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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">f6b8fy9JGt5q7kgLwyNCyLG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000100002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000100002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento cir&#250;rgico da coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta pela aortoplastia trapezoidal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dinkhuysen</surname>
            <given-names>Jarbas Jakson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Tarcisio Luiz Valle de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Bento de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>9</fpage>
      <lpage>17</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: A aortoplastia trapezoidal &#233; uma variante t&#233;cnica da anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal que, amparada em elementos da geometria, objetiva aumentar o di&#226;metro da aorta ao n&#237;vel da sutura reduzida e, consequentemente, a manuten&#231;&#227;o de gradientes press&#243;ricos residuais ou recorrentes indesej&#225;veis a curto e a longo prazo. M&#201;TODOS: Ap&#243;s a ressec&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea coarctada e tecido ductal, s&#227;o confeccionados em cada coto a&#243;rtico 3 trapez&#243;ides que, ao serem confrontados, criam linha de sutura com aspecto sinusoidal (zigue-zague). Foram operados por esta t&#233;cnica 33 pacientes, a maioria homens, com idades variando de 3 meses a 36 anos (m 9,5 &#177; 9,7). RESULTADOS: N&#227;o ocorreu mortalidade imediata ou tardia e o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo foi de 1,1 a 7,6 anos (m 3,6 &#177; 3,4). A maioria dos pacientes ficou assintom&#225;tica com n&#237;veis normais de press&#227;o arterial, possibilitando a descontinua&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica antihipertensiva (p&lt;0,0001). Constatou-se importante redu&#231;&#227;o dos gradientes press&#243;ricos observados ao ecodopplercardiograma e ao cateterismo card&#237;aco (p&lt;0,001). A an&#225;lise das imagens das aortografias mostrou boa continuidade anat&#244;mica na regi&#227;o da anastomose e o estudo morfom&#233;trico da aorta revelou efeitos ben&#233;ficos do m&#233;todo traduzidos pelo aumento do calibre da aorta no segmento distal do arco, istmo e por&#231;&#227;o descendente. CONCLUS&#195;O: A aortoplastia trapezoidal mostrou resultados cl&#237;nicos satisfat&#243;rios que autorizam sua aplica&#231;&#227;o em todos os casos de anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal indicados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>coarcta&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>anastomose cir&#250;rgica</kwd>
        <kwd>m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Tratamento cir&#250;rgico da coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta pela aortoplastia trapezoidal</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jarbas Jakson Dinkhuysen; Tarcisio Luiz Valle de Almeida; Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco Pinto; Luiz Carlos Bento de Souza </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> A aortoplastia trapezoidal &#233; uma variante t&#233;cnica da anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal que, amparada em elementos da geometria, objetiva aumentar o di&#226;metro da aorta ao n&#237;vel da sutura reduzida e, consequentemente, a manuten&#231;&#227;o de gradientes press&#243;ricos residuais ou recorrentes indesej&#225;veis a curto e a longo prazo. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Ap&#243;s a ressec&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea coarctada e tecido ductal, s&#227;o confeccionados em cada coto a&#243;rtico 3 trapez&#243;ides que, ao serem confrontados, criam linha de sutura com aspecto sinusoidal (zigue-zague). Foram operados por esta t&#233;cnica 33 pacientes, a maioria homens, com idades variando de 3 meses a 36 anos (m 9,5 &#177; 9,7). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o ocorreu mortalidade imediata ou tardia e o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo foi de 1,1 a 7,6 anos (m 3,6 &#177; 3,4). A maioria dos pacientes ficou assintom&#225;tica com n&#237;veis normais de press&#227;o arterial, possibilitando a descontinua&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica antihipertensiva (p&lt;0,0001). Constatou-se importante redu&#231;&#227;o dos gradientes press&#243;ricos observados ao ecodopplercardiograma e ao cateterismo card&#237;aco (p&lt;0,001). A an&#225;lise das imagens das aortografias mostrou boa continuidade anat&#244;mica na regi&#227;o da anastomose e o estudo morfom&#233;trico da aorta revelou efeitos ben&#233;ficos do m&#233;todo traduzidos pelo aumento do calibre da aorta no segmento distal do arco, istmo e por&#231;&#227;o descendente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A aortoplastia trapezoidal mostrou resultados cl&#237;nicos satisfat&#243;rios que autorizam sua aplica&#231;&#227;o em todos os casos de anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal indicados.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> coarcta&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, cirurgia, anastomose cir&#250;rgica, m&#233;todos, evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</p>
    <p>Com os avan&#231;os no diagn&#243;stico e no tratamento cir&#250;rgico da coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta, ocorreram modifica&#231;&#245;es que mudaram a hist&#243;ria natural, proporcionando melhora significativa da expectativa e qualidade de vida dos pacientes. V&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas operat&#243;rias foram propostas e utilizadas, por&#233;m, recidivas e outras complica&#231;&#245;es foram relatadas. </p>
    <p>Atualmente, pratica-se com bons resultados a dilata&#231;&#227;o da coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta por angioplastia, primeira modalidade terap&#234;utica a ser cogitada para crian&#231;as, com exce&#231;&#227;o de rec&#233;m-nascidos e lactentes, e nas recoarcta&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgicas. A cirurgia limita-se, cada vez mais, em corrigir coarcta&#231;&#245;es complexas, que aliviam completamente a obstru&#231;&#227;o com baixa morbidade e mortalidade, ensejando o crescimento da aorta proporcional ao crescimento do paciente. Todavia, existem controv&#233;rsias quanto ao exato momento de indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para uma crian&#231;a assintom&#225;tica, normotensa e aparentemente sadia, havendo consenso que os casos sintom&#225;ticos devem ser operados prontamente. </p>
    <p>Embora todas as t&#233;cnicas j&#225; descritas encontrem aplica&#231;&#245;es, tr&#234;s m&#233;todos emergiram como de excel&#234;ncia no reparo rotineiro de coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta: aortoplastia com retalho de subcl&#225;via<sup>1</sup> com ou sem preserva&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo para o membro superior esquerdo homolateral, anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal com ressec&#231;&#227;o da coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta<sup>2,3</sup> e aortoplastia com amplia&#231;&#227;o com tecido sint&#233;tico<sup>4</sup>, todos com aplica&#231;&#245;es e limita&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>A aortoplastia com retalho de subcl&#225;via ou aortossubclavioplastia inclui o uso de tecido natural aut&#243;logo para ampliar a &#225;rea estenosada, evita tens&#227;o na linha de sutura, dispensa grandes dissec&#231;&#245;es regionais e n&#227;o tem cicatriz circunferencial. Contudo, apresenta interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo para o membro superior esquerdo com potencial atraso de crescimento<sup>5</sup> e ret&#233;m o tecido ductal com possibilidade de aparecimento de aneurisma a longo prazo. J&#225; a aortossubclavioplastia com preserva&#231;&#227;o do fluxo para o membro superior homolateral<sup>6</sup> tem as caracter&#237;sticas da aortoplastia com retalho de subcl&#225;via, n&#227;o sendo necess&#225;ria a sec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via para servir como retalho. A origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via na aorta seria relocada ampliando a &#225;rea estenosada. </p>
    <p> A anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal tem a seu favor o fato de, al&#233;m de retirar a &#225;rea coarctada e o tecido ductal<sup>7</sup> potencialmente patol&#243;gicos, poder abranger a hipoplasias tubulares proximais. Seus pontos fracos incluem tens&#227;o na linha de sutura, eventuais dificuldades t&#233;cnicas com dissec&#231;&#245;es mais extensas e presen&#231;a de cicatriz circunferencial potencialmente retr&#225;til. </p>
    <p>As vantagens da aortoplastia com amplia&#231;&#227;o com tecido sint&#233;tico se assemelham &#224;s da aortoplastia com retalho de subcl&#225;via, excetuando menor necessidade de dissec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica regional, e o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo para o membro superior esquerdo &#233; preservado. As desvantagens referem-se &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea coarctada e do tecido ductal, &#224; necessidade de material sint&#233;tico para amplia&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o estenosada e &#224; incid&#234;ncia de aneurisma junto &#224; parede a&#243;rtica oposto ao retalho<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os pr&#243;s e os contras dessas t&#233;cnicas devem ser mensurados em termos de resultados traduzidos por mortalidade, gradientes residuais ou recorrentes, complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao m&#233;todo propriamente dito, como aneurismas, les&#227;o nos troncos nervosos, quilot&#243;rax, disfun&#231;&#227;o do membro superior esquerdo, paraplegia e sangramento. </p>
    <p>At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o tem sido poss&#237;vel distin&#231;&#245;es entre esses m&#233;todos, a despeito da grande experi&#234;ncia adquirida ao longo dos anos. O crit&#233;rio maior de distin&#231;&#227;o &#233; a incid&#234;ncia de coarcta&#231;&#227;o residual ou recorrente, motivo da ocorr&#234;ncia de muitas modifica&#231;&#245;es e propostas novas, na tentativa de suprimir ou minimizar esses eventos. Uma dessas &#233; a aortoplastia trapezoidal<sup>9</sup>, que tem por objetivo otimizar a anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal e evitar o aparecimento de gradientes residuais ou recorrentes, resultantes de problemas t&#233;cnico-cir&#250;rgicos ou da incapacidade de crescimento da aorta ao n&#237;vel da anastomose proporcional ao desenvolvimento do paciente. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, retrospectivamente, os resultados cl&#237;nicos imediatos e tardios, a ocorr&#234;ncia de gradientes residuais e recoarta&#231;&#245;es e o crescimento das por&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas da aorta determinados pela aortoplastia trapezoidal, nova t&#233;cnica para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico de coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi constitu&#237;do por 33 pacientes, 22 (66,7%) homens, com idades variando de 3 meses a 36 anos (m&#233;dia de 9,8&#177; 9,7), portadores de coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta, encaminhados ou procurarando atendimento na Se&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica de Cardiologia Cong&#234;nita do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia de S&#227;o Paulo e foram operados de 15/04/1993 e 18/02/2000 pelo mesmo cirurgi&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Dezessete (51,5%) pacientes apresentaram a forma anat&#244;mica isolada da doen&#231;a e 16 (48,5%) tinham associados um ou mais defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos, sendo a fibroelastose (3/18,7%) e a persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial (3/18,7%) os mais freq&#252;entes </p>
