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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8DTKrKDTkCgQ4cgCD9g3rcb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000100003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000100003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo pr&#233;-natal da hiper-refring&#234;ncia endoc&#225;rdica fetal e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com toxoplasmose materna</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Henrique Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Henke</surname>
            <given-names>Tiene Zingano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>27</fpage>
      <lpage>31</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar, comparativamente, um grupo de fetos de m&#227;es com toxoplasmose aguda ou recente e um grupo sem doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica, analisando-se a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es da refring&#234;ncia endoc&#225;rdica. M&#201;TODOS: Avaliados 91 fetos cujas m&#227;es tinham diagn&#243;stico de toxoplasmose aguda ou recente, detectados por soroconvers&#227;o ou presen&#231;a de t&#237;tulos elevados de IgM e IgG, confirmados atrav&#233;s do teste de captura e comparados com um grupo controle constitu&#237;do de 182 fetos, selecionados a partir de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de baixo risco, participante de um programa de rastreamento de cardiopatias pr&#233;-natais. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre as idades m&#233;dias gestacionais (29,2&#177;4,6 semanas; 29,2&#177;4,6 semanas) e maternas (25,7&#177;6,7 anos; 26&#177;5,4 anos) nos dois grupos. &#193;reas de hiperecogenicidade endoc&#225;rdica observadas em 69 fetos com toxoplasmose materna (75,8%) e em apenas 6 fetos do grupo controle (3,3%) (p&lt;0,001). Em 52 dos casos do grupo de estudo (75,4%) a hiper-refring&#234;ncia endoc&#225;rdica era difusa e em 17 (24,3%), focal. No grupo controle, uma distribui&#231;&#227;o focal foi observada em 5 fetos (83,3%). CONCLUS&#195;O: A imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica pr&#233;-natal de hiper-refring&#234;ncia endoc&#225;rdica focal ou difusa &#233; mais prevalente em gesta&#231;&#245;es com toxoplasmose materna do que naquelas normais, existindo associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de hiperecogenicidade endoc&#225;rdica fetal e doen&#231;a materna.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>cora&#231;&#227;o fetal</kwd>
        <kwd>toxoplasmose cong&#234;nita</kwd>
        <kwd>fibroelastose endoc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Estudo pr&#233;-natal da hiper-refring&#234;ncia endoc&#225;rdica fetal e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com toxoplasmose materna </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Henrique Soares Nicoloso; Tiene Zingano Henke; Paulo Zielinsky </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estudar, comparativamente, um grupo de fetos de m&#227;es com toxoplasmose aguda ou recente e um grupo sem doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica, analisando-se a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es da refring&#234;ncia endoc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Avaliados 91 fetos cujas m&#227;es tinham diagn&#243;stico de toxoplasmose aguda ou recente, detectados por soroconvers&#227;o ou presen&#231;a de t&#237;tulos elevados de IgM e IgG, confirmados atrav&#233;s do teste de captura e comparados com um grupo controle constitu&#237;do de 182 fetos, selecionados a partir de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de baixo risco, participante de um programa de rastreamento de cardiopatias pr&#233;-natais. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre as idades m&#233;dias gestacionais (29,2&#177;4,6 semanas; 29,2&#177;4,6 semanas) e maternas (25,7&#177;6,7 anos; 26&#177;5,4 anos) nos dois grupos. &#193;reas de hiperecogenicidade endoc&#225;rdica observadas em 69 fetos com toxoplasmose materna (75,8%) e em apenas 6 fetos do grupo controle (3,3%) (p&lt;0,001). Em 52 dos casos do grupo de estudo (75,4%) a hiper-refring&#234;ncia endoc&#225;rdica era difusa e em 17 (24,3%), focal. No grupo controle, uma distribui&#231;&#227;o focal foi observada em 5 fetos (83,3%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica pr&#233;-natal de hiper-refring&#234;ncia endoc&#225;rdica focal ou difusa &#233; mais prevalente em gesta&#231;&#245;es com toxoplasmose materna do que naquelas normais, existindo associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de hiperecogenicidade endoc&#225;rdica fetal e doen&#231;a materna.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> cora&#231;&#227;o fetal, toxoplasmose cong&#234;nita, fibroelastose endoc&#225;rdica, diagn&#243;stico por imagem</p>
    <p>A transmiss&#227;o da toxoplasmose materna para o feto, bem como o risco e a gravidade da doen&#231;a fetal, variam de acordo com a idade gestacional no momento em que a infec&#231;&#227;o materna foi adquirida<sup>1-4</sup>. </p>
