#225;vel tamb&#233;m que, se o grupo controle fosse constitu&#237;do de volunt&#225;rios pareados, a preval&#234;ncia do efeito de contraste na aorta seria menor e a associa&#231;&#227;o mais intensa. </p>
    <p>Os resultados do estudo demonstraram uma intensa e independente associa&#231;&#227;o entre a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e o efeito de contraste na aorta. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; uma das principais indica&#231;&#245;es de ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, tanto para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes cr&#244;nicos quanto como elemento adjunto &#224; pr&#233;-cardiovers&#227;o, e esteve presente em 18,8% dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle, bem mais prevalente do que os 8,0% do grupo caso. Esse fato teve uma influ&#234;ncia importante e operou contra a comprova&#231;&#227;o da nossa hip&#243;tese. Fato que, provavelmente, tamb&#233;m foi o respons&#225;vel pelos n&#250;meros obtidos na an&#225;lise bivariada e multivariada na qual a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi um fator protetor de eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos. Os resultados apresentados sobre a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial sofreram influ&#234;ncia da composi&#231;&#227;o do grupo controle. Sabe-se que a presen&#231;a da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aumenta de 4 a 6 vezes o risco de eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos<sup>9,12,25-28</sup>. Os resultados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo no &#225;trio esquerdo tamb&#233;m foram prejudicados pela composi&#231;&#227;o do grupo controle. O efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo no &#225;trio esquerdo nesse estudo aparece como fator protetor fraco n&#227;o significativo para eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos. Esse achado discorda com a literatura e as raz&#245;es para este paradoxo s&#227;o as mesmas encontradas quando analisamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e os eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos. </p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, a an&#225;lise multivariada n&#227;o confirmou associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre placas complexas a&#243;rticas o efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo na aorta. Este achado, diferente do esperado nos resultados, foi explicado ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma s&#233;rie de simula&#231;&#245;es matem&#225;ticas, as quais constataram que as placas complexas na aorta estavam intensa e independentemente associadas ao fator idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 anos (RC=8,4) e este ao fator efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo na aorta. </p>
    <p>Concluindo, o efeito de contraste na aorta est&#225; associado independentemente aos eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos recentes. Todos os fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos para os eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos testados se associaram de forma independente ao efeito de contraste na aorta. Estes resultados, adicionados &#224; comprova&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre o efeito de contraste na aorta e os eventos isqu&#234;micos encef&#225;licos, v&#234;m refor&#231;ar a hip&#243;tese de que o fen&#244;meno &#233; um marcador de m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco. Entre as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, a presen&#231;a de efeito de contraste espont&#226;neo no &#225;trio esquerdo e de excresc&#234;ncias de Lambl foram fatores associados de maneira independente ao efeito de contraste na aorta. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Flavio Jos&#233; Petersen Velho </p>
        <p> Av Ipiranga, 6690/515 </p>
        <p> Cep 90610-000 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="flaviove@terra.com.br">flaviove@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 28/11/02 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 10/5/03</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Association between the effect of spontaneous contrast in the thoracic aorta and recent ischemic stroke determined by transesophageal echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the independent association between the presence of spontaneous echo contrast in the aorta and recent stroke events. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-four individuals with a diagnosis of recent stroke and 85 control individuals who were examined due to various present/suspected heart diseases were studied through transesophageal echocardiography. The effects of spontaneous contrast in the aorta and the presence of other potential sources of cardiac embolism associated with them were researched and a questionnaire was completed about patients' clinical risk factors at the time of examination. RESULTS: The effects of contrast in the aorta was associated with stroke (OR=2.83; CI = 95%, 1.65-4.46; P&lt;0.001) in the bivariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, it remained associated with recent stroke (OR=2.05; CI = 90%, 1.10-3.85; P=0.06). Age &gt; 60 years, a history of systemic blood hypertension and smoking, and dyslipidemia were risk factors independently associated with the effects of contrast in the aorta. The presence of a spontaneous contrast effect in the left atrium and Lambl's excrescences were echocardiographic factors independently associated with the effects of contrast in the aorta. CONCLUSION: The effect of contrast in the aorta was independently associated with recent stroke and with its clinical risk factors. These results reinforce the hypothesis that the phenomenon is a predictor of several risk factors.