    <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios dos 33 pacientes referem-se &#224; presen&#231;a de sintomas decorrentes da doen&#231;a, encontrando-se a maioria (27/81,8%) nessas condi&#231;&#245;es e oligossintom&#225;ticos 6 (18,2%) dos casos. A hipertens&#227;o esteve presente em 20 (60,6%) dos casos, 5 (15,2%) com hipertens&#227;o leve e 8 (24,2%) normotensos. A maioria (23/69,7%) fazia uso de medica&#231;&#227;o hipotensora, apenas 1 (3%) n&#227;o usava medica&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o havia refer&#234;ncias relativas a esse item em 9 (27,3%) casos. O eletrocardiograma mostrou ritmo sinusal na totalidade (33/100%) dos pacientes, sendo que 15 (45,6%) apresentavam sobrecarga do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 4 (12%) tinham tra&#231;ados normais e mais da metade (18/54,5%) mostrava outras altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. O ecodopplercardiograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, realizado em todos os pacientes, avaliou o gradiente press&#243;rico ao n&#237;vel de coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta em 22 (66,7%). Foram submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco 31 (93,9%) pacientes, com as imagens angiogr&#225;ficas em todos, e aferidos gradientes respectivos em apenas 16 (48,4%). Pela an&#225;lise da aortografia, na posi&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda foi poss&#237;vel a an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica das por&#231;&#245;es proximal e distal do arco a&#243;rtico, istmo e aorta descendente em 31 pacientes, segundo metodologia de Moulaert e cols<italic>.</italic><sup>10</sup></p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para aortoplastia trapezoidal foram anatomia de coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta em diafragma ou prateleira geralmente pr&#233;-ductal, podendo obstruir toda a luz a&#243;rtica ou apresentar orif&#237;cio exc&#234;ntrico; em anel, ampulheta, ou cintura com introflex&#227;o localizada da parede a&#243;rtica com espessamento da &#237;ntima ou da m&#233;dia; e anatomia do defeito que fuja &#224;s especifica&#231;&#245;es dos itens anteriores, mas que possa ser cogitada a aplica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal e, os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta de forma segmentar, tubular ou hipopl&#225;sica, isto &#233;, estreitamento extenso abrangendo toda a parede a&#243;rtica e com a luz diminuindo em um segmento, geralmente o istmo a&#243;rtico (hipoplasia &#237;stmica); e defeitos em localiza&#231;&#245;es at&#237;picas no arco transverso, por&#231;&#227;o tor&#225;cica ou abdominal da aorta. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica proposta repousa em considera&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas concebidas em um modelo simples em que um tubo de sec&#231;&#227;o circular com di&#226;metro <italic>d</italic> seja cortado transversalmente em seu eixo, de modo a dar origem a dois cilindros com orif&#237;cios nas extremidades. Depois de abrirmos longitudinalmente estes cilindros e rebatermos suas superf&#237;cies laterais, obteremos dois ret&#226;ngulos com base <italic>p </italic>igual ao per&#237;metro do tubo, como indicado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Recortamos a extremidade do primeiro cilindro e do ret&#226;ngulo, retirando tr&#234;s peda&#231;os em forma de tri&#226;ngulo, intercalados a cada 120&#186;. Os tri&#226;ngulos s&#227;o eq&#252;il&#225;teros com lados L e, entre si, formam tr&#234;s trap&#233;zios de base menor <italic>l</italic> e base maior p.d/3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Observando o cilindro aberto em ret&#226;ngulo, os &#226;ngulos 0&#186;, 120&#186;, 240&#186; e 360&#186; representam as posi&#231;&#245;es dos v&#233;rtices dos tri&#226;ngulos eq&#252;il&#225;teros de lado L. Repetimos essa opera&#231;&#227;o, retirando um segundo cilindro do mesmo tubo e recortando na extremidade e no ret&#226;ngulo tr&#234;s tri&#226;ngulos, por&#233;m desta vez, de sua face superior, intercalados da mesma maneira e formando tamb&#233;m tr&#234;s trap&#233;zios. Esse segundo cilindro representa imagem especular do primeiro. &#201; feita a justaposi&#231;&#227;o dos dois cilindros &#224; semelhan&#231;a do acoplamento dos dentes de duas engrenagens, ou seja, de modo que as protuber&#226;ncias de uma penetre nas reentr&#226;ncias da outra (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). Nessa figura os v&#233;rtices dos tri&#226;ngulos do primeiro cilindro s&#227;o indicados pelos n&#250;meros 1, 2 e 3, e os v&#233;rtices dos tri&#226;ngulos do segundo cilindro, pelos n&#250;meros 1', 2' e 3'. </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Se o material for el&#225;stico, ser&#225; poss&#237;vel estender por tra&#231;&#227;o o per&#237;metro de cada ret&#226;ngulo de modo a se conseguir um encaixe perfeito dos trap&#233;zios de um dentro dos tri&#226;ngulos do outro (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Durante esse procedimento, cada v&#233;rtice dos tri&#226;ngulos ser&#225; estendido at&#233; o comprimento igual &#224; base menor do trap&#233;zio (L) e, conseq&#252;entemente, os per&#237;metros (p) dos ret&#226;ngulos ser&#227;o estendidos para P, provocando importante aumento no seu per&#237;metro (P &gt; p). Como tr&#234;s v&#233;rtices de comprimento zero s&#227;o substitu&#237;dos por tr&#234;s segmentos de comprimento L, conclui-se que o novo per&#237;metro ser&#225; P<italic> = </italic>p<italic>d + 3L.</italic>Transpondo o encaixe para a forma cil&#237;ndrica resultar&#225; um per&#237;metro maior (P) assim como, seu di&#226;metro (d) tamb&#233;m ser&#225; maior, passando para D, podendo ser calculado por: P<italic> = </italic>p<italic>D = </italic>p<italic>d + 3L</italic> e, portanto, <italic>D = d </italic>+ <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/f6b8fy9JGt5q7kgLwyNCyLG/1f6559075997af0366bee7581a126615510c70f1.gif"/>.</p>
    <p>Observa-se que o di&#226;metro final ser&#225; proporcional ao lado L dos tri&#226;ngulos, que &#233; uma medida associada diretamente com a profundidade das reentr&#226;ncias. Conv&#233;m observar que estas n&#227;o devem ser muito pequenas, pois impossibilitaria um acoplamento razo&#225;vel. Por outro lado, se fossem maiores, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o seria vantajoso pois dificultariam uma boa adapta&#231;&#227;o, devido &#224; desigualdade entre os lados dos tri&#226;ngulos e a base dos trap&#233;zios. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">figura 4</xref> foi feita com tri&#226;ngulos de lado <italic>L </italic>e trap&#233;zios com base menor a <italic>l</italic> e base maior <italic>2l</italic>. Adotando essas medidas, pode-se calcular o valor de <italic>L </italic>em fun&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do tubo original. A profundidade das reentr&#226;ncias &#233; a altura h dos tri&#226;ngulos, logo a altura do tri&#226;ngulo deve ser aproximadamente a metade do di&#226;metro do tubo. </p>
    <disp-quote>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-e01.jpg"/></p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>Transportando esses princ&#237;pios para a aplica&#231;&#227;o em tecidos biol&#243;gicos, cuja capacidade de adapta&#231;&#227;o espacial &#224;s mais diversas formas &#233; plena, pode-se concluir que o resultado final do acoplamento dos cilindros apresenta aspecto sinusoidal, como nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">figuras 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">6</xref>, onde se constata aumento significativo de di&#226;metro P &gt; p e D &gt; d. </p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na sala de opera&#231;&#245;es, a abordagem inicial do paciente consistiu na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco e na cateteriza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria radial direita para controle cont&#237;nuo de press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia. Ap&#243;s indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, era cateterizada a veia subcl&#225;via e realizada sondagem vesical. Posicionado em dec&#250;bito lateral direito e o acesso cir&#250;rgico feito pela toracotomia p&#243;stero lateral esquerda no 4&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal com controle rigoroso de hemostasia. A seguir, a regi&#227;o do arco transverso distal, istmo e por&#231;&#227;o descendente da aorta &#224; &#225;rea coarctada eram dissecados na pleura mediast&#237;nica e isolados o ligamento arterioso (ou o canal p&#233;rvio), a regi&#227;o coarctada, a ASE, a por&#231;&#227;o distal do arco a&#243;rtico incluindo art&#233;ria car&#243;tida esquerda e boa parte da aorta tor&#225;cica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07">fig. 7</xref>).  </p>
    <fig id="fig07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p> Ap&#243;s a hepariniza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica de 1 mg/kg peso, os cotos proximal e distal eram pin&#231;ados, sendo feita a sec&#231;&#227;o do ligamento arterioso (ou sutura do canal arterial), e a regi&#227;o coarctada, incluindo o tecido ductal, era ressecada, formando-se os cotos livres (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig08">fig. 8</xref>). Em seguinte, criavam-se tr&#234;s recortes de aspecto trapezoidal obtidos pela ressec&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s cunhas id&#234;nticas e eq&#252;idistantes em imagem especular em cada coto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig09">fig. 9</xref>) e iniciada a anastomose com pontos cont&#237;nuos ou separados, aproximado-se o v&#233;rtice de um trapez&#243;ide na reentr&#226;ncia intertrapezoidal do outro coto, &#224; semelhan&#231;a de uma engrenagem (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig10">fig. 10</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig11">figura 11</xref> ilustra a anastomose finalizada, observando-se uma linha de sutura sinusoidal (ziguezague). </p>
    <fig id="fig08">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig09">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig10">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig11">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A despeito do calibre menor da aorta nas crian&#231;as, foi poss&#237;vel a confec&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica segundo sua metodologia. Al&#233;m dos cuidados anest&#233;sicos habituais, a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia sempre foi mantida ao redor de 60/70mmHg, sendo necess&#225;ria, muitas vezes, aplica&#231;&#227;o de vasodilatadores perif&#233;ricos (nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio). Conclu&#237;da a sutura, de acordo com o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado, a protamina era administrada para neutralizar a heparina. Seguia-se a revis&#227;o de hemostasia, s&#237;ntese de pleura parietal, drenagem da cavidade e fechamento do t&#243;rax por planos. O paciente era conduzido para a unidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, em regime de vigil&#226;ncia constante, por per&#237;odo de 48h. Com os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos estabilizados, o dreno pleural era retirado e o paciente transferido para a enfermaria, onde mantidas boas condi&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, obtinha alta hospitalar ao redor do 7&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (PO). </p>
    <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas assim como os gradientes e estenoses residuais foram analisados precocemente na fase de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e, tardiamente, pelos dados obtidos no acompanhamento dos pacientes, sendo assumidas as informa&#231;&#245;es da ultima avalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial. </p>
