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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kYMF4d6hc9RYv4xPNyGWQSQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000100004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000100004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efetividade do metoprolol na preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e flutter atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>L&#250;cio</surname>
            <given-names>Eraldo de Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Flores</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blacher</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lucchese</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Francisco </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>37</fpage>
      <lpage>41</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade do metoprolol na preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e flutter atrial clinicamente detect&#225;veis ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. M&#201;TODOS: Ensaio cl&#237;nico, randomizado e aberto, para tratar 200 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isolada com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, randomizados para receber metoprolol, por via oral, ou para n&#227;o receber a medica&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Os desfechos de interesse eram a detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e flutter atrial sustentados, sintom&#225;ticos ou que requeressem tratamento. Exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o basal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 35%, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial pr&#233;via, hist&#243;ria de broncoespasmo, bloqueios atrioventriculares de 2&#186; e 3&#186; grau, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. RESULTADOS: Arritmias ocorreram em 11 de 100 pacientes do grupo metoprolol e em 24 de 100 pacientes do grupo controle (p=0,02). O risco relativo (RR) foi 0,46 (IC de 95%= 0,24-0,88) e o n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar (NNT) e evitar o desfecho foi de 8 pacientes. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi a arritmia mais freq&#252;entemente observada (30/35). Em 38 pacientes com idade &gt; 70 anos, as arritmias ocorreram em 2 de 19 pacientes do grupo metoprolol e em 10 de 19 do grupo controle (c2 Yates: p=0,01). O risco relativo foi 0,20 (IC de 95%= 0,05-0,79) e o n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar foi de 2 pacientes. CONCLUS&#195;O: O metoprolol &#233; efetivo na preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e flutter atrial no PO de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, sendo esse efeito mais marcante no grupo de pacientes idosos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>metoprolol</kwd>
        <kwd>fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Efetividade do metoprolol na preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e flutter atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eraldo de Azevedo L&#250;cio; Adriana Flores; Celso Blacher; Paulo E. Le&#227;es; Fernando A. Lucchese; Jorge Pinto Ribeiro </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital S&#227;o Francisco / Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre e Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre, RS </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a efetividade do metoprolol na preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e flutter atrial clinicamente detect&#225;veis ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Ensaio cl&#237;nico, randomizado e aberto, para tratar 200 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isolada com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, randomizados para receber metoprolol, por via oral, ou para n&#227;o receber a medica&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Os desfechos de interesse eram a detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e flutter atrial sustentados, sintom&#225;ticos ou que requeressem tratamento. Exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o basal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 35%, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial pr&#233;via, hist&#243;ria de broncoespasmo, bloqueios atrioventriculares de 2<sup>o</sup> e 3<sup>o</sup> grau, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Arritmias ocorreram em 11 de 100 pacientes do grupo metoprolol e em 24 de 100 pacientes do grupo controle (p=0,02). O risco relativo (RR) foi 0,46 (IC de 95%= 0,24-0,88) e o n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar (NNT) e evitar o desfecho foi de 8 pacientes. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi a arritmia mais freq&#252;entemente observada (30/35). Em 38 pacientes com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 70 anos, as arritmias ocorreram em 2 de 19 pacientes do grupo metoprolol e em 10 de 19 do grupo controle (c2 Yates: p=0,01). O risco relativo foi 0,20 (IC de 95%= 0,05-0,79) e o n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar foi de 2 pacientes. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O metoprolol &#233; efetivo na preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e flutter atrial no PO de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, sendo esse efeito mais marcante no grupo de pacientes idosos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> metoprolol, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica </p>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o e o flutter atrial s&#227;o arritmias freq&#252;entemente observadas nos primeiros dias, ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, com uma incid&#234;ncia estimada entre 17 e 33%<sup>1-8</sup>, que varia conforme o m&#233;todo empregado para a sua detec&#231;&#227;o e com os crit&#233;rios de defini&#231;&#227;o da arritmia<sup>9</sup>. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233;, de longe, mais comum, e em algumas vezes coexiste com o flutter atrial no mesmo paciente<sup>10</sup>. A sua etiologia &#233; pouco conhecida, admitindo-se que est&#237;mulos, como isquemia atrial intraoperat&#243;ria, pericardite e estimula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica excessiva, desempenhem papel importante para o seu aparecimento em pacientes vulner&#225;veis<sup>11-13</sup>. Apesar de, na maioria das vezes, serem benignas e transit&#243;rias, essas arritmias t&#234;m sido associadas com eventos emb&#243;licos cerebrais<sup>4,5,8,14</sup> e com um aumento no tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e custos<sup>6,7,15</sup>. Diversas estrat&#233;gias farmacol&#243;gicas foram utilizadas nas &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas para a sua preven&#231;&#227;o, sendo os betabloqueadores os agentes mais utilizados para essa finalidade. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos com esses medicamentos mostraram resultados vari&#225;veis, na sua maioria, positivos<sup>9,16</sup>. Entretanto, talvez devido a heterogeneidade desses estudos e de crit&#233;rios n&#227;o uniformes para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos, n&#227;o havia consist&#234;ncia na sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o para a preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e flutter atrial, quando da realiza&#231;&#227;o desse ensaio cl&#237;nico<sup>16,17</sup>. Hoje, por&#233;m, existe indica&#231;&#227;o consensual do uso de betabloqueadores, como medica&#231;&#227;o de escolha, para a preven&#231;&#227;o dessas arritmias no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar a efetividade do metoprolol na preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e flutter atrial clinicamente detect&#225;veis ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Para isso, foram mantidas as rotinas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio utilizadas no nosso servi&#231;o, no que se refere &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueadores e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma, reproduzindo-as segundo a nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De fevereiro de 1997 a outubro de 1998, 383 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isolada no hospital S&#227;o Francisco da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre. O estudo foi previamente aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o, e um consentimento informado, devidamente assinado, foi obtido de todos os pacientes, potencialmente eleg&#237;veis, antes do procedimento cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p>Todas as medica&#231;&#245;es em uso no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, incluindo betabloqueadores, foram administradas at&#233; 6 ou 12h antes da cirurgia. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo os pacientes: a) com hist&#243;ria de broncoespasmo; b) com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 35% no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio; c) portadores de marcapasso card&#237;aco, com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica, com hist&#243;ria de arritmias supraventriculares parox&#237;sticas ou em uso corrente de amiodarona; d) com quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (&#237;ndice card&#237;aco &lt; 2,2L/min/m<sup>2</sup> ou sinais cl&#237;nicos sugestivos) e depend&#234;ncia de inotr&#243;picos, ou em uso de bal&#227;o intra&#243;rtico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; e) com bradiarritmias (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &lt; 60bpm, ritmo juncional, dissocia&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, ou bloqueios de 2<sup>o </sup>ou 3<sup>o </sup>grau). A randomiza&#231;&#227;o, ent&#227;o, era feita na 12<sup>a</sup> hora de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com o paciente hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel. N&#227;o foi permitido o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es que interferissem na condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular ou que tivessem propriedades antiarr&#237;tmicas. </p>
    <p>Dos 383 pacientes operados, 121 deixaram de ser inclu&#237;dos no estudo pelos motivos j&#225; citados, 38 por n&#227;o utilizarem a t&#233;cnica de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea durante a cirurgia, e 24 por se recusarem a participar da pesquisa. Duzentos pacientes foram randomizados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0037-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Todos pacientes randomizados foram operados atrav&#233;s de esternotomia utilizando circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, hemodilui&#231;&#227;o moderada (hemat&#243;crito em torno de 25%) e hipotermia sist&#234;mica moderada (32<sup>o</sup>C). Para prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, foi injetada na raiz da aorta solu&#231;&#227;o cardiopl&#233;gica anter&#243;grada, intermitente, isot&#233;rmica e sangu&#237;nea. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pot&#225;ssio e magn&#233;sio eram mantidos acima de 4mEq/L e 2mEq/L, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>O delineamento foi de um ensaio cl&#237;nico, randomizado e aberto, baseado no princ&#237;pio da inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar. Foram sorteados, inicialmente, blocos de 100 pacientes e, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise interina, outros blocos de mais 100, perfazendo um total de 200 pacientes. Dois grupos de 100 pacientes foram randomizados para receber metoprolol ou para n&#227;o receber a medica&#231;&#227;o, administrada por via oral, ou por sonda nasog&#225;strica se o paciente ainda estivesse entubado, a partir da 12<sup>a</sup> hora at&#233; o 7<sup>o </sup>dia de p&#243;s operat&#243;rio ou alta hospitalar, o que ocorresse primeiro. As doses do metoprolol variaram entre 100 e 300mg/dia, dadas em 2 ou 3 vezes, sendo ajustadas para manter uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre 60 e 90b.p.m. Esse ajuste era feito nos primeiros 2 a 3 dias, com o paciente ainda na unidade de terapia intensiva e, em seguida, as doses mantinham-se inalteradas at&#233; o final do estudo. </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de arritmias foi avaliada por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica cont&#237;nua nos primeiros 2 a 3 dias, em m&#233;dia, enquanto o paciente permanecesse na unidade de terapia intensiva. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, eram considerados desfechos de interesse, a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou flutter atrial sustentado, confirmado pelo eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie. As arritmias transit&#243;rias n&#227;o documentadas por esse exame n&#227;o eram inclu&#237;das no estudo. Ap&#243;s a alta para a enfermaria, a detec&#231;&#227;o dessas arritmias era feita atrav&#233;s de sintomas ou de exame cl&#237;nico, e confirmada tamb&#233;m pelo eletrocardiograma. A an&#225;lise inicial dos desfechos era feita pelo m&#233;dico plantonista, na unidade de terapia intensiva, e pelo m&#233;dico residente, na enfermaria, e posteriormente conferida pelo autor do estudo. No dia da alta hospitalar ou no 7<sup>o</sup> dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, um eletrocardiograma era feito em todos pacientes para assegurar a presen&#231;a de ritmo sinusal. </p>
    <p>Os dados foram tabulados e analisados no programa estat&#237;stico EPIINFO 6.0 para <italic>Windows</italic>, compat&#237;vel com computador IBM-PC. O tamanho da amostra para o estudo foi estimado com base numa incid&#234;ncia de 25% de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial obtida em dados de literatura. Foi assumido que o metoprolol reduziria essa incid&#234;ncia para 15% e, seria, assim, necess&#225;rio uma amostra com 200 pacientes para se alcan&#231;ar uma signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para um valor de p &lt; 0,05 e um poder de 80%. </p>
    <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Para analisar as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos de tratamento e controle, foi empregado o "teste t" de Student para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, o qui-quadrado para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas e o teste de Mann-Whitney para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Houve semelhan&#231;a entre o grupo do metoprolol e o grupo controle quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas basais pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias: m&#233;dia de idade, percentual de pacientes &gt; 70 anos, sexo masculino, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio antigo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, obtida por ecocardiograma ou cineventriculografia, e uso de betabloqueadores. Tamb&#233;m, no que se refere &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas intraoperat&#243;rias, ambos os grupos foram semelhantes quanto ao tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, tempo de clampeamento a&#243;rtico, implante de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna e n&#250;mero de vasos revascularizados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0037-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p> O grupo de pacientes que recebeu metoprolol apresentou, significativamente, menos arritmias do que o grupo controle, com uma incid&#234;ncia de 11% e 24%, respectivamente (p=0,02). O risco relativo foi 0,46 (IC de 95%= 0,24-0,88), e o n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar a fim de evitar o desfecho foi de 8 pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi a arritmia mais freq&#252;entemente observada em ambos os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>) e, em 86% dos casos, essas arritmias foram detectadas entre o 1<sup>o </sup>e o 3<sup>o </sup>dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sendo o pico m&#225;ximo no 2<sup>o</sup> dia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia, durante os epis&#243;dios arr&#237;tmicos, dos pacientes do grupo do metoprolol foi significativamente mais baixa do que a do grupo controle (134 &#177; 26 versus 157 &#177; 26; p= 0,02). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0037-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0037-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0037-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Dos 200 pacientes do estudo, 38 tinham idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 70 anos, sendo 19 em cada grupo. Dez pacientes do grupo controle apresentaram arritmias, enquanto apenas 2 dos que receberam metoprolol apresentaram essas complica&#231;&#245;es (c<sup>2</sup> Yates: p=0,01). O risco relativo foi 0,20 (IC de 95%= 0,05-0,79) e o n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar a fim de evitar o desfecho foi de 2 pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). J&#225; entre aqueles com idade &lt; 70 anos n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia de arritmias entre os 2 grupos (p=0,3). </p>
    <p>Dos 100 pacientes do grupo controle, os que usavam betabloqueadores antes da cirurgia (n=65), apresentaram mais arritmias do que aqueles que n&#227;o o usavam, com uma incid&#234;ncia, respectivamente, de 29% e 16%, por&#233;m sem haver diferen&#231;a significativa (p=0,2). </p>