    <p>At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos crit&#233;rios espec&#237;ficos para o diagn&#243;stico <italic>in vivo</italic> de acometimento card&#237;aco fetal pelo <italic>toxoplasma gondii</italic>, afora altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais<sup>5-8</sup>. A possibilidade de o ecocardiograma fetal demonstrar eventuais anormalidades conseq&#252;entes &#224; toxoplasmose &#233; explorada neste artigo. </p>
    <p>Focos ecog&#234;nicos intracard&#237;acos, ou <italic>golf balls</italic> (bolas de golfe), s&#227;o pequenas &#225;reas hiperec&#243;icas com ecogenicidade muito aproximada &#224;s estruturas &#243;sseas, freq&#252;entemente pr&#243;ximas ao m&#250;sculo papilar e &#224;s cordas tend&#237;neas<sup>9-12</sup>. T&#234;m sido observados de 0,17% a 20% dos fetos entre 15 e 22 semanas que s&#227;o submetidos &#224; ultra-sonografia<sup>10,13-15</sup>. </p>
    <p>No rastreamento pr&#233;-natal de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, o achado ocasional de <italic>golf balls</italic> intracard&#237;acos &#233; considerado por muitos autores uma variante normal do desenvolvimento dos m&#250;sculos papilares da valva mitral ou das cordas tend&#237;neas<sup>14,16</sup>. Contrapondo-se, outros autores t&#234;m demonstrado que a presen&#231;a desses achados no cora&#231;&#227;o do feto possa sugerir um poss&#237;vel diagn&#243;stico de altera&#231;&#245;es, como tumores card&#237;acos, disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural cong&#234;nita<sup>13,17</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, alguns pesquisadores os t&#234;m referido como poss&#237;veis marcadores ultra-sonogr&#225;ficos para aneuploidia fetal<sup>10,13-15,17-24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Sabe-se que a ultra-sonografia obst&#233;trica pode ser usada na avalia&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#245;es fetais e neonatais<sup>25</sup>. H&#225; v&#225;rios relatos na literatura que t&#234;m associado a presen&#231;a de &#225;reas de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no c&#233;rebro, cora&#231;&#227;o e f&#237;gado de rec&#233;m nascidos com infec&#231;&#245;es, possivelmente adquiridas no &#250;tero, tais como toxoplasmose e herpes simples<sup>7,26-28</sup>. </p>
    <p>Observa&#231;&#245;es preliminares na Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul t&#234;m demonstrado a presen&#231;a de hiper-refring&#234;ncia endoc&#225;rdica focal ou difusa em fetos encaminhados para ecocardiografia fetal por toxoplasmose materna, diferentemente dos <italic>golf balls</italic> cl&#225;ssicos, descritos anteriormente<sup>29</sup>. Por esta raz&#227;o, foi formulada a hip&#243;tese de que a ecogenicidade do endoc&#225;rdio fetal possa estar relacionada &#224; toxoplasmose materna. </p>
    <p>
      <bold> M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal controlado, em popula&#231;&#227;o composta de gestantes com idade gestacional entre 20 semanas at&#233; o termo, encaminhadas por servi&#231;os de obstetr&#237;cia da cidade de Porto Alegre para participarem do programa de rastreamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico fetal de cardiopatias da Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, de dezembro de 1999 e dezembro de 2001. </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do trabalho fetos com idade gestacional inferior a 20 semanas, com anormalidades estruturais ou cromoss&#244;micas, retardo no crescimento intra-uterino, bem como aqueles cujas m&#227;es tivessem alguma doen&#231;a associada (diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, infec&#231;&#245;es, colagenoses, etc.) ou quando a visibiliza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal, tecnicamente, era inadequada devido &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o fetal, oligoidramnio ou obesidade materna. </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de infec&#231;&#227;o materna aguda ou recente por <italic>toxoplasma gondii </italic>foram baseados na dosagem s&#233;rica de anticorpos IgM e IgG anti-toxoplasma obtidos pelo m&#233;todo de <italic>Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay-MEIA</italic> (AXSYM) que, quando reagentes, foram confirmados pelo teste de captura para IgM. O diagn&#243;stico definitivo foi realizado quando foi poss&#237;vel detectar soroconvers&#227;o materna. </p>
    <p>A amostra foi constitu&#237;da de 110 gestantes com diagn&#243;stico de toxoplasmose aguda ou recente, oriundas do Ambulat&#243;rio de Patologia Obst&#233;trica de Alto Risco do Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o preencheram os crit&#233;rios para inclus&#227;o no projeto 19 pacientes que apresentavam doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas e/ ou seus fetos eram portadores de anormalidades. Assim, constituiram o estudo 91 gestantes com diagn&#243;stico de toxoplasmose, selecionadas de forma seq&#252;encial e n&#227;o intencional, independentemente da dosagem s&#233;rica no momento da ecocardiografia fetal, uma vez que as pacientes tiveram confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica no servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia, mesmo que suas titula&#231;&#245;es j&#225; estivessem negativas ou em regress&#227;o. </p>