    <p>A fase de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi analisada pelos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e cir&#250;rgicos: ocorr&#234;ncias no centro cir&#250;rgico, unidade de terapia intensiva e enfermaria at&#233; o momento da alta hospitalar e ocorr&#234;ncia de mortalidade. A fase tardia de evolu&#231;&#227;o pelos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais: presen&#231;a de sintomas; presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis tensionais de press&#227;o arterial acima dos padr&#245;es normais para a idade dos pacientes; presen&#231;a de gradientes residuais (mmHg) ao ecodopplercardiograma obtido por ocasi&#227;o da &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial; presen&#231;a de gradientes residuais determinados por meio da mensura&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica (mmHg) intra-a&#243;rtica da regi&#227;o da anastomose por ocasi&#227;o do reestudo hemodin&#226;mico; presen&#231;a de estenoses residuais (%) pelas imagens no local da anastomose e de sua rela&#231;&#227;o com os segmentos da aorta tor&#225;cica obtidos na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica realizada na evolu&#231;&#227;o precoce ou tardia. </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica foi realizada pela compara&#231;&#227;o das imagens da por&#231;&#227;o ascendente com as dos segmentos da aorta transversa e descendente em posi&#231;&#227;o OAE obtidas na angiografia e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. Foi atribu&#237;do o valor de 100% para o calibre da por&#231;&#227;o ascendente normal da aorta, o segmento proximal do arco a&#243;rtico teria no m&#237;nimo 60%; o segmento distal, 50%; istmo, 40%; e a aorta descendente<sup>10</sup>, 70%. Valores percentuais inferiores em cada por&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica foram considerados hipoplasias. </p>
    <p>Por se tratar de an&#225;lise retrospectiva na qual se procurava demonstrar apenas os resultados obtidos com o m&#233;todo, n&#227;o foram feitas compara&#231;&#245;es com grupo controle. </p>
    <p>O estudo estat&#237;stico foi realizado quanto aos itens n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial e necessidade de medica&#231;&#227;o por meio do teste de McNemar<sup>11</sup>. Na an&#225;lise descritiva, os dados referentes aos gradientes press&#243;ricos e aos par&#226;metros morfoanat&#244;micos foram resumidos em m&#233;dias, medianas, desvio-padr&#227;o (DP), valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos (anexo). Para verificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis bem como identificar a presen&#231;a de valores discrepantes, foram constru&#237;dos diagramas do tipo <italic>box-plot</italic><sup>12</sup>. Na an&#225;lise comparativa entre os resultados antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia, os valores foram expressos em m&#233;dias &#177; DP. O teste estat&#237;stico utilizado para a compara&#231;&#227;o foi o t de Student pareado<sup>13</sup>, e a hip&#243;tese de que os dados seguem uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi avaliada por meio do teste de Shapiro Wilk<sup>14</sup>. Nos casos em que a normalidade n&#227;o p&#244;de ser assumida, a compara&#231;&#227;o foi feita tamb&#233;m pelo teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon<sup>13</sup>. Em todos os estudos, foram considerados somente os pacientes com avalia&#231;&#245;es nas duas situa&#231;&#245;es, antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Foram considerados estatisticamente significantes os resultados cujos n&#237;veis descritivos (valores de p) foram inferiores a 0,05. O programa utilizado para efetuar os c&#225;lculos foi o SPSS for Windows, vers&#227;o 8.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em todos os 33 pacientes, a cirurgia transcorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias ou maiores dificuldades. N&#227;o foram observados distor&#231;&#245;es ou sangramentos nas dissec&#231;&#245;es e nas linhas de sutura das anastomoses. Em um caso que apresentava circula&#231;&#227;o colateral pobre, ap&#243;s o pin&#231;amento da &#225;rea coartada, foi feita a aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia na aorta tor&#225;cica descendente, encontrando-se ao redor de 20mmHg, enquanto que em n&#237;vel da aorta transversa era de 70mmHg. Nessas circunst&#226;ncias, foi instalada uma deriva&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica entre o arco a&#243;rtico e a aorta tor&#225;cica para garantir fluxo e press&#227;o distais e evitar poss&#237;veis les&#245;es medulares subseq&#252;entes. A evolu&#231;&#227;o imediata desse paciente foi rotineira sem sinais de comprometimento neurol&#243;gico. </p>
    <p>Tendo em vista a tend&#234;ncia &#224; hipertens&#227;o nos primeiros momentos ap&#243;s a cirurgia, foram usados medicamentos hipotensores (nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio IV) em mais de 90% dos casos. </p>
    <p>Dois pacientes apresentaram intercorr&#234;ncias nessa fase, sendo que o primeiro desenvolveu quadro de distens&#227;o abdominal, regredida ap&#243;s o 2&#186; dia de PO, e o 2&#186; referiu parestesia nos membros inferiores, desaparecida no 5&#186; dia de PO. Com exce&#231;&#227;o desses dois pacientes que obtiveram alta hospitalar no 17&#186; e 33&#186; dias de PO, o restante obteve alta hospitalar entre o 7&#186; e 11&#186; dias de PO, todos em boas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. N&#227;o ocorreram &#243;bitos hospitalares. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio da Se&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas do Instituto Dante Pazzanese, tendo sido poss&#237;vel obter informa&#231;&#245;es evolutivas a m&#233;dio e longo prazo. O tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o foi de 1 ano e 1 m&#234;s at&#233; 7 anos e 5 meses, com m&#233;dia de 3,6 anos (DP de 2,2 anos). </p>
    <p>Em 30 pacientes, foi realizado ecodopplercardiograma; em 27, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica; e em 15, reestudo hemodin&#226;mico por cateterismo, obtendo-se dados, presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de gradientes e estenoses residuais, al&#233;m do aspecto morfoanat&#244;mico do arco a&#243;rtico e seus segmentos, incluindo a regi&#227;o de anastomose e aorta descendente. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise comparativa dos dados cl&#237;nicos nas fases antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia apresentou os seguintes resultados com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de sintomas, levando-se em conta que praticamente a metade da casu&#237;stica (15/45,4%) tinha idade <underline>&lt;</underline> 2 anos, ficando dif&#237;cil caracterizar a queixa de sintomas pelos paciente, considerando-se apenas o relato dos pais: na fase de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 27 (81,8%) casos sintom&#225;ticos, 6 (18,2%) oligossintom&#225;tico e nenhum assintom&#225;tico. Ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica observou-se que todos os pacientes (33/100%) se tornaram assintom&#225;ticos. </p>
    <p>Quanto aos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial, na fase de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 8 (24,2%) pacientes apresentaram press&#227;o arterial normal (diast&#243;lica = 80mmHg), 5 (15,2%) hipertens&#227;o considerada leve (diast&#243;lica entre 80 e 100 mmHg) e a grande maioria (20/60,6%) n&#237;veis com diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 100mmHg. Ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica observou-se que 4 (12,1%) pacientes permaneceram com hipertens&#227;o leve (diast&#243;lica de 90 mmHg) e apenas 1 (3%) com hipertens&#227;o diast&#243;lica ao redor de 100 mmHg. Dos 25 pacientes hipertensos antes da cirurgia, 20 tiveram revers&#227;o &#224; normalidade (p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p>Com refer&#234;ncia &#224; necessidade de medica&#231;&#227;o, a grande maioria (23/69,7%) dos pacientes fazia uso de medica&#231;&#227;o na fase pr&#233; cirurgia, exceto 1 (3%) que n&#227;o a usou e 9 (27,3%) sem refer&#234;ncia ao uso ou n&#227;o de terap&#234;utica. Ap&#243;s a cirurgia observou-se que a maioria descontinuou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o (20/60,6%) (p &lt; 0,001), 10 (30,3%) pacientes permaneceram fazendo uso e 3 (9,1%) sem refer&#234;ncia ao uso ou n&#227;o de medicamentos. </p>
    <p>Quanto aos gradientes press&#243;ricos ao ecodopplercardiograma e ao cateterismo card&#237;aco o ecodopplercardiograma de fase pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria foi realizado em 30 (91%) pacientes e em 22 (67%) avaliado o gradiente press&#243;rico ao n&#237;vel do defeito e obtido valor m&#233;dio de 66,1mmHg com DP de 17,6. Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, esse dado foi avaliado na maioria dos pacientes, 30 (91%) e seu valor foi em m&#233;dia 20,1mmHg com DP de 8,2. Esses valores n&#227;o foram aferidos em 11 pacientes na fase pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e em 3 (9%) na fase p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os gradientes m&#233;dios nos per&#237;odos antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia foram considerados 21 pacientes que apresentavam medidas em ambas as fases. N&#227;o houve viola&#231;&#245;es a respeito da distribui&#231;&#227;o normal em ambas as fases. O teste t pareado indicou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,001) da ordem de 40,8mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig12">fig. 12</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig12">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf11.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, o cateterismo card&#237;aco foi realizado em 31 (94%) pacientes, e em apenas 16 (48,6%) os gradientes press&#243;ricos obtidos foram avaliados (m 66,1 mmHg com DP de 20,9). Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, o cateterismo foi realizado em 15 (45,5%) pacientes e o valor m&#233;dio do gradiente 7,1, DP de 10,8 mmHg. Esses valores n&#227;o foram aferidos em 17 pacientes (51,5%) antes da cirurgia e em 18 pacientes (54,5%) ap&#243;s o procedimento. </p>
    <p>Oito pacientes que haviam realizado o exame na fase pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria n&#227;o o fizeram na fase p&#243;s-cirurgia, assim como outros 7 pacientes com avalia&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s n&#227;o apresentavam medidas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias. Portanto, para a an&#225;lise comparativa restaram somente 8 pacientes com medidas nas duas situa&#231;&#245;es. A an&#225;lise indicou que esses pacientes apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel do gradiente, passando de 71,5 &#177; 18,8 para 1,1 &#177; 2,1mmHg. </p>
    <p>Como ap&#243;s a cirurgia muitos pacientes n&#227;o tinham gradiente (valor igual a 0), a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores era assim&#233;trica e, conseq&#252;entemente o teste de Shapiro Wilk rejeitou a hip&#243;tese de normalidade nessa fase. Por essa raz&#227;o, os valores foram comparados por meio do teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon que tamb&#233;m indicou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do gradiente (p = 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig13">fig. 13</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig13">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf12.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica n&#227;o foi realizada na fase pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria tornou-se imposs&#237;vel a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados antes e depois da interven&#231;&#227;o. Assim, ap&#243;s a cirurgia, foram estudados 27 pacientes, sendo que em 21 (63,6%) n&#227;o se constataram estenoses no local da anastomose e em 6 (18,2%) houve redu&#231;&#227;o de calibre em percentuais que variaram de 9 a 46%, com m&#233;dia de 9,5&#177;3,7. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica foi feita por meio de imagens angiogr&#225;ficas da aorta constratada em posi&#231;&#227;o OAE e da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, levando-se em conta a metodologia preconizada por Moulaert e cols<italic>.</italic><sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>A aortografia foi realizada em 31 pacientes na fase pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, apenas 15 pacientes a realizaram e 27 a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e os valores m&#233;dios encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores obtidos na aortografia antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia foram considerados 14 pacientes. No diagrama de <italic>box-plot</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig14">fig. 14</xref>), alguns dados foram apontados como discrepantes por apresentar valores abaixo ou acima dos demais. </p>