    <p>As doses utilizadas de metoprolol variaram de 100 a 300mg/dia, sendo a dose m&#233;dia de 184 &#177; 5mg. A maioria dos pacientes usou 150mg/dia (n=47), seguido de 200mg/dia (n=40), 300mg/dia (n=10), e por &#250;ltimo 100mg/dia (n=3). Os 89 pacientes do grupo metoprolol que n&#227;o apresentaram arritmias usaram uma dose maior do que os 11 que apresentaram esse desfecho (186,5 &#177; 48,1 versus 159,1 &#177; 30,2mg), mas sem diferen&#231;a significativa (p=0,07). </p>
    <p>Em 8 pacientes houve suspens&#227;o do metoprolol pela presen&#231;a de sintomas indesej&#225;veis: hipotens&#227;o arterial em 4 pacientes, broncoespasmo e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em 3 e bradicardia sinusal em 2. Em 4 pacientes a dose empregada foi de 150mg/dia, 3 deles usaram 100mg/dia, e um 200mg/dia. </p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es mais freq&#252;entemente observadas no estudo foram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, em 8 pacientes, e acidente cerebrovascular, em 5 pacientes. N&#227;o houve eventos emb&#243;licos atribu&#237;dos &#224; presen&#231;a de arritmias. Tr&#234;s pacientes faleceram durante o per&#237;odo de estudo, sendo 2 do grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e flutter atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; vari&#225;vel, dependendo dos crit&#233;rios utilizados para a arritmia ter sido qualificada como um desfecho, e da intensidade e do tipo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o empregados. No presente estudo, a incid&#234;ncia dessas arritmias foi de 24% no grupo controle, um pouco mais alta do que aquela encontrada por Leitch e cols.<sup>4</sup>, que utilizaram basicamente o mesmo tipo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o. Considerando que as arritmias em quest&#227;o podem ser transit&#243;rias e at&#233; mesmo fugazes, passando despercebidas e sem nenhuma import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, procuramos neste estudo valorizar aquelas sustentadas ou sintom&#225;ticas, consideradas como desfechos. </p>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o e o flutter atrial foram mais freq&#252;entes entre o 1<sup>o</sup> e o 3<sup>o</sup> dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, estando de acordo com relatos da literatura<sup>1,19</sup>. A sua ocorr&#234;ncia pouco freq&#252;ente ap&#243;s a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva tamb&#233;m pode ser atribu&#237;da ao m&#233;todo de detec&#231;&#227;o do desfecho, puramente cl&#237;nico nessa situa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>O uso de metoprolol, no presente estudo, reduziu em 54% o risco de arritmias, redu&#231;&#227;o essa um pouco maior do que aquela observada por Janssen e cols.<sup>20</sup>, que tamb&#233;m utilizaram essa medica&#231;&#227;o, em doses fixas e, praticamente, o mesmo tipo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o. As metan&#225;lises publicadas por Andrews e cols.<sup>9 </sup>e por Kowey e cols.<sup>17</sup> mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de arritmias de 74% e 51%, respectivamente, com o uso de betabloqueadores. Conv&#233;m lembrar que essas metan&#225;lises inclu&#237;ram, na sua maioria, ensaios com um tempo mais prolongado de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do eletrocardiograma ou do Holter e, portanto, com um poder maior de detec&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos. </p>
    <p>Uma menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca observada nos pacientes em uso do metoprolol comparado ao grupo controle, durante os epis&#243;dios arr&#237;tmicos, reafirma outro efeito ben&#233;fico desse f&#225;rmaco no presente estudo. Por outro lado, n&#227;o houve uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre o emprego de doses mais altas desse betabloqueador e a preven&#231;&#227;o de arritmias. Ali&#225;s, um ensaio pr&#233;vio com o metoprolol n&#227;o foi capaz de demonstrar efeito profil&#225;tico ben&#233;fico dessa medica&#231;&#227;o contra fibrila&#231;&#227;o e flutter atrial ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, utilizando doses vari&#225;veis a fim de betabloquear o paciente<sup>21</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ao contr&#225;rio de alguns trabalhos que mostraram uma reduzida efic&#225;cia dos betabloqueadores em pacientes idosos<sup>1,19</sup>, o nosso estudo mostrou que o metoprolol foi capaz de diminuir significativamente a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e flutter atrial nesse grupo de alto risco. Por outro lado, no grupo de pacientes com idade &lt; 70 anos, esse resultado ben&#233;fico n&#227;o se confirmou, o que faz concluir que o efeito protetor da medica&#231;&#227;o, observado na faixa et&#225;ria de 70 ou mais anos, foi o determinante principal da positividade do estudo. Esta constata&#231;&#227;o se reveste de import&#226;ncia na medida em que, cada vez mais, pacientes idosos s&#227;o submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca e o uso sistem&#225;tico de betabloqueadores nesse grupo et&#225;rio pode atenuar o impacto da idade, como fator de risco para o surgimento dessas arritmias. </p>