    <p>O grupo controle foi selecionado de forma aleat&#243;ria e seq&#252;encial, perfazendo um total de 182 fetos normais, rigorosamente pareados pela idade gestacional, cujas m&#227;es eram normais e apresentavam t&#237;tulos sorol&#243;gicos normais para toxoplasmose aguda ou recente. </p>
    <p>O observador realizou os ecocardiogramas fetais sem o conhecimento pr&#233;vio do acometimento materno de toxoplasmose. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal foi realizada da maneira cl&#225;ssica e j&#225; previamente descrita<sup>30</sup>, seguindo-se abordagem seq&#252;encial segmentar, utilizando modo M, imagem bidimensional e Doppler com mapeamento de fluxo a cores. As estruturas card&#237;acas foram avaliadas em cortes de quatro c&#226;maras, longitudinais, transversais e sagitais, utilizando-se de aparelhos Acuson XP-10 e Aspen, com transdutores setoriais ou convexos com 4,0, 5,0 ou 7,0mHz. </p>
    <p>Afastadas cardiopatias estruturais ou outras anormalidades, foi analisada pela ecocardiografia bidimensional a presen&#231;a de focos hiperecog&#234;nicos intracard&#237;acos ou de &#225;reas de ecogenicidade aumentada nos aparelhos valvar e subvalvar mitral e tric&#250;spide, bem como na superf&#237;cie septal endoc&#225;rdica e na parede ventricular. Com o intuito de minimizar poss&#237;veis vi&#233;ses de aferi&#231;&#227;o, o ganho foi rigorosamente observado durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, sendo diminu&#237;do sempre que necess&#225;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figs 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Para a descri&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram utilizados a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o e para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas, as freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. A compara&#231;&#227;o das idades materna e gestacional entre casos e controles foi realizada atrav&#233;s do teste t de Student. As demais vari&#225;veis foram comparadas, utilizando-se o teste do qui quadrado de Pearson e o teste exato de Fisher, quando necess&#225;rios, e suas magnitudes descritas a partir da raz&#227;o de chances, com um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado foi de 0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia das gestantes com toxoplasmose foi de 25,7&#177;6,7 anos e das que n&#227;o apresentavam a doen&#231;a 26&#177;5,4 anos (p=0,69). A idade gestacional m&#233;dia dos casos foi de 29,2&#177;4,6 semanas e dos controles de 29,2&#177;4,6 (p=1,00). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> mostra que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre as idades materna e gestacional, quando comparados os fetos com e sem hiper-refring&#234;ncia endoc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figura 3</xref> demonstra que 69/91 (75,8%) fetos com toxoplasmose materna apresentavam hiperecogenicidade endoc&#225;rdica, enquanto que este achado foi observado em apenas 6/182 (3,3%) dos controles. </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">figura 4</xref> mostra que 52/69 (75,4%) fetos com toxoplasmose materna apresentavam hiper-refring&#234;ncia difusa, enquanto que no grupo controle 5/6 (83,3%) fetos mostravam hiperecogenicidade focal. Esta diferen&#231;a foi significativa (p&lt;0,007), com uma raz&#227;o de chances de 15,29 (IC = 1,66 &#150; 140,22) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">figuras 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">6</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07">7</xref> apresentam as freq&#252;&#234;ncias relativas das diversas localiza&#231;&#245;es da hiperecogenicidade endoc&#225;rdica focal e difusa. Nos casos, tanto a hiper-refring&#234;ncia focal quanto a difusa estavam localizadas predominantemente no aparelho subvalvar mitral, 64,7% e 71,2%, respectivamente. Nos controles, 3/5 (60%) dos casos tamb&#233;m se localizavam no aparelho subvalvar mitral. O &#250;nico controle com hiperecogenicidade difusa foi na valva mitral. </p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O rastreamento da toxoplasmose cong&#234;nita est&#225; associado com dificuldades diagn&#243;sticas inerentes ao momento em que ocorre a infec&#231;&#227;o materna durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o, porque raramente a situa&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica materna &#233; conhecida antes da concep&#231;&#227;o, e porque as dosagens s&#233;ricas pr&#233;vias &#224; concep&#231;&#227;o freq&#252;entemente s&#227;o realizadas em laborat&#243;rios diferentes e n&#227;o podem ser comparadas<sup>31,32</sup>. Somado a isto, aproximadamente 90% das pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o aguda s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticas<sup>31,33</sup> e, na maioria das