    <fig id="fig14">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf13.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Analisando os resultados pelo teste t x pareado, verificou-se aumento significativo do calibre do istmo e da aorta descendente, de respectivamente, 20% e 16% em m&#233;dia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o ocorreu mortalidade na evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; an&#225;lise de estenoses residuais e crescimento da anastomose dois casos de aortoplastia trapezoidal destacaram-se por apresentar gradientes residuais p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgicos ao ecodopplercardiograma, cateterismo card&#237;aco e estenose &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. Um paciente com diagn&#243;stico de coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta + fibroelastose, com 3 meses de idade &#224; &#233;poca da cirurgia a despeito de estar assintom&#225;tico e sem uso de medica&#231;&#227;o, press&#227;o arterial de 130 x 70 mmHg, apresentou gradiente de 28 mmHg ao ecodopplercardiograma e de 25mm ao cateterismo card&#237;aco, realizado ap&#243;s 3 anos e 1 m&#234;s de evolu&#231;&#227;o, observando-se na imagem angiogr&#225;fica certo grau de hipoplasia &#237;stmica residual. O outro caso foi de uma adolescente, de 15 anos na ocasi&#227;o da cirurgia, com diagn&#243;stico de coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta + dextrocardia que apresentou logo ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar gradiente press&#243;rico ao ecodopplercardiograma de 23mmHg, ao cateterismo card&#237;aco 35 mmHg e &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica estenose de 46%. A aortografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria mostrava tamb&#233;m hipoplasia &#237;stmica, que permaneceu ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, a despeito de a regi&#227;o de anastomose apresentar calibre satisfat&#243;rio. Mesmo assim, na &#250;ltima revis&#227;o ambulatorial estava assintom&#225;tica e normotensa. Esses dois casos deveriam eventualmente ser tratados por t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica que contemplasse a hipoplasia &#237;stmica, e n&#227;o por aortoplastia trapezoidal. </p>
    <p>Chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o os dados evolutivos de uma paciente menina, de 11 anos &#224; &#233;poca da cirurgia, portadora de coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta isolada. Observando-se na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica realizada no 11&#186; dia de PO estenose de 37%, contudo, por ocasi&#227;o do reestudo no 7&#186; m&#234;s constatou-se ao cateterismo e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica aumento significativo do calibre do istmo e da anastomose com gradiente press&#243;rico de 11mmHg e estenose de 10%, pressupondo a ocorr&#234;ncia de crescimento neste per&#237;odo. Na &#250;ltima revis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, estava assintom&#225;tica, sem uso de medica&#231;&#227;o e sem diferen&#231;as press&#243;ricas entre os membros superiores e inferiores. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para o portador<sup>15</sup> de coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta, o efeito da opera&#231;&#227;o &#233; din&#226;mico<sup>15</sup> e engloba supress&#227;o completa da estenose, sendo poss&#237;vel, ocorrer coarcta&#231;&#227;o residual transit&#243;ria ou definitiva e mesmo recorrente. A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica a ser empregada depende de cada caso e influi na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente, podendo apresentar complica&#231;&#245;es, tanto nos primeiros momentos ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o quanto a longo prazo, tanto que, apesar dos bons resultados da AA, tem sido demonstrado o aparecimento de dilata&#231;&#245;es na parede oposta &#224; amplia&#231;&#227;o, provavelmente devido a ressec&#231;&#227;o exagerada do diafragma, e descrito apenas um caso de dilata&#231;&#227;o no pr&#243;prio enxerto<sup>16,17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Uma das conseq&#252;&#234;ncias da falta de irriga&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea causada pela ligadura e sec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda na aortoplastia com retalho de subcl&#225;via &#233; a les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica ao membro superior esquerdo, constituindo-se em outra ocorr&#234;ncia decorrente do m&#233;todo cir&#250;rgico empregado. Em an&#225;lise n&#227;o-invasiva com ecodopplercardiograma e avalia&#231;&#227;o de temperatura nos membros superiores dos pacientes submetidos &#224; ligadura e &#224; transec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda<sup>5</sup>, observou-se queda imediata da press&#227;o arterial com r&#225;pido retorno a aproximadamente 70% da do bra&#231;o oposto, baixa da temperatura na primeira semana com normaliza&#231;&#227;o subseq&#252;ente, sugerindo um recrutamento da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral. O bra&#231;o comprometido mostrou boa toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, discreta diminui&#231;&#227;o da massa muscular, pressupondo que a ligadura da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via possa ser feita sem maiores conseq&#252;&#234;ncias. </p>
    <p>Tem sido atribu&#237;da a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica tardia de coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta &#224; persist&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o<sup>18,19</sup>, raz&#227;o pela qual, ao ser diagnosticada, o paciente deve ser encaminhado para tratamento cir&#250;rgico ou percut&#226;neo. Ebaid e Afiune<sup>20</sup> chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para situa&#231;&#245;es que passam despercebidas na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e no exame f&#237;sico do paciente, redundando na falta de diagn&#243;stico e de conduta apropriada. </p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, os pacientes submetidos a aortoplastia trapezoidal mostraram boa resposta ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico, pois pelos dados da &#250;ltima revis&#227;o cl&#237;nica p&#244;de ser observado que na maioria desapareceram os sintomas, ocorrendo normaliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e a necessidade de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva diminu&#237;da. Contudo, em alguns casos, independentemente da idade, houve necessidade de manuten&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica que p&#244;de ser descontinuada ao longo da evolu&#231;&#227;o. O conjunto desses dados pressup&#245;e a n&#227;o-ocorr&#234;ncia de recoarcta&#231;&#227;o residual ou recorrente. A despeito dos bons resultados, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames subsidi&#225;rios para avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica e funcional da aortoplastia trapezoidal foi &#250;til e observada queda importante dos gradientes ao ecodopplercardiograma, ao cateterismo card&#237;aco e &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, inclusive com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Observaram-se valores maiores dos gradientes ao ecocardiograma quando comparados ao cateterismo, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel boa correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre esses m&#233;todos. </p>
    <p>Esses resultados refor&#231;am a id&#233;ia de que o ecodopplercardiograma, dadas as suas facilidades, &#233; bom m&#233;todo para acompanhamento a longo prazo de pacientes submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta, contudo &#233; necess&#225;rio exame cl&#237;nico detalhado, com avalia&#231;&#227;o de eventuais gradientes press&#243;ricos bra&#231;o/perna, determina&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica e angiogr&#225;fica pelo cateterismo, complementado ou n&#227;o pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, para se firmar o diagn&#243;stico de recoarcta&#231;&#227;o com seguran&#231;a. Nos nossos pacientes que apresentaram ao ecocardiograma gradientes &gt; 20mmHg, com exce&#231;&#227;o de 2 casos, n&#227;o se observaram gradientes press&#243;ricos ao cateterismo ou diminui&#231;&#227;o de calibre &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. </p>
    <p>A literatura apresenta in&#250;meros trabalhos que chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para a recoarcta&#231;&#227;o, procurando relacion&#225;-la a fatores, como t&#233;cnica empregada, idade do paciente na cirurgia, presen&#231;a de defeitos card&#237;acos associados. </p>
    <p>Metzdorf e cols.<sup>21</sup>, considerando o baixo &#237;ndice de recorr&#234;ncia e a aus&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos potenciais a longo prazo com a t&#233;cnica anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal, a recomendam para crian&#231;as com idade inferior a 8 semanas e fazem levantamento da literatura naquelas com menos de 2 meses, nas quais foram utilizadas as t&#233;cnicas anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal e aortoplastia com retalho de subcl&#225;via. O n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as tratadas com aortoplastia com retalho de subcl&#225;via &#233; pequeno, o seguimento no m&#225;ximo 2 anos com recorr&#234;ncia de 13% e os resultados com anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal s&#227;o similares, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. A mortalidade para ambas as t&#233;cnicas est&#225; ao redor de 20%. Esses autores concluem que, quando a anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal n&#227;o for poss&#237;vel de ser realizada, a aortoplastia com retalho de subcl&#225;via pode ser valiosa em rec&#233;m-nascidos gravemente doentes e em circunst&#226;ncias especiais. </p>
    <p>K&#246;rfer e cols<italic>.</italic><sup>22</sup> acreditam que a recoarcta&#231;&#227;o se deva &#224; falha na reconstru&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, pois, freq&#252;entemente, pequena por&#231;&#227;o da estenose &#233; retirada devido ao receio que os cirurgi&#245;es t&#234;m, que os cotos proximal e distal n&#227;o consigam ser aproximados. A ressec&#231;&#227;o incompleta leva ao espessamento e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da elasticidade das bordas, n&#227;o permitindo o crescimento da anastomose. Outros autores<sup>23, 24</sup> concordam e fazem refer&#234;ncia ao trabalho de Elzenga e Gittenberger-de-Groot<sup>25</sup>, que demonstraram histologicamente o tecido ductal estendendo-se at&#233; a metade da circunfer&#234;ncia da aorta ao n&#237;vel da coarcta&#231;&#227;o. Acreditam que esse tecido &#233; componente patol&#243;gico da parede e, se n&#227;o for removido, pode causar recoarcta&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; retra&#231;&#227;o e &#224; fibrose. Por isso, concluem que a recorr&#234;ncia ao se utilizar a anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal &#233; devida &#224; falta de crescimento da anastomose circular, ao contr&#225;rio do que ocorre quando se utilizam a aortoplastia com retalho de subcl&#225;via e a AA, nas quais a fibrose e a prolifera&#231;&#227;o interna do tecido coartado, se deixadas integras, provocariam reestenose. </p>