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>transesophageal echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>spontaneous contrast effects on the aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Association between the effect of spontaneous contrast in the thoracic aorta and recent ischemic stroke determined by transesophageal echocardiography</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Flavio Jos&#233; Petersen Velho; Fernanda Dotta; Leonora Scherer; Eduardo Bartholomay; Daniela Augusta da Silva; Jefferson Gomes Fernandes; Marco Antonio Rodrigues Torres </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem &#150; Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the independent association between the presence of spontaneous echo contrast in the aorta and recent stroke events.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Two hundred and twenty-four individuals with a diagnosis of recent stroke and 85 control individuals who were examined due to various present/suspected heart diseases were studied through transesophageal echocardiography. The effects of spontaneous contrast in the aorta and the presence of other potential sources of cardiac embolism associated with them were researched and a questionnaire was completed about patients' clinical risk factors at the time of examination.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The effects of contrast in the aorta was associated with stroke (OR=2.83; CI = 95%, 1.65-4.46; P&lt;0.001) in the bivariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, it remained associated with recent stroke (OR=2.05; CI = 90%, 1.10-3.85; P=0.06). Age <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 years, a history of systemic blood hypertension and smoking, and dyslipidemia were risk factors independently associated with the effects of contrast in the aorta. The presence of a spontaneous contrast effect in the left atrium and Lambl's excrescences were echocardiographic factors independently associated with the effects of contrast in the aorta.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The effect of contrast in the aorta was independently associated with recent stroke and with its clinical risk factors. These results reinforce the hypothesis that the phenomenon is a predictor of several risk factors.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> transesophageal echocardiography, spontaneous contrast effects on the aorta, stroke </p>
      <p>Cerebrovascular diseases are important causes of mortality and disability. In Brazil, despite its medical-social importance as the first cause of death in the country, epidemiological studies are rare <sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Cerebrovascular diseases may have many causes, and embolic events, presumably cardiac, are responsible for 20 to 40% of strokes <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The use of transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of the heart as an embolic source has been widely accepted because of its greater capacity for spatial resolution of basal cardiovascular structures, such as the left atrium, the left atrial apex, the interatrial septum, and the thoracic artery. Transesophageal echocardiography has enabled the diagnosis of other risk factors associated with an increased risk of stroke. </p>
      <p>Thrombi, tumors, and intracavitary vegetations, rheumatic valvular disease (especially mitral stenosis), left ventricle systolic dysfunction, left atrium spontaneous echo contrast, and the complex plaques in the proximal aorta are factors proved to be associated with an increased risk of stroke <sup>4-8</sup>. Other factors, such as degenerative calcification involving the mitral and the aortic valves; patent foramen ovale with right-left shunt; interatrial septal aneurysm; strands or Lambl's excrescences in the aortic or mitral valve, or both valves; and, more recently, spontaneous echo contrast in the aorta <sup>6-9</sup> have been described as potential risk factors; however, some doubts still exist that will certainly be settled with future research in this area. </p>
      <p>The meaning of the presence of spontaneous echo contrast in the aorta has been questioned, and recently it was linked to coronary artery disease and to ischemic events in general <sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>The objective of the study was to assess the independent association between the presence of echo contrast in the aorta and recent stroke events. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study group of 224 individuals with a recent diagnosis of stroke and the control group of 85 individuals underwent transesophageal echocardiography for several present or suspected cardiac diseases.  </p>
      <p>The ethics committee of the institution approved the project, and all patients gave written informed consent. </p>
      <p>The study group included individuals with a recent diagnosis of stroke (less than 30 days) treated from November 1997 through November 1999 at the Servi&#231;o de Neurologia do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUC (Neurology Service of the Hospital S&#227;o Lucas from PUC), in the city of Porto Alegre. These patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography to detect whether the source of emboli was the heart, the thoracic aorta, or both of these. </p>
      <p>The control group comprised consecutive individuals studied through transesophageal echocardiography to diagnose various cardiac diseases. </p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria for the study and control groups were a descending thoracic aorta diameter &gt; 4 cm; documented thoracic aorta dissection; fractional shortening, obtained through M mode echocardiography, &lt; 25% or, in cases of segmental systolic dysfunction, ejection fraction (obtained through bi-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography using Simpson's method) of &lt; 40%; definite disagreement on the diagnosis of the effects of contrast in the aorta between 2 echocardiographers; refusing to take part in the study; not signing written informed consent; and, only in the control group, a previous history of systemic or encephalic embolization. </p>
      <p>Patients with complete ischemic stroke or transitory ischemic attacks revealed with neurological evaluations were identified as ischemic stroke based on conventional clinical and tomographic criteria. </p>