    <p>A suspens&#227;o dos betabloqueadores no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio &#233; motivo de discuss&#227;o antiga, pois a retirada dessas medica&#231;&#245;es deixaria o paciente mais exposto &#224; a&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas circulantes, aumentando o risco de arritmias<sup>22,23</sup>. Um estudo aberto, mais recente, demonstrou que a simples manuten&#231;&#227;o desses agentes nas mesmas doses pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias foi capaz de reduzir em 55 % o risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>24</sup>. Nosso estudo n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa na incid&#234;ncia de arritmias, no grupo controle, entre os pacientes que suspenderam e os que seguiram usando metoprolol, ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Talvez com um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes e com um delineamento apropriado, pud&#233;ssemos avaliar o real impacto da suspens&#227;o dessa medica&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>O metoprolol foi suspenso em 8 pacientes devido ao surgimento de efeitos colaterais, a princ&#237;pio, atribu&#237;dos &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o. Alguns desses pacientes apresentavam uma condi&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular lim&#237;trofe no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do para essa pseudo-intoler&#226;ncia ao inv&#233;s de um efeito nocivo de <italic>per se </italic>da medica&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo s&#227;o as decorrentes de um ensaio aberto, n&#227;o controlado por placebo, sujeito, portanto, a potenciais vieses de aferi&#231;&#227;o. Arritmias transit&#243;rias, ou mesmo, persistentes e assintom&#225;ticas, podem ter passado despercebidas, devido &#224; falta de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua, principalmente, ap&#243;s a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva. Tamb&#233;m, o metoprolol, pode ter mascarado ou atenuado sintomas em pacientes com arritmias. De toda sorte, o pr&#243;prio desenho do estudo se preocupou nessa situa&#231;&#227;o com desfechos de impacto cl&#237;nico, certamente, prevenidos pela medica&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Concluindo, acreditamos que o uso de betabloqueadores deve ser implementado rotineiramente, nos protocolos de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica para os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentem contra-indica&#231;&#245;es ao seu uso. O subgrupo de idosos, particularmente, parece ter um beneficio ainda maior, dado os resultados expressivos obtidos neste estudo. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Eraldo de Azevedo L&#250;cio </p>
        <p> Rua Santa Cec&#237;lia, 2001/401 </p>
        <p> Cep 90420-041 - Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="eraldoal@cardiol.br">eraldoal@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 11/11/02 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 10/3/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effectiveness of metoprolol in preventing atrial fibrillation and flutter in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass graft surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of metoprolol in preventing clinically detectable atrial fibrillation (AF) and flutter after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery . METHODS: An open, randomized study was carried out to treat 200 patients who had undergone isolated CABG surgery with extracorporeal circulation. The patients were randomized to either receive metoprolol orally or not to receive the medication in the postoperative period. The outcomes were the detection of sustained atrial AF and flutter, which were symptomatic or required treatment. The patients with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: baseline left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 35%; previous AF; history of bronchospasm; second- and third-degree atrioventricular blocks, low cardiac output, and heart failure. RESULTS: Arrhythmias occurred in 11 out of 100 patients in the metoprolol group and in 24 out of 100 patients in the control group (P=0.02). The relative risk (RR) was 0.46 (95% CI = 0.24-0.88), and the number necessary to treat (NNT) and avoid the outcome was 8 patients. AF was the arrhythmia most frequently observed (30/35). In 38 patients aged 70 years or more, the arrhythmias occurred in 2 out of 19 patients in the metoprolol group and in 10 out of 19 patients in the control group (c2 Yates: P=0.01). The relative risk was 0.20 (95% CI = 0.05-0.79) and the number necessary to treat was 2 patients. CONCLUSION: Metoprolol is effective in preventing AF and flutter in the postoperative period of CABG surgery, and this effect was more evident in the group of elderly patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>metoprolol</kwd>
        <kwd>atrial fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery bypass graft surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Effectiveness of metoprolol in preventing atrial fibrillation and flutter in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass graft surgery</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Eraldo de Azevedo L&#250;cio; Adriana Flores; Celso Blacher; Paulo E. Le&#227;es; Fernando A. Lucchese; Jorge Pinto Ribeiro </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital S&#227;o Francisco/Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the effectiveness of metoprolol in preventing clinically detectable atrial fibrillation (AF) and flutter after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery . </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> An open, randomized study was carried out to treat 200 patients who had undergone isolated CABG surgery with extracorporeal circulation. The patients were randomized to either receive metoprolol orally or not to receive the medication in the postoperative period. The outcomes were the detection of sustained atrial AF and flutter, which were symptomatic or required treatment. The patients with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: baseline left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 35%; previous AF; history of bronchospasm; second- and third-degree atrioventricular blocks, low cardiac output, and heart failure. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Arrhythmias occurred in 11 out of 100 patients in the metoprolol group and in 24 out of 100 patients in the control group (P=0.02). The relative risk (RR) was 0.46 (95% CI = 0.24-0.88), and the number necessary to treat (NNT) and avoid the outcome was 8 patients. AF was the arrhythmia most frequently observed (30/35). In 38 patients aged 70 years or more, the arrhythmias occurred in 2 out of 19 patients in the metoprolol group and in 10 out of 19 patients in the control group (c2 Yates: P=0.01). The relative risk was 0.20 (95% CI = 0.05-0.79) and the number necessary to treat was 2 patients. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Metoprolol is effective in preventing AF and flutter in the postoperative period of CABG surgery, and this effect was more evident in the group of elderly patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> metoprolol, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery bypass graft surgery </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation and flutter are arrhythmias frequently observed in the first days following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Its incidence ranges from 17 to 33% <sup>1-8</sup> and varies according to the method used for its detection and the criteria for arrhythmia definition <sup>9</sup>. Atrial fibrillation is by far the most common, and it sometimes coexists with atrial flutter in the same patient <sup>10</sup>. Little is known about the etiology of atrial fibrillation, and stimuli, such as intraoperative atrial ischemia, pericarditis, and excessive adrenergic stimulation, play an important role in its appearance in vulnerable patients <sup>11-13</sup>. Although most of the time these arrhythmias are benign and transient, they have been associated with embolic cerebral events<sup> 4,5,8,14</sup> and with an increase in the length of hospitalization and in costs <sup>6,7,15</sup>. Several pharmacological strategies for preventing atrial fibrillation have been used in the past 3 decades, beta-blockers being the most frequently used agents for this finality. Clinical studies with these medications have shown variable results, most of which were positive <sup>9,16</sup>. However, maybe due to the heterogeneity of these studies and their nonuniform criteria for characterizing the outcomes, no consistency existed in regard to the use of beta-blockers to prevent atrial fibrillation and flutter at the time of these clinical studies <sup>16,17</sup>. Currently, however, the use of beta-blockers as the medication of choice to prevent those arrhythmias in the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization surgery is a consensus <sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>The present study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of metoprolol in preventing clinically detectable atrial fibrillation and flutter after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The postoperative routines, such as the administration of beta-blockers and electrocardiographic monitoring, used in our service were maintained, and they were reproduced according to our clinical practice. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From February 1997 to October 1998, 383 patients underwent isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery at the Hospital S&#227;o Francisco of the Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia of Porto Alegre, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The study had been previously approved by the committee on ethics in research of that institution, and a written informed consent had been signed by all potentially eligible patients prior to the surgical procedure. </p>
      <p>All medications being used in the preoperative period, including beta-blockers, were administered until 6 or 12 hours prior to surgery. Patients with the following characteristics were not included in the study: a) history of bronchospasm; b) left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 35% in the preoperative period; c) if they had an implantable cardiac pacemaker, chronic atrial fibrillation, history of paroxysmal supraventricular arrhythmias or if they were using amiodarone; d) congestive heart failure, low cardiac output (cardiac index &lt; 2.2 L/min/m<sup>2</sup> or suggestive clinical signs), and dependence on inotropic agents, or the use of an intra-aortic balloon in the postoperative period; e) bradyarrhythmias (heart rate &lt; 60 bpm, junctional rhythm, atrioventricular dissociation, or second- and third-degree blocks). Randomization was then performed in the 12th postoperative hour with the patient hemodynamically stable. The use of medications interfering with atrioventricular conduction or having antiarrhythmic properties was not allowed. </p>
      <p>Of the 383 patients operated on, the following patients were not included in the study: 121 due to the above-cited reasons, 38 because the extracorporeal circulation technique was not used during their surgeries, and 24 who refused to participate in the study. The remaining 200 patients were randomized (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0037-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>All randomized patients were operated on through a sternotomy while implementing extracorporeal circulation, moderate hemodilution (hematocrit around 25%), and moderate systemic hypothermia (32<sup>o</sup>C). For myocardial protection, a cardioplegic, anterograde, intermittent, isothermal blood solution was injected into the aortic root. In the postoperative period, potassium and magnesium serum levels were maintained above 4 mEq/L and 2 mEq/L, respectively. </p>