    <p>A aortoplastia trapezoidal<sup>9</sup> encontra espa&#231;o no acervo dos m&#233;todos cir&#250;rgicos de corre&#231;&#227;o da coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta. Trata-se de modifica&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica da anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal que, al&#233;m de remover a &#225;rea coarctada eliminando a presen&#231;a de tecido ductal e do espor&#227;o interno, proporciona aumento do di&#226;metro interno da aorta no local da anastomose. Tanto nos adultos quanto crian&#231;as n&#227;o &#233; um m&#233;todo de aplica&#231;&#227;o indiscriminada e sua metodologia &#233; id&#234;ntica &#224; da anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal, n&#227;o podendo ser usada nos casos de hipoplasia tubular com ou sem envolvimento do arco a&#243;rtico. &#201; necess&#225;rio salientar que, ao se realizar a aortoplastia trapezoidal de um vaso com cotos id&#234;nticos ao seu di&#226;metro original, de acordo com os princ&#237;pios descritos, o resultado final &#233; um acr&#233;scimo de calibre na regi&#227;o da sutura. J&#225; com cotos de di&#226;metro menores que o original, ap&#243;s conclu&#237;da a anastomose, observa-se a recomposi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica do calibre do vaso. Do ponto de vista morfol&#243;gico, proporciona aumento de luz a&#243;rtica, a qual visa evitar o aparecimento de gradientes press&#243;ricos residuais a longo prazo por reestenoses. A disposi&#231;&#227;o sinusoidal e n&#227;o-linear da sutura pode constituir fator impeditivo de retra&#231;&#227;o fibrosa, visto haver uma distribui&#231;&#227;o radial das linhas de for&#231;a que atuam nesse tipo inusual de sutura, al&#233;m de poder acompanhar o aumento do di&#226;metro do vaso &#224; medida que o paciente cresce. </p>
    <p>Fatores, como anomalias card&#237;acas associadas e idade inferior de 2 semanas, contribuem significativamente para o aumento da mortalidade a curto e longo prazo. Tawes e cols.<sup>26</sup> demonstraram, em uma s&#233;rie com 333 crian&#231;as (54% com menos de 1 ano), que a mortalidade operat&#243;ria &#233; pequena (2,8%) para os pacientes com idade superior a 6 meses e que quase a metade deles com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pode ser salva com cirurgia precoce. Outros autores<sup>27</sup> conclu&#237;ram, que a baixa taxa de mortalidade operat&#243;ria se deveu &#224; terap&#234;utica agressiva, com cateterismo card&#237;aco e cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia, e ao fato de terem evitado a hipotermia, al&#233;m do al&#237;vio adequado da obstru&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Todavia, n&#227;o existe concord&#226;ncia com a id&#233;ia de que as anomalias card&#237;acas associadas podem influenciar na mortalidade cir&#250;rgica, sendo baixa quando se obt&#233;m al&#237;vio completo da obstru&#231;&#227;o, associado a cuidados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios adequados. A aplica&#231;&#227;o da aortoplastia com retalho de subcl&#225;via tem sido considerada por alguns autores como fator que diminui o risco operat&#243;rio<sup>28-30</sup>. </p>
    <p>A despeito de existirem v&#225;rios pacientes com idade &lt; 2 anos na s&#233;rie da aortoplastia trapezoidal, n&#227;o foi constatada mortalidade precoce ou tardia ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do defeito. </p>
    <p>Pele an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica da aorta, segundo Moulaert e cols.<sup>10</sup>, o segmento proximal do arco transverso &#233; hipopl&#225;sico se seu di&#226;metro &#233; menor que 60% do di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente, menor que 50% para o segmento distal e menor que 40% para o istmo. </p>
    <p> Siewers e cols.<sup>31</sup> analisando morfometricamente grupo de pacientes com hipoplasia do arco e coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta constataram que a corre&#231;&#227;o chamada ampliada<sup>32</sup> seria para aqueles cuja rela&#231;&#227;o di&#226;metro do arco transverso/aorta ascendente (&#237;ndice do arco a&#243;rtico) fosse menor que 0,25 e os que haviam sido submetidos a corre&#231;&#227;o de defeito pelas t&#233;cnicas aortoplastia com retalho de subcl&#225;via ou anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal do arco transverso aumentou. </p>
    <p>O efeito da aortoplastia trapezoidal pela an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica foi francamente positivo no crescimento do arco a&#243;rtico e istmo. Observou-se que o segmento proximal do arco n&#227;o alterou seu calibre, enquanto o segmento distal e o istmo mostraram aumento, inclusive com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. &#201; necess&#225;rio se levar em conta que praticamente em todo os casos de coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta se observa dilata&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s esten&#243;tica na aorta descendente e, apesar disto, a an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica da s&#233;rie aortoplastia trapezoidal mostrou tamb&#233;m incremento no calibre neste segmento ap&#243;s a cirurgia. A explica&#231;&#227;o para este achado pode ser devido ao tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o transcorrido ap&#243;s a cirurgia, no qual muitas crian&#231;as pelo seu crescimento ponderal aumentaram estes dados.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Jarbas Jakson Dinkhuysen </p>
        <p> Rua Dante Pazzanese, 500 - 10&#186; andar </p>
        <p> Cep 04012-180 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="j.dinkhuysen.uol.com.br">j.dinkhuysen.uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 8/11/02 </p>
    <p> Aceito em</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Surgical treatment of coarctation of the aorta using trapezoidal aortoplasty</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Trapezoidal aortoplasty is a technical variant of end-to-end anastomosis, which, based on elements of geometry, aims at increasing the diameter of the aorta at the level of the suture, therefore reducing the occurrence of residual or recurrent pressure gradients in the short and long run. METHODS: After resecting the coarcted area and ductal tissue, 3 trapezoids are confected in each aortic stump, which, when confronted, create a suture line with a sinusoidal aspect (zigzag). Thirty-three patients underwent surgery with this technique, 22 (66.7%) males, with ages ranging from 3 months to 36 years (mean of 9.84 &#177; 9.69). RESULTS: No immediate or late deaths occurred. Follow-up ranged from 1.1 to 7.6 years (mean of 3.6 &#177; 3.4). Most patients became asymptomatic with normal blood pressure levels, enabling the discontinuation of antihypertensive therapy (P&lt;0.0001). A significant reduction in the pressure gradients was observed on Doppler echocardiography and during cardiac catheterization (P&lt;0.001). The analysis of the images of aortography showed good anatomical continuity in the region of the anastomosis, and the morphometric study of the aorta revealed the beneficial effects of the technique indicated by the increase in the caliber of the aorta in the distal segment of the arch, isthmus, and descending portion. CONCLUSION: Trapezoidal aortoplasty showed satisfactory clinical results that allow its application in all cases indicated for end-to-end anastomosis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>coarctation of the aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>surgical anastomosis</kwd>
        <kwd>methods</kwd>
        <kwd>clinical evolution</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Surgical treatment of coarctation of the aorta using trapezoidal aortoplasty</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jarbas Jakson Dinkhuysen; Tarcisio Luiz Valle de Almeida; Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco Pinto; Luiz Carlos Bento de Souza </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>Trapezoidal aortoplasty is a technical variant of end-to-end anastomosis, which, based on elements of geometry, aims at increasing the diameter of the aorta at the level of the suture, therefore reducing the occurrence of residual or recurrent pressure gradients in the short and long run.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> After resecting the coarcted area and ductal tissue, 3 trapezoids are confected in each aortic stump, which, when confronted, create a suture line with a sinusoidal aspect (zigzag). Thirty-three patients underwent surgery with this technique, 22 (66.7%) males, with ages ranging from 3 months to 36 years (mean of 9.84 &#177; 9.69).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No immediate or late deaths occurred. Follow-up ranged from 1.1 to 7.6 years (mean of 3.6 &#177; 3.4). Most patients became asymptomatic with normal blood pressure levels, enabling the discontinuation of antihypertensive therapy (P&lt;0.0001). A significant reduction in the pressure gradients was observed on Doppler echocardiography and during cardiac catheterization (P&lt;0.001). The analysis of the images of aortography showed good anatomical continuity in the region of the anastomosis, and the morphometric study of the aorta revealed the beneficial effects of the technique indicated by the increase in the caliber of the aorta in the distal segment of the arch, isthmus, and descending portion.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Trapezoidal aortoplasty showed satisfactory clinical results that allow its application in all cases indicated for end-to-end anastomosis.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> coarctation of the aorta, surgery, surgical anastomosis, methods, clinical evolution</p>
      <p>Advances in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of coarctation of the aorta changed the natural history of the disease, causing a significant improvement in patients' life expectancy and quality of life. Several surgical techniques have been proposed and used; however, recurrences and other complications have been reported. </p>
      <p>Currently, dilation of the coarctation of the aorta by angioplasty is performed and provides good results. It is the first therapeutic modality to be considered for children, except for neonates and infants, and for postsurgical recoarctations. Surgery has become more and more restricted to the correction of complex coarctations, completely alleviating the obstruction with low morbidity and mortality, allowing aortic growth proportional to the patient's growth. Nevertheless, the exact moment of surgical indication is still controversial to an asymptomatic, normotensive, apparently healthy child. On the other hand, it is a consensus that symptomatic patients should undergo surgery promptly. </p>
      <p>Although all techniques already described have applications, the 3 following methods have emerged as excellent for routine repair of coarctation of the aorta: 1) aortoplasty with a subclavian flap <sup>1</sup> preserving or not blood flow to the ipsilateral (left) upper limb; 2) end-to-end anastomosis with resection of the coarctation of the aorta <sup>2,3</sup>; and 3) extended aortoplasty with widening of the stenotic area with synthetic tissue <sup>4</sup>. All methods have applications and limitations. </p>
      <p>Aortoplasty with a subclavian flap or subclavian's flap angioplasty includes the use of autologous natural tissue to widen the stenotic area, avoids tension in the suture line, does not require large regional dissection, and leaves no circumferential scar. However, this technique not only interrupts blood flow to the left upper limb with a potential growth delay <sup>5</sup>, but also maintains the tissue of ductus arteriosus enabling the appearance of an aneurysm in the long run. On the other hand, subclavian's flap angioplasty with blood flow preservation to the ipsilateral upper limb <sup>6</sup> has the characteristics of aortoplasty with a subclavian flap, but does not require a section of the subclavian artery to serve as a flap. The origin of the subclavian artery in the aorta is relocated, widening the stenotic area. </p>
      <p> In addition to removing the coarcted area and the ductal tissue <sup>7</sup>, which are potentially pathologic, end-to-end anastomosis has the advantage of encompassing the proximal tubular hypoplasias. Its weak points include tension in the suture line, occasional technical difficulties with more extensive dissections, and the presence of potentially retractile circumferential scars. </p>