      <p>Diagnosis of the effects of contrast in the aorta was established when an echodense image was observed, moving with the cardiac cycle. When the echodense image observed did not move with the cardiac cycle as defined, we considered it as a technical artifact. </p>
      <p>As a methodology, the patient or a relative answered a questionnaire about the patient's current health status and about risk factors for ischemic stroke. All patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography performed by an experienced echocardiographer. Patients were sedated with midazolam before esophageal intubation, with doses ranging from 2 to 15 mg IV. Examinations were performed with XP10 from Acuson-USA, using a multiplanar esophageal transducer with a 5-MHz frequency. For diagnosis of patent foramen ovale, saline solution was injected into a peripheral vein in the study group patients. Examinations were recorded on VCR tapes and assessed by another echocardiographer. The second observer was unaware of the diagnosis. In the cases where disagreement existed regarding the presence or absence of contrast in the aorta, observers tried to reach a consensus, and when they could not, the patient was excluded from the study. </p>
      <p>Initially, descriptive statistics were obtained for all study variables, including mean and standard deviation for the quantitative and percentage values for the categorical variables. </p>
      <p>To control the confusion effects, a multivariate analysis model was created using the logistic regression technique. </p>
      <p>The evaluation of the association between ischemic stroke and the effects of contrast in the aorta was done using contingency tables, and relative risk estimations were obtained using odds ratio (OR) with their respective confidence interval (CI), 95% for bivariate analysis and 90% for multivariate analysis. Statistical significance of the associations was determined using the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test, when necessary. Similar techniques were used in the evaluation of the association between the effects of contrast in the aorta and other factors considered in the study. </p>
      <p>The most relevant variables, according to the literature, were included in the mathematical model, regardless of the significance reached in the bivariate analysis. </p>
      <p>We did not include all of the potential embolic sources detected through transesophageal echocardiography in the statistical analysis. Variables with an inexpressive prevalence in the sample were not studied in the statistical analysis. Patent foramen ovale was not included in the statistical analysis because its diagnosis was performed, in the majority of cases, through isotonic saline containing microbubbles, which was not routinely performed in the patients from the control group. Mitral valve prolapse and mitral or aortic degeneration calcification were not included in the analysis, because these diagnoses are usually performed using transthoracic echocardiogram. </p>
      <p>Statistical significance levels accepted were &#181; = 0.05, for bivariate analysis, and &#181; = 0.1, for multivariate analysis. Data were processed and analyzed with the SPSS software program (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 6.0 for Windows. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of 355 individuals who underwent transesophageal echocardiography, 309 were included in the study, 224 in the study group, and 85 in the control group. Forty-six patients were excluded from the study. </p>
      <p>Age ranged from 15 to 85 years, with a mean of 62 &#177; 13 in the study group and 53.1 &#177; 18.1 in the control group. One hundred and seventy individuals were male. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> presents the occurrence of effects of contrast in the aorta and the frequency of clinical and echocardiographic risk factors for ischemic stroke in both groups. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0047-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Contrast effects in the aorta were associated with ischemic stroke events (OR = 2.83) in the bivariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>), which demonstrated an association between ischemic strokes and systemic blood hypertension (OR= 3.79), diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.96), dyslipidemia (OR = 2.77), and with age <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 years (OR = 2.54). Among the echocardiographic findings, Lambl's excrescences (OR = 6.50) and the presence of complex plaques in the aorta (OR = 3.27) were associated with recent ischemic stroke events. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0047-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>It was observed, in the multivariate analysis, that the effects of contrast in the aorta remained associated, independently, with recent ischemic stroke events (OR = 2.05, CI 90%, 1.10 &#150; 3.85, P = 0.06) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0047-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> Multivariate analysis demonstrated that systemic blood hypertension was the only clinical risk factor (OR = 2.68) associated independently with ischemic stroke events, confirming the independent association between the complex plaques in the aorta and ischemic stroke events (OR = 2.92, CI 1.34-6.67, P=0.02). Lambl's excrescence remained highly associated with recent ischemic stroke events (OR = 6.93, CI = 90% 3.18-15.12, P&lt;0.001) in the multivariate analysis. </p>