vezes, n&#227;o h&#225; uma suspeita cl&#237;nica evidente, tornando a realiza&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico dependente da avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial. </p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de &#225;reas de hiper-refring&#234;ncia com as titula&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de anticorpos n&#227;o foi realizada porque as gestantes foram submetidas &#224; ecocardiografia em diferentes est&#225;gios de evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p>Na literatura existem relatos associando a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas com sinais ecogr&#225;ficos de toxoplasmose fetal<sup>34,35</sup>. Muitos autores referem que &#225;reas hiperec&#243;icas no c&#233;rebro, f&#237;gado, intestino ou peric&#225;rdio possam significar uma poss&#237;vel infec&#231;&#227;o fetal. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; refer&#234;ncias de algumas anormalidades card&#237;acas relacionadas &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o pelo <italic>toxoplasma gondii</italic>, tanto na crian&#231;a como no adulto, sem haver descri&#231;&#245;es do acometimento card&#237;aco fetal<sup>1,5-8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Neste trabalho, foi demonstrada uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia muito alta de &#225;reas de hiper-refring&#234;ncia difusa no endoc&#225;rdio e nos aparelhos subvalvares do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal nos fetos cujas m&#227;es tinham diagn&#243;stico sorol&#243;gico de toxoplasmose, independente do feto apresentar infec&#231;&#227;o. Desde o in&#237;cio de nossas observa&#231;&#245;es, aten&#231;&#227;o era dada ao fato de que estes achados divergiam daqueles previamente descritos por Schechter e cols. em 1997<sup>12</sup>, pois eram difusos, freq&#252;entemente abrangendo a superf&#237;cie septal endoc&#225;rdica e ambas as valvas atrioventriculares. </p>
    <p>Com base nessas diferen&#231;as, foi aventada a possibilidade destas altera&#231;&#245;es significarem um marcador ultra-sonogr&#225;fico para toxoplasmose. Observa&#231;&#245;es posteriores deste achado tamb&#233;m em fetos de m&#227;es apresentando outras infec&#231;&#245;es, como rub&#233;ola, AIDS, influenza e citomegaloviroses, sugerem a possibilidade de que estes achados possam constituir-se em eventuais marcadores inespec&#237;ficos para v&#225;rias infec&#231;&#245;es, e n&#227;o necessariamente apenas para toxoplasmose. </p>
    <p>Em 75,8% dos fetos de m&#227;es com diagn&#243;stico de toxoplasmose aguda ou recente foi identificada a presen&#231;a de &#225;reas de hiperrefring&#234;ncia endoc&#225;rdica, enquanto que nos fetos de m&#227;es sem a doen&#231;a, apenas 3,3% tinham essa altera&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo que a presen&#231;a destes achados pudesse estar associada &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>&#193;reas de hiperecogenicidade difusas foram encontradas em 75,4% dos fetos de m&#227;es com diagn&#243;stico de toxoplasmose, enquanto que no grupo de m&#227;es sem doen&#231;a a forma focal foi evidenciada em 83,3%. Neste grupo, os achados encontrados s&#227;o concordantes aos da literatura, e referem-se &#224; presen&#231;a de focos ecog&#234;nicos intracard&#237;acos isolados, cuja preval&#234;ncia de 3,3%, foi muito semelhante &#224; relatada por alguns autores <sup>10,13-15,36</sup>. </p>
    <p> Enfatiza-se que a visibiliza&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas de hiperecogenicidade difusa no cora&#231;&#227;o no grupo de fetos de m&#227;es com toxoplasmose, com &#225;reas hiperec&#243;icas distribu&#237;das em ampla &#225;rea do endoc&#225;rdio e/ou aparelho valvar e subvalvar, t&#234;m um aspecto diferente das imagens focais classicamente referidas como <italic>golf balls</italic>, que s&#227;o estruturas arredondadas, com bordos bem determinados e visibilizados de acordo com a posi&#231;&#227;o fetal. </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia relativa da localiza&#231;&#227;o preferencial da hiperecogenicidade focal nos casos foi maior no aparelho subvalvar mitral (64,7%) e no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (17,6%), assemelhando-se muito aos focos ecog&#234;nicos encontrados na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. J&#225; no grupo controle, a distribui&#231;&#227;o das imagens isoladas n&#227;o diferiu da dos focos ecog&#234;nicos intracard&#237;acos descritos na literatura. </p>
    <p>Da mesma forma do ocorrido no acometimento isolado, estes achados n&#227;o t&#234;m uma explica&#231;&#227;o definitiva, mas &#233; l&#237;cito supor-se que &#225;reas de mineraliza&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica semelhantes &#224;s relatadas em outros &#243;rg&#227;os, como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>toxoplasma gondii</italic>, possam ocorrer no cora&#231;&#227;o fetal, de maneira an&#225;loga. Como j&#225; comentado, imagens semelhantes t&#234;m tamb&#233;m sido descritas na vig&#234;ncia de outras infec&#231;&#245;es, refor&#231;ando a id&#233;ia de que esses achados sejam inespec&#237;ficos. </p>