      <p>The advantages of extended aortoplasty with widening with synthetic tissue are similar to those of aortoplasty with a subclavian flap, except for the smaller need for regional surgical dissection and preservation of the blood flow to the left upper limb. The disadvantages of that technique are as follows: maintenance of the coarcted area and the ductal tissue; the need for synthetic material for widening of the stenotic region; and the incidence of aneurysm close to the aortic wall opposite the flap <sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>The pros and cons of these techniques should be measured in terms of results indicated by mortality; residual or recurrent pressure gradients; complications related to the method itself, such as aneurysms, damage to nerve trunks, chylothorax, dysfunction of the left upper limb, paraplegia, and bleeding. </p>
      <p>Until the present time, distinctions between these methods have not been possible, despite the great experience acquired over the years. The major criterion of distinction is the incidence of residual or recurrent coarctation, which has been the motive of many modifications and new proposals, in an attempt to suppress or minimize these events. One of these technical proposals is trapezoidal aortoplasty <sup>9</sup>, which aims at optimizing the end-to-end anastomosis and at avoiding the appearance of residual or recurrent gradients that result from surgical technical problems or from the incapacity of the aorta to grow at the level of the anastomosis proportionally to the patient's development. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at retrospectively assessing the immediate and late clinical results, the occurrence of residual pressure gradients and recoarctations, and the growth of the anatomical portions of the aorta determined by trapezoidal aortoplasty, a new technique for the surgical treatment of coarctation of the aorta. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study comprised 33 patients with coarctation of the aorta, 22 (66.7%) males, with ages ranging from 3 months to 36 years (mean of 9.8 &#177; 9.7). The patients were referred to or were seeking medical care in the Medical Section of Congenital Cardiology of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, in S&#227;o Paulo. They were operated on from 04/15/1993 to 02/18/2000 by the same surgeon. </p>
      <p>Seventeen (51.5%) patients had the isolated anatomical form of the disease, and 16 (48.5%) had one or more associated congenital cardiac defects, fibroelastosis (3 - 18.7%) and persistent ductus arteriosus (3 - 18.7%) being the most frequent ones. </p>
      <p>The preoperative clinical data of the 33 patients refer to the presence of symptoms resulting from the disease; 27 (81.8%) patients were symptomatic, and the remaining 6 (18.2%) were oligosymptomatic. Twenty (60.6%) patients had hypertension, 5 (15.2%) had mild hypertension, and 8 (24.2%) were normotensive. Twenty-three (69.7%) patients were using hypotensive medication, only 1 (3%) patient used no medication, and no information about use of medication existed in 9 (27.3%) cases. The electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm in all (33 - 100%) patients, 15 (45.6%) of whom had left ventricular hypertrophy, 4 (12%) had normal tracings, and more than half (18 - 54.5%) had other electrocardiographic changes. The preoperative Doppler echocardiogram performed in all patients assessed the pressure gradient at the level of the coarctation of the aorta in 22 (66.7%) patients. Thirty-one (93.9%) patients underwent cardiac catheterization with obtainment of angiographic images in all of them and assessment of the respective gradients in only 16 (48.4%) patients. Aortography, in the left anterior oblique view, enabled the morphometric analysis of the proximal and distal portions of the aortic arch, isthmus, and descending aorta in 31 patients, according to the methodology of Moulaert et al<sup> 10</sup>. </p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria for trapezoidal aortoplasty were based on the following anatomies of the coarctation of the aorta: 1) in the diaphragm or usually preductal shelf, which could obstruct the entire aortic lumen or leave an eccentric orifice; 2) in ring, hourglass, or waist, with a localized introflexion of the aortic wall with thickening of the intima or media; 3) an anatomy of the defect different from those previously specified, but to which the application of the end-to-end anastomosis technique may be cogitated. The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) segmentary, tubular, or hypoplastic coarctation of the aorta, ie, extensive narrowing affecting the entire aortic wall, with a reduction in the lumen in a segment, usually the aortic isthmus (isthmic hypoplasia); and 2) defects in atypical locations in the transverse arch, and in the thoracic or abdominal portion of the aorta. </p>
      <p>The technique proposed was based on geometric considerations conceived in a simple model, in which a tube of circular section with a <italic>d</italic> diameter was transversally cut at its axis to create 2 cylinders with orifices in its extremities. After longitudinally opening these cylinders and exposing their lateral surfaces, 2 rectangles with a <italic>p </italic>base equal to the perimeter of the tube were obtained, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The extremities of the first cylinder and of the rectangle were cut; 3 pieces in the form of a triangle were removed and intercalated every 120&#186;. The triangles were equilateral with sides of length <italic>L</italic>, forming 3 trapezoids with a smaller base of length <italic>l</italic> and larger base of length p.d/3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Observing the cylinder opened in a rectangle, the angles 0&#186;, 120&#186;, 240&#186;, and 360&#186; represent the positions of the vertices of the equilateral triangles with <italic>L</italic> sides. This procedure was repeated, a second cylinder was cut from the same tube, and 3 triangles were cut in the extremity and from the rectangle, this time, however, from its upper face, intercalated in the same manner and also forming 3 trapezoids. This second cylinder was a specular image of the first. The 2 cylinders were juxtaposed resembling the coupling of the teeth of 2 gearwheels, ie, the teeth of 1 penetrating the spaces between the teeth of the other (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). In this figure, the vertices of the triangles of the first cylinder are indicated by the numbers 1, 2, and 3, and the vertices of the triangles of the second cylinder by the numbers 1', 2', and 3'. </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>If the material is elastic, the perimeter of each rectangle may be extended by traction, so that the trapezoids of 1 cylinder may perfectly fit within the triangles of the other cylinder (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>During this procedure, each vertex of the triangles is extended until a length equal to the smaller base of the trapezoid (L) and, consequently, the perimeters (p) of the rectangles are extended to P, causing a significant increase in its perimeter (P &gt; p). As 3 vertices of zero length are replaced by 3 segments of L length, the new perimeter will be P<italic>= </italic>p<italic>d + 3L.</italic> Transferring the fit to the cylindrical form, a greater perimeter (P) results, and its diameter (d) will also be greater, passing to D, which may be calculated by the following formula: P<italic>= </italic>p<italic>D= </italic>p<italic>d + 3L</italic>, and, therefore, <italic>D=d </italic>+<inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/f6b8fy9JGt5q7kgLwyNCyLG/1f6559075997af0366bee7581a126615510c70f1.gif"/>. </p>
      <p>The final diameter will be proportional to the L side of the triangles, which is a measure directly associated with the depth of the indentations. It is worth noting that the indentations should not be very shallow, because, if so, they would hinder a reasonable coupling. On the other hand, being deeper would not be advantageous, because a good coupling would also be difficult, due to the differences between the sides of the triangles and the bases of the trapezoids. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref> shows triangles with <italic>L </italic>sides and trapezoids with an <italic>l</italic> smaller base and a <italic>2l</italic> larger base. Adopting these measures, the value of <italic>L </italic>as a function of the diameter of the original tube could be calculated. The depth of the indentations is the height of the triangles; therefore, the height of the triangle should be approximately half of the diameter of the tube. </p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>Transporting these principles for application in biological tissues, whose capacity of spatial adaptation to the most diverse forms is full, one may conclude that the final result of the coupling to the cylinders has a sinusoidal aspect, such as in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">figures 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">6</xref>, where a significant increase in the perimeter and diameter (P &gt; p and D &gt; d) is observed. </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the operating room, the initial approach to the patient consisted of monitoring the cardiac rhythm and catheterizing the right radial artery, providing continuous control of mean blood pressure. After anesthetic induction, the subclavian vein was catheterized and vesical probing was performed. The patient was put in the right lateral decubitus position, and the surgical access was performed through left posterolateral thoracotomy in the 4th intercostal space with strict control of hemostasis. Then, the region of the distal transverse arch, the isthmus, and the descending portion of the aorta until the coarcted area were dissected in the mediastinal pleura and the following structures were isolated: the ligamentum arteriosum (or patent ductus arteriosus), the coarcted region, the left subclavian artery, the distal portion of the aortic arch, including the left carotid artery, and a large part of the thoracic aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig07-body2">fig. 7</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After systemic heparinization (1 mg/kg of weight), the proximal and distal stumps were pinched with tweezers, the ligamentum arteriosum was sectioned (or the ductus arteriosus was sutured), and the coarcted region, including the ductal tissue, was resected, which resulted in the formation of free stumps (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig08-body2">fig. 8</xref>). Then, 3 trapezoids were cut by resecting 3 identical and equidistant wedges in specular image in each stump (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig09-body2">fig. 9</xref>). Anastomosis was then initiated with continuous or separated stitches, approximating the vertex of 1 trapezoid to the intertrapezoidal depression of the other stump, like a gearwheel (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig10-body2">fig. 10</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig11-body2">Figure 11</xref> illustrates the final anastomosis, a sinusoidal line of suture (zigzag) being observed. </p>
      <fig id="fig08-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig09-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig10-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig11-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf10-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Despite the smaller caliber of the aorta in children, this technique could be performed according to the methodology described. In addition to the usual anesthesia concerns, mean blood pressure was always maintained around 60/70 mmHg, and, many times, the use of peripheral vasodilators (sodium nitroprusside) was necessary. Once the suture was concluded, and according to the activated coagulation time, protamine was administered to neutralize the heparin. The following steps were then performed: reassessment of hemostasis, synthesis of the parietal pleura, drainage of the cavity, and closure of the thorax by planes. The patient was then sent to the postoperative recovery unit, under the regimen of constant surveillance for a period of 48 hours. Once the clinical parameters were stabilized, the pleural drain was removed and the patient transferred to the ward, from where, if good postoperative conditions were maintained, the patient was discharged on approximately the 7th postoperative day (PO). </p>