      <p>An open, randomized clinical analysis was carried out based on the principle of intention to treat. Initially, blocks of 100 patients were randomly selected, and, after a provisional analysis, other blocks of 100 patients were randomly drawn adding up to a total of 200 patients. Two groups of 100 patients were randomized to receive metoprolol or not to receive the medication, which was administered either orally or with a nasogastric feeding tube if the patient was still intubated, from the 12th hour to the 7th postoperative day or hospital discharge, whichever happened first. The dosages of metoprolol ranged from 100 to 300 mg/day, were administered 2 or 3 times, and adjusted to maintain the heart rate between 60 and 90 bpm. This adjustment was performed during the first 2 to 3 days, while the patient was still in the intensive care unit. Then the dosages were maintained unaltered until the end of the study. </p>
      <p>The presence of arrhythmias was assessed with continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in the first 2 to 3 days, on average, while the patient remained in the intensive care unit. In this situation, the presence of sustained atrial fibrillation or flutter confirmed on surface electrocardiography was considered the outcome of interest. The transient arrhythmias not documented on that examination were not included in the study. After the patient was sent to the ward, these arrhythmias were detected based on the presence of symptoms or clinical examination, and were also confirmed on electrocardiography. The outcomes were initially analyzed by the physician on duty at the intensive care unit or by the resident physician at the ward; later, the outcomes were analyzed by the author of the study. On the day of hospital discharge or on the seventh postoperative day, all patients underwent electrocardiography to reassure the presence of sinus rhythm. </p>
      <p>Data were put into table format and analyzed with the EPIINFO 6.0 statistical program for Windows, compatible with an IBM personal computer. The size of the sample for the study was estimated based on a 25%-incidence of atrial fibrillation obtained in the literature. Metoprolol was assumed to reduce that incidence to 15%, and, therefore, a sample with 200 patients would be required to reach statistical significance for a P value &lt; 0.05 and power of 80%. </p>
      <p>Data are shown as mean &#177; standard deviation. To analyze the differences between the treatment and control groups, the Student <italic>t</italic> test was used for the continuous variables, the chi-square test for the qualitative variables, and the Mann-Whitney test for the variables with an asymmetric distribution. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Similarity was found between the metoprolol and control groups in regard to the following preoperative baseline characteristics: mean age; percentage of patients &gt; 70 years; male sex; systemic hypertension; old myocardial infarction; left ventricular ejection fraction obtained on echocardiography or cineventriculography; and use of beta-blockers. In addition, in regard to the intraoperative characteristics, both groups had the following similarities: time of extracorporeal circulation, time of aortic clamping, internal thoracic artery implantation, and number of vessels revascularized (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0037-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The group of patients receiving metoprolol had significantly fewer arrhythmias than the control group did, their respective incidences being 11% and 24% (P=0.02). The relative risk was 0.46 (95% CI = 0.24-0.88), and the number necessary to treat to avoid the outcome was 8 patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab.II</xref>). Atrial fibrillation was the most frequent arrhythmia observed in both groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>), and, in 86% of the cases, these arrhythmias were detected between the first and third postoperative days, the maximum peak on the second day (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig.3</xref>). During the arrhythmic episodes, the mean heart rate of the patients in the metoprolol group was significantly lower than that in the control group (134 &#177; 26 versus 157 &#177; 26; P= 0.02). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0037-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0037-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0037-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Of the 200 patients studied, 38 were 70 years old or more, 19 in each group. Ten patients in the control group had arrhythmias, but only 2 patients in the metoprolol group had those complications (c<sup>2</sup> Yates: P=0.01). The relative risk was 0.20 (95% CI = 0.05-0.79), and the number necessary to treat to avoid the outcome was 2 patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab.II</xref>). On the other hand, among those patients aged less than 70 years, no difference was observed in the incidence of arrhythmias between both groups (P=0.3). </p>
      <p>Of the 100 patients in the control group, those using beta-blockers before the surgery (n=65) had more arrhythmias than those who did not use them, their respective incidences being 29% and 16%, but with no significant difference (P=0.2). </p>
      <p>The dosages of metoprolol ranged from 100 to 300 mg/day, the mean dosage being 184 &#177; 5 mg. Most patients received 150 mg/day (n=47), followed by 200 mg/day (n=40), 300 mg/day (n=10), and, finally, 100 mg/day (n=3). The 89 patients in the metoprolol group who had no arrhythmias received a greater dosage than did the 11 patients who had that outcome (186.5 &#177; 48.1 versus 159.1 &#177; 30.2 mg), but with no significant difference (P=0.07). </p>
      <p>In 8 patients, metoprolol was suspended due to the presence of the following undesired symptoms: arterial hypotension in 4 patients; bronchospasm and heart failure in 3 patients; and sinus bradycardia in 2. Of these 8 patients, 4 received 150 mg/day, 3 received 100 mg/day, and 1 received 200 mg/day. </p>