    <p>Este estudo levanta quest&#245;es que podem se constituir em objeto de outros projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o. Assim, as bases histol&#243;gicas das imagens hiperecog&#234;nicas do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal necessitam ser esclarecidas, bem como a associa&#231;&#227;o de sua presen&#231;a com o PCR para toxoplasmose no l&#237;quido amni&#243;tico. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o &#233; conhecido o papel da toxoplasmose aguda ou recente sobre o endoc&#225;rdio materno durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o e o puerp&#233;rio, nem a evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-natal das imagens hiperecog&#234;nicas fetais e, finalmente, ainda n&#227;o foi testada a hip&#243;tese de que a hiper-refring&#234;ncia endoc&#225;rdica fetal difusa possa se acompanhar de altera&#231;&#245;es na complac&#234;ncia ou no relaxamento ventricular. </p>
    <p>A partir da an&#225;lise dos dados obtidos de uma amostra de fetos com diagn&#243;stico de toxoplasmose materna aguda ou recente, analisados comparativamente com um grupo controle constitu&#237;do de gestantes sem infec&#231;&#227;o, concluiu-se que a imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica pr&#233;-natal de hiper-refring&#234;ncia endoc&#225;rdica fetal focal ou difusa &#233; mais prevalente em gesta&#231;&#245;es com toxoplasmose materna do que em gesta&#231;&#245;es normais, e que existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de hiperecogenicidade endoc&#225;rdica fetal e a toxoplasmose materna. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Dr. Luiz Henrique Nicoloso </p>
        <p> Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 </p>
        <p> Cep 90620-001 - Porto Alegre - RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 19/8/02 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 16/6/03</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prenatal study of fetal endocardial hyperrefringence and its relation to maternal toxoplasmosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare a group of fetuses whose mothers had acute or recent toxoplasmosis with a group of fetuses whose mothers had no systemic disease, analyzing the presence of changes in endocardial refringence. METHODS: This study assessed 91 fetuses of mothers diagnosed with acute or recent toxoplasmosis, detected by seroconversion or the presence of elevated IgM and IgG titers, confirmed through the IgM-capture ELISA. They were compared with a control group comprising 182 fetuses selected from a low-risk population participating in a prenatal screening program for heart diseases. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed between the mean gestational (29.2&#177;4.6 weeks; 29.2&#177;4.6 weeks) and maternal (25.7&#177;6.7 years; 26&#177;5.4 years) ages in the 2 groups. Areas of endocardial hyperechogenicity were observed in 69 fetuses whose mothers had toxoplasmosis (75.8%) and in only 6 fetuses of the control group (3.3%) (P&lt;0.001). In 52 patients of the group studied (75.4%), endocardial hyperrefringence was diffuse, and, in 17 (24.3%), it was focal. In the control group, focal distribution was observed in 5 fetuses (83.3%). CONCLUSION: The prenatal echocardiographic image of focal or diffuse endocardial hyperrefringence is more prevalent in pregnancies with maternal toxoplasmosis than in the healthy ones, and an association between fetal endocardial hyperechogenicity and maternal disease exists.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>fetal heart</kwd>
        <kwd>congenital toxoplasmosis</kwd>
        <kwd>endocardial fibroelastosis</kwd>
        <kwd>imaging diagnosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Prenatal study of fetal endocardial hyperrefringence and its relation to maternal toxoplasmosis</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Henrique Soares Nicoloso; Tiene Zingano Henke; Paulo Zielinsky </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To compare a group of fetuses whose mothers had acute or recent toxoplasmosis with a group of fetuses whose mothers had no systemic disease, analyzing the presence of changes in endocardial refringence.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This study assessed 91 fetuses of mothers diagnosed with acute or recent toxoplasmosis, detected by seroconversion or the presence of elevated IgM and IgG titers, confirmed through the IgM-capture ELISA. They were compared with a control group comprising 182 fetuses selected from a low-risk population participating in a prenatal screening program for heart diseases.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No significant difference was observed between the mean gestational (29.2&#177;4.6 weeks; 29.2&#177;4.6 weeks) and maternal (25.7&#177;6.7 years; 26&#177;5.4 years) ages in the 2 groups. Areas of endocardial hyperechogenicity were observed in 69 fetuses whose mothers had toxoplasmosis (75.8%) and in only 6 fetuses of the control group (3.3%) (P&lt;0.001). In 52 patients of the group studied (75.4%), endocardial hyperrefringence was diffuse, and, in 17 (24.3%), it was focal. In the control group, focal distribution was observed in 5 fetuses (83.3%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The prenatal echocardiographic image of focal or diffuse endocardial hyperrefringence is more prevalent in pregnancies with maternal toxoplasmosis than in the healthy ones, and an association between fetal endocardial hyperechogenicity and maternal disease exists.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> fetal heart, congenital toxoplasmosis, endocardial fibroelastosis, imaging diagnosis</p>