      <p>Clinical assessments and the residual gradients and stenoses were precociously analyzed during the in-hospital phase, and later, the patients were followed up, the last ambulatory visit information being considered. </p>
      <p>The hospitalization phase was assessed based on the following clinical and surgical parameters: events occurring in the operating room, in the intensive care unit, and in the ward until hospital discharge, and mortality. The late phase of evolution was assessed based on the following clinical and laboratory parameters: presence of symptoms; presence of blood pressure levels above the normal levels for the patients' age; presence of residual pressure gradients (mmHg) on the Doppler echocardiogram obtained on the last ambulatory visit; presence of residual pressure gradients determined through intra-aortic blood pressure measurement (mmHg) in the region of the anastomosis on the occasion of the hemodynamic re-study; presence of residual stenoses (%) based on the images of the site of the anastomosis and its relation to the segments of the thoracic aorta obtained through magnetic resonance imaging during early or late evolution. </p>
      <p>Morphometric analysis was performed by comparing the images of the ascending aorta with those of the segments of the transverse and descending aorta on the left anterior oblique view obtained on angiography and magnetic resonance. Percentage values were attributed to the different segments of the aorta as follows: 100% to the caliber of the normal ascending portion of the aorta; a minimum of 60% to the proximal segment of the aortic arch; 50% to the distal segment; 40% to the isthmus; and 70% to the descending aorta <sup>10</sup>. Lower percentage values in each anatomical portion were considered hypoplasias. </p>
      <p>Because this was a retrospective analysis aiming at demonstrating only the results obtained with the method, comparisons with a control group were not performed. </p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was performed in regard to blood pressure levels and need for medication by using the McNemar test <sup>11</sup>. In the descriptive analysis, the data referring to blood pressure gradients and the morphological and anatomical parameters were summarized as means, medians, standard deviation (SD), and minimum and maximum values (annex). To assess the distribution of the variables and to identify the presence of discrepant values, diagrams of the box-plot type were built <sup>12</sup>. In the comparative analysis between the results before and after surgery, the values were expressed as means &#177; SD. The paired Student <italic>t</italic> test was used for statistical comparison <sup>13</sup>, and the hypothesis that the data follow a normal distribution was assessed with the Shapiro Wilk test <sup>14</sup>. In the cases where normality could not be assumed, the comparison was also performed by the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed rank test <sup>13</sup>. In all studies, only the patients assessed in both situations, before and after surgery, were considered. The results whose descriptive levels (P values) were lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. SPSS for Windows, version 8.0, was used for calculation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Surgery was uneventful in all 33 patients. No distortion or bleeding was observed in the dissections and suture lines of the anastomoses. In 1 patient who had poor collateral circulation, after the coarcted area was pinched with tweezers, the mean blood pressure measured in the descending thoracic aorta was approximately 20 mmHg, while in the transverse aorta it was 70 mmHg. In these circumstances, a surgical bypass was installed between the aortic arch and the thoracic aorta to ensure blood flow and distal blood pressure and to avoid possible subsequent medullary lesions. The immediate evolution of this patient was ordinary with no signs of neurological impairment. </p>
      <p>Considering the trend towards hypertension in the first moments after surgery, hypotensive medications (IV sodium nitroprusside) were used in more than 90% of the patients. </p>
      <p>Two patients had complications in this phase. The first developed abdominal distension that regressed after the 2nd PO day, and the 2nd complained of paresthesia in the lower limbs that disappeared on the 5th PO day. Except for these 2 patients who were discharged from the hospital on the 17th and 33rd PO days, the other patients were discharged between the 7th and the 11th PO days, all in good clinical condition. No in-hospital deaths occurred. </p>
      <p>The patients were followed up in the outpatient care clinics of the Medical Section of Congenital Heart Diseases of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese, which allowed obtainment of middle- and long-term evolutionary information. Follow-up ranged from 1 year and 1 month to 7 years and 5 months (mean of 3.6 years; SD of 2.2 years). </p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiography was performed in 30 patients, magnetic resonance imaging in 27, and hemodynamic re-study by catheterization in 15, with obtainment of data and assessment of the presence of residual gradients and stenoses, in addition to the morphological and anatomic aspect of the aortic arch and segments, including the region of the anastomosis and descending aorta. </p>
      <p>As almost half of the patients (15/45.4%) were 2 years old or younger, characterization of the complaint of symptoms by the patients was difficult, only the report provided by parents being considered. Therefore, comparison of the clinical data before and after surgery provided the following results regarding the presence of symptoms: in the preoperative phase, 27 (81.8%) patients were symptomatic; 6 (18.2%) were oligosymptomatic, and none was asymptomatic. After surgical repair, all (33 - 100%) patients became asymptomatic. </p>
      <p>Regarding blood pressure levels, in the preoperative phase, 8 (24.2%) patients had normal blood pressure (diastolic = 80 mmHg), 5 (15.2%) had mild hypertension (diastolic between 80 and 100 mmHg), and most (20/60.6%) patients had diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 mmHg. After surgical repair, 4 (12.1%) patients remained with mild hypertension (diastolic of 90 mmHg), and only 1 (3%) had diastolic hypertension around 100 mmHg. Of the 25 hypertensive patients prior to surgery, 20 managed to revert to normal (P &lt; 0.001). </p>
      <p>Regarding the need for medication, the great majority (23 - 69.7%) of patients used medication prior to surgery, except for 1 (3%) patient, who used none, and 9 (27.3%) patients about whom no reference to therapy was made. After surgery, most patients managed to discontinue the use of medication (20 - 60.6%) (P &lt; 0.001), 10 (30.3%) patients remained on medication, and no reference to the use of medications was found for 3 (9.1%) patients.</p>
      <p> Regarding pressure gradients on Doppler echocardiography and on cardiac catheterization, preoperative Doppler echocardiography was performed in 30 (91%) patients, and in 22 (67%) the pressure gradient was assessed at the level of the defect, the mean value of 66.1 mmHg with SD of 17.6 being obtained. After surgery, these data were assessed in most patients (30 - 91%), its mean value being 20.1 mmHg with SD of 8.2 mmHg. These values were not assessed in 11 patients in the preoperative phase and in 3 (9%) patients in the postoperative phase. </p>
      <p>For comparing the mean gradients before and after surgery, 21 patients with measurements in both phases were considered. No violation of the normal distribution was observed in either phase. The paired <italic>t</italic> test indicated a significant reduction (P &lt; 0.001) of 40.8 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig12-body2">fig. 12</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig12-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf11-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the preoperative period, cardiac catheterization was performed in 31 (94%) patients, and in only 16 (48.6%) were the pressure gradients assessed (mean of 66.1 mmHg; SD of 20.9). After surgery, catheterization was performed in 15 (45.5%) patients, the mean value of the pressure gradient and SD being, respectively, 7.1 and 10.8 mmHg. These values were not measured in 17 (51.5%) and 18 (54.5%) patients, respectively, before and after the procedure. </p>
      <p>Eight patients who had undergone the examination in the preoperative phase did not undergo it after surgery; on the other hand, 7 patients with postoperative assessments had no preoperative measurements. Therefore, for comparative analysis, only 8 patients were left with measurements in both periods. The analysis indicated that the patients had a significant reduction in the pressure gradient, changing from 71.5 &#177; 18.8 to 1.1 &#177; 2.1 mmHg. </p>
      <p>Because many patients had no pressure gradient after surgery (value equal to 0), the distribution of values was asymmetric, and, consequently the Shapiro Wilk test rejected the hypothesis of normality in this phase. For this reason, the values were compared using the nonparametric Wilcoxon test, which also indicated a significant reduction in the pressure gradient (P = 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig13-body2">fig. 13</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig13-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf12-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>As the patients did not undergo magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative phase, comparison between the results before and after the intervention could not be performed. Therefore, 27 patients were studied after surgery, 21 (63.6%) of whom showed no stenoses at the site of the anastomosis, and 6 (18.2%) showed a percentage reduction in the caliber ranging from 9% to 46% (mean of 9.5&#177;3.7). </p>
      <p>Morphometric analysis was performed using angiographic images of the contrasted aorta in the left anterior oblique view and magnetic resonance imaging, considering the methodology recommended by Moulaert et al<italic>. </italic><sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>Aortography was performed in 31 patients in the preoperative phase. After surgery, only 15 patients underwent aortography, 27 underwent magnetic resonance, and the mean values are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The values obtained in aortography before and after surgery were compared in 14 patients. In the box-plot diagram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig14-body2">fig. 14</xref>), some data were identified as discrepant because they had values below and above the others. </p>
      <fig id="fig14-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gf13-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Analyzing the results with the paired <italic>t</italic> test, a significant increase in the caliber of the isthmus and of the descending aorta was observed, a mean of 20% and 16%, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0009-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the long-term evolution, no patient died. </p>
      <p>In regard to the analysis of residual stenoses and growth of the anastomosis, 2 cases of trapezoidal aortoplasty stood out, because they had postsurgical residual pressure gradients on Doppler echocardiography and on cardiac catheterization, and stenosis on magnetic resonance imaging. One of these patients had been diagnosed with coarctation of the aorta + fibroelastosis, and was 3 months old at the time of surgery. Three years and 1 month after surgery, the patient was asymptomatic and without medication, his blood pressure was 130/70 mmHg, and his pressure gradient was 28 mmHg on Doppler echocardiography and 25 mmHg on cardiac catheterization. On angiography, a certain degree of residual isthmic hypoplasia was observed. The second case was a female patient, who had been diagnosed with coarctation of the aorta + dextrocardia and operated upon at the age of 15 years. Right after hospital discharge, she had pressure gradients of 23 mmHg and of 35 mmHg, respectively, on Doppler echocardiography and on cardiac catheterization, and a 46% stenosis on magnetic resonance imaging. The preoperative aortography also showed isthmic hypoplasia, which persisted after surgical correction, although the caliber of the anastomotic region was satisfactory. Nevertheless, she was asymptomatic and normotensive on her last follow-up visit. Instead of undergoing trapezoidal aortoplasty, these 2 cases would be better treated with a surgical technique that considered isthmic hypoplasia.</p>