      <p>The most frequent complications observed in the study were myocardial infarction in 8 patients, and stroke in 5 patients. No embolic events attributed to the presence of arrhythmias were observed. Three patients died during the study, 2 of whom were in the intervention group. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of atrial fibrillation and flutter in the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization varies depending on the criteria used for qualifying arrhythmia as an outcome, and on the intensity and type of monitoring used. In the present study, the incidence of these arrhythmias was 24% in the control group, which was slightly greater than that found by Leitch et al <sup>4</sup>, who used basically the same type of monitoring. Considering that these arrhythmias may be transient and even fugacious, passing unnoticed with no clinical importance, in this study, we tried to emphasize the value of the sustained or symptomatic ones, considered as outcomes. </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation and flutter were most frequently found between the first and third postoperative days, which is in accordance with reports in the literature <sup>1,19</sup>. Their less frequent occurrence after a patient's discharge from the intensive care unit may also be attributed to the purely clinical method of outcome detection used in that situation. </p>
      <p>In the present study, the use of metoprolol caused a 54% reduction in the risk of arrhythmias, a slightly greater reduction than that reported by Janssen et al <sup>20</sup>, who also used that medication in fixed dosages and almost the same type of monitoring. The meta-analyses by Andrews et al <sup>9</sup> and Kowey et al <sup>16</sup> reported reductions in the risk of arrhythmias of 74% and 51%, respectively, with the use of beta-blockers. It is worth emphasizing that most of these meta-analyses included analyzes with more prolonged monitoring with electrocardiography or Holter, and, therefore, with a greater power to detect the outcomes. </p>
      <p>The lower heart rate observed in patients receiving metoprolol as compared with that in the control group during arrhythmic episodes confirms another beneficial effect of that drug in the present study. On the other hand, no relation has been observed between the use of greater dosages of this beta-blocker and the prevention of arrhythmias. A previous study with metoprolol could not demonstrate the beneficial prophylactic effect of this medication against atrial fibrillation and flutter after myocardial revascularization surgery using variable dosages to promote beta-blockade <sup>21</sup>. </p>
      <p>Unlike some studies that showed a reduced effectiveness of beta-blockers in the elderly <sup>1,19</sup>, our study showed that metoprolol significantly reduced the incidence of atrial fibrillation and flutter in this high-risk group. On the other hand, in the group of patients aged less than 70 years, this beneficial result was not confirmed, leading to the conclusion that the protective effect of the medication observed in the group aged 70 years or more was the major determinant of the positivity of the study. This conclusion is important because more and more elderly patients undergo cardiac surgery, and the systematic use of beta-blockers in this age group may attenuate the impact of age as a risk factor for the appearance of those arrhythmias. </p>
      <p>The discontinuation of beta-blockers in the postoperative period has long been a point of discussion, because it would leave the patient more exposed to the action of circulating catecholamines, increasing the risk of arrhythmias <sup>22,23</sup>. A more recent open study showed that the mere maintenance of those agents at the same preoperative dosages could reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation by 55% <sup>24</sup>. Our study showed no significant difference in the incidence of arrhythmias in the control group between the patients who discontinued the drug and those who continued to use metoprolol after the surgery. Maybe with a greater number of patients and with an adequate study design, we could assess the real impact of the suspension of metoprolol. </p>
      <p>Metoprolol was discontinued in 8 patients due to the appearance of side effects, which were initially attributed to the drug. However, rather than representing the noxious effects of metoprolol itself, this pseudo-intolerance may be attributed to the borderline cardiovascular condition of certain patients in the postoperative period. </p>
      <p>The limitations of the present study result from the fact that it was an open nonplacebo-controlled study, and, therefore, subject to potential bias of assessment. Transient, or even persistent and asymptomatic, arrhythmias may have passed unnoticed due to the lack of continuous monitoring, mainly after a patient's discharge from the intensive care unit. Metoprolol may also have masked or attenuated symptoms in patients with arrhythmias. In this situation, the study design itself considered the outcomes of clinical impact certainly prevented by the drug. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, we believe that the use of beta-blockers should be routinely implemented in the postoperative protocols of myocardial revascularization for patients with no contraindication to their use. In particular, the elderly subgroup seems to benefit even more due to the significant results obtained in this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Eraldo de Azevedo L&#250;cio</p>
          <p> Rua Santa Cec&#237;lia, 2001/401</p>
          <p> Cep 90420-041 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="eraldoal@cardiol.br">eraldoal@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 11/11/02</p>
      <p> Accepted: 03/10/03</p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour </p>
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  </sub-article>
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