      <p>Transmission of maternal toxoplasmosis to the fetus, as well as the risk and severity of the fetal disease, varies according to the gestational age at which the maternal infection is acquired <sup>1-4</sup>. </p>
      <p>Until the present time, no specific criterion is known for the in vivo diagnosis of fetal cardiac impairment by <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic>, except for the functional changes <sup>5-8</sup>. This study assesses the possibility of the fetal echocardiogram showing occasional abnormalities consequent to toxoplasmosis. </p>
      <p>Echogenic intracardiac foci, or golf balls, are small hyperechoic areas with echogenicity very similar to that of bone structures, usually located close to the papillary muscle and chordae tendineae <sup>9-12</sup>. We observed that 0.17% to 20% of the fetuses between the 15th and 22nd gestational weeks undergo ultrasonography <sup>10,13-15</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the prenatal screening for congenital heart diseases, the occasional finding of intracardiac golf balls is considered, by many authors, a normal variant of the development of the papillary muscles of the mitral valve or of the chordae tendineae <sup>14,16</sup>. On the other hand, other authors have shown that the presence of these fetal heart findings may suggest the diagnosis of changes, such as cardiac tumors, myocardial dysfunction, or congenital structural heart disease <sup>13,17</sup>. In addition, some researchers have referred to them as possible ultrasonographic markers of fetal aneuploidy <sup>10,13-15,17-24</sup>. </p>
      <p>Obstetrical ultrasonography may be used to assess fetal and neonatal infections <sup>25</sup>. Several studies exist in the literature associating the presence of areas of calcification in the brain, heart, and liver of neonates with infections, possibly acquired in utero, such as toxoplasmosis and herpes simplex<sup>7,26-28</sup>. </p>
      <p>Preliminary observations at the Unit of Fetal Cardiology of the Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul have shown the presence of focal or diffuse endocardial hyperrefringence in fetuses referred for fetal echocardiography due to maternal toxoplasmosis different from the classic golf balls previously described <sup>29</sup>. That is why the hypothesis that fetal endocardial echogenicity may be related to maternal toxoplasmosis was formulated. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>  Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A controlled cross-sectional study was carried out in a population composed of pregnant women with gestational ages ranging from 20 weeks to term, referred by obstetrical services in the city of Porto Alegre to participate in the fetal echocardiographic program for screening of heart diseases at the Fetal Cardiology Unit of the Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul from December 1999 to December 2001. </p>
      <p>Fetuses with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: gestational age lower than 20 weeks; structural or chromosomal abnormalities; retardation of intrauterine growth; mothers with other associated diseases (diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, infections, collagenoses, etc); and technically inadequate visualization of the fetal heart due to fetal position, oligohydramnios, or maternal obesity. </p>
      <p>The diagnostic criteria for acute or recent maternal infection by <italic>Toxoplasma gondii </italic>were based on the serum titers of IgM and IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma obtained with the Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay-MEIA (AXSYM) method, which, when reacting, were confirmed by the IgM-capture ELISA. The definitive diagnosis was established when maternal seroconversion could be detected. </p>
      <p>The sample comprised 110 pregnant women diagnosed with acute or recent toxoplasmosis from the Outpatient Care Clinics of High-Risk Obstetrical Pathology of the Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o referred for fetal heart screening in our service. Nineteen patients did not meet the inclusion criteria for the project because of systemic diseases or fetal abnormalities. Therefore, the study comprised 91 pregnant women diagnosed with toxoplasmosis, who were sequentially and randomly selected, independent of the serum titers at the time of fetal echocardiography, because the patients had their diagnoses confirmed at the referral center, even when their titers were negative or in regression. </p>