      <p>Regarding the multivariate analysis of the association between spontaneous echo contrast in the aorta and the presence of other risk factors for ischemic stroke, among the clinical variables, it was observed that age <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 years, systemic blood hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia were associated independently with echo contrast in the aorta. Among the echocardiographic variables, spontaneous echo contrast in the left atrium and Lambl's excrescences remained associated independently with the effects of contrast in the aorta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0047-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The spontaneous echo contrast in the left atrium in patients with atrial fibrillation is associated with greater risk of thromboembolism <sup>5,11-13</sup>, and some evidence exists that echo contrast in the aorta is associated with atherosclerotic coronary disease and with ischemic stroke events <sup>10,14</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our series, the echo contrast in the aorta had an increased prevalence, both in the study group and in the control group (52.7% vs. 28.2%). In the bivariate analysis, an association between echo contrast in the aorta and recent ischemic stroke events was demonstrated (OR = 2.83, CI = 95% 1.65 &#150; 4.46, P &lt; 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirms that this association is independent (OR = 2.05, CI = 90% 1.10 - 3.86, P = 0.06). </p>
      <p>Although the presence of echo contrast in the aorta is attributed to the <italic>rouleau </italic>phenomenon observed in stagnating flows due to erythrocyte aggregation, other factors, such as anticardiolipin antibody, the increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the increase in fibrinogen plasma levels, and plasma viscosity are also related to the phenomenon. These facts explain its presence even in the absence of stagnating flows. </p>
      <p>In our study, we excluded patients with diseases that certainly created stagnating flows in the thoracic artery, such as significant left ventricle systolic dysfunction, aortic dissection, and aortic aneurysm. However, it may be possible that these factors involved in the erythrocyte aggregation (known or unknown) are mainly responsible for the appearance of contrast in the aorta in the study group. On the other hand, the increase in plasma fibrinogen, the increase in blood viscosity, and the increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate are factors associated with heart diseases and vascular brain diseases <sup>15-24</sup>. Their concomitant presence may explain the association of echo contrast in the aorta with ischemic stroke events, even in the absence of stagnating flows. </p>
      <p>Because the control group comprised nonvolunteer individuals with a suspicion of heart disease, some results of the study may have been influenced. The most frequently observed diseases in the control group were mitral stenosis, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, and infectious endocarditis, which may be associated with stagnating flows and ischemic stroke events. The control group was formed because transesophageal echocardiography is an invasive investigation method that, although it has minimal risk, may cause discomfort, which prevented us from performing it in healthy individuals. It is very likely that, if the control group had comprised paired volunteers, the prevalence of echo contrast in the aorta would have been significantly lower and the association significantly more intense. </p>
      <p>The results of the study demonstrate an intense and independent association between atrial fibrillation and echo contrast in the aorta. Atrial fibrillation is one of the main indications for transesophageal echocardiography, both for risk stratification in chronic patients and as an additional element after cardioversion, and it was present in 18.8% of the individuals in the control group, much more prevalent than the 8.0% of the study group. This fact was an important influence contrary to our hypothesis and was probably responsible for the numbers obtained in the bivariate and multivariate analysis in which atrial fibrillation was a protective factor in ischemic stroke events. The results pertaining to atrial fibrillation were influenced by the formation of the control group. The presence of atrial fibrillation increases the risk of ischemic stroke 4 to 6 times <sup>9,12,25-28</sup>. The results regarding spontaneous echo contrast in the left atrium were also influenced by the composition of the control group. The spontaneous echo contrast in the left atrium in this study appears to be a nonsignificant protective factor for ischemic stroke events. This finding is in disagreement with that in the literature, and the reasons for that contrast are the same found when we analyzed the association between atrial fibrillation and ischemic stroke events. </p>
      <p>In our study, multivariate analysis did not confirm an independent association between the complex aortic plaques and the spontaneous echo contrast in the aorta. This finding, contrary to what was expected, was explained after the performance of several mathematical simulations, which verified that the complex aortic plaques were intensively and independently associated with the factor age <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 years (OR=8.4), and this factor was associated with the spontaneous echo contrast in the aorta. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the echo contrast in the aorta is independently associated with recent ischemic stroke events. All clinical risk factors for ischemic stroke events evaluated were independently associated with the echo contrast in the aorta. These results together with the certainty of the independent association between echo contrast in the aorta and ischemic stroke events, reinforce the hypothesis that the phenomenon is a marker of multiple risk factors. Among the echocardiographic variables, the presence of spontaneous echo contrast in the left atrium and Lambl's excrescences were echocardiographic factors independently associated with echo contrast in the aorta.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Flavio Jos&#233; Petersen Velho</p>
          <p> Av. Ipiranga, 6690/515</p>
          <p> Cep 90610-000 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="flaviove@terra.com.br">flaviove@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received - 11/28/02</p>
      <p> Accepted - 5/10/03</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