      <p> The evolutionary data on a female patient diagnosed with isolated coarctation of the aorta and aged 11 years at the time of surgery are worth noting. On magnetic resonance imaging performed on the 11th PO day, a 37% stenosis was observed; however, in the 7th month, on re-study with catheterization and magnetic resonance imaging, a significant increase in the caliber of the isthmus and of the anastomosis was observed, with a pressure gradient of 11 mmHg and stenosis of 10%. These findings suggest the occurrence of growth during that period. On the last clinical revision, the patient was asymptomatic, using no medication, and no pressure difference was observed between the upper and lower limbs. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For the patient with coarctation of the aorta, the effect of surgery is dynamic <sup>15</sup> and encompasses complete suppression of the stenosis, and residual transient or definitive or even recurrent coarctation may occur. The surgical technique to be used depends on each case and influences the clinical evolution of the patient. The surgery may have complications, both immediately after surgery and in the long run, and, despite the good results of the extended aortoplasty, the appearance of dilations in the wall opposite the extension has been shown, probably due to the exaggerated resection of the diaphragm, and only 1 case of dilation in the grafting itself was described <sup>16,17</sup>. </p>
      <p>One of the consequences of the lack of blood irrigation caused by ligature and section of the left subclavian artery in aortoplasty with a subclavian flap is the ischemic lesion of the left upper limb, which results from the surgical method used. In noninvasive analysis with Doppler echocardiography and temperature assessment in the upper limbs of patients undergoing ligature and transection of the left subclavian artery <sup>5</sup>, an immediate drop in blood pressure with a rapid return to approximately 70% of that in the opposite arm was observed, as was low temperature in the first week with subsequent normalization, suggesting recruitment in the collateral circulation. The impaired arm showed good tolerance to exercise and a mild reduction in muscle mass, suggesting that ligature of the subclavian artery may be performed without greater consequences. </p>
      <p>Persistence of arterial hypertension after correction has been attributed to the late indication for surgery in coarctation of the aorta <sup>18,19</sup>. That is why the patient, once diagnosed with coarctation of the aorta, should be referred for surgical or percutaneous treatment. Ebaid and Afiune <sup>20</sup> have drawn attention to situations that pass unnoticed in clinical history and on patient's physical examination, resulting in the lack of a diagnosis and of adequate management. </p>
      <p>From the clinical point of view, patients undergoing trapezoidal aortoplasty had a good response to surgical treatment, because according to data on the last clinical revision, the symptoms disappeared in most patients, with blood pressure normalization and reduction in the need for antihypertensive medication. However, in some cases, independent of age, maintenance of therapy was required, with eventual discontinuation over time. These data suggest the nonoccurrence of residual or recurrent coarctation. Despite the good results, the performance of subsidiary examinations for anatomical and functional assessment of trapezoidal aortoplasty was useful, and a statistically significant drop in the gradients was observed on Doppler echocardiography, on cardiac catheterization, and on magnetic resonance imaging. Greater gradient values were observed on echocardiography as compared with those on catheterization, but a good statistical correlation between these methods was not possible. </p>
      <p>These results reinforce the idea that Doppler echocardiography, given its facilities, is a good method for long-term follow-up of patients undergoing surgical correction of coarctation of the aorta. However, a detailed clinical examination is required, with assessment of arm/leg pressure gradients, pressure and angiographic determination on catheterization, accompanied or not by magnetic resonance, to safely establish the diagnosis of recoarctation. Our patients who had pressure gradients &gt; 20 mmHg on echocardiography, except for 2 cases, showed no pressure gradients on catheterization nor a reduction in the caliber on magnetic resonance imaging. </p>
      <p>Several studies have drawn attention to recoarctation, trying to correlate it to factors, such as the technique used, patient's age at the time of surgery, and the presence of cardiac defects associated. </p>
      <p>Metzdorff et al <sup>21</sup>, considering the low index of recurrence and absence of long-term potential adverse effects with the end-to-end anastomosis technique, recommend it for infants below the age of 8 weeks, and present a literature review for those below the age of 2 months, in whom the end-to-end anastomosis and aortoplasty with a subclavian flap techniques were used. The number of children treated with aortoplasty with a subclavian flap was small, with a maximum 2-year follow-up and 13% recurrence, the results with end-to-end anastomosis being similar, with no statistical difference. Mortality for both techniques is around 20%. These authors have concluded that, when the end-to-end anastomosis cannot be performed, the aortoplasty with a subclavian flap may be useful in severely ill newborn infants and in special circumstances. </p>
      <p>K&#246;rfer et al <sup>22</sup> believed that recoarctation was due to a flaw in surgical reconstruction, because, frequently, a small portion of the stenosis is removed because the surgeons usually fear that the proximal and distal stumps may not be approximated. Incomplete resection leads to thickening and a reduction in the elasticity of the margins, which does not allow the growth of the anastomosis. Other authors <sup>23, 24</sup> agree and refer to the study by Elzenga and Gittenberger-de Groot <sup>25</sup>, who histologically showed the ductal tissue extending to half of the circumference of the aorta at the level of the coarctation. These authors believe that that tissue is a pathological component of the aortic wall, and, if not removed, it may cause recoarctation due to retraction and fibrosis. Therefore, they concluded that, when the end-to-end anastomosis is used, recurrence is due to lack of growth in the circular anastomosis, contrary to that which occurs when using aortoplasty with a subclavian flap and extended aortoplasty, in which the fibrosis and internal proliferation of the coarcted tissue, if untouched, can cause restenosis. </p>
      <p>Trapezoidal aortoplasty <sup>9</sup> is a surgical method for correcting coarctation of the aorta. It is a technical modification of the end-to-end anastomosis that, in addition to removing the coarcted area eliminating the presence of the ductal tissue and the inner spur, it causes an increase in the inner aortic diameter at the site of anastomosis. It is not a method of indiscriminate application for either adults or children, and its methodology is identical to that of end-to-end anastomosis. It cannot be used in the cases of tubular hypoplasia with or without involvement of the aortic arch. It is worth emphasizing that, when performing trapezoidal aortoplasty in a vessel whose original diameter is identical to the diameter of the stumps, according to the already described principles, the final result is an increase in the caliber of the region of suture. On the other hand, when the diameters of the stumps are smaller than the original diameter of the vessel, anatomical recomposition of the caliber of the vessel is observed after the anastomosis is concluded. From the morphological point of view, it provides an increase in the aortic lumen, aiming at avoiding the appearance of residual pressure gradients due to restenoses in the long run. The sinusoidal and nonlinear disposition of the suture may be a protective factor from fibrous retraction, because a radial distribution of the lines of force exists and acts in this type of unusual suture, in addition to allowing the increase in the diameter of the vessel as the patient grows. </p>
      <p>Factors, such as associated cardiac anomalies and age below 2 weeks, significantly contribute to increased mortality in the short and long run. In a series with 333 children, 54% under the age of 1 year, Tawes et al <sup>26</sup> showed that surgical mortality was small (2.8%) for the patients older than 6 months, and that almost half of those with heart failure could be saved with early surgery. Other authors <sup>27</sup> concluded that the low surgical mortality rate was due to aggressive therapy with cardiac catheterization and emergency surgery, and to the fact of having avoided hypothermia, in addition to adequate relief of the obstruction. </p>
      <p>However, no consensus exists regarding the idea that associated cardiac anomalies may influence surgical mortality, which is low when complete relief of the obstruction is obtained, associated with appropriate postoperative cares. The use of aortoplasty with a subclavian flap has been considered by some authors as a factor that decreases surgical risk <sup>28-30</sup>. </p>
      <p>Despite the existence of several patients aged &lt; 2 years in the trapezoidal aortoplasty series, no early or late mortalities were observed after surgical repair of the anomaly. </p>
      <p>According to Moulaert et al <sup>10</sup> and based on the morphometric analysis of the aorta, the proximal segment of the transverse arch is hypoplastic if its diameter is lower than 60% of the diameter of the ascending aorta, than 50% of the diameter of the distal segment, and than 40% of the diameter of the isthmus. </p>
      <p>Siewers et al <sup>31</sup>, morphometrically analyzing a group of patients with hypoplasia of the arch and coarctation of the aorta, reported that the so-called "widened" correction <sup>32</sup> should be used for those whose diameter of the transverse arch/ascending aorta ratio (aortic arch ratio) was lower than 0.25 and those who had undergone correction of the defects by the techniques of aortoplasty with a subclavian flap or end-to-end anastomosis of the transverse arch. </p>
      <p>On morphometric analysis, the effect of trapezoidal aortoplasty in the growth of the aortic arch and isthmus was clearly positive. The caliber of the proximal segment of the arch was not altered; on the other hand, the distal segment and the isthmus had a statistically significant increase. It is worth noting that poststenotic dilation in the descending aorta is observed in practically all cases of coarctation of the aorta, and the morphometric analysis of the series of trapezoidal aortoplasty showed an increase in the caliber of this segment after surgery. This may be due to the time elapsed after surgery, during which, many children due to their growth increased these values.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Jarbas Jakson Dinkhuysen </p>
          <p> Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500 - 10&#186; andar</p>
          <p> Cep 04012-180 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="j.dinkhuysen@uol.com.br">j.dinkhuysen@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received 8/11/02</p>
      <p> Accepted </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
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