      <p>The control group was randomly and sequentially selected, comprising 182 healthy fetuses strictly paired for gestational age, whose mothers were healthy with normal serum titers for acute or recent toxoplasmosis. </p>
      <p>The observer performed the fetal echocardiograms with no previous knowledge about the maternal status concerning toxoplasmosis. </p>
      <p>The fetal heart was analyzed in the classical manner previously described <sup>30</sup>, following a segmentary sequential approach using M mode, 2-dimensional imaging, and Doppler color flow mapping. The cardiac structures were assessed in 4-chamber, longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sagittal views using the Acuson XP-10 and Aspen devices with sectorial or convex 4.0-, 5.0- or 7.0-mHz transducers. </p>
      <p>Once structural or other abnormalities were ruled out, 2-dimensional echocardiography was performed to analyze the presence of intracardiac hyperechogenic foci or areas of increased echogenicity in the mitral and tricuspid valvular and subvalvular apparatus, as well as on the endocardial septal surface and in the ventricular wall. Aiming at minimizing possible measurement biases, the gain was strictly observed during the examination, being reduced whenever necessary (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figs. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Mean and standard deviation were used for the description of quantitative variables, and the absolute and relative frequencies were used for qualitative variables. The comparison of the maternal and gestational ages between the groups was performed using the Student <italic>t</italic> test. The remaining variables were compared using the Pearson chi-square test and Fisher exact test, when necessary, and their magnitudes were described based on odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval. The significance level adopted was 0.05. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean age of the pregnant women with toxoplasmosis was 25.7&#177;6.7 years, and that of those in the control group was 26&#177;5.4 years (P=0.69). The mean gestational age of the women with toxoplasmosis was 29.2&#177;4.6 weeks, and that of the controls was 29.2&#177;4.6 weeks (P=1.00). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> shows that no significant difference was observed between the maternal and gestational ages when comparing the fetuses with and without endocardial hyperrefringence. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows that 69/91 (75.8%) fetuses whose mothers had toxoplasmosis had endocardial hyperechogenicity, while only 6/182 (3.3%) control fetuses had that finding. </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref> shows that 52/69 (75.4%) fetuses whose mothers had toxoplasmosis had diffuse hyperrefringence, while 5/6 (83.3%) control fetuses had focal hyperechogenicity. This difference was significant (P&lt;0.007), with an odds ratio of 15.29 (CI = 1.66 &#150; 140.22) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figures 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">6</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig07-body2">7</xref> show the relative frequencies of the diverse locations of focal and diffuse endocardial hyperechogenicity. In the group with maternal toxoplasmosis, both focal and diffuse hyperrefringence were mainly located in the mitral subvalvular apparatus, 64.7% and 71.2%, respectively. In the control group, 3/5 (60%) fetuses showed hyperrefringence in the same location, the mitral subvalvular apparatus. The only control with diffuse hyperechogenicity had it in the mitral valve.</p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig07-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0027-00003-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The screening for congenital toxoplasmosis is associated with diagnostic difficulties inherent in the gestational age at which maternal infection occurs, because only rarely is the maternal immunologic status known prior to conception and also because the serum measurements prior to conception are frequently performed at different laboratories and cannot be compared <sup>31,32</sup>. In addition, approximately 90% of the patients with acute infection are asymptomatic<sup>31,33</sup>, and, most of the time, no evident clinical suspicion exists, making the diagnosis dependent on laboratory assessment. </p>
      <p>The relation between the presence of hyperrefringent areas and serum titers of antibodies was not performed, because the pregnant women underwent echocardiography at different stages of their disease evolution. </p>
      <p>In the literature, reports can be found about the association of the presence of extracardiac calcifications with echographic signals of fetal toxoplasmosis <sup>34,35</sup>. Many authors have reported that hyperechoic areas in the brain, liver, intestine, and pericardium may signify a possible fetal infection. In addition, some cardiac abnormalities have been related to infection by <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic>, both in children and adults, with no description of fetal cardiac impairment<sup> 1,5-8</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study found a very high frequency of areas of diffuse hyperrefringence in the endocardium and in the subvalvular apparatus of the heart of fetuses whose mothers had a serum diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, independent of the fetus being infected or not. Since the beginning of our observations, attention has been given to the fact that these findings disagree with those previously reported by Schechter et al in 1987 <sup>12</sup>, because they were diffuse, frequently affecting the endocardial septal surface and both atrioventricular valves. </p>
      <p>Based on these differences, the possibility that these alterations might be an ultrasonographic marker for toxoplasmosis was raised. Later observations of these findings also in fetuses of mothers with other infections, such as rubella, AIDS, influenza, and cytomegalovirus infection, have suggested the possibility that these findings may be occasional nonspecific markers for several infections, and not necessarily only for toxoplasmosis. </p>
      <p>In 75.8% of the fetuses of mothers diagnosed with acute or recent toxoplasmosis, endocardial hyperrefringent areas were identified, while in fetuses of mothers without the disease, only 3.3% had that alteration, suggesting that the presence of these findings could be associated with infection. </p>
      <p>Diffuse hyperechogenic areas were found in 75.4% of the fetuses of mothers diagnosed with toxoplasmosis, while in the group of mothers without the disease, the focal form was evidenced in 83.3%. In the latter group, the findings agreed with those in the literature, and referred to the presence of isolated intracardiac echogenic foci, whose prevalence of 3.3% was very similar to that reported by some authors <sup>10,13-15,36</sup>. </p>
      <p>It is worth emphasizing that the visualization of areas of diffuse hyperechogenicity in the heart of fetuses of mothers with toxoplasmosis with hyperechoic areas distributed in a wide endocardial area, or in the valvular and subvalvular apparatus, or both, is different from the focal images classically referred to as golf balls, which are roundish structures, with well-demarcated borders, visualized according to the fetal position. </p>
      <p>In the fetuses of mothers with toxoplasmosis, the relative frequency of the preferential localization of the focal hyperechogenicity was greater in the mitral subvalvular apparatus (64.7%) and in the left ventricle (17.6%), very similar to that of the echogenic foci found in the general population. On the other hand, in the control group, the distribution of the isolated images did not differ from that of the intracardiac echogenic foci reported in the literature. </p>
      <p>As with the isolated impairment, these findings have no definitive explanation, but the endocardial mineralization areas similar to those described in other organs, consequent to the infection by <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic>, may occur in the fetal heart in an analogous manner. As already mentioned, similar images have also been described in other infections, emphasizing the idea that these findings are not specific. </p>
      <p>This study raises some questions that may be the object of other research projects. Therefore, the histological bases of the hyperechogenic images of the fetal heart need to be clarified, as does the association of their presence with PCR for toxoplasmosis in the amniotic fluid. In addition, the role played by acute or recent toxoplasmosis on maternal endocardium during gestation and puerperium remains unknown, as does the postnatal evolution of fetal hyperechogenic images. Finally, the hypothesis that the diffuse fetal endocardial hyperrefringence may be accompanied by alterations in ventricular complacence or relaxation has not yet been tested. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, based on the comparative study of data obtained from a sample of fetuses whose mothers had acute or recent toxoplasmosis and those of a control group constituted of fetuses whose mothers had no infection, the prenatal echocardiographic image of focal or diffuse fetal endocardial hyperrefringence is more prevalent in gestations with maternal toxoplasmosis than in normal gestations. An association exists between the presence of fetal endocardial hyperechogenicity and maternal toxoplasmosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Luiz Henrique Nicoloso </p>
          <p> Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 </p>
          <p> Cep 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received 8/19/02</p>
      <p> Accepted 6/16/03 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
